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Abstract
A low-glycaemic diet is crucial for those with diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Information on the glycaemic index (GI) of different ingredients can help in designing novel food products for such target groups. This is because of the intricate dependency of material source, composition, food structure and processing conditions, among other factors, on the glycaemic responses. Different approaches have been used to predict the GI of foods, and certain discrepancies exist because of factors such as inter-individual variation among human subjects. Besides other aspects, it is important to understand the mechanism of food digestion because an approach to predict GI must essentially mimic the complex processes in the human gastrointestinal tract. The focus of this work is to review the advances in various approaches for predicting the glycaemic responses to foods. This has been carried out by detailing conventional approaches, their merits and limitations, and the need to focus on emerging approaches. Given that no single approach can be generalised to all applications, the review emphasises the scope of deriving insights for improvements in methodologies. Reviewing the conventional and emerging approaches for the determination of GI in foods, this detailed work is intended to serve as a state-of-the-art resource for nutritionists who work on developing low-GI foods.
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Eik Filho W, Wanczinski Ferrari BJ, Masetto Antunes M, Batista Travassos P, Medri de Souza H, Menezes de Souza E, Barbosa Bazotte R. Glycerol Potentiates the Effects of Glucose in Promoting Glucose Recovery During Hypoglycemia: From Basic to Clinical Investigations and Their Therapeutic Application. J Med Food 2020; 24:908-915. [PMID: 33297841 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2020.0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared the effect of oral glucose versus oral glucose combined with glycerol (glucose + glycerol) in promoting glucose recovery during hypoglycemia. These studies were carried out in two series of experiments. In the first series of experiments, 16 overnight fasted rats received an intraperitoneal injection of lispro insulin (1 IU/kg), and 25 min later, they received oral water (control), glucose (0.25 g/kg), glycerol (2.5 g/kg), or glucose (0.25 g/kg) + glycerol (2.5 g/kg). In the second series of experiments on 164 eligible type 1 diabetic (T1D) patients, 30 individuals with a history of hypoglycemia were recruited. Five volunteers did not meet the inclusion criteria and two subjects were excluded after starting the clinical investigation; 23 patients concluded the study. All patients with symptoms of hypoglycemia ingested oral glucose (15 g) or glucose (15 g) + glycerol (9.45 g). To treat hypoglycemia in T1D patients, preparations containing glucose alone or glucose + glycerol were used alternately (2 weeks/2 weeks) in a double-blind crossover scheme. Throughout the clinical research (4 weeks), glucose concentrations were assessed with a continuous glucose monitoring device and the results after the use of glucose alone or glucose + glycerol preparations were compared. Oral glucose combined with glycerol was more effective in promoting glucose recovery in comparison with glucose alone, not only in rats but also in T1D patients. Taken together, our experimental and clinical investigations reported the best performance of oral administration of glucose + glycerol in comparison with isolated glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Eik Filho
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology Unit, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Marina Masetto Antunes
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Helenir Medri de Souza
- Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Eniuce Menezes de Souza
- Post-Graduate Program in Biostatistics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Roberto Barbosa Bazotte
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Program in Biological Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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Vilela VR, Antunes MM, Godoi VAF, Travassos PB, Souza HMD, Bazotte RB. Oral lactate intensifies insulin toxicity during severe insulin-induced hypoglycemia in mice. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902018000217617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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