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Shao Y, Mason CJ, Felton GW. Toward an Integrated Understanding of the Lepidoptera Microbiome. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 69:117-137. [PMID: 37585608 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-020723-102548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Research over the past 30 years has led to a widespread acceptance that insects establish widespread and diverse associations with microorganisms. More recently, microbiome research has been accelerating in lepidopteran systems, leading to a greater understanding of both endosymbiont and gut microorganisms and how they contribute to integral aspects of the host. Lepidoptera are associated with a robust assemblage of microorganisms, some of which may be stable and routinely detected in larval and adult hosts, while others are ephemeral and transient. Certain microorganisms that populate Lepidoptera can contribute significantly to the hosts' performance and fitness, while others are inconsequential. We emphasize the context-dependent nature of the interactions between players. While our review discusses the contemporary literature, there are major avenues yet to be explored to determine both the fundamental aspects of host-microbe interactions and potential applications for the lepidopteran microbiome; we describe these avenues after our synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqi Shao
- Max Planck Partner Group, Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China;
| | - Charles J Mason
- Tropical Pest Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit, Daniel K. Inouye US Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Hilo, Hawaii, USA;
| | - Gary W Felton
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA;
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Minahan NT, Wu WJ, Tsai KH. Rickettsia felis is an emerging human pathogen associated with cat fleas: A review of findings in Taiwan. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2023; 56:10-19. [PMID: 36585292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Rickettsia felis is an emerging rickettsial agent principally associated with cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis), formerly discovered in 1990. Since then, clinical cases of R. felis infection have been identified globally by specific DNA sequences in patients with undifferentiated febrile illness, including in Taiwan, but such evidence is limited. R. felis rickettsiosis is self-limiting and easily treated with doxycycline, but its diagnosis remains a challenge. Environmental risk factors for R. felis rickettsiosis have yet to be clearly demonstrated, and its transmission biology is incompletely understood. Cat fleas are naturally infected with R. felis at varying rates, and vector competence in the transmission of R. felis has been demonstrated in animal models, including dogs, which may serve as reservoir hosts. In northern Taiwan, despite ∼20% of cat fleas infesting companion animals consistently found to be infected with R. felis, only a few cases of potential R. felis infection have been identified through a retrospective serological investigation, though without molecular confirmation. Ecological studies have identified divergent R. felis-like organisms in different arthropod hosts, but these strains appear to serve as nonpathogenic endosymbionts. Although its association with disease is limited, we believe cat flea-borne R. felis warrants increased recognition in an aging population due to immunosenescence and the proximity of companion animals to the elderly. Adopting a One Health approach involving collaboration and communication between clinicians, veterinarians, public health practitioners, and environmental scientists will improve our knowledge about this neglected pathogen and promote the prevention and control of vector-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas T Minahan
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jer Wu
- Department of Entomology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Hsien Tsai
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Entomology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Mediannikov O, Bechah Y, Amanzougaghene N, Lepidi H, Bassene H, Sambou M, Lienhard C, Benkacimi L, Dieme C, Sokhna C, Fenollar F, Raoult D. Booklice Liposcelis bostrychophila naturally infected by Rickettsia felis cause fever and experimental pneumonia in mammals. J Infect Dis 2022; 226:1075-1083. [PMID: 35776143 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rickettsia felis is emergent in tropical areas. Despite its high morbidity, its natural history has not yet been fully determined. We investigated the role of the common household booklouse, Liposcelis bostrychophila, recently found to harbour R. felis. METHODS Blood samples from 372 febrile patients from Senegalese villages, as well as nasal and skin samples from 264 asymptomatic individuals, were tested for cat flea-associated and booklice-associated strains of R. felis. Dust samples from beds were collected to isolate booklice and R. felis. Mice were infected with aerosol of R. felis strain from naturally infected booklice. RESULTS Forty febrile patients (11%) were infected by R. felis, including 26 (7%) by the booklice-associated strain. Nine nasal samples (3.4%) and 28 skin samples (10.6%) contained R. felis, including seven and 24, respectively, with the booklice-associated strain. The presence of live L. bostrychophila was observed in 32 dust samples (16.8%); R. felis was identified in 62 dust samples (32.5%). Several mice samples were positive for R. felis; interstitial lymphohistiocytic infiltrates were identified in lungs. CONCLUSIONS L. bostrychophila may be a reservoir of R. felis. The booklice-associated strain is pathogenic in mammals causing pneumonia. Human infection may be acquired via inhalation of infected booklice particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Mediannikov
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHII, Marseille, France.,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Yassina Bechah
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHII, Marseille, France.,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Nadia Amanzougaghene
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHII, Marseille, France.,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Hubert Lepidi
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHII, Marseille, France.,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | | | - Masse Sambou
- VITROME, Campus International UCAD-IRD, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Linda Benkacimi
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
| | | | - Cheikh Sokhna
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
| | - Florence Fenollar
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHII, Marseille, France.,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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