1
|
Takata J, Miyake N, Saiki Y, Tada M, Sasaki K, Kubo T, Kiura K, Arimoto-Kobayashi S. Chemopreventive effects and anti-tumorigenic mechanisms of Actinidia arguta, known as sarunashi in Japan toward 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)- induced lung tumorigenesis in a/J mouse. Genes Environ 2022; 44:26. [PMID: 36494703 PMCID: PMC9733242 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-022-00255-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, we reported the inhibitory effect of Actinidia arguta juice, known as sarunashi juice (sar-j) in Japan, on mutagenesis, inflammation, and mouse skin tumorigenesis. The components of A. arguta responsible for the anti-mutagenic effects were identified to be water-soluble, heat-labile phenolic compounds. We proposed isoquercetin (isoQ) as a candidate anticarcinogenic component. In this study, we sought to investigate the chemopreventive effects of A. arguta juice and isoQ on 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)-induced lung tumorigenesis in A/J mice, and identify the possible mechanisms underlying the anti-tumorigenic effects of A. arguta. RESULTS The number of tumor nodules per mouse lung in the group injected with NNK and administered A. arguta juice orally was significantly lower than that in the group injected with NNK only. Oral administration of isoQ also reduced the number of nodules in the mouse lungs. As expected, the mutagenicity of NNK and 1-methyl-3-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) detected using S. typhimurium TA1535 decreased in the presence of sar-j. However, NNK and MNNG mutagenicity detected using S. typhimurium YG7108, a strain lacking the O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferases (ogtST and adaST) did not decrease in the presence of sar-j suggesting that sar-j may mediate its antimutagenic effect by enhancing the DNA damage repair by ogtST and adaST. Phosphorylation of Akt, with or without epidermal growth factor stimulation, in A549 cells was significantly decreased following sar-j and isoQ treatment, indicating that components in sar-j including isoQ suppressed the PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS Sar-j and isoQ reduced NNK-induced lung tumorigenesis. Sar-j targets both the initiation and growth/progression steps during carcinogenesis, specifically via anti-mutagenesis, stimulation of alkyl DNA adduct repair, and suppression of Akt-mediated growth signaling. IsoQ might contribute in part to the biological effects of sar-j via suppression of Akt phosphorylation, but it may not be the main active ingredient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Takata
- grid.261356.50000 0001 1302 4472Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| | - Naoko Miyake
- grid.261356.50000 0001 1302 4472Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| | - Yusuke Saiki
- grid.261356.50000 0001 1302 4472Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| | - Misako Tada
- grid.261356.50000 0001 1302 4472Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| | - Kensuke Sasaki
- grid.261356.50000 0001 1302 4472Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| | - Toshio Kubo
- grid.412342.20000 0004 0631 9477Department of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Kiura
- grid.412342.20000 0004 0631 9477Department of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| | - Sakae Arimoto-Kobayashi
- grid.261356.50000 0001 1302 4472Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan ,grid.261356.50000 0001 1302 4472Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Malla RR, Padmaraju V, Marni R, Kamal MA. Natural products: Potential targets of TME related long non-coding RNAs in lung cancer. PHYTOMEDICINE 2021; 93:153782. [PMID: 34627097 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer is a significant health concern worldwide due to high mortality and morbidity, despite the advances in diagnosis, treatment, and management. Recent experimental evidence from different models suggested long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as major modulators of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in the tumor microenvironment (TME) to support metastasis and drug resistance in lung cancer. Evidence-based studies demonstrated that natural products interfere with TME functions. PURPOSE OF STUDY To establish lncRNAs of TME as novel targets of natural compounds for lung cancer management. STUDY DESIGN Current study used a combination of TME and lung CSCs, lncRNAs and enrichment and stemness maintenance, natural products and stem cell management, natural products and lncRNAs, natural products and targeted delivery as keywords to retrieve the literature from Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar. This study critically reviewed the current literature and presented cancer stem cells' ability in reprogramming lung TME. RESULTS This review found that TME related oncogenic and tumor suppressor lncRNAs and their signaling pathways control the maintenance of stemness in lung TME. This review explored natural phenolic compounds and found that curcumin, genistein, quercetin epigallocatechin gallate and ginsenoside Rh2 are efficient in managing lung CSCs. They modulate lncRNAs and their upstream mediators by targeting signaling and epigenetic pathways. This review also identified relevant nanotechnology-based phytochemical delivery approaches for targeting lung cancer. CONCLUSION By critical literature analysis, TME related lncRNAs were identified as potential therapeutic targets, aiming to develop natural product-based therapeutics to treat metastatic and drug-resistant lung cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rama Rao Malla
- Cancer Biology Lab, Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, GIS, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh 530045, India; Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, GIS, GITAM (Deemed to be) University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh 530045, India.
| | - Vasudevaraju Padmaraju
- Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, GIS, GITAM (Deemed to be) University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh 530045, India
| | - Rakshmitha Marni
- Cancer Biology Lab, Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, GIS, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh 530045, India; Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, GIS, GITAM (Deemed to be) University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh 530045, India
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- West China School of Nursing / Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Enzymoics, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tennis MA, Smith AJ, Dwyer-Nield LD, Keith RL. Intranasal iloprost prevents tumors in a murine lung carcinogenesis model. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2021; 15:11-16. [PMID: 34556494 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-21-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer chemoprevention with the prostacyclin analogue iloprost is the most promising approach to date for intercepting progression of premalignant lung lesions in former smokers. Previous pre-clinical studies of iloprost used oral delivery, but a study modeling delivery directly to the target organ was needed. In vivo and in vitro studies have identified gene expression changes following iloprost treatment, including increased E-cadherin and PPAR𝛄 and decreased COX2 and Vimentin. We used tumor counts and gene expression to demonstrate the effectiveness of intranasal delivery of iloprost in a murine model of premalignant adenomas. Intranasal delivery of iloprost reduced adenoma multiplicity14 weeks after urethane exposure in FVB mice compared to untreated urethane controls. Intranasal iloprost reversed urethane-induced gene expression changes in tumors and whole lung. These results correspond to previous studies of oral iloprost and in vitro treatment of human bronchial epithelial cells. This study demonstrates that intranasal delivery of iloprost in a mouse model of lung premalignant lesions is effective chemoprevention. This will be an essential tool for exploring mechanisms and outcomes of iloprost chemoprevention, along with supporting ongoing clinical trials of inhaled iloprost chemoprevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meredith A Tennis
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Alex J Smith
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | | | - Robert L Keith
- Medicine/Division of Pulmonary Sciences, Eastern Colorado Veterans Affairs Medical Center
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Arimoto-Kobayashi S, Sasaki K, Hida R, Miyake N, Fujii N, Saiki Y, Daimaru K, Nakashima H, Kubo T, Kiura K. Chemopreventive effects and anti-tumorigenic mechanisms of 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone, a constituent of Vitis coignetiae Pulliat (crimson glory vine, known as yamabudo in Japan), toward 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)-induced lung tumorigenesis in A/J mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 154:112319. [PMID: 34087405 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we isolated and identified anti-mutagenic and anti-inflammatory components from Vitis coignetiae (crimson glory vine, known as yamabudo in Japan) as 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (DBQ), fertaric acid and caftaric acid. We also reported that the oral intake of a partially purified fraction from yamabudo juice (yamabudo-fr) or DBQ affords significant protection against two-stage skin carcinogenesis in mice. In this study, we found that oral intake of yamabudo-fr or DBQ affords significant protection against a tobacco-specific nitrosamine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)-induced mouse model of lung tumorigenesis. Furthermore, we investigated the anti-tumorigenic mechanisms of yamabudo juice and DBQ. NNK is known to be a DNA-methylating and alkylating agent; thus, we investigated the anti-tumorigenic mechanisms of yamabudo juice and DBQ in relation to DNA methylation. Pretreatment with yamabudo-fr or DBQ dose-dependently decreased formation of O6-methylguanine and N7-methylguanine in DNA of the A549 human lung epithelial-like cell line treated with a methylating agent, 1-methyl-3-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine. Yamabudo juice and DBQ inhibited the mutagenicity of NNK in the Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium TA1535 but not S. typhimurium YG7108, an alkylguanine DNA alkyltransferase-deficient strain (same as TA1535 but Δadast::Kmr, Δogtst::Cmr). Yamabudo juice and DBQ might accelerate the repair of DNA damage caused by NNK and reduce DNA damage to cells. We also investigated the effects of yamabudo juice and DBQ on signaling pathways in A549 cells. With or without epidermal growth factor stimulation, phosphorylation of Erk1/2, Akt and Stat3 in A549 cells was significantly decreased in the presence of yamabudo juice or DBQ, indicating that yamabudo juice and DBQ suppressed PI3K/AKT, MAPK/ERK and JAK/STAT3 signaling pathways. These results suggest that both initiation and growth/progression steps in carcinogenesis, especially anti-oxidant effects, stimulation of repair of alkyl DNA adducts and suppressed growth signaling pathways are potential anti-tumorigenic targets of yamabudo juice and DBQ in NNK-induced lung tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sakae Arimoto-Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Kensuke Sasaki
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Ryoko Hida
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Naoko Miyake
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Nana Fujii
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yusuke Saiki
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kyohei Daimaru
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hirono Nakashima
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Toshio Kubo
- Department of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Kiura
- Department of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jain A, Madu CO, Lu Y. Phytochemicals in Chemoprevention: A Cost-Effective Complementary Approach. J Cancer 2021; 12:3686-3700. [PMID: 33995644 PMCID: PMC8120178 DOI: 10.7150/jca.57776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death across the world. Although conventional cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy have effectively decreased cancer progression, they come with many dose-limiting side-effects. Phytochemicals that naturally occur in spices, fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes, and other common foods are surprisingly effective complements to conventional cancer treatments. These biologically active compounds demonstrate anticancer effects via cell signaling pathway interference in cancerous cells. In addition, phytochemicals protect non-cancerous cells from chemotherapy-induced side-effects. This paper addresses the not only the potential of phytochemicals quercetin, isoflavones, curcumin, catechins, and hesperidin in terms of cancer treatment and protection against side-effects of chemotherapy, but also methods for increasing phytochemical bioavailability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aayush Jain
- Departments of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152. USA
| | - Chikezie O. Madu
- Departments of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152. USA
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163. USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Galbraith AR, Seabloom DE, Wuertz BR, Antonides JD, Steele VE, Wattenberg LW, Ondrey FG. Chemoprevention of Lung Carcinogenesis by Dietary Nicotinamide and Inhaled Budesonide. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2019; 12:69-78. [PMID: 30606719 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-17-0402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide, the amide form of vitamin B3, and budesonide, a synthetic glucocorticoid used in the treatment of asthma, were evaluated to determine their individual and combinational chemopreventive efficacy on benzo(a)pyrene-induced lung tumors in female A/J mice. Nicotinamide fed at a dietary concentration of 0.75% significantly inhibited tumor multiplicity. Nicotinamide by aerosol inhalation at doses up to 15 mg/kg/day did not result in a statistically significant reduction in tumor multiplicity. Finally, dietary nicotinamide was administered with aerosol budesonide and tumor multiplicity reduced by 90% at 1 week and 49% at 8 weeks post last carcinogen dose. We conclude nicotinamide is an effective and safe agent for lung cancer dietary prevention at both early- and late-stage carcinogenesis and that efficacy is increased with aerosol budesonide. Combination chemoprevention with these agents is a well-tolerated and effective strategy which could be clinically advanced to human studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur R Galbraith
- Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention Research Program, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Donna E Seabloom
- AeroCore Testing Services, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Department of Otolaryngology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Beverly R Wuertz
- AeroCore Testing Services, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Department of Otolaryngology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jennifer D Antonides
- Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention Research Program, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Vernon E Steele
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Lee W Wattenberg
- Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention Research Program, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Frank G Ondrey
- Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention Research Program, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. .,AeroCore Testing Services, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Department of Otolaryngology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lee WH, Loo CY, Ghadiri M, Leong CR, Young PM, Traini D. The potential to treat lung cancer via inhalation of repurposed drugs. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 133:107-130. [PMID: 30189271 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a highly invasive and prevalent disease with ineffective first-line treatment and remains the leading cause of cancer death in men and women. Despite the improvements in diagnosis and therapy, the prognosis and outcome of lung cancer patients is still poor. This could be associated with the lack of effective first-line oncology drugs, formation of resistant tumors and non-optimal administration route. Therefore, the repurposing of existing drugs currently used for different indications and the introduction of a different method of drug administration could be investigated as an alternative to improve lung cancer therapy. This review describes the rationale and development of repositioning of drugs for lung cancer treatment with emphasis on inhalation. The review includes the current progress of repurposing non-cancer drugs, as well as current chemotherapeutics for lung malignancies via inhalation. Several potential non-cancer drugs such as statins, itraconazole and clarithromycin, that have demonstrated preclinical anti-cancer activity, are also presented. Furthermore, the potential challenges and limitations that might hamper the clinical translation of repurposed oncology drugs are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Hin Lee
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Royal College of Medicine Perak, Universiti Kuala Lumpur (RCMP UniKL), Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia; Respiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, and Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW 2037, Australia; Centre for Lung Cancer Research, 431 Glebe Point Road, 2037, Australia.
| | - Ching-Yee Loo
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Royal College of Medicine Perak, Universiti Kuala Lumpur (RCMP UniKL), Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia; Respiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, and Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW 2037, Australia; Centre for Lung Cancer Research, 431 Glebe Point Road, 2037, Australia
| | - Maliheh Ghadiri
- Respiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, and Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW 2037, Australia; Centre for Lung Cancer Research, 431 Glebe Point Road, 2037, Australia
| | - Chean-Ring Leong
- Section of Bioengineering Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur (UniKL) MICET, Alor Gajah, Melaka, Malaysia
| | - Paul M Young
- Respiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, and Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW 2037, Australia; Centre for Lung Cancer Research, 431 Glebe Point Road, 2037, Australia
| | - Daniela Traini
- Respiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, and Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW 2037, Australia; Centre for Lung Cancer Research, 431 Glebe Point Road, 2037, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dhatwalia SK, Kumar M, Dhawan DK. Role of EGCG in Containing the Progression of Lung Tumorigenesis - A Multistage Targeting Approach. Nutr Cancer 2018; 70:334-349. [PMID: 29570987 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2018.1445762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a prominent form among various types of cancers, irrespective of the sex worldwide. Treatment of lung cancer involves the intensive phase of chemotherapy/radiotherapy which is associated with high rate of adverse events. There is a need of safe and reliable treatment/adjunctive therapy to apprehend the cancer by reducing the undesirable outcome of primary therapy. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), which is a potent antioxidant and anticancer compound extracted from the plant camellia sinensis has proved to be a novel agent to control or reduce lung tumorigenesis by affecting the signaling molecules of cell cycle regulation and apoptotic pathways. In vitro studies have revealed that EGCG can contain carcinogenesis by altering the molecules involved in multiple signal transduction pathways like ERK, VEGF, COX2, NEAT, Ras-GTPase, and kinases. The animal studies have also demonstrated effectiveness of EGCG by inhibiting various molecular pathways which include AKT, NFkB, MAPK, Bcl/Bax, DNMT1, and HIF-1α. Various attempts have been made to see the adjunctive role of EGCG in human lung cancer. Phase I/II clinical studies have recommended that EGCG is quite safe and effective in providing protection against cancer. In this review, we will discuss the role of EGCG and its molecular mechanisms in lung carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Devinder K Dhawan
- a Department of Biophysics , Panjab University , Chandigarh , India.,c Nuclear Medicine, Panjab University , Chandigarh , India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Seabloom DE, Galbraith AR, Haynes AM, Antonides JD, Wuertz BR, Miller WA, Miller KA, Steele VE, Suen CS, O'Sullivan MG, Ondrey FG. Safety and Preclinical Efficacy of Aerosol Pioglitazone on Lung Adenoma Prevention in A/J Mice. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2016; 10:124-132. [PMID: 27993834 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-16-0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Pioglitazone is a PPARγ agonist commonly prescribed for the clinical treatment of diabetes. We sought to expand its use to lung cancer prevention in a benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) mouse model with direct lung delivery via inhalation. Initially, we conducted inhalational toxicity experiments with 0, 15, 50, 150, and 450 μg/kg body weight/day pioglitazone in 40 A/J mice. We examined the animals for any physical toxicity and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids for inflammatory and cytotoxicity markers. Doses up to and including 450 μg/kg bw/d failed to demonstrate toxicity with aerosol pioglitazone. For chemoprevention experiments, A/J mice were randomized to treatment groups of inhaled doses of 0, 50, 150, or 450 μg/kg bw/d pioglitazone 1 or 8 weeks after the last dose of B[a]P. For the early treatment group, we found up to 32% decrease in lung adenoma formation with 450 μg/kg bw/d pioglitazone. We repeated the treatments in a second late-stage experiment and found up to 44% decreases in lung adenoma formation in doses of pioglitazone of 150 and 450 μg/kg bw/day. Both the early- and the late-stage experiments demonstrated biologically relevant and statistically significant decreases in adenoma formation. We conclude that aerosol pioglitazone is well-tolerated in the A/J mouse model and a promising chemoprevention agent for the lower respiratory tract. Cancer Prev Res; 10(2); 124-32. ©2016 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donna E Seabloom
- AeroCore Inhalation Testing, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Anna M Haynes
- AeroCore Inhalation Testing, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Beverly R Wuertz
- AeroCore Inhalation Testing, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Department of Otolaryngology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Wendy A Miller
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Kimberly A Miller
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Vernon E Steele
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Chen S Suen
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - M Gerard O'Sullivan
- Comparative Pathology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Frank G Ondrey
- AeroCore Inhalation Testing, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. .,Department of Otolaryngology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Song S, Huang YW, Tian Y, Wang XJ, Sheng J. Mechanism of action of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate: auto-oxidation-dependent activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 in Jurkat cells. Chin J Nat Med 2015; 12:654-62. [PMID: 25263976 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(14)60100-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a major compound of tea polyphenols, exhibited antitumor activity in previous studies. In these studies, EGCG usually inhibits EGFR, and impairs the ERK1/2 phosphorylation in tumor cells. The aim was to clarify the mechanism of ERK1/2 activation induced by EGCG. METHOD Jurkat and 293T cells were treated with EGCG in different culture conditions. Western Blotting (WB) was employed to analyze ERK1/2 and MEK phosphorylation. Cetuximab and FR180204 were used to inhibit cell signaling. The stability of EGCG was assessed by HPLC. The concentration of hydrogen peroxide generated by the auto-oxidation of EGCG was determined by photocolorimetric analysis. RESULTS Activation of ERK1/2 was observed to be both time-and dose-dependent. Stimulation of cell signaling was dependent on MEK activity, but independent of EGFR activity. Unexpectedly, EGCG was depleted within one hour of incubation under traditional culture conditions. Auto-oxidation of EGCG generated a high level of hydrogen peroxide in the medium. Addition of catalase and SOD to the acidic medium inhibited the oxidation of EGCG. However, this particular condition also prevented the phosphorylation of ERK1/2. The generation of ROS by hydrogen peroxide may also induce ERK1/2 activation in Jurkat cells. CONCLUSION ERK1/2 phosphorylation was caused by auto-oxidation of EGCG. Traditional culture conditions were determined to be inappropriate for EGCG research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Song
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China; Key Laboratory of Puer Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Kunming, Yunnan Agriculture University, 650201, China
| | - Ye-Wei Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China; Key Laboratory of Puer Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Kunming, Yunnan Agriculture University, 650201, China
| | - Yang Tian
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China; Key Laboratory of Puer Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Kunming, Yunnan Agriculture University, 650201, China
| | - Xuan-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Puer Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Kunming, Yunnan Agriculture University, 650201, China.
| | - Jun Sheng
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China; Key Laboratory of Puer Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Kunming, Yunnan Agriculture University, 650201, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cyboran S, Strugała P, Włoch A, Oszmiański J, Kleszczyńska H. Concentrated green tea supplement: biological activity and molecular mechanisms. Life Sci 2015; 126:1-9. [PMID: 25703070 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study was undertaken to determine the biological activity of a green tea supplement with respect to cells and erythrocyte membranes and the molecular mechanism of that activity. MAIN METHODS The extract's activity was evaluated on the basis of its hemolytic, antioxidant and antiinflammatory actions. In addition, the extract's effect on the physical properties of the erythrocyte membrane was examined. We also conducted a detailed analysis of supplement ingredients using high-yield liquid chromatography, supplemented with standard tests of total content of polyphenols and flavonoids in the supplement. KEY FINDINGS The study showed that green tea extract has a high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity with no deleterious effect on red blood cells. The extract modifies the physical properties of the erythrocyte membrane, apparently by binding to its hydrophilic region, with consequent rigidity of the hydrophobic region, increased hydration and a moderate increase in its resistance to changes in tonicity of the medium. Because the extract's components anchor in the polar region of membrane lipids, they are able to effectively scavenge free radicals in the immediate vicinity of the membrane and hinder their diffusion into its interior. SIGNIFICANCE Green tea supplement at concentrations markedly exceeding the blood plasma physiological polyphenol concentrations has no destructive effect on the erythrocyte membrane. Due to the high content of flavan-3-ols, the supplement exhibits high biological activity, which makes it an alternative source of those substances to the commonly used infusion of green tea leaves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Cyboran
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - P Strugała
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - A Włoch
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - J Oszmiański
- Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Cereal Technology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - H Kleszczyńska
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang Q, Pan J, Lubet RA, Komas SM, Kalyanaraman B, Wang Y, You M. Enhanced antitumor activity of 3-bromopyruvate in combination with rapamycin in vivo and in vitro. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015; 8:318-26. [PMID: 25644152 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
3-Bromopyruvate (3-BrPA) is an alkylating agent and a well-known inhibitor of energy metabolism. Rapamycin is an inhibitor of the serine/threonine protein kinase mTOR. Both 3-BrPA and rapamycin show chemopreventive efficacy in mouse models of lung cancer. Aerosol delivery of therapeutic drugs for lung cancer has been reported to be an effective route of delivery with little systemic distribution in humans. In this study, 3-BrPA and rapamycin were evaluated in combination for their preventive effects against lung cancer in mice by aerosol treatment, revealing a synergistic ability as measured by tumor multiplicity and tumor load compared treatment with either single-agent alone. No evidence of liver toxicity was detected by monitoring serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) enzymes. To understand the mechanism in vitro experiments were performed using human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines. 3-BrPA and rapamycin also synergistically inhibited cell proliferation. Rapamycin alone blocked the mTOR signaling pathway, whereas 3-BrPA did not potentiate this effect. Given the known role of 3-BrPA as an inhibitor of glycolysis, we investigated mitochondrial bioenergetics changes in vitro in 3-BrPA-treated NSCLC cells. 3-BrPA significantly decreased glycolytic activity, which may be due to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion and decreased expression of GAPDH. Our results demonstrate that rapamycin enhanced the antitumor efficacy of 3-BrPA, and that dual inhibition of mTOR signaling and glycolysis may be an effective therapeutic strategy for lung cancer chemoprevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Jing Pan
- Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Ronald A Lubet
- Chemoprevention Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Steven M Komas
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | | | - Yian Wang
- Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Ming You
- Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yeo CD, Kim JW, Ha JH, Kim SJ, Lee SH, Kim IK, Kim YK. Chemopreventive effect of phosphodieasterase-4 inhibition in benzo(a)pyrene-induced murine lung cancer model. Exp Lung Res 2014; 40:500-6. [DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2014.950769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
14
|
Zhang Q, Pan J, Lubet RA, Wang Y, You M. Targeting the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor by picropodophyllin for lung cancer chemoprevention. Mol Carcinog 2014; 54 Suppl 1:E129-37. [PMID: 25163779 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) is a transmembrane heterotetramer that is activated by Insulin-like growth factor 1 and is crucial for tumor transformation and survival of malignant cells. Importantly, IGF-1R overexpression has been reported in many different cancers, implicating this receptor as a potential target for anticancer therapy. Picropodophyllin (PPP) is a potent inhibitor of IGF-1R and has antitumor efficacy in several cancer types. However, the chemopreventive effect of PPP in lung tumorigenesis has not been investigated. In this study, we investigated the chemopreventive activity of PPP in a mouse lung tumor model. Benzo(a)pyrene was used to induce lung tumors, and PPP was given by nasal inhalation to female A/J mice. Lung tumorigenesis was assessed by tumor multiplicity and tumor load. PPP significantly decreased tumor multiplicity and tumor load. Tumor multiplicity and load were decreased by 52% and 78% respectively by 4 mg/ml aerosolized PPP. Pharmacokinetics analysis showed good bioavailability of PPP in lung and plasma. Treatment with PPP increased staining for cleaved caspase-3 and decreased Ki-67 in lung tumors, suggesting that the lung tumor inhibitory effects of PPP were partially through inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis. In human lung cancer cell lines, PPP inhibited cell proliferation, and also inhibited phosphorylation of IGF-1R downstream targets, AKT and MAPK, ultimately resulting in increased apoptosis. PPP also reduced cell invasion in lung cancer cell lines. In view of our data, PPP merits further investigation as a promising chemopreventive agent for human lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Jing Pan
- Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Ronald A Lubet
- Chemoprevention Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yian Wang
- Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Ming You
- Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yu Y, Deng Y, Lu BM, Liu YX, Li J, Bao JK. Green tea catechins: a fresh flavor to anticancer therapy. Apoptosis 2013; 19:1-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-013-0908-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
16
|
Cao Z, Lin W, Huang Z, Chen X, Zhao J, Zheng L, Ye H, Liu Z, Liao L, Du J. Jiedu Xiaozheng Yin, a Chinese herbal formula, inhibits tumor angiogenesis via downregulation of VEGF-A and VEGFR-2 expression in vivo and in vitro. Oncol Rep 2012; 29:1080-6. [PMID: 23254951 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.2202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is crucial for cancer growth and metastasis and inhibition of angiogenesis has been recognized to be a promising strategy for the treatment of cancer. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used for thousands of years to treat cancer. Jiedu Xiaozheng Yin (JXY), a polyherbal formula of TCM, has been used to treat various tumors in China. However, the mechanism of its anticancer activity has yet to be fully elucidated. Using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) and a hepatoma mouse xenograft model, we investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms of ethanol extract of Jiedu Xiaozheng Yin (EE-JXY). EE-JXY treatment significantly inhibited tumor cell growth both in vitro and in the mouse xenograft model (P<0.05). Moreover, EE-JXY reduced tube formation of HUVECs and angiogenesis in the CAM (P<0.01) and microvessel density (MVD) of tumor in vivo (P<0.05). Further studies showed that EE-JXY was able to suppress the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) in both HepG2 cells and HUVECs (P<0.01) and in tumor (P<0.01). Thus, JXY suppressed tumor growth at least by inhibiting angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyun Cao
- Fujian Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cao Z, Lin W, Huang Z, Chen X, Zhao J, Zheng L, Ye H, Liu Z, Liao L, Du J. Ethyl acetate extraction from a Chinese herbal formula, Jiedu Xiaozheng Yin, inhibits the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells via induction of G0/G1 phase arrest in vivo and in vitro. Int J Oncol 2012; 42:202-10. [PMID: 23165653 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Jiedu Xiaozheng Yin (JXY), a polyherbal formula of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has been used to treat various kinds of cancer in China. However, the mechanism of its anticancer activity has yet to be elucidated. Air-dried herbs were extracted with reagents of different polarity. HepG2 cells were treated with different doses of ethyl acetate extract (EE-JXY) and chloroform extract (CE-JXY) for 24 h. Cell viability was detected by MTT assay. Colony formation ability was also evaluated. Cell cycle was evaluated by FACS. Tumor bearing BALB/c nude mice was treated with EE-JXY (0.06 g/kg) for 20 days. Tumor volume and weight were monitored. The percentage of PCNA-positive cells and the level of G1 phase proteins [cyclin-dependent kinase2 (CDK2), cyclin‑dependent kinase4 (CDK4), cyclin D and cyclin E and G2 phase proteins [cyclin-dependent kinase1 (CDK1), cyclin A and cyclin B] were detected by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. EE-JXY and CE-JXY dose-dependently inhibited the growth of HepG2 cells (P<0.01 for both). Furthermore, EE-JXY inhibited the formation of cell colonies and blocked the cell cycle to G1 phase in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.01 for all). EE-JXY showed an obviously antitumor effect in vivo (P<0.05). Further investigation showed that EE-JXY decreased the proliferation index of tumors (P<0.01) through increasing the expression of G1-related proteins (cyclin D and cyclin E, P<0.05 and P<0.01). These results suggested that JXY inhibits the growth of HepG2 cells at least via arresting the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyun Cao
- Fujian Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Shanafelt TD, Call TG, Zent CS, Leis JF, LaPlant B, Bowen DA, Roos M, Laumann K, Ghosh AK, Lesnick C, Lee MJ, Yang CS, Jelinek DF, Erlichman C, Kay NE. Phase 2 trial of daily, oral Polyphenon E in patients with asymptomatic, Rai stage 0 to II chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer 2012; 119:363-70. [PMID: 22760587 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.27719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of the current study was to follow up the results of phase 1 testing by evaluating the clinical efficacy of the green tea extract Polyphenon E for patients with early stage chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). METHODS Previously untreated patients with asymptomatic, Rai stage 0 to II CLL and an absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) ≥ 10 × 10(9) /L were eligible for this phase 2 trial. Polyphenon E with a standardized dose of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) (2000 mg per dose) was administered twice daily. RESULTS A total of 42 patients received Polyphenon E at a dose of 2000 mg twice daily for up to 6 months. Of these patients, 29 (69%) had Rai stage I to II disease. Patients received a median of 6 cycles of treatment (range, 1 cycle-6 cycles). The most common grade 3 side effects (according to National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events) were transaminitis (1 patient), abdominal pain (1 patient), and fatigue (1 patient). Clinical activity was observed, with 13 patients (31%) experiencing a sustained reduction of ≥ 20% in the ALC and 20 of 29 patients (69%) with palpable adenopathy experiencing at least a 50% reduction in the sum of the products of all lymph node areas. EGCG plasma levels after 1 month of therapy were found to be correlated with reductions in lymphadenopathy (correlation co-efficient, 0.44; P = .02). Overall, 29 patients (69%) fulfilled the criteria for a biologic response with either a sustained decline ≥ 20% in the ALC and/or a reduction ≥ 30% in the sum of the products of all lymph node areas at some point during the 6 months of active treatment. CONCLUSIONS Daily oral EGCG in the Polyphenon E preparation was well tolerated by patients with CLL in this phase 2 trial. Durable declines in the ALC and/or lymphadenopathy were observed in the majority of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tait D Shanafelt
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yang Z, Wang JR, Niu T, Gao S, Yin T, You M, Jiang ZH, Hu M. Inhibition of P-glycoprotein leads to improved oral bioavailability of compound K, an anticancer metabolite of red ginseng extract produced by gut microflora. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 40:1538-44. [PMID: 22584255 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.044008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides are hydrolyzed extensively by gut microflora after oral administration, and their metabolites are pharmacologically active against lung cancer cells. In this study, we measured the metabolism of various ginsenosides by gut microflora and determined the mechanisms responsible for the observed pharmacokinetic behaviors of its active metabolite, Compound K (C-K). The results showed that biotransformation into C-K is the major metabolic pathway of ginsenosides after the oral administration of the red ginseng extract containing both protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol ginsenosides. Pharmacokinetic studies in normal mice showed that C-K exhibited low oral bioavailability. To define the mechanisms responsible for this low bioavailability, two P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitors, verapamil and cyclosporine A, were used, and their presence substantially decreased C-K's efflux ratio in Caco-2 cells (from 26.6 to <3) and significantly increased intracellular concentrations (by as much as 40-fold). Similar results were obtained when transcellular transport of C-K was determined using multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1)-overexpressing Madin-Darby canine kidney II cells. In MDR1a/b(-/-) FVB mice, its plasma C(max) and AUC(0-24h) were increased substantially by 4.0- and 11.7-fold, respectively. These increases appear to be due to slower elimination and faster absorption of C-K in MDR1a/b(-/-) mice. In conclusion, C-K is the major active metabolite of ginsenosides after microflora hydrolysis of primary ginsenosides in the red ginseng extract, and inhibition/deficiency of P-gp can lead to large enhancement of its absorption and bioavailability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 1441 Moursund St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang Y, Rouggly L, You M, Lubet R. Animal models of lung cancer characterization and use for chemoprevention research. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 105:211-26. [PMID: 22137433 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394596-9.00007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Of the potential sites of cancer development, cancer of the lung accounts for the highest number of cancer deaths each year in the United States (Jemal et al., 2010(1)). Based on its histopathological features, lung cancer is grouped into small cell lung cancer (SCLC; ∼20%) and non-SCLC (NSCLC; ∼80%), which is further divided into three subtypes: squamous cell carcinoma (∼30%), adenocarcinoma (∼50%), and large cell lung carcinoma. Every subtype of lung cancer has a relatively low 5-year survival rate that is attributed, in part, to the fact that they are routinely diagnosed at later histologic stages. Due to this alarming statistic, it is necessary to develop not only new and effective means of treatment but also of prevention. One of the promising approaches is chemoprevention which is the use of synthetic or natural agents to inhibit the initial development of or further progression of early lung lesions (Hong and Sporn, 1997). Many compounds have been identified as potentially effective chemopreventive agents using animal models. Most chemopreventive studies have been performed using mouse models which were developed to study lung adenomas or adenocarcinomas. More recently, models of squamous cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer have also been developed. This review seeks to highlight mouse models which we helped to develop and presents the results of recent chemopreventive studies that we have performed in models of lung adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and small cell lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yian Wang
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yang Z, Gao S, Wang J, Yin T, Teng Y, Wu B, You M, Jiang Z, Hu M. Enhancement of oral bioavailability of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 through improved understanding of its absorption and efflux mechanisms. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 39:1866-72. [PMID: 21757611 PMCID: PMC11024865 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.040006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 (Rh2s) as a chemoprevention agent is limited by its low oral bioavailability. The goals of this study were to determine the mechanisms responsible for its poor oral absorption and to improve its bioavailability by overcoming the barrier to its absorption. Comprehensive studies were conducted using the following models: 1) monolayers of Caco-2, parental, and multidrug resistance gene (MDR1)-overexpressing Madin-Darby canine kidney II (MDCKII) cells; 2) pharmacokinetics in wild-type (WT) FVB, MDR1a/b knockout [MDR1a/b⁻/⁻] FVB, and A/J mice; and 3) intestinal perfusion in WT, MDR1a/b⁻/⁻ FVB, and A/J mice. Two P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitors, verapamil and cyclosporine A, substantially decreased the efflux ratio of Rh2s from 28.5 to 1.0 and 1.2, respectively, in Caco-2 cells. The intracellular concentrations of Rh2s were also significantly increased (2.3- and 3.9-fold) in the presence of inhibitors. Similar results were obtained when transcellular transport of Rh2s were determined using MDR1-overexpressing MDCKII cells in the absence or presence of cyclosporine A. Compared with WT mice, the plasma C(max) and AUC₀-∞ of Rh2s were substantially increased by 17- and 23-fold in MDR1a/b⁻/⁻ FVB mice, respectively. In the A/J mice, the oral bioavailability of Rh2s (0.94% at 5 mg/kg and 0.52% at 20 mg/kg) was substantially increased by P-gp inhibitor to 33.18 and 27.14%, respectively. As expected, deletion or inhibition of P-gp significantly increased absorption and steady-state plasma concentration of Rh2s in a mouse intestinal perfusion model. In conclusion, Rh2s is a good substrate of P-gp, and inhibition of P-gp can significantly enhance its oral bioavailability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Takahashi Y, Hara Y, Imanaka M, Wanibuchi H, Tanaka K, Ishikawa T, Mori S, Fukusato T. No inhibitory effects of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate and lycopene on spontaneous hepatotumorigenesis in C3H/HeN mice. Fukushima J Med Sci 2011; 56:17-27. [PMID: 21485652 DOI: 10.5387/fms.56.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although several studies have indicated that (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and lycopene, representative dietary antioxidants, inhibit chemically induced animal tumorigenesis, only a few studies have examined the inhibitory effects of these compounds on spontaneous liver tumorigenesis in rodents. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of these compounds on the formation of spontaneous liver tumors in C3H/HeN mice. We used xeroderma pigmentosum group A (XPA) gene-deficient mice to simultaneously examine whether the knockout mice could be used as a sensitive animal model. Inaddition, we examined the levels of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)--a marker of reactive oxygen species-induced DNA injury--in liver tissue. Male XPA +/+, XPA +/-, and XPA -/- mice with a C3H/HeN genetic background were divided into 3 groups: control, EGCG, and lycopene. Autopsy at 18 months of age revealed that EGCG and lycopene did not exhibit obvious suppressive effects on the development of liver tumors in any XPA genotype; further, the XPA genotype did not influence any susceptibility to liver tumors. With regard to 8-OHdG levels in non-tumorous liver tissue at 8 months of age, EGCG showed no significant inhibitory effects and lycopene showed significant inhibitory effects only in XPA +/- mice. The present study demonstrates that contrary to previous reports of the inhibitory effects of EGCG and lycopene on the development of various carcinogen-induced animal tumors, these compounds exert no chemopreventive effects on spontaneous liver tumorigenesis in C3H/HeN mice. EGCG and lycopene may inhibit carcinogen-induced tumors through properties other than their antioxidant abilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yuan JM. Green tea and prevention of esophageal and lung cancers. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 55:886-904. [PMID: 21538848 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Green tea contains high concentrations of tea polyphenols that have shown inhibitory effects against the development, progress, and growth of carcinogen-induced tumors in animal models at different organ sites, including the esophagus and lung. Green tea polyphenols also have shown to suppress cell proliferation and induce apoptosis. Besides antioxidative property, green tea polyphenols have pro-oxidative activities under certain conditions and modulate phase II metabolic enzymes that can enhance the detoxification pathway of environmental toxicants and carcinogens. Although epidemiological studies have provided inconclusive results on the effect of green tea consumption against the development of esophageal and lung cancers in humans overall, the inverse association between green tea intake and risk of esophageal cancer risk is more consistently observed in studies with adequate control for potential confounders. Epidemiological studies also have demonstrated an inverse, albeit moderate, association between green tea consumption and lung cancer, especially in non-smokers. This article reviews data on the cancer-preventive activities of green tea extract and green tea polyphenols and possible mechanisms against the esophageal and lung carcinogenesis in experimental animals, and summarizes the current knowledge from epidemiological studies on the relationship between green tea consumption and esophageal and lung cancer risk in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Min Yuan
- University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Schönthal AH. Adverse effects of concentrated green tea extracts. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 55:874-85. [PMID: 21538851 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A myriad of health claims are being made in favor of the consumption of green tea. However, mostly due to the easy availability and greater than ever popularity of highly concentrated green tea extracts, sometimes combined with an attitude of more-is-better, certain health risks of green tea consumption have begun to emerge. Among such risks are the possibility of liver damage, the potential to interact with prescription drugs to alter their therapeutic efficacy, and the chance to cause harm when combined with other highly popular herbal remedies. This review will summarize documented examples of adverse effects of green tea in humans, and will discuss risks of copious consumption of highly concentrated green tea extracts as indicated by studies in animals. While there is no intention to minimize any of the scientifically established benefits of the use of green tea, the purpose of this review is to focus primarily on the potential for adverse effects and raise awareness of the rare, yet under-appreciated risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Axel H Schönthal
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhang Q, Pan J, Zhang J, Liu P, Chen R, Chen DR, Lubet R, Wang Y, You M. Aerosolized bexarotene inhibits lung tumorigenesis without increasing plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels in mice. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2010; 4:270-6. [PMID: 21163938 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prior studies have shown the retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonist bexarotene has preventive efficacy in rodent models of mammary and lung tumorigenesis albeit causing hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia. We reasoned that bexarotene delivered by inhalation may provide sufficient dose directly to the respiratory tract to achieve efficacy while avoiding these side effects. In this study, the chemopreventive activity of aerosolized bexarotene was investigated in the benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P]-induced mouse lung tumor model as assessed by tumor multiplicity and tumor load. Aerosolized bexarotene significantly decreased tumor multiplicity and tumor load by 43% and 74%, respectively. Our data showed that bexarotene can both inhibit proliferation and promote apoptosis in vivo. Our data also show that aerosolized bexarotene did not increase plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride level compared with diet group. These results indicate that aerosolization may be a safe and effective route of administering bexarotene for chemoprevention of lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Feng L, Jia XB, Jiang J, Zhu MM, Chen Y, Tan XB, Shi F. Combination of active components enhances the efficacy of Prunella in prevention and treatment of lung cancer. Molecules 2010; 15:7893-906. [PMID: 21060297 PMCID: PMC6259190 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15117893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of Prunella extracts in the prevention and treatment of lung cancer has been attributed to different components. In this study, an "active components combination model" hypothesis was proposed to explain the anti-tumor activity of Prunella. The efficacy of Prunella extracts from different regions was compared in vitro and in vivo, and the TNF-α activity in serum of tumor-bearing mice was also evaluated. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to analyze the extracts and identify 26 common peaks. Prunella samples from different regions were classified by the cluster analysis method; both P. vulgaris L. from Bozhou and P. asiatica Nakai from Nanjing, which had the highest activities, were further divided into different classes. Six peaks from the HPLC analysis were very similar, and were identified as caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, rutin, quercetin, oleanolic acid and ursolic acid. The total ratio of these compounds in Prunella from Bozhou and Nanjing were 1.0:14.7:3.9:1.0:4.4:1.4 and 1.0:14.8:4.0:0.8:5.6:1.8, respectively. Total triterpenes and total phenols in Prunella were separated by macroporous resin purification for activity studies. The results showed that total triterpenes and total phenols had anti-lung cancer activity and their combination significantly enhanced the activity. In addition, the combination also significantly increased the TNF-α content compared to total triterpenes or total phenols. The results indicated that the efficacy of Prunella against lung cancer was attributable to multiple components acting at an optimal ratio.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Delivery Systems of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 210028, China; E-Mails: (L.F.)
- Biotechnology Laboratory of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China; E-Mail: (J.J.); (Y.C.); (X.-B.T.); (F.S.)
| | - Xiao-Bin Jia
- Biotechnology Laboratory of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China; E-Mail: (J.J.); (Y.C.); (X.-B.T.); (F.S.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: E-Mail: ; Tel.: 86-25-856378091; Fax: 86-25-85637809
| | - Jun Jiang
- Biotechnology Laboratory of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China; E-Mail: (J.J.); (Y.C.); (X.-B.T.); (F.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Additive and Condiment Testing, Zhen Jiang Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Jiangsu, Zhenjiang, 212008, China
| | - Mao-Mao Zhu
- Analysis Center, Rudong County Grain Bureau, Jiangsu, Nantong, 226400, China; E-Mail: (M.-M.Z.)
| | - Yan Chen
- Biotechnology Laboratory of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China; E-Mail: (J.J.); (Y.C.); (X.-B.T.); (F.S.)
| | - Xiao-Bin Tan
- Biotechnology Laboratory of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China; E-Mail: (J.J.); (Y.C.); (X.-B.T.); (F.S.)
| | - Feng Shi
- Biotechnology Laboratory of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China; E-Mail: (J.J.); (Y.C.); (X.-B.T.); (F.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Tan XL, Shi M, Tang H, Han W, Spivack SD. Candidate dietary phytochemicals modulate expression of phase II enzymes GSTP1 and NQO1 in human lung cells. J Nutr 2010; 140:1404-10. [PMID: 20554899 PMCID: PMC2903300 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.121905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many phytochemicals possess cancer-preventive properties, some putatively through phase II metabolism-mediated mutagen/oxidant quenching. We applied human lung cells in vitro to investigate the effects of several candidate phytopreventive agents, including green tea extracts (GTE), broccoli sprout extracts (BSE), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), sulforaphane (SFN), phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), and benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), on inducing phase II enzymes glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) at mRNA and protein levels. Primary normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE), immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC), and lung adenocarcinoma cells (A549) were exposed to diet-achievable levels of GTE and BSE (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg/L), or individual index components EGCG, SFN, PEITC, BITC (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 micromol/L) for 24 h, 48 h, and 6 d, respectively. mRNA assays employed RNA-specific quantitative RT-PCR and protein assays employed Western blotting. We found that in NHBE cells, while GSTP1 mRNA levels were slightly but significantly increased after exposure to GTE or BSE, NQO1 mRNA increased to 2- to 4-fold that of control when exposed to GTE, BSE, or SFN. Effects on NQO1 mRNA expression in HBEC cells were similar. NQO1 protein expression increased up to 11.8-fold in SFN-treated NHBE cells. Both GSTP1 and NQO1 protein expression in A549 cells were constitutively high but not induced under any condition. Our results suggest that NQO1 is more responsive to the studied chemopreventive agents than GSTP1 in human lung cells and there is discordance between single agent and complex mixture effects. We conclude that modulation of lung cell phase II metabolism by chemopreventive agents requires cell- and agent-specific discovery and testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Lin Tan
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Miao Shi
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY; Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Department of Genetics and Epidemiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Hui Tang
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY; Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Department of Genetics and Epidemiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Weiguo Han
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY; Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Department of Genetics and Epidemiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Simon D. Spivack
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY; Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Department of Genetics and Epidemiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Yi D, Wiedmann TS. Inhalation Adjuvant Therapy for Lung Cancer. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2010; 23:181-7. [DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2009.0787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Yi
- University of Minnesota, Department of Pharmaceutics, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Timothy Scott Wiedmann
- University of Minnesota, Department of Pharmaceutics, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- MedDiscerna, New Brighton, Minnesota
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
The War on Cancer rages on. Neoplasia 2010; 11:1252-63. [PMID: 20019833 DOI: 10.1593/neo.91866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1971, the "War on Cancer" was launched by the US government to cure cancer by the 200-year anniversary of the founding of the United States of America, 1976. This article briefly looks back at the progress that has been made in cancer research and compares progress made in other areas of human affliction. While progress has indeed been made, the battle continues to rage on.
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhang Q, Fu H, Pan J, He J, Ryota S, Hara Y, Wang Y, Lubet RA, You M. Effect of dietary Polyphenon E and EGCG on lung tumorigenesis in A/J Mice. Pharm Res 2010; 27:1066-71. [PMID: 20112129 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0056-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the chemopreventive efficacy of Polyphenon E (Poly E), (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and Polyphenon E without EGCG (Poly E-EGCG) on the development of benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P)-induced lung tumors in A/J mice. METHODS Female A/J mice were given a single intraperitoneal injection of B(a)P (100 mg/kg body weight). One week after B(a)P injection, animals received AIN-76A purified powder diet containing 0.975% (wt/wt) EGCG, 0.525% (wt/wt) Poly E-EGCG or 1.5% (wt/wt) Poly E for 24 weeks or control diet with no additives. RESULTS Poly E treatment significantly decreased tumor multiplicity by 52% and tumor load by 64%, while EGCG and Poly E-EGCG did not significantly inhibit lung tumor multiplicity. EGCG was more stable in a complex mixture (Poly E) than as a pure compound. CONCLUSION EGCG was ineffective when administered by diet likely due to its instability. Thus, EGCG's efficacy on mice lung tumorigenesis requires the presence of other tea catechins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Surgery and Alvin J Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8109, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Tsao AS, Liu D, Martin J, Tang XM, Lee JJ, El-Naggar AK, Wistuba I, Culotta KS, Mao L, Gillenwater A, Sagesaka YM, Hong WK, Papadimitrakopoulou V. Phase II randomized, placebo-controlled trial of green tea extract in patients with high-risk oral premalignant lesions. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2010; 2:931-41. [PMID: 19892663 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-09-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic and preclinical data support the oral cancer prevention potential of green tea extract (GTE). We randomly assigned patients with high-risk oral premalignant lesions (OPL) to receive GTE at 500, 750, or 1,000 mg/m(2) or placebo thrice daily for 12 weeks, evaluating biomarkers in baseline and 12-week biopsies. The OPL clinical response rate was higher in all GTE arms (n = 28; 50%) versus placebo (n = 11; 18.2%; P = 0.09) but did not reach statistical significance. However, the two higher-dose GTE arms [58.8% (750 and 1,000 mg/m(2)), 36.4% (500 mg/m(2)), and 18.2% (placebo); P = 0.03] had higher responses, suggesting a dose-response effect. GTE treatment also improved histology (21.4% versus 9.1%; P = 0.65), although not statistically significant. GTE was well tolerated, although higher doses increased insomnia/nervousness but produced no grade 4 toxicity. Higher mean baseline stromal vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) correlated with a clinical (P = 0.04) but not histologic response. Baseline scores of other biomarkers (epithelial VEGF, p53, Ki-67, cyclin D1, and p16 promoter methylation) were not associated with a response or survival. Baseline p16 promoter methylation (n = 5) was associated with a shorter cancer-free survival. Stromal VEGF and cyclin D1 expression were downregulated in clinically responsive GTE patients and upregulated in nonresponsive patients at 12 weeks (versus at baseline). An extended (median, 27.5 months) follow-up showed a median time to oral cancer of 46.4 months. GTE may suppress OPLs, in part through reducing angiogenic stimulus (stromal VEGF). Higher doses of GTE may improve short-term (12-week) OPL outcome. The present results support longer-term clinical testing of GTE for oral cancer prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne S Tsao
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Tsao AS, Liu D, Martin J, Tang XM, Lee JJ, El-Naggar AK, Wistuba I, Culotta KS, Mao L, Gillenwater A, Sagesaka YM, Hong WK, Papadimitrakopoulou V. Phase II randomized, placebo-controlled trial of green tea extract in patients with high-risk oral premalignant lesions. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2009. [PMID: 19892663 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-09-012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiologic and preclinical data support the oral cancer prevention potential of green tea extract (GTE). We randomly assigned patients with high-risk oral premalignant lesions (OPL) to receive GTE at 500, 750, or 1,000 mg/m(2) or placebo thrice daily for 12 weeks, evaluating biomarkers in baseline and 12-week biopsies. The OPL clinical response rate was higher in all GTE arms (n = 28; 50%) versus placebo (n = 11; 18.2%; P = 0.09) but did not reach statistical significance. However, the two higher-dose GTE arms [58.8% (750 and 1,000 mg/m(2)), 36.4% (500 mg/m(2)), and 18.2% (placebo); P = 0.03] had higher responses, suggesting a dose-response effect. GTE treatment also improved histology (21.4% versus 9.1%; P = 0.65), although not statistically significant. GTE was well tolerated, although higher doses increased insomnia/nervousness but produced no grade 4 toxicity. Higher mean baseline stromal vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) correlated with a clinical (P = 0.04) but not histologic response. Baseline scores of other biomarkers (epithelial VEGF, p53, Ki-67, cyclin D1, and p16 promoter methylation) were not associated with a response or survival. Baseline p16 promoter methylation (n = 5) was associated with a shorter cancer-free survival. Stromal VEGF and cyclin D1 expression were downregulated in clinically responsive GTE patients and upregulated in nonresponsive patients at 12 weeks (versus at baseline). An extended (median, 27.5 months) follow-up showed a median time to oral cancer of 46.4 months. GTE may suppress OPLs, in part through reducing angiogenic stimulus (stromal VEGF). Higher doses of GTE may improve short-term (12-week) OPL outcome. The present results support longer-term clinical testing of GTE for oral cancer prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne S Tsao
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lawless MW, O'Byrne KJ, Gray SG. Oxidative stress induced lung cancer and COPD: opportunities for epigenetic therapy. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 13:2800-21. [PMID: 19602054 PMCID: PMC4498937 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00845.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) form as a natural by-product of the normal metabolism of oxygen and play important roles within the cell. Under normal circumstances the cell is able to maintain an adequate homeostasis between the formation of ROS and its removal through particular enzymatic pathways or via antioxidants. If however, this balance is disturbed a situation called oxidative stress occurs. Critically, oxidative stress plays important roles in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cancer. Epigenetics is a process where gene expression is regulated by heritable mechanisms that do not cause any direct changes to the DNA sequence itself, and disruption of epigenetic mechanisms has important implications in disease. Evidence is emerging that histone deacetylases (HDACs) play decisive roles in regulating important cellular oxidative stress pathways including those involved with sensing oxidative stress and those involved with regulating the cellular response to oxidative stress. In particular aberrant regulation of these pathways by HDACs may play critical roles in cancer progression. In this review we discuss the current evidence linking epigenetics and oxidative stress and cancer, using chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and non-small cell lung cancer to illustrate the importance of epigenetics on these pathways within these disease settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Lawless
- Centre for Liver Disease, School of Medicine and Medical Science, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hecht SS, Kassie F, Hatsukami DK. Chemoprevention of lung carcinogenesis in addicted smokers and ex-smokers. Nat Rev Cancer 2009; 9:476-88. [PMID: 19550424 PMCID: PMC3876956 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemoprevention of lung carcinogenesis is one approach to controlling the epidemic of lung cancer caused by cigarette smoking. The target for chemoprevention should be the activities of the multiple carcinogens, toxicants, co-carcinogens, tumour promoters and inflammatory compounds in cigarette smoke. At present there are many agents, both synthetic and naturally occurring, that prevent lung tumour development in well-established animal models. It seems likely that logically constructed mixtures of these agents, developed from the ground up, will be necessary for the prevention of lung carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Mayo Mail Code 806, 420 Delaware Street South East, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Fu H, He J, Mei F, Zhang Q, Hara Y, Ryota S, Lubet RA, Chen R, Chen DR, You M. Lung Cancer Inhibitory Effect of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Is Dependent on Its Presence in a Complex Mixture (Polyphenon E). Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2009; 2:531-7. [DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-08-0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
36
|
Bode AM, Dong Z. Epigallocatechin 3-gallate and green tea catechins: United they work, divided they fail. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2009; 2:514-7. [PMID: 19470792 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-09-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Bode
- The Hormel Institute, Austin, Minnesota 55912, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Neoplasia: the second decade. Neoplasia 2009; 10:1314-24. [PMID: 19048110 DOI: 10.1593/neo.81372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Revised: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 10/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This issue marks the end of the 10-year anniversary of Neoplasia where we have seen exciting growth in both number of submitted and published articles in Neoplasia. Neoplasia was first published in 1999. During the past 10 years, Neoplasia has dynamically adapted to the needs of the cancer research community as technologies have advanced. Neoplasia is currently providing access to articles through PubMed Central to continue to facilitate rapid broad-based dissemination of published findings to the scientific community through an Open Access model. This has in part helped Neoplasia to achieve an improved impact factor this past year, demonstrating that the manuscripts published by Neoplasia are of great interest to the overall cancer research community. This past year, Neoplasia received a record number of articles for review and has had a 21% increase in the number of published articles.
Collapse
|
38
|
Tan XL, Spivack SD. Dietary chemoprevention strategies for induction of phase II xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in lung carcinogenesis: A review. Lung Cancer 2009; 65:129-37. [PMID: 19185948 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Revised: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality for men and women in the United States and is a growing worldwide problem. Protection against lung cancer is associated with higher dietary intake of fruits and vegetables, according to recent large epidemiologic studies. One strategy for lung cancer chemoprevention focuses on the use of agents to modulate the metabolism and disposition of tobacco, environmental and endogenous carcinogens through upregulation of detoxifying phase II enzymes. We summarize the substantial evidence that suggests that induction of phase II enzymes, particularly the glutathione S-transferases, plays a direct role in chemoprotection against lung carcinogenesis. The engagement of the Keap1-Nrf2 complex regulating the antioxidant response element (ARE) signaling pathway has been identified as a key molecular target of chemopreventive phase II inducers in several systems. Monitoring of phase II enzyme induction has led to identification of novel chemopreventive agents such as the isothiocyanate sulforaphane, and the 1,2-dithiole-3-thiones. However, no agents have yet demonstrated clear benefit in human cell systems, or in clinical trials. Alternative strategies include: (a) using intermediate cancer biomarkers for the endpoint in human trials; (b) high-throughput small molecule discovery approaches for induced expression of human phase II genes; and (c) integrative approaches that consider pharmacogenetics, along with pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in target lung tissue. These approaches may lead to a more effective strategy of tailored chemoprevention efforts using compounds with proven human activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Lin Tan
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Neoplasia: An Anniversary of Progress. Neoplasia 2007. [DOI: 10.1593/neo.07968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|