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Arendt M, Stadler J, Ritzmann M, Ade J, Hoelzle K, Hoelzle LE. Hemotrophic Mycoplasmas-Vector Transmission in Livestock. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1278. [PMID: 39065047 PMCID: PMC11279228 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hemotrophic mycoplasmas (HMs) are highly host-adapted and specialized pathogens infecting a wide range of mammals including farm animals, i.e., pigs, cattle, sheep, and goats. Although HMs have been known for over 90 years, we still do not know much about the natural transmission routes within herds. Recently, it has been repeatedly discussed in publications that arthropod vectors may play a role in the transmission of HMs from animal to animal. This is mainly since several HM species could be detected in different potential arthropod vectors by PCR. This review summarizes the available literature about the transmission of bovine, porcine, ovine, and caprine HM species by different hematophagous arthropod vectors. Since most studies are only based on the detection of HMs in potential vectors, there are rare data about the actual vector competence of arthropods. Furthermore, there is a need for additional studies to investigate, whether there are biological vectors in which HMs can multiply and be delivered to new hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Arendt
- Department of Livestock Infectiology and Environmental Hygiene, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany; (M.A.); (J.A.); (K.H.)
| | - Julia Stadler
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (J.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Mathias Ritzmann
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (J.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Julia Ade
- Department of Livestock Infectiology and Environmental Hygiene, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany; (M.A.); (J.A.); (K.H.)
| | - Katharina Hoelzle
- Department of Livestock Infectiology and Environmental Hygiene, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany; (M.A.); (J.A.); (K.H.)
| | - Ludwig E. Hoelzle
- Department of Livestock Infectiology and Environmental Hygiene, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany; (M.A.); (J.A.); (K.H.)
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Ade J, Eddicks M, Ritzmann M, Hoelzle K, Hoelzle LE, Stadler J. Haemotrophic Mycoplasmas Infecting Pigs: A Review of the Current Knowledge. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1267. [PMID: 39065036 PMCID: PMC11279051 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Haemotrophic mycoplasmas (haemoplasmas) are a group of highly specific and adapted bacteria. Three different haemoplasma species in pigs are known to date: Mycoplasma (M.) suis, M. parvum and 'Candidatus (Ca.) M. haemosuis'. Even though these bacteria have been known in pig farming for a long time, it is difficult to draw general conclusions about the relevance of their infections in pigs. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the three porcine haemoplasma species with regards to clinical and pathological descriptions, pathobiology, epidemiology and diagnostics as well as prevention and therapy. Overall, it is clear that considerably more data are available for M. suis than for the other two species, but generally, porcine haemoplasmas were found to be highly prevalent all over the world. Mycoplasma suis is the most virulent species, causing acute infectious anaemia in pigs (IAP), whereas M. parvum usually results in chronic and subclinical infections associated with performance losses. Little is known about the clinical significance of the recently discovered third porcine species 'Ca. M. haemosuis'. So far, the described pathogenic mechanisms mainly include direct destruction of erythrocytes via adhesion, invasion, eryptosis and nutrient scavenging, indirect erythrocyte lysis due to immune-mediated events and immune dysregulation processes. A review of published diagnostic data confirms PCR assays as the current standard method, with various cross-species and species-specific protocols. Overall, there is a need for further examination to obtain valuable insights for practical application, specifically regarding the importance of subclinical infections in naturally infected animals. An essential requirement for this will be to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms operating between the host and the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ade
- Department of Livestock Infectiology and Environmental Hygiene, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Matthias Eddicks
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Mathias Ritzmann
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Katharina Hoelzle
- Department of Livestock Infectiology and Environmental Hygiene, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ludwig E. Hoelzle
- Department of Livestock Infectiology and Environmental Hygiene, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Julia Stadler
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
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Petri FAM, Ferreira GC, Arruda LP, Malcher CS, Storino GY, Almeida HMDS, Sonalio K, Silva DGD, Oliveira LGD. Associations between Pleurisy and the Main Bacterial Pathogens of the Porcine Respiratory Diseases Complex (PRDC). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13091493. [PMID: 37174529 PMCID: PMC10177087 DOI: 10.3390/ani13091493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine Respiratory Diseases Complex (PRDC) is a multifactorial disease that involves several bacterial pathogens, including Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (A. pleuropneumoniae), Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida), Glaesserella parasuis (G. parasuis), and Streptococcus suis (S. suis). In pigs, the infection may cause lesions such pleurisy, which can lead to carcass condemnation. Hence, 1015 carcasses were selected from three different commercial pig farms, where the respiratory conditions were evaluated using slaughterhouse pleurisy evaluation system (SPES) and classified into five groups. In total, 106 pleural and lung fragments were collected for qPCR testing to identify the five abovementioned pathogens. A moderate correlation between the severity of the lesions and the presence of P. multocida (R = 0.38) and A. pleuropneumoniae (R = 0.28) was observed. Concerning the lung samples, the severity of the lesions was moderately correlated with the presence of P. multocida (R = 0.43) and M. hyopneumoniae (R = 0.35). Moreover, there was a strong correlation between the presence of P. multocida and M.hyopneumoniae in the pleura (R = 0.82). Finally, this approach may be a useful tool to identify and quantify causative agents of PRDC using qPCR, providing a comprehensive evaluation of its relevance, strength, and potential application in the field as a surveillance tool for veterinarians.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Geovana Coelho Ferreira
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Laíza Pinto Arruda
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Clarisse Sena Malcher
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Yuri Storino
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Karina Sonalio
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil
- Unit of Porcine Health Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Daniela Gomes da Silva
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Luís Guilherme de Oliveira
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil
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Cruz N, André M, Baraldi T, Mathias L, Braz L, Oliveira L, Santana A. Molecular prevalence of Mycoplasma parvum in production cycle of technified swine herds. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-12747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Porcine hemoplasmosis is characterized as a geographically cosmopolitan disease caused by Mycoplasma suis and Mycoplasma parvum. Asymptomatic pigs are considered the focus of hemoplasmosis because they are carriers and reservoirs to new infections. This study aimed to determine the molecular occurrence of porcine hemoplasmas (PH) in the production cycle of technified farrow-to-finished swine herds. For this purpose, 20 swine herds were evaluated, where 501 whole blood samples were collected for qPCR and phylogenetic analyses for hemoplasmas. The epidemiological analysis was performed for the entire population and per the growth stage. The total prevalence for PH was 31.93% (161/501); 95% (19/20) of sampled herds were positive. The occurrence of PH by swine growth stages was nursery (30.47%), growing (31.29%), finishing (26.18%), and slaughter (40.25%). The quantification cycles (Cq) ranged from 3.18- 39.56 and the number of PH 16S rRNA copies per µL of DNA ranged from 5,57 x10-2 to 2.23 x1010. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of five selected samples showed 100% identity with M. parvum strain Indiana and two M. parvum sequences from Brazil/Goiás. This is the first report on PH in technified herds in Southeastern Brazil by growth stages.
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Xue S, Seo K, Yang M, Cui C, Yang M, Xiang S, Yan Z, Wu S, Han J, Yu X, Li Y, Jin X. Mycoplasma suis Alpha-Enolase Subunit Vaccine Induces an Immune Response in Experimental Animals. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9121506. [PMID: 34960252 PMCID: PMC8708218 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant protein technology has emerged as an excellent option for vaccine development. However, prior to our study, the immune induction ability of recombinant Mycoplasma suis alpha-enolase (rMseno) in animals remained unclear. The purpose of this study was to develop a rMseno protein subunit vaccine and to determine its ability to elicit an immunological response. To accomplish this, we cloned the gene into pET-15b, expressed it in BL21 cells, and purified it. Following the establishment of immunity, the immunogenicity and potential for protection of rMseno were evaluated in mice and piglets. The results demonstrate that anti-M. suis serum recognized the pure rMseno protein in both mice and piglets as evidenced by high levels of specific anti-rMseno antibodies, significantly increased levels of IFN-γ and IL-4 cytokines, and significantly increased T lymphocyte proliferation index. Piglets also had significantly increased levels of specific IgG1, IgG2a, CD4+, and CD8+ cells. The rMseno findings demonstrated a robust immunological response in mice and piglets, affording partial clinical protective efficacy in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujiang Xue
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; (S.X.); (C.C.); (S.X.); (Z.Y.); (S.W.); (J.H.); (X.Y.)
- Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Kangseok Seo
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea;
| | - Miaosen Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132011, China;
| | - Chengdu Cui
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; (S.X.); (C.C.); (S.X.); (Z.Y.); (S.W.); (J.H.); (X.Y.)
| | - Meng Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Food & Pharmaceutical Science College, Huai’an 223023, China;
| | - Siyu Xiang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; (S.X.); (C.C.); (S.X.); (Z.Y.); (S.W.); (J.H.); (X.Y.)
| | - Zongbin Yan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; (S.X.); (C.C.); (S.X.); (Z.Y.); (S.W.); (J.H.); (X.Y.)
| | - Shengjun Wu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; (S.X.); (C.C.); (S.X.); (Z.Y.); (S.W.); (J.H.); (X.Y.)
| | - Jincheng Han
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; (S.X.); (C.C.); (S.X.); (Z.Y.); (S.W.); (J.H.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xiaoyang Yu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; (S.X.); (C.C.); (S.X.); (Z.Y.); (S.W.); (J.H.); (X.Y.)
| | - Yunxiao Li
- School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (X.J.); Tel.: +86-043-3243-5550 (X.J.)
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; (S.X.); (C.C.); (S.X.); (Z.Y.); (S.W.); (J.H.); (X.Y.)
- Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (X.J.); Tel.: +86-043-3243-5550 (X.J.)
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Stadler J, Ade J, Hermanns W, Ritzmann M, Wentzel S, Hoelzle K, Hoelzle LE. Clinical, haematological and pathomorphological findings in Mycoplasma suis infected pigs. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:214. [PMID: 34112157 PMCID: PMC8193878 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02919-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycoplasma suis (M. suis) belongs to the group of haemotrophic mycoplasmas and is known as the causative agent of infectious anaemia in pigs. In the last few years valuable insights into the mechanism of adhesion and invasion, shedding patterns and cell tropism of M. suis were gained by the use of new molecular techniques. However, details on M. suis induced lesions as well as the distribution of M. suis in different organs are still lacking. Therefore, seven splenectomised pigs were experimentally infected and clinical and laboratory investigations as well as a detailed histopathological examination were performed. Detection and quantification of M. suis DNA in blood and various tissue samples was done using a quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS During the course of experimental infection, periodically occurring signs of infectious anaemia of pigs including severe icteroanaemia, fever, apathy and anorexia were observed. In addition, dermatological manifestations such as haemorrhagic diathesis presenting as petechiae occurred. The most important haematological alterations were normochromic, normocytic anaemia, hypoglycaemia as well as increased bilirubin and urea concentrations. Necropsy revealed predominant evidence of haemolysis with consecutive anaemia, as well as disseminated intravascular coagulation. M. suis was found in all investigated tissues with the highest copy numbers found in the kidneys. In Giemsa stained sections M. suis was only detected red blood cell (RBC)-associated. CONCLUSION In the present study, no RBC independent sequestration of M. suis was detected in organs of experimentally infected pigs. Pathological findings are most likely resulting from haemolysis, consecutive anaemia as well as from disseminated intravascular coagulation and subsequent organ impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Stadler
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Sonnenstr. 16, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | - Julia Ade
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Walter Hermanns
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias Ritzmann
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Sonnenstr. 16, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Sarah Wentzel
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Sonnenstr. 16, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Katharina Hoelzle
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ludwig E Hoelzle
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
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Petri FAM, Sonalio K, de Souza Almeida HM, Ferraz MES, Storino GY, de Souza MR, André MR, de Oliveira LG. Porcine hemothropic mycoplasmas infection associated with productive impact in intensive pig production. Porcine Health Manag 2020; 6:33. [PMID: 33292672 PMCID: PMC7641829 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-020-00171-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background So far, three porcine hemoplasmas (PH) have been identified, namely Mycoplasma suis, Mycoplasma parvum, and Mycoplasma haemosuis. The first one is the main agent associated with porcine hemoplasmosis, a possible cause of economic losses in pig production. Thus, this work aimed to detect and quantify PH 16S rRNA in finishing pigs and to associate its load estimate with average daily weight gain (ADWG). For this purpose, whole blood samples from 318 pigs were collected at an age of 75 days (d0) when the pigs entered the finishing phase and 105 days later (d105). To calculate ADWG, the animals were weighed at the abovementioned dates. Then, DNA from blood samples were submitted to a qPCR targeting the 16S rRNA gene for PH. Spearman correlation test was performed to investigate potential associations between ADWG and the quantification values. Lastly, the molecular characterization of PH was done by sequencing the 23S rDNA gene. Results Out of the 318 samples, 190 (59.74%) were positive on d0, and 304 (95.6%) were positive on d105. A significant correlation was observed (p < 0.05), albeit with a low coefficient value (0.18), when comparing ADWG with quantification values on d105. The phylogenetic analysis based on the 23S rDNA gene showed that four sequences were closely related to M. parvum, and one sequence was positioned in the M. suis cluster. Conclusion Two PH, M. suis and M. parvum, were detected in a Brazilian pig farm. Moreover, increasing occurrence through time was observed, which may have affected the productive performance of positive animals, mainly at the end of the finishing phase, when antimicrobials are removed. Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40813-020-00171-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Antônio Moreira Petri
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Karina Sonalio
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Henrique Meiroz de Souza Almeida
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriel Yuri Storino
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Rogério André
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Luis Guilherme de Oliveira
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil.
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Sonalio K, Perles L, Gatto IRH, do Amaral RB, Almeida HMS, Galdeano JVB, Vieira RFC, André MR, de Oliveira LG. Genetic diversity of emerging hemotropic mycoplasmas in domestic pigs from Brazil. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1162-1174. [PMID: 32748550 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma suis and Mycoplasma parvum bind strongly to erythrocytes and may cause clinical hemoplasmosis in swine, affecting several age groups. Mycoplasma spp. infected animals may be asymptomatic carriers and/or show nonspecific clinical signs. In Brazil, information on genetic diversity associated with porcine hemoplasmas (PH) has not been described yet. Therefore, this study has aimed to detect, quantify and characterize the genetic diversity of PH in finishing pigs from technified farms in the state of Goiás, central-western Brazil. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-blood samples from 450 swine belonging to 30 different farms from Goiás state were collected at the slaughterhouse. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assays were performed for the molecular detection and quantification of PH 16S rRNA gene fragments. Cloning and sequencing of 16S and 23S rRNA amplicons were performed to evaluate the genetic diversity. Moreover, a questionnaire was applied to each farm manager to obtain epidemiological information about the herd. The results on qPCR showed herd occurrence of 68.89% for PH. Quantification values (starting quantity [SQ]) ranged from 8.43 × 10-1 to 4.69 × 106 copies/µl, and 52.71% of the samples presented SQ values equal or lower than 1 × 103 copies/µl. Risk factors were not evaluated once all farms had at least one positive animal. However, Spearman's coefficient test revealed that the occurrence of PH was inversely associated with the number of farrows per week, weaned piglets per week, and weight at slaughter. Phylogenetic analysis based on maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods showed that the 16S rRNA and 23S rRNA gene sequences obtained from five samples formed a single cluster closely related to M. parvum. Genotype analysis using DNASP software confirmed seven and four different 16S and 23S rRNA genotypes among the cloned amplicons, indicating that there are several genotypes of M. parvum circulating in individual pigs and among pig farms in central-western Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Sonalio
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Lívia Perles
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | | | - Renan B do Amaral
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Henrique M S Almeida
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael F C Vieira
- Vector-Borne Diseases Laboratory, Departament of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil.,Global One Health initiative (GOHi), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Marcos R André
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Luis Guilherme de Oliveira
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
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Gatto IRH, Sonálio K, Amaral RBD, Morés N, Dalla Costa OA, André MR, de Oliveira LG. High frequency and molecular characterization of porcine hemotrophic mycoplasmas in Brazil. Vet Microbiol 2019; 231:33-39. [PMID: 30955820 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma suis and Mycoplasma parvum are the two hemotrophic mycoplasmas species described in pigs. M. suis is involved in infectious anemia, while M parvum infection is commonly subclinical. The objectives of this study were twofold: (i) to investigate the prevalence of porcine hemotrophic mycoplasmas in sows from the southern region of Brazil by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and (ii) to genetically characterize a subset of the samples based on the 16S rRNA gene. A total of 429 blood samples were evaluated from 53 different farm sites. Porcine hemoplasmas was detected at all the 53 tested sites and in 79.72% of the samples (342/429). Two sequences were obtained for Mycoplasma spp. The phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene (900 bp) showed that the Mycoplasma sequences were closely related to the M. suis cluster and that one sequence was positioned in the M. parvum cluster. In conclusion, porcine hemoplasmas have a high rate of prevalence in sows from commercial farms in the southern region of Brazil. This study demonstrated the first molecular detection and characterization of partial 16S rRNA gene of M. parvum in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Renan Honorato Gatto
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Karina Sonálio
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Renan Bressianini do Amaral
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Nelson Morés
- Embrapa Swine and Poultry, Animal Health Laboratory, BR 153, Km 110, P.O. Box 21, Distrito de Tamanduá, Concórdia, CEP 89.700-000, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Osmar Antonio Dalla Costa
- Embrapa Swine and Poultry, Animal Health Laboratory, BR 153, Km 110, P.O. Box 21, Distrito de Tamanduá, Concórdia, CEP 89.700-000, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Marcos Rogério André
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Luís Guilherme de Oliveira
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil.
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Dias GB, do Amaral RB, Gatto IRH, Lapera IM, de Oliveira LG, Lux Hoppe EG, Machado RZ, André MR. Molecular detection of Mycoplasma suis in captive white-lipped peccaries (Tayassu pecari) and wild boars (Sus scrofa) in Brazil. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 63:94-96. [PMID: 30961824 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma suis, the etiological agent of swine hemoplasmosis, is an epicellular bacterium that adheres to the surface of pig erythrocytes leading to deformations of the target cells. Little is known about the occurrence of M. suis in wild swine populations around the world, its economic impact on swine herds, and the risk of human infection. The aim of this study was to investigate, by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) based on the 16S rRNA gene, the occurrence of M. suis in a captive population of white-lipped peccaries (100 Tayassu pecari) and in free-living wild boars (14 Sus scrofa) in Brazil. None of the white-lipped peccaries were positive for M. suis, whereas seven (50%) wild boars were positive in qPCR assays. The quantification of M. suis-16S rRNA copies/μL ranged from 1.42 × 10° to 3.906 × 101 in positive animals, indicating a low bacteremia and a chronic carrier status in free-living wild boars. In conclusion, M. suis might be a non-frequent pathogen in wild suids maintained in captivity. Despite the low bacteremia, the prevalence of M. suis in wild boar population in Brazil seems to be high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Bim Dias
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renan Bressianini do Amaral
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Igor Renan Honorato Gatto
- Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ivan Moura Lapera
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luís Guilherme de Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Estevam G Lux Hoppe
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosangela Zacarias Machado
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos Rogério André
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
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