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Guo H, Tan J, He Y, Yuan S, Jin K, Li Z. In Vitro Virulence Contrast of Seven Genetically Distinct Toxoplasma gondii Isolates After Rejuvenation In Vivo. Acta Parasitol 2024; 69:227-232. [PMID: 37979012 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00740-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past for more than 100 years at least 300 genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii were recorded and several traditional isolates such as RH, GT1, ME49, PRU and VEG were used repeatedly to clarify the pathogenic mechanisms and the epidemiological significance to human, but for if their virulence was mutative post-iterative passages it remains confused. OBJECTIVE Therefore, in the study, seven genetically distinct T. gondii including C7 and PYS previously discovered in China were reidentified by sequencing the head of hsp40 locus to distinguish their virulence in vitro post-rejuvenation in vivo. RESULTS Our data showed the nucleotides were different in 18 positions and 7 of them can be used to type T. gondii isolates. Total 634 plaques of T. gondii without two or more overlaps indicated that RH and GT1 tachyzoites possess stronger power than other five isolates in vitro (p < 0.001), followed by ME49, PRU, C7, PYS, and the weakest VEG. Based on the shapes of plaques, we found the ratio of their width/length was associated with the virulence of T. gondii, and speculated it could be used to judge T. gondii tachyzoites in vitro, whereas the data of simple linear regression analyses did not agree. CONCLUSIONS Together, virulence of seven genetically distinct T. gondii isolates that can be distinguished by seven mutative nucleotides in hsp40 was redefined in vitro post-rejuvenation in vivo, and it cannot be directly judged just according to the shapes of plaques formed in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiting Guo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, College of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Tan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, College of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulin He
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, College of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, People's Republic of China
| | - Shumin Yuan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, College of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Jin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, College of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongyuan Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, College of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, People's Republic of China.
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Freitas AR, Delai RR, Kmetiuk LB, da Silva EC, Martini R, Brandão APD, Giuffrida R, de Barros-Filho IR, Costa da Silva R, Langoni H, Figueiredo FB, Pimpão CT, Dos Santos AP, Santarém VA, Biondo AW. Seropositivity of Anti- Toxoplasma gondii Antibodies in Owners and Their Dogs Living on Island and Mainland Seashore Areas of Southern Brazil. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:252. [PMID: 36287993 PMCID: PMC9611663 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7100252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although toxoplasmosis has been considered among the most neglected zoonoses worldwide, no study has focused on the frequency and associated risk factors of owners and their dogs living on an island and mainland seashore areas. Accordingly, anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG antibodies were screened by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) in owners and dogs from three oceanic islands and two nearby mainland harbor areas, with associated risk factors for toxoplasmosis assessed by univariable and multivariable logistic regression models. Overall, anti-T. gondii seropositivity was observed in 59/328 (18.0%) owners and 66/283 (23.3%) dogs, with no statistical difference between owners (p = 0.360) and dogs (p = 0.655) from islands and mainland areas. Consumption of local water springs (p = 0.016; OR = 2.11) was an associated risk factor for T. gondii seropositivity, and owners with the habit of spring water intake were twice more likely seropositive (p = 0.014; OR = 2.14). Presence of anti-T. gondii antibodies in dogs was associated with seropositive owners (p = 0.008; OR = 2.81), household consumption of beef meat (p = 0.042; OR = 1.7) and chicken (p = 0.026; OR = 2.9). Despite being lower than the worldwide prevalence, toxoplasmosis seropositivity in owners and their dogs in southern Brazil was influenced by the positive owner, water source, and meat consumption, and not by inhabiting islands or seashore mainland areas, presence of dogs, cats, or both. In addition, drinking water quality should always be considered a critical risk factor for toxoplasmosis on islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaronson Ramathan Freitas
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná State, Curitiba 80035-050, PR, Brazil
| | - Ruana Renostro Delai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná State, Curitiba 80035-050, PR, Brazil
| | - Louise Bach Kmetiuk
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Carlos Chagas Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Curitiba 81310-020, PR, Brazil
| | - Evelyn Cristine da Silva
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, São Paulo State University, Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafaella Martini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná State, Curitiba 80035-050, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Rogério Giuffrida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Western São Paulo, São Paulo 190019-70, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Costa da Silva
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Western São Paulo, São Paulo 190019-70, SP, Brazil
| | - Hélio Langoni
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, São Paulo State University, Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Borges Figueiredo
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Carlos Chagas Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Curitiba 81310-020, PR, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Turra Pimpão
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba 80230-130, PR, Brazil
| | - Andrea Pires Dos Santos
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Vamilton Alvares Santarém
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Western São Paulo, São Paulo 190019-70, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexander Welker Biondo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná State, Curitiba 80035-050, PR, Brazil
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Toxoplasma gondii in Foods: Prevalence, Control, and Safety. Foods 2022; 11:foods11162542. [PMID: 36010541 PMCID: PMC9407268 DOI: 10.3390/foods11162542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that causes toxoplasmosis, with approximately one third of the population around the world seropositive. The consumption of contaminated food is the main source of infection. These include meat products with T. gondii tissue cysts, and dairy products with tachyzoites. Recently, contamination has been detected in fresh products with oocysts and marine products. Despite the great health problems that are caused by T. gondii, currently there are no standardized methods for its detection in the food industry. In this review, we analyze the current detection methods, the prevalence of T. gondii in different food products, and the control measures. The main detection methods are bioassays, cell culture, molecular and microscopic techniques, and serological methods, but some of these do not have applicability in the food industry. As a result, emerging techniques are being developed that are aimed at the detection of multiple parasites simultaneously that would make their application more efficient in the industry. Since the prevalence of this parasite is high in many products (meat and milk, marine products, and vegetables), it is necessary to standardize detection methods, as well as implement control measures.
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