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Corbu VM, Georgescu AM, Marinas IC, Pericleanu R, Mogos DV, Dumbravă AȘ, Marinescu L, Pecete I, Vassu-Dimov T, Czobor Barbu I, Csutak O, Ficai D, Gheorghe-Barbu I. Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Resistance and Virulence Markers in Candida spp. Isolated from Community-Acquired Infections in Bucharest, and the Impact of AgNPs on the Highly Resistant Isolates. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:563. [PMID: 39194889 DOI: 10.3390/jof10080563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2024] [Revised: 08/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to determine, at the phenotypic and molecular levels, resistance and virulence markers in Candida spp. isolated from community-acquired infections in Bucharest outpatients during 2021, and to demonstrate the efficiency of alternative solutions against them based on silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). METHODS A total of 62 Candida spp. strains were isolated from dermatomycoses and identified using chromogenic culture media and MALDI-TOF MS, and then investigated for their antimicrobial resistance and virulence markers (VMs), as well as for metabolic enzymes using enzymatic tests for the expression of soluble virulence factors, their biofilm formation and adherence capacity on HeLa cells, and PCR assays for the detection of virulence markers and the antimicrobial activity of alternative solutions based on AgNPs. RESULTS Of the total of 62 strains, 45.16% were Candida parapsilosis; 29.03% Candida albicans; 9.67% Candida guilliermondii; 3.22% Candida lusitaniae, Candia pararugosa, and Candida tropicalis; and 1.66% Candida kefyr, Candida famata, Candida haemulonii, and Candida metapsilosis. Aesculin hydrolysis, caseinase, and amylase production were detected in the analyzed strains. The strains exhibited different indices of adherence to HeLa cells and were positive in decreasing frequency order for the LIP1, HWP1, and ALS1,3 genes (C. tropicalis/C. albicans). An inhibitory effect on microbial growth, adherence capacity, and on the production of virulence factors was obtained using AgNPs. CONCLUSIONS The obtained results in C. albicans and Candida non-albicans circulating in Bucharest outpatients were characterized by moderate-to-high potential to produce VMs, necessitating epidemiological surveillance measures to minimize the chances of severe invasive infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viorica Maria Corbu
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Intrarea Portocalelor No. 1-3, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
- The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana-Maria Georgescu
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Intrarea Portocalelor No. 1-3, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Radu Pericleanu
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Intrarea Portocalelor No. 1-3, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Denisa Vasilica Mogos
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Intrarea Portocalelor No. 1-3, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea Ștefania Dumbravă
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Intrarea Portocalelor No. 1-3, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
- The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Liliana Marinescu
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology Politechnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ionut Pecete
- Central Reference Synevo-Medicover Laboratory, 021408 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Tatiana Vassu-Dimov
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Intrarea Portocalelor No. 1-3, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ilda Czobor Barbu
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Intrarea Portocalelor No. 1-3, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
- The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ortansa Csutak
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Intrarea Portocalelor No. 1-3, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
- The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Denisa Ficai
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology Politechnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 3 Ilfov Street, 050045 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Irina Gheorghe-Barbu
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Intrarea Portocalelor No. 1-3, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
- The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), 050095 Bucharest, Romania
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2
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Esfahani A, Omran AN, Salehi Z, Shams-Ghahfarokhi M, Ghane M, Eybpoosh S, Razzaghi-Abyaneh M. Up-regulation of CDR1 and MDR1 efflux pump genes and fluconazole resistance are involved in recurrence in Candida albicans-induced vulvovaginal candidiasis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 109:116242. [PMID: 38452558 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC) due to fluconazole resistance in Candida albicans isolates causes a wide range of complications. A number of 63 Candida albicans isolates obtained from vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) were identified by Internal Transcribed Spacer-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (ITS-RFLP). Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed by broth microdilution method according to the CLSI protocol. The role of CDR1 and MDR1 genes in progress of VVC to RVVC was examined and the activity of virulence-related enzymes was assessed. Candida albicans was diagnosed in 62.4 % cases, of which 22.2 % were confirmed as RVVC. Voriconazole was the most active drug among five tested antifungals. The mean expression level of CDR1 and MDR1 was higher in RVVC isolates compared to multidrug azole-resistant VVC isolates. Our results demonstrated that the expression of CDR1 and MDR1 and the level of phospholipase and proteinase activities could be quite important to induce fluconazole resistance in C. albicans and to progress of VVC to become RVVC in involved patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Esfahani
- Department of Medical Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Ayatollah Nasrollahi Omran
- Department of Medical Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Zahra Salehi
- Department of Mycology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran
| | | | - Masood Ghane
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Sana Eybpoosh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Candidalysin Is the Hemolytic Factor of Candida albicans. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14120874. [PMID: 36548771 PMCID: PMC9785678 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14120874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans produces an important virulence factor, the hypha-associated Ece1-derived secreted peptide toxin candidalysin, which is crucial for the establishment of mucosal and systemic infections. C. albicans has also long been known to be hemolytic, yet the hemolytic factor has not been clearly identified. Here, we show that candidalysin is the hemolytic factor of C. albicans. Its hemolytic activity is modulated by fragments of another Ece1 peptide, P7. Hemolysis by candidalysin can be neutralized by the purinergic receptor antagonist pyridoxal-phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid (PPADS). PPADS also affects candidalysin's ability to intercalate into synthetic membranes. We also describe the neutralization potential of two anti-candidalysin nanobodies, which are promising candidates for future anti-Candida therapy. This work provides evidence that the historically proposed hemolytic factor of C. albicans is in fact candidalysin and sheds more light on the complex roles of this toxin in C. albicans biology and pathogenicity.
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4
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Macias-Paz IU, Pérez-Hernández S, Tavera-Tapia A, Luna-Arias JP, Guerra-Cárdenas JE, Reyna-Beltrán E. Candida albicans the main opportunistic pathogenic fungus in humans. Rev Argent Microbiol 2022:S0325-7541(22)00084-0. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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5
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Fayez MM, Swelum AA, Alharbi NK, AlRokban AH, Almubarak A, Almubarak AH, Alaql F, Ahmed AE. Multilocus Sequence Typing and Antifungal Susceptibility of Candida albicans Isolates From Milk and Genital Tract of Dromedary Camel. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:905962. [PMID: 35873700 PMCID: PMC9305711 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.905962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was used to study the genetic diversity and population structure of 48 Candida albicans (C. albicans) isolates from the udder or genital tract of apparently healthy or diseased camels. This study aimed also to determine the frequency of C. albicans isolates in the genital tract and udder of healthy or diseased female dromedary camels. A total of 240 mature dromedary camels (230 females and 10 males) were categorized based on the clinical examination of gentile tract and udder into five groups [fertile females (n = 70), infertile females (n = 115), healthy udder (n = 15), mastitis (n = 30), and fertile males (n = 10)]. Swabs were collected from male and female genital tracts of dromedary camels and milk samples were collected from healthy and diseased udders. C. albicans was isolated from 20% of the samples. The frequency of isolation was significantly higher (p < 0.00001) in disease camels (75%) compared with apparently healthy camels (25%). Most of C. albicans was isolated from infertile female genitalia (62.50%) which was significantly higher than that isolated from fertile female genitalia (16.67%). Multilocus sequence (MLS) analysis identified seven different diploid sequence types (DSTs) including DST2, DST50, DST62, DST69, DST124, DST142, and DST144. The most frequently identified DTS was DST69 (13/48) which significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) than DST2, DST62, and DST124. The frequency of identification of DST50, DST142, and DST 144 was significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) than DST62. DST62 and DST124 were isolated only from diseased camels. DST62 was isolated only from mastitic milk. DST124 was isolated only from infertile female genitalia. The percentage of DST50 and DST 142 was significantly higher in diseased camels (infertile females) than in the apparently healthy ones (fertile females). DST2 and DST50 were isolated only from female genitalia of apparent health and diseased camels. The C. albicans isolated from diseased camels had significantly higher biofilm formation, hydrophobicity, phospholipase, proteinase, and hemolysin activities compared with the isolates from apparent healthy camels. All isolates were sensitive to amphotericin B, itraconazole, micafungin, posaconazole and voriconazole. In conclusion, the present study represents the first molecular typing of C. albicans in samples isolated from milk and the genital tract of the dromedary camel. MLST is a useful tool for studying the epidemiology and evolution of C. albicans. Early identification of Candida species and attention to Candida virulence factors and their antifungal susceptibility patterns is very important for establishing strategies to control and/or prevent candidiasis by novel therapeutic management. Amphotericin B, itraconazole, micafungin, posaconazole, or voriconazole can be efficient in treatment of candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M. Fayez
- Department of Bacteriology, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Cairo, Egypt
- Al Ahsa Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman A. Swelum
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Nada K. Alharbi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahlam H. AlRokban
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Almubarak
- Al Ahsa Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ameen H. Almubarak
- Al Ahsa Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fanan Alaql
- Riyadh Veterinary Diagnostic Lab, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed E. Ahmed
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
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Roudbar Mohammadi S, Zarei N, Roudbary M, dos Santos AS, Nikoomanesh F, Mohammadi R, Shirvan B, Yaalimadad S. Prevalence, molecular identification, and genotyping of Candida species recovered from oral cavity among patients with diabetes mellitus from Tehran, Iran. Adv Biomed Res 2022; 11:29. [PMID: 35722454 PMCID: PMC9201225 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_26_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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7
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Savkovic Z, Stupar M, Unkovic N, Stancic A, Vukojevic J, Ljaljevic-Grbic M. Hemolytic potential of bioaerosol-derived Aspergillus, Penicillium and Talaromyces mould isolates. ZBORNIK MATICE SRPSKE ZA PRIRODNE NAUKE 2022. [DOI: 10.2298/zmspn2243015s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus, Penicillium and Talaromyces species are frequently cited as
contaminants of various substrata and are often associated with indoor
environments. The main purpose of this study was to assess the potential
pathogenicity of aerosol-derived fungi from Aspergillus, Penicillium and
Talaromyces genera, isolated in the rooms for con?servation of cultural
heritage artefacts, via estimating hemolytic activity. Hemolysis was
detected in 20.58% of tested isolates at 37?C (11.76% partial and 8.82%
complete) and 64.71% at 25?C (38.24% partial and 26.47% complete). The
majority of isolates that caused ? hemolysis led to the significant
oxidation of hemoglobin iron with methemoglobin content in blood agar
medium, higher than 80%. Aspergillus melleus was the only tested fungi that
caused formation of ferry hemoglobin after the incubation at 25?C. Obtained
I values (index of activity for hemolytic exoenzymes) for ? hemolysis were
in range of from 0.13 to 0.60 for 37?C, while for the temperature of 25?C
values were in range of from 0.08 to 0.50. The same values for ? hemolysis
were in range of from 0.03 to 0.08 (37?C), i.e. 0.06 to 0.49 (25?C).
Monitoring of pathogenic airborne fungi in indoor environments and
estimation of their virulence is essential for the adequate assessment of
human health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeljko Savkovic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden “Jevremovac”, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milos Stupar
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden “Jevremovac”, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nikola Unkovic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden “Jevremovac”, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Stancic
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory for Immunology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Vukojevic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden “Jevremovac”, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Ljaljevic-Grbic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden “Jevremovac”, Belgrade, Serbia
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8
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Gharaghani M, Shabanzadeh M, Jafarian H, Zarei Mahmoudabadi A. ABC typing and extracellular enzyme production of Candida albicans isolated from Candida vulvovaginitis. J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 36:e24117. [PMID: 34837715 PMCID: PMC8761456 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candida albicans is the most common and virulent genus Candida. Detection of virulence factors in this species plays an important role in the better understanding of pathogenesis and antifungal treatment. Molecular typing investigations are important in the epidemiological interpretation of infection. This study aimed to evaluate extracellular enzyme activity and genotyping of C. albicans species isolated from vulvovaginal samples. METHODS One hundred and three vaginal C. albicans isolates were tested for esterase, phospholipase, proteinase, and hemolysin activities by specific media. Besides, the DNA of C. albicans isolates was extracted and amplified for ABC genotyping. RESULTS The highest enzyme production of C. albicans isolates was for proteinase (97.1%) and esterase (95.2%), whereas 59.2% of C. albicans isolates were negative for hemolysin secretion. Genotype C (83.5%) was the most frequent genotype followed by genotype B (12.6%) and genotype A (3.9%). CONCLUSION It is concluded that genotype C was the predominant genotype in all examined vulvovaginal C. albicans isolates. Also, there was a significant difference between enzyme production in each genotype (except for proteinase).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maral Gharaghani
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahbubeh Shabanzadeh
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hadis Jafarian
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Zarei Mahmoudabadi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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9
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Risandy DA, Rusmawatiningtyas D, Makrufardi F, Herini ES, Nurnaningsih. Predicting Candida Infection in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit using Candida Score in a Low-Resource Setting. Glob Pediatr Health 2021; 8:2333794X21999152. [PMID: 33796635 PMCID: PMC7983425 DOI: 10.1177/2333794x21999152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida infection was previously thought to be rare in intensive care. With the increased use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, the incidence of candida infection increased significantly. Case-control study was done in patients ≤18 years of age treated for 3 days or more in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta from January 2014 to December 2016. Overall, 43 children were included in this study as a case group with positive candida culture and 43 children as a control group with no candida culture. Cut off point of candida score is ≥3 from our subjects. The area under curve (AUC) value for cut off ≥3 was moderate (0,72). Candida score ≥3 has an odd ratio (OR) 6.8 (95% CI 2.4-18.6) with P < .05. All of confounding factors in candida infection have no association with P > .05. Candida score can be used as predictor of candida infection in PICU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dicky Ari Risandy
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada/Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Desy Rusmawatiningtyas
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada/Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Firdian Makrufardi
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada/Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Elisabeth Siti Herini
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada/Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Nurnaningsih
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada/Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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Orlandini RK, Bepu DAN, Saraiva MDCP, Bollela VR, Motta ACF, Lourenço AG. Are Candida albicans isolates from the oral cavity of HIV-infected patients more virulent than from non-HIV-infected patients? Systematic review and meta-analysis. Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104477. [PMID: 32920148 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans is the main causative agent of oral lesions in HIV-infected patients and its oral colonization is a potential source of systemic dissemination. Although the high prevalence of lesions in HIV patients can be explained by the immunosuppressive condition, several studies have reported that natural selection can make C. albicans more virulent in this group of patients. Comparisons of the activity of exoenzymes (phospholipase, proteinase and hemolysin) in C. albicans isolated from HIV-infected and uninfected patients have yielded conflicting results. This study aimed, through a systematic review and meta-analysis, to answer the question: "Is the hydrolytic enzymatic activity of C. albicans, isolated from the oral cavity, different in individuals infected and not infected with HIV?" The question was addressed using the PECO framework: P (Population): children and adults, E (Exposure): HIV infection, C (Comparator): non-HIV-infected patients; O (Outcomes): exoenzymes activity i.e. phospholipase, proteinase and hemolysin. We conducted a systematic search on Pubmed, Embase, Scopus, Livivo, Lilacs, Web of Science, and Science Direct databases, and Google Scholar. The MAStARI tool was used to evaluate the risk of bias in the selected studies. From 2259 studies, 19 were included in this review and 11 comprised the meta-analysis. The activity of phospholipase (M-H = 0.15; Z = 2,76; p = 0.0006) and hemolysin exoenzymes (M-H = 0.07; z = 1,94; p = 0.05) was higher in C. albicans isolated from the oral cavity of HIV-infected patients, whereas the levels of protease activity were not different compared with non-HIV-infected individuals. This study showed a higher phospholipase and hemolysin activity in C. albicans isolates from the oral cavity of HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Klemp Orlandini
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Davi Ariel Nobuo Bepu
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Valdes Roberto Bollela
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Fragoso Motta
- Department of Stomatology, Public Oral Health and Forensic Dentistry, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alan Grupioni Lourenço
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
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11
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Esteves CV, Freitas RSD, Campos WGD, Shimabukuro N, Thomaz DY, Cordas T, Benard G, Witzel AL, Lemos CA. Oral yeast colonization in patients with eating disorders: commensal acquisition or due to purgative habits? Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2020; 62:e32. [PMID: 32491142 PMCID: PMC7266616 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202062032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral problems are common in patients diagnosed with Eating Disorders (ED) and still require better elucidation. We aimed to analyze the prevalence of oral Candida spp in individuals with ED. The sample of the study was comprised of 30 women with purgative habits and 15 without purgative habits. Samples of the oral cavity were collected by sterile cotton swab rubbed on soft tissues and teeth. Yeasts were isolated on Sabouraud dextrose agar. Yeasts were isolated from the oral cavity of 53% of the patients yielding 75 yeast isolates; of these, 43 were identified by conventional mycological methods: C. parapsilosis (n=19), C. glabrata (n=16), Rhodotorula sp (n= 6), C. famata (n=2). The remaining 32 isolates were presumptively identified as C. albicans or C. dubliniensis and required mass spectrometry for the final differentiation: 28 isolates were confirmed as C. albicans and four as C. dubliniensis. Among the control group, only four subjects (26.7%) were found to harbor C. albicans. The four C. dubliniensis isolates were from two patients, one that was only colonized and the other, with severe ED, was diagnosed with an oral candidiasis as demonstrated by the presence of pseudohyphae on the direct mycological exam from different sites. The increased rate of isolation of non-albicans species, such as C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, and C. dubliniensis in the oral cavity from ED patients with nutritional deficiency may suggest that purgative habits of these patients can lead to changes in normal flora and predispose to oral candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Vieira Esteves
- Departamento de Estomatologia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roseli Santos de Freitas
- Laboratório de Micologia Médica, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wladimir Gushiken de Campos
- Departamento de Estomatologia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natali Shimabukuro
- Departamento de Estomatologia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danilo Yamamoto Thomaz
- Laboratório de Micologia Médica, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Taki Cordas
- Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gil Benard
- Laboratório de Micologia Médica, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrea Lusvarghi Witzel
- Departamento de Estomatologia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Celso Augusto Lemos
- Departamento de Estomatologia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Mba IE, Nweze EI. Mechanism of Candida pathogenesis: revisiting the vital drivers. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 39:1797-1819. [PMID: 32372128 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-020-03912-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Candida is the most implicated fungal pathogen in the clinical setting. Several factors play important roles in the pathogenesis of Candida spp. Multiple transcriptional circuits, morphological and phenotypic switching, biofilm formation, tissue damaging extracellular hydrolytic enzymes, metabolic flexibility, genome plasticity, adaptation to environmental pH fluctuation, robust nutrient acquisition system, adherence and invasions (mediated by adhesins and invasins), heat shock proteins (HSPs), cytolytic proteins, escape from phagocytosis, evasion from host immune system, synergistic coaggregation with resident microbiota, resistance to antifungal agents, and the ability to efficiently respond to multiple stresses are some of the major pathogenic determinants of Candida species. The existence of multiple connections, in addition to the interactions and associations among all of these factors, are distinctive features that play important roles in the establishment of Candida infections. This review describes all the underlying factors and mechanisms involved in Candida pathogenesis by evaluating pathogenic determinants of Candida species. It reinforces the already available pool of data on the pathogenesis of Candida species by providing a clear and simplified understanding of the most important factors implicated in the pathogenesis of Candida species. The Candida pathogenesis network, an illustration linking all the major determinants of Candida pathogenesis, is also presented. Taken together, they will further improve our current understanding of how these factors modulate virulence and consequent infection(s). Development of new antifungal drugs and better therapeutic approaches to candidiasis can be achieved in the near future with continuing progress in the understanding of the mechanisms of Candida pathogenesis.
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Pandey N, Gupta MK, Tilak R. Extracellular hydrolytic enzyme activities of the different Candida spp. isolated from the blood of the Intensive Care Unit-admitted patients. J Lab Physicians 2020; 10:392-396. [PMID: 30498309 PMCID: PMC6210849 DOI: 10.4103/jlp.jlp_81_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candida spp. secretes various extracellular hydrolytic enzymes. These enzymes are the important virulence factor for the pathogenesis of Candida. We assessed four different enzymatic activities of Candida isolates obtained from bloodstream infections. MATERIALS AND METHODS We isolated 79 strains of different Candida species from the blood of the Intensive Care Unit-admitted patients. Species were identified by conventional methods including culture characteristic, germ tube, sugar assimilation, and Dalmau's culture technique. Phospholipase, proteinase, hemolysin, and esterase enzymatic activities were determined by the Plate method. RESULTS Non albicans candida were the most common isolates from the blood of the ICU admitted patient with a predominance of Candida tropicalis. Hemolytic activity was the most prominent enzyme activity followed by the proteinase activity. Candida albicans (89.86%) was the major proteinase producer, while 95.8% of C. tropicalis produced hemolysin. No esterase activity was shown by the Candida glabrata and Candida krusei. CONCLUSION No significant difference was observed between the two most common causative agents of candidemia: C. albicans and C. tropicalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Pandey
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Munesh Kumar Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ragini Tilak
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Fakhruddin KS, Perera Samaranayake L, Egusa H, Chi Ngo H, Panduwawala C, Venkatachalam T, Kumarappan A, Pesee S. Candida biome of severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) and its cariogenic virulence traits. J Oral Microbiol 2020; 12:1724484. [PMID: 32128040 PMCID: PMC7034489 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2020.1724484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The protected niche of deep-caries lesions is a distinctive ecosystem. We assessed the Candida biome and its cariogenic traits from dentin samples of 50 children with severe-early childhood caries (S-ECC). Asymptomatic, primary molars belonging to International Caries Detection and Assessment-ICDAS caries-code 5 and 6 were analyzed, and C. albicans (10-isolates), C. tropicalis (10), C. krusei (10), and C. glabrata (5) isolated from the lesions were then evaluated for their biofilm formation, acidogenicity, and the production of secreted hydrolases: hemolysins, phospholipase, proteinase and DNase. Candida were isolated from 14/43 ICDAS-5 lesions (32.5%) and 44/57 ICDAS-6 lesions (77.2%). Compared to, ICDAS-5, a significantly higher frequency of multi-species infestation was observed in ICDAS-6 lesions (p=0.001). All four candidal species (above) showed prolific biofilm growth, and an equal potency for tooth demineralization. A significant interspecies difference in the mean phospholipase, as well as proteinase activity was noted (p < 0.05), with C. albicans being the predominant hydrolase producer. Further, a positive correlation between phospholipase and proteinase activity of Candida-isolates was noted (r = 0.818, p < 0.001). Our data suggest that candidal mycobiota with their potent cariogenic traits may significantly contribute to the development and progression of S-ECC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lakshman Perera Samaranayake
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE.,Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Hiroshi Egusa
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hien Chi Ngo
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Chamila Panduwawala
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | | | - Allagappan Kumarappan
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Siripen Pesee
- Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
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de Jong AW, Hagen F. Attack, Defend and Persist: How the Fungal Pathogen Candida auris was Able to Emerge Globally in Healthcare Environments. Mycopathologia 2019; 184:353-365. [PMID: 31209693 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-019-00351-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Within a decade after its first description, the multidrug-resistant yeast Candida auris has emerged globally as a nosocomial pathogen causing difficult to control outbreaks. This, together with the alarmingly high mortality rate of up to 66% associated with C. auris candidemia, calls for a better understanding of its virulence traits and routes of transmission. Unlike other clinically relevant Candida species, C. auris seems to have the unique ability to be easily transmitted between patients. Although initially thought to express fewer virulence traits than Candida albicans, recent genomic insights suggest C. auris to possess these traits to a much more similar extent. This review highlights the virulence traits C. auris expresses to attack the host, defend itself against antimicrobial agents and to persist within the healthcare environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auke W de Jong
- Department of Medical Mycology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ferry Hagen
- Department of Medical Mycology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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Pham LTT, Pharkjaksu S, Chongtrakool P, Suwannakarn K, Ngamskulrungroj P. A Predominance of Clade 17 Candida albicans Isolated From Hemocultures in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Thailand. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1194. [PMID: 31258518 PMCID: PMC6587676 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is one of the most common human fungal pathogens. Candidemia has significant mortality globally. No epidemiological study of C. albicans based on multilocus sequence typing (MLST) has been conducted in Thailand. Therefore, MLST was used to study the molecular epidemiology of C. albicans blood strains in a large Thai teaching hospital. In vitro virulence phenotypes and antifungal susceptibility testing by broth microdilution were also conducted. Forty-six C. albicans blood strains from 37 patients were collected from the Department of Microbiology, Siriraj Hospital, in 2016 and 2017. Most patients (71.8%) were more than 60 years old, and the case fatality rate was 54.8%. The male-to-female ratio was 5:3. Thirty-four diploid sequence types (DSTs), including six new DSTs, were identified, with DST2514 (8.7%) and DST2876 (8.7%) as the most common DSTs. Strains were clustered into nine clades. Unlike other studies of C. albicans blood strains in Asia, clade 17 was the most common (13 strains, 28.3%). Sequential allelic changes were evident in sequential strains from one patient. All strains produced phospholipase and hemolysin, while none produced proteinase. The ability to form biofilm was found in 82.6% of the strains. Clade 17 strains showed significantly stronger hemolytic activity than non–clade 17 strains (69.2% versus 27.3%; p = 0.022). However, no significant association existed between clades and patient mortalities. All were susceptible or wild type to anidulafungin (MIC range = 0.015–0.12 and GM = 0.030), micafungin (MIC range = ≤ 0.008–0.015 and GM = 0.008), caspofungin (MIC range = 0.008–0.12 and GM = 0.036), and amphotericin B (MIC range = 0.25–0.5 and GM = 0.381). Only one strain was resistant to voriconazole (MIC range = ≤ 0.008 to ≥ 8 and GM = 0.010) and fluconazole (MIC range = 0.12–16 and GM = 0.398). In conclusion, a high prevalence of clade 17 C. albicans blood strains was found in Thailand, in contrast to other Asian countries. This unique finding might be explained by the strong hemolytic activity that is required for bloodstream infection of C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh Thi Truc Pham
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok Noi, Thailand
| | - Sujiraphong Pharkjaksu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok Noi, Thailand
| | - Piriyaporn Chongtrakool
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok Noi, Thailand
| | - Kamol Suwannakarn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok Noi, Thailand
| | - Popchai Ngamskulrungroj
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok Noi, Thailand
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17
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Vieira de Melo AP, Zuza-Alves DL, da Silva-Rocha WP, Ferreira Canário de Souza LB, Francisco EC, Salles de Azevedo Melo A, Maranhão Chaves G. Virulence factors of Candida spp. obtained from blood cultures of patients with candidemia attended at tertiary hospitals in Northeast Brazil. J Mycol Med 2019; 29:132-139. [PMID: 30876744 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yeasts of the Candida genus are one of the most common causes of bloodstream infections associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, mainly affecting immunocompromised patients. We aimed to identify yeasts obtained from blood cultures of patients interned at tertiary hospitals in Brazil. METHODS We evaluated some of the major virulence factors of Candida spp., including the ability to adhere to human buccal epithelial cells, biofilm formation, hemolytic and phospholipase activity. RESULTS We analyzed 70 isolates of Candida spp. obtained from March 2011 and March 2015. Candida spp. showed different peculiarities in terms of expression of virulence factors evaluated in vitro. C. albicans strains were more adherent to HBEC than all the other Candida species. C. tropicalis strains were considered strong biofilm producers. Strains belonging to the C. parapsilosis species complex were able to produce hemolysins, while C. glabrata was also able to lyse erythrocytes and to produce phospholipase. CONCLUSION These results suggest that Non-Candida albicans Candida species are also able to express virulence factors which play an important role in bloodstream infectious caused by these yeasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Vieira de Melo
- Natal City, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - D L Zuza-Alves
- Natal City, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - W P da Silva-Rocha
- Natal City, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - L B Ferreira Canário de Souza
- Natal City, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - E C Francisco
- São Paulo City, Laboratório Especial de Micologia, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A Salles de Azevedo Melo
- São Paulo City, Laboratório Especial de Micologia, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - G Maranhão Chaves
- Natal City, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
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Soong YHV, Liu N, Yoon S, Lawton C, Xie D. Cellular and metabolic engineering of oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica for bioconversion of hydrophobic substrates into high-value products. Eng Life Sci 2019; 19:423-443. [PMID: 32625020 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201800147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-conventional oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica is able to utilize both hydrophilic and hydrophobic carbon sources as substrates and convert them into value-added bioproducts such as organic acids, extracellular proteins, wax esters, long-chain diacids, fatty acid ethyl esters, carotenoids and omega-3 fatty acids. Metabolic pathway analysis and previous research results show that hydrophobic substrates are potentially more preferred by Y. lipolytica than hydrophilic substrates to make high-value products at higher productivity, titer, rate, and yield. Hence, Y. lipolytica is becoming an efficient and promising biomanufacturing platform due to its capabilities in biosynthesis of extracellular lipases and directly converting the extracellular triacylglycerol oils and fats into high-value products. It is believed that the cell size and morphology of the Y. lipolytica is related to the cell growth, nutrient uptake, and product formation. Dimorphic Y. lipolytica demonstrates the yeast-to-hypha transition in response to the extracellular environments and genetic background. Yeast-to-hyphal transition regulating genes, such as YlBEM1, YlMHY1 and YlZNC1 and so forth, have been identified to involve as major transcriptional factors that control morphology transition in Y. lipolytica. The connection of the cell polarization including cell cycle and the dimorphic transition with the cell size and morphology in Y. lipolytica adapting to new growth are reviewed and discussed. This review also summarizes the general and advanced genetic tools that are used to build a Y. lipolytica biomanufacturing platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hue Valerie Soong
- Massachusetts Biomanufacturing Center Department of Chemical Engineering University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell MA USA
| | - Na Liu
- Massachusetts Biomanufacturing Center Department of Chemical Engineering University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell MA USA
| | - Seongkyu Yoon
- Massachusetts Biomanufacturing Center Department of Chemical Engineering University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell MA USA
| | - Carl Lawton
- Massachusetts Biomanufacturing Center Department of Chemical Engineering University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell MA USA
| | - Dongming Xie
- Massachusetts Biomanufacturing Center Department of Chemical Engineering University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell MA USA
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Kalaiarasan K, Singh R, Chaturvedula L. Changing virulence factors among vaginal non- albicans Candida species. Indian J Med Microbiol 2019; 36:364-368. [PMID: 30429388 DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_18_94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is caused by overgrowth of Candida species in the female lower genital tract and most commonly caused by Candida albicans. The production of various virulence factors may attribute to their pathogenicity. Hence, this study was aimed to determine the production of various virulence factors of Candida spp. causing VVC. Materials and Methods A total of 51 Candida spp. were isolated prospectively from 50 patients among 211 clinically suspected cases of VVC. The haemolytic activity, biofilm production, proteinase activity, phospholipase activity and esterase activity were detected by standard methods. Statistical analysis was performed using OpenEpi version 3.01. Results Haemolytic activity was observed in 42 Candida isolates (82.4%), biofilm activity in 21 Candida isolates (41.2%), proteinase and esterase activity in 19 Candida isolates (37.3%) each and phospholipase activity in 15 Candida isolates (29.4%). Phospholipase activity was observed in all of the C. albicans strains, whereas all strains of Candida krusei were able to produce biofilm. All strains of Candida parapsilosis and 87% strains of Candida glabrata were haemolytic. Five of the eight C. glabrata strains were found to produce strong proteinase (Prz score ≤0.63). About 30.4% strains of C. glabrata and 20% strains of C. krusei were found to be positive for esterase activity. This is one of the few studies which revealed esterase activity among C. glabrata and C. krusei strains. Conclusions This study highlighted that there is a change in the virulence factors among the non-albicans Candida species, especially C. glabrata strains which were haemolytic and produce strong proteinase activity and esterase activity. It may be one of the explanation of the most common causative agent of VVC in our study. Multicentric studies from this area might be required to get a more generalised conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnapriya Kalaiarasan
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Rakesh Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Latha Chaturvedula
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
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Lim H, Kim D, Jeong D, Kang I, Kim H, Seo K. Biochemical characteristics, virulence traits and antifungal resistance of two major yeast species isolated from kefir:Kluyveromyces marxianusandSaccharomyces unisporus. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun‐Woo Lim
- Center for One Health College of Veterinary Medicine Konkuk University Hwayang‐dong, Gwangjin‐gu Seoul 05029 Korea
| | - Dong‐Hyeon Kim
- Center for One Health College of Veterinary Medicine Konkuk University Hwayang‐dong, Gwangjin‐gu Seoul 05029 Korea
| | - Dana Jeong
- Center for One Health College of Veterinary Medicine Konkuk University Hwayang‐dong, Gwangjin‐gu Seoul 05029 Korea
| | - Il‐Byeong Kang
- Center for One Health College of Veterinary Medicine Konkuk University Hwayang‐dong, Gwangjin‐gu Seoul 05029 Korea
| | - Hyunsook Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition Hanyang University Wangsimni‐ro, Seongdong‐gu Seoul 04763 Korea
| | - Kun‐Ho Seo
- Center for One Health College of Veterinary Medicine Konkuk University Hwayang‐dong, Gwangjin‐gu Seoul 05029 Korea
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SILVA DMD, SOUZA TCD, ALENCAR CFDC, SOUZA IDSD, BANDEIRA MFCL, FERNANDES OCC. Virulence factors of Candida species from the oral mucosa and prostheses of elderly people from a riverside community in the Amazon state, Brazil. REVISTA DE ODONTOLOGIA DA UNESP 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-2577.09419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Introduction Candida albicans is the yeast most commonly affecting the oral cavity, sometimes causing infection. However, several factors may be associated with the onset of candidiasis, which may be related not only to the hygiene and health of individuals, but also to the pathogenicity of these microorganisms. Objective To evaluate the virulence factors of Candida yeasts isolated from the oral mucosa of elderly people living in the “Comunidade Lago do Limão”, municipality of Iranduba, Amazonas state, Brazil. Material and method Testes were performed to assess the production of urease, proteinase, phospholipase and hemolysin. Statistical analysis used the Fisher's exact test and the Chi-squared test. Result Prevalence of non-albicans species was observed. As for virulence factors, all isolates were negative ureases, and there was prevalence of very strong proteinase production, whereas most isolates did not produce this enzyme in the phospholipase test. All yeasts analyzed presented hemolysin production, with grade IV hemolysis as the most prevalent. There was no statistically significant difference between the virulence of isolates from the oral cavity and the prostheses of the elderly analyzed. Conclusion Several virulence factors may present with high intensity in the presence of oral microbiota changes. In addition, non-albicans species present number of virulence factors similar to that of C. albicans, with high pathogenicity. This study allows a better analysis of candidiasis prevention strategies aiming to promote improvement in the health and quality of life for the elderly.
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Rajkowska K, Kunicka-Styczyńska A. Typing and virulence factors of food-borne Candida spp. isolates. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 279:57-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Ojha N, Das N. A Statistical approach to optimize the production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates from Wickerhamomyces anomalus VIT-NN01 using Response Surface Methodology. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 107:2157-2170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Furlaneto MC, Góes HP, Perini HF, Dos Santos RC, Furlaneto-Maia L. How much do we know about hemolytic capability of pathogenic Candida species? Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2018; 63:405-412. [PMID: 29335820 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-018-0584-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Hemolytic factor production by pathogenic Candida species is considered an important attribute in promoting survival within the mammal host through the ability to assimilate iron from the hemoglobin-heme group. Hemolytic capability has been evaluated for Candida species based on hemolysis zones on plate assay, analysis of hemolytic activity in liquid culture medium, and hemolysis from cell-free culture broth. The production of hemolytic factor is variable among Candida species, where C. parapsilosis is the less hemolytic species. In general, no intraspecies differences in beta-hemolytic activities are found among isolates belonging to C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. tropicalis, and C. parapsilosis. The production of hemolytic factor by Candida species is affected by several factors such as glucose supplementation in the culture medium, blood source, presence of erythrocytes and hemoglobin, and presence of electrolytes. On the basis of existing achievements, more researches are still needed in order to extend our knowledge about the biochemical nature of hemolytic molecules produced by distinct Candida species, the mechanism of hemolysis, and the molecular basis of the hemolytic factor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia C Furlaneto
- Department of Microbiology, Paraná State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, s/n. Campus Universitário, Londrina, PR, 86057-970, Brazil.
| | - Helena P Góes
- Department of Microbiology, Paraná State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, s/n. Campus Universitário, Londrina, PR, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Hugo F Perini
- Department of Microbiology, Paraná State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, s/n. Campus Universitário, Londrina, PR, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Renan C Dos Santos
- Department of Microbiology, Paraná State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, s/n. Campus Universitário, Londrina, PR, 86057-970, Brazil
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Zuza-Alves DL, Silva-Rocha WP, Chaves GM. An Update on Candida tropicalis Based on Basic and Clinical Approaches. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1927. [PMID: 29081766 PMCID: PMC5645804 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida tropicalis has emerged as one of the most important Candida species. It has been widely considered the second most virulent Candida species, only preceded by C. albicans. Besides, this species has been recognized as a very strong biofilm producer, surpassing C. albicans in most of the studies. In addition, it produces a wide range of other virulence factors, including: adhesion to buccal epithelial and endothelial cells; the secretion of lytic enzymes, such as proteinases, phospholipases, and hemolysins, bud-to-hyphae transition (also called morphogenesis) and the phenomenon called phenotypic switching. This is a species very closely related to C. albicans and has been easily identified with both phenotypic and molecular methods. In addition, no cryptic sibling species were yet described in the literature, what is contradictory to some other medically important Candida species. C. tropicalis is a clinically relevant species and may be the second or third etiological agent of candidemia, specifically in Latin American countries and Asia. Antifungal resistance to the azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins has already been described. Apart from all these characteristics, C. tropicalis has been considered an osmotolerant microorganism and this ability to survive to high salt concentration may be important for fungal persistence in saline environments. This physiological characteristic makes this species suitable for use in biotechnology processes. Here we describe an update of C. tropicalis, focusing on all these previously mentioned subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guilherme M. Chaves
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Mycology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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Relationship between the Antifungal Susceptibility Profile and the Production of Virulence-Related Hydrolytic Enzymes in Brazilian Clinical Strains of Candida glabrata. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:8952878. [PMID: 28814823 PMCID: PMC5549490 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8952878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is a facultative intracellular opportunistic fungal pathogen in human infections. Several virulence-associated attributes are involved in its pathogenesis, host-pathogen interactions, modulation of host immune defenses, and regulation of antifungal drug resistance. This study evaluated the in vitro antifungal susceptibility profile to five antifungal agents, the production of seven hydrolytic enzymes related to virulence, and the relationship between these phenotypes in 91 clinical strains of C. glabrata. All C. glabrata strains were susceptible to flucytosine. However, some of these strains showed resistance to amphotericin B (9.9%), fluconazole (15.4%), itraconazole (5.5%), or micafungin (15.4%). Overall, C. glabrata strains were good producers of catalase, aspartic protease, esterase, phytase, and hemolysin. However, caseinase and phospholipase in vitro activities were not detected. Statistically significant correlations were identified between micafungin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and esterase production, between fluconazole and micafungin MIC and hemolytic activity, and between amphotericin B MIC and phytase production. These results contribute to clarify some of the C. glabrata mechanisms of pathogenicity. Moreover, the association between some virulence attributes and the regulation of antifungal resistance encourage the development of new therapeutic strategies involving virulence mechanisms as potential targets for effective antifungal drug development for the treatment of C. glabrata infections.
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Fatahinia M, Halvaeezadeh M, Rezaei-Matehkolaei A. Comparison of enzymatic activities in different Candida species isolated from women with vulvovaginitis. J Mycol Med 2017; 27:188-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Saravanan V, Kannan A, Rajakumar P. Synthesis, characterization, optical and electrochemical properties and antifungal and anticancer activities of ferrocenyl conjugated novel dendrimers. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj01120a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A new class of triazoloferrocenyl conjugates was prepared by copper(i) catalyzed click chemistry, which shows good antifungal activity against fungal pathogens, and also shows excellent anticancer activity against MCF-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ayyavoo Kannan
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Madras
- Chennai
- India
- Department of Chemistry
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Muthamil S, Pandian SK. Inhibitory effect of Murraya koenigii against Candida albicans virulence and biofilm development. Biologia (Bratisl) 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2016-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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30
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Zuza-Alves DL, de Medeiros SSTQ, de Souza LBFC, Silva-Rocha WP, Francisco EC, de Araújo MCB, Lima-Neto RG, Neves RP, Melo ASDA, Chaves GM. Evaluation of Virulence Factors In vitro, Resistance to Osmotic Stress and Antifungal Susceptibility of Candida tropicalis Isolated from the Coastal Environment of Northeast Brazil. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1783. [PMID: 27895625 PMCID: PMC5108815 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have been developed regarding human health risks associated with the recreational use of beaches contaminated with domestic sewage. These wastes contain various micro-organisms, including Candida tropicalis. In this context, the objective of this study was to characterize C. tropicalis isolates from the sandy beach of Ponta Negra, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, regarding the expression of in vitro virulence factors, adaptation to osmotic stress and susceptibility to antifungal drugs. We analyzed 62 environmental isolates and observed a great variation among them for the various virulence factors evaluated. In general, environmental isolates were more adherent to human buccal epithelial cells (HBEC) than C. tropicalis ATCC13803 reference strain, and they also showed increased biofilm production. Most of the isolates presented wrinkled phenotypes on Spider medium (34 isolates, 54.8%). The majority of the isolates also showed higher proteinase production than control strains, but low phospholipase activity. In addition, 35 isolates (56.4%) had high hemolytic activity (hemolysis index > 0.55). With regard to C. tropicalis resistance to osmotic stress, 85.4% of the isolates were able to grow in a liquid medium containing 15% sodium chloride. The strains were highly resistant to the azoles tested (fluconazole, voriconazole and itraconazole). Fifteen strains were resistant to the three azoles tested (24.2%). Some strains were also resistant to amphotericin B (14 isolates; 22.6%), while all of them were susceptible for the echinocandins tested, except for a single strain of intermediate susceptibility to micafungin. Our results demonstrate that C. tropicalis isolated from the sand can fully express virulence attributes and showed a high persistence capacity on the coastal environment; in addition of showing high minimal inhibitory concentrations to several antifungal drugs used in current clinical practice, demonstrating that environmental isolates may have pathogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L Zuza-Alves
- Medical and Molecular Micology Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Natal, Brazil
| | - Sayama S T Q de Medeiros
- Medical and Molecular Micology Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Natal, Brazil
| | - Luanda B F C de Souza
- Medical and Molecular Micology Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Natal, Brazil
| | - Walicyranison P Silva-Rocha
- Medical and Molecular Micology Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Natal, Brazil
| | - Elaine C Francisco
- Department of Mycology, Federal University of Pernambuco São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria C B de Araújo
- Department of Oceanography and Limnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Natal, Brazil
| | | | - Rejane P Neves
- Department of Mycology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Guilherme M Chaves
- Medical and Molecular Micology Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Natal, Brazil
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Yu S, Li W, Liu X, Che J, Wu Y, Lu J. Distinct Expression Levels of ALS, LIP, and SAP Genes in Candida tropicalis with Diverse Virulent Activities. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1175. [PMID: 27524980 PMCID: PMC4965447 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Candia tropicalis is an increasingly important human pathogen, causing nosocomial fungemia among patients with neutropenia or malignancy. However, limited research has been published concerning its pathogenicity. Based on the phenotypes of C. tropicalis in our previous study, we selected nine representative strains with different activities of virulence factors (adhesion, biofilm formation, secreted aspartic proteinases, and hemolysins), and one reference strain, ATCC750. The present study aimed to investigate the filamentation ability, the expression of virulence genes (ALST1-3, LIP1, LIP4, and SAPT1-4) and the cell damage of C. tropicalis strains with diverse virulences. C. tropicalis exhibited strain-dependent filamentation ability, which was positively correlated with biofilm formation. Reverse transcriptase PCR analysis showed that the ALST3 and SAPT3 genes had the highest expression in their corresponding genes for most C. tropicalis. The expressions of virulence genes, except ALST3 on polystyrene, were upregulated compared with growth in the planktonic and on human urinary bladder epithelial cell line (TCC-SUP) surface. Clustering analysis of virulence genes showed that isolates had a high biofilm forming ability on polystyrene formed a group. Lactate dehydrogenase assays showed that the cell damage induced by C. tropicalis markedly increased with longer infection time (24 and 48 h). Strain FXCT01, isolated from blood, caused the most serious cell damage; while ZRCT52, which had no filamentation ability, caused the least cell damage. Correlation analysis demonstrated significant correlation existed between adhesion on epithelial cells or the expression of ALST2-3 and cell damage. Overall, our results supported the view that adhesion and filamentation may play significant roles in the cell damage caused by C. tropicalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuanbao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing, China
| | - Wenge Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoshu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing, China
| | - Jie Che
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing, China
| | - Jinxing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing, China
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Abbes S, Amouri I, Trabelsi H, Neji S, Sellami H, Rahmouni F, Makni F, Rebai T, Ayadi A. Analysis of virulence factors andin vivobiofilm-forming capacity ofYarrowia lipolyticaisolated from patients with fungemia. Med Mycol 2016; 55:193-202. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myw028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Al-Seraih A, Flahaut C, Krier F, Cudennec B, Drider D. Characterization of Candida famata Isolated from Poultry Feces for Possible Probiotic Applications. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2015; 7:233-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s12602-015-9201-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Sharifzadeh A, Soltani M, Shokri H. Evaluation of virulence factors and antifungal susceptibility patterns of differentCandidaspecies isolated from the female camel (Camelus dromedarius) genital tract. Mycoses 2015; 58:478-84. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aghil Sharifzadeh
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Mycology Research Center; University of Tehran; Tehran Iran
| | - Minoo Soltani
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Mycology Research Center; University of Tehran; Tehran Iran
| | - Hojjatollah Shokri
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Amol University of Special Modern Technologies; Amol Iran
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Rossoni RD, Barbosa JO, Vilela SFG, dos Santos JD, de Barros PP, Prata MCDA, Anbinder AL, Fuchs BB, Jorge AOC, Mylonakis E, Junqueira JC. Competitive Interactions between C. albicans, C. glabrata and C. krusei during Biofilm Formation and Development of Experimental Candidiasis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131700. [PMID: 26146832 PMCID: PMC4493022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the interactions between Candida albicans, Candida krusei and Candida glabrata in mixed infections. Initially, these interactions were studied in biofilms formed in vitro. CFU/mL values of C. albicans were lower in mixed biofilms when compared to the single biofilms, verifying 77% and 89% of C. albicans reduction when this species was associated with C. glabrata and C. krusei, respectively. After that, we expanded this study for in vivo host models of experimental candidiasis. G. mellonella larvae were inoculated with monotypic and heterotypic Candida suspensions for analysis of survival rate and quantification of fungal cells in the haemolymph. In the groups with single infections, 100% of the larvae died within 18 h after infection with C. albicans. However, interaction groups achieved 100% mortality after 72 h of infection by C. albicans-C. glabrata and 96 h of infection by C. albicans-C. krusei. C. albicans CFU/mL values from larvae hemolymph were lower in the interacting groups compared with the monoespecies group after 12 h of infection. In addition, immunosuppressed mice were also inoculated with monotypic and heterotypic microbial suspensions to induce oral candidiasis. C. albicans CFU/mL values recovered from oral cavity of mice were higher in the group with single infection by C. albicans than the groups with mixed infections by C. albicans-C. glabrata and C. albicans-C. krusei. Moreover, the group with single infection by C. albicans had a higher degree of hyphae and epithelial changes in the tongue dorsum than the groups with mixed infections. We concluded that single infections by C. albicans were more harmful for animal models than mixed infections with non-albicans species, suggesting that C. albicans establish competitive interactions with C. krusei and C. glabrata during biofilm formation and development of experimental candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodnei Dennis Rossoni
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Univ Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Júnia Oliveira Barbosa
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Univ Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Jéssica Diane dos Santos
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Univ Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Pimentel de Barros
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Univ Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Lia Anbinder
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Univ Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beth Burgwyn Fuchs
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Antonio Olavo Cardoso Jorge
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Univ Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Juliana Campos Junqueira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Univ Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
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K D, T J, A M. In vitro evaluation of virulence factors of Candida species isolated from oral cavity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5897/jma2015.0337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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37
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Anil S, Hashem M, Vellappally S, Patil S, Bandara HMHN, Samaranayake LP. Sub-inhibitory concentrations of antifungals suppress hemolysin activity of oral Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis isolates from HIV-infected individuals. Mycopathologia 2014; 178:207-15. [PMID: 25142726 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-014-9802-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Secretion of hydrolytic enzymes such as hemolysin is considered an important virulence attribute of the opportunistic pathogenic fungus Candida. It is known that Candida spp. isolated from HIV-infected patients produce copious hemolysins. As common antifungal agents may perturb the production of extracellular enzymes, we evaluated the effect of three antifungals nystatin, amphotericin B and fluconazole on the hemolytic activity of Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis isolates from HIV-infected individuals. The impact of antimycotics on hemolytic activity was assessed by a previously described in vitro plate assay, after exposing ten isolates each of C. albicans and C. tropicalis recovered from HIV-infected individuals to sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (sub-MIC) of nystatin, amphotericin B and fluconazole. All Candida isolates showed a significant reduction in hemolytic activity. The reduction was highest for amphotericin B-exposed C. albicans and C. tropicalis followed by nystatin and fluconazole. The effect of antimycotics was more pronounced on the hemolytic activity of C. tropicalis compared to that of C. albicans. Commonly used antifungal agents significantly suppress hemolysin activity of Candida species. This implies that the antifungals, in addition to their lethality, may modulate key virulence attributes of the yeast. The clinical relevance of this phenomenon in HIV disease and other similar pathologies remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukumaran Anil
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,
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