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Hochhegger B, Camargo S, da Silva Teles GB, Chate RC, Szarf G, Guimarães MD, Gross JL, Barbosa PNVP, Chiarantano RS, Reis RM, Mauad EC, Ghefter M, Sarmento P, Pereira R, Rocha J, Albuquerque ML, Miotto A, Almeida Dias DC, Franceschini JP, Fernando HC, Dos Santos RS. Challenges of Implementing Lung Cancer Screening in a Developing Country: Results of the Second Brazilian Early Lung Cancer Screening Trial (BRELT2). JCO Glob Oncol 2022; 8:e2100257. [PMID: 35073147 PMCID: PMC8789215 DOI: 10.1200/go.21.00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This paper aims to present the results of a series of several Brazilian institutions that have been carrying out lung cancer screening (LCS). MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a retrospective, cohort study, with follow-up of individuals of both sexes, with a heavy smoking history, who participated in LCS programs between December 2013 and January 2021 in six Brazilian institutions located in the states of São Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul, and Bahia. RESULTS Three thousand four hundred seventy individuals were included, of which 59.8% were male (n = 2,074) and 50.6% were current smokers (n = 1,758), with 60.7 years (standard deviation 8.8 years). Lung-RADS 4 was observed in 233 (6.7%) patients. Biopsy was indicated by minimally invasive methods in 122 patients (3.5%). Two patients who demonstrated false-negative biopsies and lung cancer were diagnosed in follow-up. Diagnosis of lung cancer was observed in 74 patients (prevalence rate of 2.1%), with 52 (70.3%) in stage I or II. Granulomatous disease was found in 20 patients. There were no statistical differences in the incidence of lung cancer, biopsies, granulomatous disease, and Lung-RADS 4 nodules between public and private patients. CONCLUSION There are still many challenges and obstacles in the implementation of LCS in developing countries; however, our multi-institutional data were possible to obtain satisfactory results in these scenarios and to achieve similar results to the main international studies. Granulomatous diseases did not increase the number of lung biopsies. The authors hope that it could stimulate the creation of organized screening programs in regions still endemic for tuberculosis and other granulomatous diseases. Challenges still remaining for lung cancer screening. Multi institutional BRELT2 reported good results in Brazil![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Hochhegger
- Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, PAVILHÃO PEREIRA FILHO, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Spencer Camargo
- Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, PAVILHÃO PEREIRA FILHO, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gilberto Szarf
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mario Ghefter
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,ProPulmão Program São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - José Rocha
- Cardiopulmonar Hospital, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ricardo Sales Dos Santos
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,SENAI CIMATEC University Center, Salvador, BA, Brazil
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Ponte EV, Fanelli MF, Ferreira RTR, Pereira JF, Alcadipane MSES, de Lima VB, Marchi E, Dos Santos RS. Lung Cancer Mortality and the Availability of Chest Computerized Tomography: A Longitudinal Nationwide Study. Cancer Invest 2020; 38:270-276. [PMID: 32412305 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2020.1768400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Lung-cancer screening with chest computerized tomography (CT) is not easy to introduce in low-medium resource countries due to cost issues. We investigated whether the increasing availability of chest CT exams in Brazil, in spite of no lung-cancer screening protocol, was associated with lung-cancer death rate along 10-year follow-up. We performed regressions to estimate the rate ratio between chest CT exams and lung-cancer deaths per 105 inhabitants. We stratified data per municipality. Regressions were adjusted for physicians and hospital beds per 105 inhabitants and per capita gross domestic product. Increasing availability of chest CT exams predicted decreasing lung-cancer death rate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Valmar Bião de Lima
- Núcleo de Excelência em Asma, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
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Lopes GL, Vattimo EFDQ, Castro Junior GD. Identifying activating mutations in the EGFR gene: prognostic and therapeutic implications in non-small cell lung cancer. J Bras Pneumol 2016; 41:365-75. [PMID: 26398757 PMCID: PMC4635957 DOI: 10.1590/s1806-37132015000004531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Promising new therapies have recently emerged from the development of molecular targeted drugs; particularly promising are those blocking the signal transduction machinery of cancer cells. One of the most widely studied cell signaling pathways is that of EGFR, which leads to uncontrolled cell proliferation, increased cell angiogenesis, and greater cell invasiveness. Activating mutations in the EGFR gene (deletions in exon 19 and mutation L858R in exon 21), first described in 2004, have been detected in approximately 10% of all non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients in Western countries and are the most important predictors of a response to EGFR tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs). Studies of the EGFR-TKIs gefitinib, erlotinib, and afatinib, in comparison with platinum-based regimens, as first-line treatments in chemotherapy-naïve patients have shown that the EGFR-TKIs produce gains in progression-free survival and overall response rates, although only in patients whose tumors harbor activating mutations in the EGFR gene. Clinical trials have also shown EGFR-TKIs to be effective as second- and third-line therapies in advanced NSCLC. Here, we review the main aspects of EGFR pathway activation in NSCLC, underscore the importance of correctly identifying activating mutations in the EGFR gene, and discuss the main outcomes of EGFR-TKI treatment in NSCLC.
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