1
|
Ozelame KPC, Mattia MMC, Dedavid e Silva LA, Randall LM, Corvo I, Saporiti T, Seixas A, da Silva Vaz I, Alvarez G. Novel tick glutathione transferase inhibitors as promising acaricidal compounds. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2022; 13:101970. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.101970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
2
|
Guedes PEB, Veloso JF, Lacerda LC, Santana JO, Mora-Ocampo IY, Pirovani CP, Cruz RDS, Munhoz AD, Carlos RSA. Protein expression of the tear film of domestic cats before and after inoculation with Toxoplasma gondii. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:386. [PMID: 34906132 PMCID: PMC8670102 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tear film (TF) helps maintain and protect ocular function against damage to the ocular surface. Proteins are one of its main constituents, whose expression pattern can be used as a biomarker of ocular changes and systemic diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of proteins in the TF of domestic cats before and after infection with Toxoplasma gondii, in the phases of acute infection and chronicity. Twelve healthy cats received orally homogenized brain matter obtained from mice inoculated with T. gondii oocysts, strain ME49. Cat feces were collected daily from the third day after infection to assess the release of oocysts. TF samples were obtained from cats, by Schirmer's Tear Test 1, on day 0 (before infection), day 5 after infection (acute phase of infection, with maximum peak release of oocysts in feces) and on day 21 after infection (start of chronic phase, 7 days after total absence of oocyst release in feces). Tear samples were also submitted to proteomic analysis in a Q-Tof-Premier mass spectrometer. RESULTS A total of 37 proteins with scores equal to or greater than 100 were identified on D0, followed by 36 on D5 and 42 on D21. Of these, 27 were common to D0 and D5, 33 to D0 and D21, 27 to D5 and D21, and 26 were common to the three groups, totaling 54 proteins. The most abundant proteins were lipocalin allergen Fel d, serum albumin, aldehyde dehydrogenase, lactoperoxidase and lactotransferrin. There was no significant difference in the abundance of proteins found on D0 and D5, but there was a statistical difference between D0 and D21 for ACT1_AEDAE, CERU_HUMAN and GELS_HUMAN. Regarding D5 and D21, there were significant differences for KV1_CANLF, LAC_PIG, TRFL_PIG, ACT1_AEDAE, CERU_HUMAN, GELS_HUMAN and OVOS2_HUMAN. CONCLUSIONS The main proteins identified in the TF of domestic cats are similar to those found in humans and other animal species. Most are part of the ocular surface defense system against injuries. The most expressed proteins in animals in the chronic phase of T. gondii infection are associated with the immune response to the parasite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jéssica Fontes Veloso
- Federal University of Western Bahia, Av. 23 de Agosto, S/N, Assunção, Bahia Barra, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alexandre Dias Munhoz
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Santa Cruz State University, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
de Castro BD, Wingen NMDA, Dos Santos SHD, Godoy RS, Maltchik L, Lanés LEK, Oliveira GT. Biomarkers of oxidative stress in the post-embryonic characterization of the neotropical annual killifish. Biogerontology 2021; 22:507-530. [PMID: 34302586 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-021-09931-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Annual killifish are among the most remarkable extremophile species with the shortest vertebrate life span. Few studies have reported on the oxidative balance throughout their life cycle and its association to the natural aging process of these neotropical animals in a natural environment. We standardized and analyzed physiological markers related to the redox balance of the annual killifish (Cynopoecilus fulgens) throughout the post-embryonic life cycle (enzyme activity of Superoxide Dismutase, Catalase, Glutathione Peroxidase, and Glutathione S-transferase, as well as the determination of the levels of Lipoperoxidation, Carbonylated Proteins, and Total Proteins). We tested the influence of environmental variables on these biomarkers. Individuals were collected, including juveniles, adults, and seniles, in three sampling units around the Parque Nacional da Lagoa do Peixe, located in the Coastal Plain of Rio Grande do Sul. We observed that males and females used different physiological strategies of their redox balance during their life cycle, and their oxidative balance was influenced by their reproductive period and environmental variables (water temperature, abundance of predators, abundance of another sympatric annual killifish species, and abundance of C. fulgens). The population of each temporary pond presented different physiological responses to the adaptation of their life cycle, and there was an influence of environmental component as a modulator of this cycle. Our study offers reference values that will be useful for comparison in future research with short-lived organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Dutra de Castro
- Conservation Physiology Laboratory, School of Health and Life Sciences, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Robson Souza Godoy
- Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystems, Health Sciences Center, UNISINOS, São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Maltchik
- Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystems, Health Sciences Center, UNISINOS, São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil
| | - Luis Esteban Krause Lanés
- Conservation Physiology Laboratory, School of Health and Life Sciences, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Guendalina Turcato Oliveira
- Conservation Physiology Laboratory, School of Health and Life Sciences, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Morphophysiological Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Ipiranga Avenue, 6681 Pd. 12, Block C, class 270, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sabadin GA, Salomon TB, Leite MS, Benfato MS, Oliveira PL, da Silva Vaz I. An insight into the functional role of antioxidant and detoxification enzymes in adult Rhipicephalus microplus female ticks. Parasitol Int 2020; 81:102274. [PMID: 33352319 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Ticks have developed physiological adaptations to transport, store, metabolize and secrete toxic components from the diet and environment. Different classes of enzymes are involved in these processes, however, the role of several of them is not yet characterized in Rhipicephalus microplus. In this context, this work investigated the action of antioxidant and detoxification enzymes, as well as the levels of essential cellular reductants in R. microplus partially engorged females (PEF) and fully engorged females (FEF). Results demonstrated that enzymes transcriptional levels and enzymatic activity from ovary and fat body were higher in PEF than in FEF, except for ovary Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), which was the only enzyme showing highest activity in the FEF stage. These results indicated a higher demand for antioxidant potential in these organs at the initial feeding phase than during egg-laying. In midgut, however, there was more variability in the transcriptional levels and activity of the different enzymes between the PEF and FEF phases. Similar NADPH levels were found in PEF and FEF phases, suggesting a remarkable capacity to maintain a regular supply of reducing power, despite the developmental changes and large intake of heme and iron. However, reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were variable between PEF and FEF when distinct organs were compared. Taken together, our data suggest a higher demand for reducing potential in FEF ticks. The silencing of catalase (CAT) or thioredoxin reductase (TRx) genes in females did not impair feeding, egg-laying capacity, or larvae hatching. CAT-silenced ticks had increased ovary peroxidase activity, a possible compensatory antioxidant mechanism. Altogether, the results shed light on the complexity of the antioxidant and detoxification enzyme system in ticks and its involvement in different physiological mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela A Sabadin
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tiago B Salomon
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Milane S Leite
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mara S Benfato
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Pedro L Oliveira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Brazil
| | - Itabajara da Silva Vaz
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Brazil; Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9090 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wilhelm EA, Soares PS, Reis AS, Barth A, Freitas BG, Motta KP, Lemos BB, Vogt AG, da Fonseca CAR, Araujo DR, Barcellos AM, Perin G, Luchese C. Se - [(2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl) methyl] 4-chlorobenzoselenolate reduces the nociceptive and edematogenic response by chemical noxious stimuli in mice: Implications of multi-target actions. Pharmacol Rep 2019; 71:1201-1209. [PMID: 31669884 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study evaluated the antioxidant, antinociceptive and anti-edematogenic effects of Se-[(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl) methyl] 4-chlorobenzoselenolate (Se-DMC). METHODS In vitro experiments were carried out to evaluate Se-DMC antioxidant action. Thiobarbituric acid reactive species levels, 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-thylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radicals scavenging and glutathione S-transferase-like activity were determined. Male Swiss mice were orally pretreated with Se-DMC (1, 10 and 50 mg/kg), meloxicam (50 mg/kg) or vehicle 30 min prior to acetic acid or glutamate test. To extend our knowledge of the pharmacological properties of this compound, it was tested in an inflammatory model through ear edema induced by croton oil. The contribution of glutamatergic and serotonergic systems was also investigated. RESULTS In vitro experiments revealed that Se-DMC exerts antioxidant activity. Nociception induced by glutamate or acetic acid was reduced by Se-DMC or meloxicam. Se-DMC diminished the paw edema formation induced by glutamate, while meloxicam did not show any effect. Se-DMC and meloxicam decreased the ear edema formation and protected against the increase in myeloperoxidase activity in mice ear induced by croton oil. The pretreatment of animals with MK-801 did not alter antinociception caused by Se-DMC in the glutamate test. The antinociceptive effect exerted by Se-DMC in the acetic acid test was reverted by the pretreatment of mice with different serotonergic antagonists (WAY100635, ketanserin and pindolol). CONCLUSIONS Data presented here showed that the modulation of serotonergic and glutamatergic systems and the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions could contribute to the antinociceptive and anti-edematogenic effects of Se-DMC and it supported the therapeutic potential of this compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ethel A Wilhelm
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Farmacologia Bioquímica, CCQFA - Universidade Federal de Pelotas, UFPel, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
| | - Paola S Soares
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Farmacologia Bioquímica, CCQFA - Universidade Federal de Pelotas, UFPel, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Angélica S Reis
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Farmacologia Bioquímica, CCQFA - Universidade Federal de Pelotas, UFPel, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Anelise Barth
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Farmacologia Bioquímica, CCQFA - Universidade Federal de Pelotas, UFPel, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Barbara G Freitas
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Farmacologia Bioquímica, CCQFA - Universidade Federal de Pelotas, UFPel, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Ketlyn P Motta
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Farmacologia Bioquímica, CCQFA - Universidade Federal de Pelotas, UFPel, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Briana B Lemos
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Farmacologia Bioquímica, CCQFA - Universidade Federal de Pelotas, UFPel, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Ane G Vogt
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Farmacologia Bioquímica, CCQFA - Universidade Federal de Pelotas, UFPel, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Caren A R da Fonseca
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Farmacologia Bioquímica, CCQFA - Universidade Federal de Pelotas, UFPel, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniela R Araujo
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa, CCQFA - Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Angelita M Barcellos
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa, CCQFA - Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Gelson Perin
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa, CCQFA - Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Luchese
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Farmacologia Bioquímica, CCQFA - Universidade Federal de Pelotas, UFPel, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ndawula C, Sabadin GA, Parizi LF, da Silva Vaz I. Constituting a glutathione S-transferase-cocktail vaccine against tick infestation. Vaccine 2019; 37:1918-1927. [PMID: 30824358 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cocktail vaccines are proposed as an attractive way to increase protection efficacy against specific tick species. Furthermore, such vaccines made with different tick antigens have the potential of cross-protecting against a broad range of tick species. However, there are still limitations to the selection of immunogen candidates. Acknowledging that glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) have been exploited as vaccines against ticks and other parasites, this study aimed to analyze a GST-cocktail vaccine as a potential broad-spectrum tick vaccine. To constitute the GST-cocktail vaccine, five tick species of economic importance for livestock industry were studied (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Rhipicephalus decoloratus, Rhipicephalus microplus, Amblyomma variegatum, and Haemaphysalis longicornis). Tick GST ORF sequences were cloned, and the recombinant GSTs were produced in Escherichia coli. rGSTs were purified and inoculated into rabbits, and the immunological response was characterized. The humoral response against rGST-Rd and rGST-Av showed a stronger cross-reactivity against heterologous rGSTs compared to rGST-Hl, rGST-Ra, and rGST-Rm. Therefore, rGST-Rd and rGST-Av were selected for constituting an experimental rGST-cocktail vaccine. Vaccination experiment in rabbits showed that rGST-cocktail caused 35% reduction in female numbers in a Rhipicephalus sanguineus infestation. This study brings forward an approach to selecting immunogens for cocktail vaccines, and the results highlight rGST-Rd and rGST-Av as potentially useful tools for the development of a broad-spectrum tick vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Ndawula
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Alves Sabadin
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil
| | - Luís Fernando Parizi
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil
| | - Itabajara da Silva Vaz
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil; Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9090, Porto Alegre 91540-000, RS, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9090, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Braghirolli FM, Oliveira MR, Oliveira GT. Seasonal variability of metabolic markers and oxidative balance in freshwater amphipod Hyalella kaingang (Crustacea, Amphipoda). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 130:177-184. [PMID: 27107775 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Amphipods are widely used as bioindicator organisms, in view of their ease of collection and cultivation, sexual dimorphism and abundance, in aquatic environments. In the present study male (n=30) and female (n=30) amphipod Hyalella kaingang were collected during the middle of each season from a nature preserve (Research Center PRÓ-MATA) in São Francisco de Paula, Southern Brazil. Proteins, glycogen, lipids, triglycerides, glycerol, and lipid peroxidation (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione S-transferase activity) were measured. The results obtained for the markers of energy metabolism, antioxidant enzymes, and lipid peroxidation revealed a clear seasonal variation. The patterns of proteins, glycerol, and glutathione S-transferase activity did not differ between sexes; conversely, differential responses in males and females over the year were observed for all other parameters (glycogen, lipids, triglycerides, lipid peroxidation, and superoxide dismutase and catalase activity). These responses appear to be strongly influenced by a prolonged reproductive period (autumn through spring, peaking in autumn); by the degree of exploratory activity, particularly in the summer and autumn; and by abiotic factors, such as temperature and photoperiod. The responses observed in the summer and autumn (decrease in levels of proteins, glycogen and fats, and increase in lipid peroxidation levels and glutathione S-transferase activity), suggest that this season represents a critical time point for these animals. The parameters studied herein may be used as biomarkers to assess the environmental conditions in the aquatic habitat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Machado Braghirolli
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Department of Morphophysiological Sciences, Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Brazil
| | - Maiara Rodriguez Oliveira
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Department of Morphophysiological Sciences, Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Brazil
| | - Guendalina Turcato Oliveira
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Department of Morphophysiological Sciences, Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hollmann G, Ferreira GDJ, Geihs MA, Vargas MA, Nery LEM, Leitão Á, Linden R, Allodi S. Antioxidant activity stimulated by ultraviolet radiation in the nervous system of a crustacean. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 160:151-162. [PMID: 25630046 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation can produce biological damage, principally oxidative stress, by increasing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This study evaluated biochemical impairments related to the oxidative stress induced by UVA, UVB and UVA+UVB (solar simulator-SIM) in environmental doses, during five consecutive days of exposure, in the brain and eyestalk of the crab Ucides cordatus. We evaluated these regions by sampling on the 1st, 3rd and 5th days of UV exposure for lipid peroxidation (LPO), antioxidant capacity against the peroxyl radical (ACAP), and the activities of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST). Immunohistochemical and immunoblotting assays were performed for anti-activated-caspase 3 in the brains. After the first day of exposure, LPO increased in the eyestalks and brains of the UV-exposed animals; ACAP, and CAT, GPX and GST activities also increased in the brains. On the third day, the LPO values in the eyestalk remained high in the UV-exposed groups, while ACAP decreased in the brain and eyestalk and CAT activity remained high in all irradiated groups in both regions. On the fifth day, LPO decreased in the eyestalk and brain of the UV-exposed groups. These results may have been a consequence of the antioxidant defense system (ADS) activity, since CAT activity was high in both regions, ACAP was high in the eyestalks of the SIM group, and GPX activity remained high in the eyestalks of the UVA and UVB groups. Immunohistochemical assays and immunoblotting showed that there was apoptosis in the brains of the UV-exposed crabs. In conclusion, environmental doses of UV can cause oxidative damage to the CNS cells, including apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Hollmann
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Fisiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil.
| | - Gabrielle de Jesus Ferreira
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Fisiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil.
| | - Márcio Alberto Geihs
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas-Fisiologia Animal Comparada. Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG, Rio Grande, RS 96201-900, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Alves Vargas
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas-Fisiologia Animal Comparada. Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG, Rio Grande, RS 96201-900, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Eduardo Maia Nery
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas-Fisiologia Animal Comparada. Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG, Rio Grande, RS 96201-900, Brazil.
| | - Álvaro Leitão
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Fisiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Linden
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Fisiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil.
| | - Silvana Allodi
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Fisiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|