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Wei Y, Tan H, Yang R, Yang F, Liu D, Huang B, OuYang L, Lei S, Wang Z, Jiang S, Cai H, Xie X, Yao S, Liang Y. Gut dysbiosis-derived β-glucuronidase promotes the development of endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2023; 120:682-694. [PMID: 37178109 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2023.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the role of gut dysbiosis-derived β-glucuronidase (GUSB) in the development of endometriosis (EMs). DESIGN 16S rRNA sequencing of stool samples from women with (n = 35) or without (n = 30) endometriosis and from a mouse model was conducted to assess gut microbiome changes and identify molecular factors influencing the development of endometriosis. Experiments in vivo in an endometriosis C57BL6 mouse model and in vitro verified the level of GUSB and its role in the development of EMs. SETTING Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases. PATIENT(S) Women of reproductive age with a histological diagnosis of endometriosis were enrolled in the endometriosis group (n = 35) and infertile or healthy age-matched women who had undergone a gynecological or radiological examination in the control group (n = 30). Fecal and blood samples were taken the day before surgery. Paraffin-embedded sections from 50 bowel endometriotic lesions, 50 uterosacral lesions, 50 samples without lesions, and 50 normal endometria were collected. INTERVENTION(S) None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Changes in the gut microbiome of patients with EMs and mice and the effect of β-glucuronidase on the proliferation and invasion of endometrial stromal cells and the development of endometriotic lesions were assessed. RESULT(S) No difference in α and β diversity was found between patients with EMs and controls. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed higher β-glucuronidase expression in bowel lesions and uterosacral ligament lesions than in the normal endometrium (p<0.01). β-Glucuronidase promoted the proliferation and migration of endometrial stromal cells during cell counting kit-8, Transwell, and wound-healing assays. Macrophage levels, especially M2, were higher in bowel lesions and uterosacral ligament lesions than in controls, and β-glucuronidase promoted the M0 to M2 transition. Medium conditioned by β-glucuronidase-treated macrophages promoted endometrial stromal cell proliferation and migration. β-Glucuronidase increased the number and volume of endometriotic lesions and number of macrophages present in lesions in the mouse EMs model. CONCLUSION(S) This β-Glucuronidase promoted EMs development directly or indirectly by causing macrophage dysfunction. The characterization of the pathogenic role of β-glucuronidase in EMs has potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Tan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruyu Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Duo Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Biqi Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Linglong OuYang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuntian Lei
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zehai Wang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoru Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jieyang People's Hospital (Jieyang Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University), Jieyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Cai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jieyang People's Hospital (Jieyang Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University), Jieyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofei Xie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jieyang People's Hospital (Jieyang Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University), Jieyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuzhong Yao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanchun Liang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Theodoro TR, Serrano RL, Turke KC, Waisberg J, Pinhal MAS. Alterations of the Extracellular Matrix in Colorectal Carcinoma. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2022; 26:468-475. [PMID: 36219734 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2021.0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The process of proliferation and invasion of tumor cells depends on changes in the extracellular matrix (ECM) through the activation of enzymes and alterations in the profile of ECM components. Our aims are to investigate the mRNA and protein expression profiles of the ECM components, heparanase-1 (HPSE), heparanase-2 (HPSE2), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and syndecan-1 (SDC1) in neoplastic and nonneoplastic tissues of 24 patients with colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and to test for associations between these expression patterns with the presence or absence of lymph node metastasis. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study in which 24 adult patients with CRC were admitted for resectional surgery. We analyzed the mRNA and protein expression patterns of the HPSE, HPSE2, MMP-9, and SDC1 genes by quantitative reverse transcription PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Additionally, we investigated whether variations exist in the expression of the ECM components between the affected tissue and nontumoral tissue collected from the same patient. Tissue samples were collected immediately after the surgical resection. Results and Conclusion: The data showed higher mRNA and protein expression levels of HPSE2 (p = 0.0058), MMP-9 (p = 0.0268), and SDC1 (p = 0.0002) in tumor samples when compared with the nonneoplastic tissues. There was, however, only an increase in the level of the HPSE protein in the tumoral tissues. Increased expression of HPSE2 was observed in patients with lymph node metastasis (p = 0.031). This elevation in HPSE2 mRNA expression in patients with lymph node metastasis potentially indicates that it may participate in driving colorectal carcinoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jaques Waisberg
- Department of Surgery, Centro Universitário FMABC, Santo André, Brazil.,Department of Surgery, Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual, São Paulo, Brazil
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3
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Yang WJ, Shi L, Wang XM, Yang GW. Heparanase is a novel biomarker for immune infiltration and prognosis in breast cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:20836-20852. [PMID: 34461608 PMCID: PMC8436937 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Heparanase (HPSE), an endoglycosidase that cleaves heparan sulfate, regulates a variety of biological processes that promote tumor progression. In this study, we analyzed the correlation between HPSE expression and prognosis in cancer patients, using multiple databases (Oncomine, TIMER, PrognoScan, GEPIA, Kaplan-Meier plotter, miner v4.1, DAVID). HPSE expression was significantly increased in bladder, breast, lung, and stomach cancer compared to matched normal tissues. The increased HPSE expression correlated with poor prognosis and increased immune infiltration levels of B cells, CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells in bladder and breast cancer. In breast cancer, the high HPSE expression was associated with basal-like subtypes, younger age (0-40), advanced Scarff-Bloom-Richardson grade, Nottingham Prognostic Index and p53 mutation status. In addition, using a mouse model of breast cancer, our data showed that HPSE upregulated IL-10 expression and promoted macrophage M2 polarization and T cell exhaustion. Together, our data provide a novel immunological perspective on the mechanisms underlying breast cancer progression, and indicate that HPSE may serve as a biomarker for immune infiltration and prognosis in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jing Yang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Lin Shi
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Xiao-Min Wang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Guo-Wang Yang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, China
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4
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Melo CM, Nader HB, Justo GZ, Pinhal MAS. Heparanase modulation by Wingless/INT (Wnt). Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:3117-3125. [PMID: 33891270 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06348-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase is an endo-beta-glucuronidase, the only enzyme in mammals capable of cleaving heparan sulfate/heparin chains from proteoglycans. The oligosaccharides generated by heparanase present extensive biological functions since such oligosaccharides interact with adhesion molecules, growth factors, angiogenic factors and cytokines, modulating cell proliferation, migration, inflammation, and carcinogenesis. However, the regulation of heparanase activity is not fully understood. It is known that heparanase is synthesized as an inactive 65 kDa isoform and that post-translation processing forms an active 50 kDa enzyme. In the present study, we are interested in investigating whether heparanase is regulated by its own substrate as observed with many other enzymes. Wild-type Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griséus) ovary cells (CHO-K1) were treated with different doses of heparin. Heparanase expression was analyzed by Real-time PCR and flow cytometry. Also, heparanase activity was measured. The heparanase activity assay was performed using a coated plate with biotinylated heparan sulfate. In the present assay, a competitive heparin inhibition scenario was set aside. Exogenous heparin trigged a cell signaling pathway that increased heparanase mRNA and protein levels. The Wnt/beta-catenin pathway, judged by TCF-driven luciferase activity, seems to be involved to enhance heparanase profile during treatment with exogenous heparin. Lithium chloride treatment, an activator of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway, confirmed such mechanism of transduction in vivo using zebrafish embryos and in vitro using CHO-K1 cells. Taken together the results suggest that heparin modulates heparanase expression by Wnt/beta-catenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Mucciolo Melo
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio, 100, 4a. andar, Biologia Molecular, São Paulo, SP, 04044-020, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Avenida Príncipe de Gales, 821, Bioquímica, Santo André, SP, 09060-650, Brazil
| | - Helena Bonciani Nader
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio, 100, 4a. andar, Biologia Molecular, São Paulo, SP, 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Giselle Zenker Justo
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio, 100, 4a. andar, Biologia Molecular, São Paulo, SP, 04044-020, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Prof. Artur Riedel, no. 275 - Jd. Eldorado, Diadema, SP, CEP: 09972-270, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Silva Pinhal
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio, 100, 4a. andar, Biologia Molecular, São Paulo, SP, 04044-020, Brazil. .,Department of Biochemistry, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Avenida Príncipe de Gales, 821, Bioquímica, Santo André, SP, 09060-650, Brazil.
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Abstract
Heparanase is the only mammalian enzyme that cleaves heparan sulphate, an important component of the extracellular matrix. This leads to the remodelling of the extracellular matrix, whilst liberating growth factors and cytokines bound to heparan sulphate. This in turn promotes both physiological and pathological processes such as angiogenesis, immune cell migration, inflammation, wound healing and metastasis. Furthermore, heparanase exhibits non-enzymatic actions in cell signalling and in regulating gene expression. Cancer is underpinned by key characteristic features that promote malignant growth and disease progression, collectively termed the 'hallmarks of cancer'. Essentially, all cancers examined to date have been reported to overexpress heparanase, leading to enhanced tumour growth and metastasis with concomitant poor patient survival. With its multiple roles within the tumour microenvironment, heparanase has been demonstrated to regulate each of these hallmark features, in turn highlighting the need for heparanase-targeted therapies. However, recent discoveries which demonstrated that heparanase can also regulate vital anti-tumour mechanisms have cast doubt on this approach. This review will explore the myriad ways by which heparanase functions as a key regulator of the hallmarks of cancer and will highlight its role as a major component within the tumour microenvironment. The dual role of heparanase within the tumour microenvironment, however, emphasises the need for further investigation into defining its precise mechanism of action in different cancer settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnath M Jayatilleke
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Plenty Road & Kingsbury Drive, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Mark D Hulett
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Plenty Road & Kingsbury Drive, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.
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Pinhal MAS, Melo CM, Nader HB. The Good and Bad Sides of Heparanase-1 and Heparanase-2. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:821-845. [PMID: 32274740 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, we will emphasize the importance of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) in controlling various physiological and pathological molecular mechanisms and discuss how the heparanase enzyme can modulate the effects triggered by HSPG. Additionally, we will also navigate about the existing knowledge of the possible role of heparanase-2 in biological events. Heparan sulfate is widely distributed and evolutionarily conserved, evidencing its vital importance in cell development and functions such as cell proliferation, migration, adhesion, differentiation, and angiogenesis. During remodeling of the extracellular matrix, the breakdown of heparan sulfate by heparanase results in the release of molecules containing anchored glycosaminoglycan chains of great interest in heparanase-mediated cell signaling pathways in various physiological states, tumor development, inflammation, and other diseases. Taken together, it appears that heparanase plays a key role in the maintenance of the pathology of cancer and inflammatory diseases and is a potential target for anti-cancer therapies. Therefore, heparanase inhibitors are currently being examined in clinical trials as novel cancer therapeutics. Heparanase-2 has no enzymatic activity, displays higher affinity for heparan sulfate and the coding region alignment shows 40% identity with the heparanase gene. Heparanase-2 plays an important role in embryogenic development however its mode of action and biological function remain to be elucidated. Heparanase-2 functions as an inhibitor of the heparanase-1 enzyme and also inhibits neovascularization mediated by VEGF. The HPSE2 gene is repressed by the Polycomb complex, together suggesting a role as a tumor suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carina Mucciolo Melo
- Biochemistry Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Helena Bonciani Nader
- Biochemistry Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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7
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The Challenge of Modulating Heparan Sulfate Turnover by Multitarget Heparin Derivatives. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25020390. [PMID: 31963505 PMCID: PMC7024324 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review comes as a part of the special issue "Emerging frontiers in GAGs and mimetics". Our interest is in the manipulation of heparan sulfate (HS) turnover by employing HS mimetics/heparin derivatives that exert pleiotropic effects and are interesting for interfering at multiple levels with pathways in which HS is implicated. Due to the important role of heparanase in HS post-biosynthetic modification and catabolism, we focus on the possibility to target heparanase, at both extracellular and intracellular levels, a strategy that can be applied to many conditions, from inflammation to cancer and neurodegeneration.
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8
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Elgundi Z, Papanicolaou M, Major G, Cox TR, Melrose J, Whitelock JM, Farrugia BL. Cancer Metastasis: The Role of the Extracellular Matrix and the Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan Perlecan. Front Oncol 2020; 9:1482. [PMID: 32010611 PMCID: PMC6978720 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is the dissemination of tumor cells to new sites, resulting in the formation of secondary tumors. This process is complex and is spatially and temporally regulated by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. One important extrinsic factor is the extracellular matrix, the non-cellular component of tissues. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are constituents of the extracellular matrix, and through their heparan sulfate chains and protein core, modulate multiple events that occur during the metastatic cascade. This review will provide an overview of the role of the extracellular matrix in the events that occur during cancer metastasis, primarily focusing on perlecan. Perlecan, a basement membrane HSPG is a key component of the vascular extracellular matrix and is commonly associated with events that occur during the metastatic cascade. Its contradictory role in these events will be discussed and we will highlight the recent advances in cancer therapies that target HSPGs and their modifying enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehra Elgundi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Papanicolaou
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gretel Major
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Thomas R Cox
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - James Melrose
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - John M Whitelock
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brooke L Farrugia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Masola V, Zaza G, Gambaro G, Franchi M, Onisto M. Role of heparanase in tumor progression: Molecular aspects and therapeutic options. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 62:86-98. [PMID: 31348993 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Heparanase (HPSE) is an endoglycosidase that catalyses the cutting of the side chains of heparan-sulphate proteoglycans (HS), thus determining the remodelling of the extracellular matrix and basement membranes, as well as promoting the release of different HS-related molecules as growth factors, cytokines and enzymes. Ever since the HPSE was identified in the late 1980s, several experimental studies have shown that its overexpression was instrumental in increasing tumor growth, metastatic dissemination, angiogenesis and inflammation. More recently, HPSE involvment has also been demonstrated in mediating tumor-host crosstalk, in inducing gene transcription, in the activation of signaling pathways and in the formation of exosomes and in autophagy. All of these activities (enzymatic and non-enzymatic) together make heparanase a multifunctional molecule that increases the aggressiveness and chemo-resistance of tumor cells. Conversely, heparanase gene-silencing or tumor treatment with compounds that inhibit heparanase activity have been shown to significantly attenuate tumor progression in different animal models of tumorigenesis, further emphasizing the therapeutic potential of anti-heparanase therapy for several types of neoplasms. This review focuses on present knowledge and recent development in the study of heparanase in cancer progression as well as on novel mechanisms by which heparanase regulates tumor metastasis and chemo-resistance. Moreover, recent advances in strategies for its inhibition as a potential therapeutic option will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Masola
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy; Dept. of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Zaza
- Dept. of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Marco Franchi
- Dept. of Life Quality Sciences, University of Bologna, Corso D'Augusto 237, 47921, Rimini, Italy
| | - Maurizio Onisto
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy.
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Mayfosh AJ, Baschuk N, Hulett MD. Leukocyte Heparanase: A Double-Edged Sword in Tumor Progression. Front Oncol 2019; 9:331. [PMID: 31110966 PMCID: PMC6501466 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparanase is a β-D-endoglucuronidase that cleaves heparan sulfate, a complex glycosaminoglycan found ubiquitously throughout mammalian cells and tissues. Heparanase has been strongly associated with important pathological processes including inflammatory disease and tumor metastasis, through its ability to promote various cellular functions such as cell migration, invasion, adhesion, and cytokine release. A number of cell types express heparanase including leukocytes, cells of the vasculature as well as tumor cells. However, the relative contribution of heparanase from these different cell sources to these processes is poorly defined. It is now well-established that the immune system plays a critical role in shaping tumor progression. Intriguingly, leukocyte-derived heparanase has been shown to either assist or impede tumor progression, depending on the setting. This review covers our current knowledge of heparanase in immune regulation of tumor progression, as well as the potential applications and implications of exploiting or inhibiting heparanase in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyce J Mayfosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nikola Baschuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark D Hulett
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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11
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Theodoro TR, Matos LL, Cavalheiro RP, Justo GZ, Nader HB, Pinhal MAS. Crosstalk between tumor cells and lymphocytes modulates heparanase expression. J Transl Med 2019; 17:103. [PMID: 30922347 PMCID: PMC6439996 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1853-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heparanase (HPSE) is an endo-beta-glucuronidase that degrades heparan sulfate (HS) chains on proteoglycans. The oligosaccharides generated by HPSE promote angiogenesis, tumor growth and metastasis. Heparanase-2 (HPSE2), a close homolog of HPSE, does not exhibit catalytic activity. Previous studies have demonstrated that serum or plasma from breast cancer patients showed increased expression of both heparanases in circulating lymphocytes. The aim of this study was to better understand the mechanisms involved in the upregulation of heparanases in circulating lymphocytes. Methods Lymphocytes collected from healthy women were incubated in the presence of MCF-7 breast cancer cells (co-culture) to stimulate HPSE and HPSE2 overexpression. The protein level of heparanases was evaluated by immunocytochemistry, while mRNA expression was determined by quantitative RT-PCR. Results The medium obtained from co-culture of MCF-7 cells and circulating lymphocytes stimulated the expression of HPSE and HPSE2. Previous treatment of the co-culture medium with an anti-heparan sulfate proteoglycan antibody or heparitinase II inhibited the upregulation of heparanases in circulating lymphocytes. The addition of exogenous heparan sulfate (HS) enhanced the expression of both heparanases. Moreover, the co-cultured cells, as well as MCF-7 cells, secreted a higher number of exosomes expressing an increased level of HS compared to that of the exosomes secreted by circulating lymphocytes from women who were not affected by cancer. Conclusions The results revealed that HS is likely responsible for mediating the expression of heparanases in circulating lymphocytes. HS secreted by tumor cells might be carried by exosome particles, confirming the key role of tumor cells, as well as secreted HS, in upregulating the expression of heparanases, suggesting a possible mechanism of crosstalk between tumor cells and circulating lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thérèse Rachell Theodoro
- Biochemistry Department, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Av. Lauro Gomes, 2000, Santo André, SP, 09060-870, Brazil
| | - Leandro Luongo Matos
- Surgery Department (Head and Neck Discipline), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, São Paulo, SP, 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Renan Pelluzzi Cavalheiro
- Biochemistry Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio 100, São Paulo, SP, 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Giselle Zenker Justo
- Biochemistry Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio 100, São Paulo, SP, 04044-020, Brazil.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio, 100, São Paulo, SP, 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Helena Bonciani Nader
- Biochemistry Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio 100, São Paulo, SP, 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Silva Pinhal
- Biochemistry Department, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Av. Lauro Gomes, 2000, Santo André, SP, 09060-870, Brazil. .,Biochemistry Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio 100, São Paulo, SP, 04044-020, Brazil.
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12
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Elevated heparanase expression is associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer: a study based on systematic review and TCGA data. Oncotarget 2018; 8:43521-43535. [PMID: 28388549 PMCID: PMC5522166 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparanase promotes tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Here, we conducted a study based on systematic review and the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data that examined heparanase expression in clinical samples to determine its prognostic value. According to the meta-analysis and TCGA data, we found that heparanase expression was up-regulated in most breast cancer specimens, and elevated heparanase expression was associated with increased lymph node metastasis, larger tumor size, higher histological grade, and poor survival. These results suggest that targeting heparanase might improve treatments for breast cancer patients.
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Wang H, Stoecklein NH, Lin PP, Gires O. Circulating and disseminated tumor cells: diagnostic tools and therapeutic targets in motion. Oncotarget 2018; 8:1884-1912. [PMID: 27683128 PMCID: PMC5352105 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enumeration of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in peripheral blood with the gold standard CellSearchTM has proven prognostic value for tumor recurrence and progression of metastatic disease. Therefore, the further molecular characterization of isolated CTCs might have clinical relevance as liquid biopsy for therapeutic decision-making and to monitor disease progression. The direct analysis of systemic cancer appears particularly important in view of the known disparity in expression of therapeutic targets as well as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-based heterogeneity between primary and systemic tumor cells, which all substantially complicate monitoring and therapeutic targeting at present. Since CTCs are the potential precursor cells of metastasis, their in-depth molecular profiling should also provide a useful resource for target discovery. The present review will discuss the use of systemically spread cancer cells as liquid biopsy and focus on potential target antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Nikolas H Stoecklein
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital of the Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Olivier Gires
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Group Personalized Radiotherapy of Head and Neck Tumors, Helmholtz, Germany
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Wu W, Zhao L, Yu Y, Hu H, Shi H, Jia Q, Du L. Heparanase expression in blood is sensitive to monitor response to anticancer treatment in pancreatic cancer, a pilot study. Pancreatology 2018; 18:100-105. [PMID: 29153700 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND /Objectives: High heparanase level was shown in maliganant tumor; however, whether or not heparanase may serve as a sensitive marker to monitor response to anticancer treatment is still unknown. METHODS In the pilot study, heparanase mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cell fraction (PBMC) and activity in plasma and urine were detected by quantitative real time RT-PCR and heparan-degrading enzyme assay in 31 pancreatic cancer patients. RESULTS Heparanase mRNA and activity in samples from cancer patients were significantly higher than that in healthy donors. Both heparanase mRNA and activity in plasma and urine decreased significantly in 17 patients who underwent R0 resection, but increased remarkably in 6 patients when recurrence or metastasis occurred (P < 0.05). However, those who underwent R1 or R2 resection in 6 patients kept stable. For 8 patients who received chemotherapy, heparanase mRNA and activity in plasma and urine decreased in each of the samples (P < 0.05). Patients with high heparanase mRNA (≥a cutoff value of 1.84) in PBMC and activity in plasma (≥1.30U/ml) were associated with a poor postoperative survival (P = 0.02 and P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Heparanase mRNA in PBMC and activity in plasma are closely correlated with therapeutic responsiveness and survival time, indicating that heparanase level in blood might be a sensitive but non-specific marker to monitor patients' response to anticancer treatment and to predict survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wujun Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, China.
| | - Lin Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Yongtian Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, China
| | - Haitian Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, China
| | - Huaiping Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Qian'an Jia
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, China
| | - Lixue Du
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, China
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Nagarajan A, Malvi P, Wajapeyee N. Heparan Sulfate and Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans in Cancer Initiation and Progression. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:483. [PMID: 30197623 PMCID: PMC6118229 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) are complex unbranched carbohydrate chains that are heavily modified by sulfate and exist either conjugated to proteins or as free, unconjugated chains. Proteins with covalently bound Heparan sulfate chains are termed Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans (HSPGs). Both HS and HSPGs bind to various growth factors and act as co-receptors for different cell surface receptors. They also modulate the dynamics and kinetics of various ligand-receptor interactions, which in turn can influence the duration and potency of the signaling. HS and HSPGs have also been shown to exert a structural role as a component of the extracellular matrix, thereby altering processes such as cell adhesion, immune cell infiltration and angiogenesis. Previous studies have shown that HS are deregulated in a variety of solid tumors and hematological malignancies and regulate key aspects of cancer initiation and progression. HS deregulation in cancer can occur as a result of changes in the level of HSPGs or due to changes in the levels of HS biosynthesis and remodeling enzymes. Here, we describe the major cell-autonomous (proliferation, apoptosis/senescence and differentiation) and cell-non-autonomous (angiogenesis, immune evasion, and matrix remodeling) roles of HS and HSPGs in cancer. Finally, we discuss therapeutic opportunities for targeting deregulated HS biosynthesis and HSPGs as a strategy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvindhan Nagarajan
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Parmanand Malvi
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Narendra Wajapeyee
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- *Correspondence: Narendra Wajapeyee
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Saucedo-Cárdenas O, García-Garza R, Ramírez-Durón R, Muñoz-Maldonado GE, Villanueva-Olivo A, Montes-de-Oca-Luna R, Soto-Domínguez A. Invasion of TC-1 cells to skeletal muscle fibers protect them from peroxisomicine A1 (T-514) treatment in a murine model of cancer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2017; 10:8062-8071. [PMID: 31966659 PMCID: PMC6965213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
T-514 or Peroxisomicine A1 (PA1) is a toxin isolated from plants of genus Karwinskia. In vitro studies described selective toxicity of PA1 on malignant cell lines. A toxic effect of PA1 on TC-1 cells in vivo was reported. The objective was to evaluate the effect of PA1 over invasion of TC-1 cells to muscle fibers in vivo. TC-1 cells were implanted in 36 mice divided in two groups (n: 18): treated with PA1 or with vehicle, a control group was included. At 10 days, nine mice of each group were euthanized. TC-1 implant site was analyzed by light and electron microscopy, a morphometric study was also performed. Remaining mice were used to evaluate tumor growth and survival time. Results show tumor cells between muscle fibers, with diminution in diameter, change in the staining pattern, loss of continuity of external lamina, and sarcoplasm with tumor cells. Statistically difference was observed between treated group vs control group. PA1 decreased tumor growth and increased the survival time in treated mice. The degree of resistant activity, aggressiveness, and invasiveness of TC-1 cells described in present work; should be taken into account in studies that evaluate effectiveness of therapies using this cancer model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odila Saucedo-Cárdenas
- Departamento de Histología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. Av. Madero y E. Aguirre-PequeñoMonterrey, N.L., AP 1563, México
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste (CIBIN), IMSSSan Luis y 2 de Abril. Col. Independencia. Monterrey, N.L., CP 64720, México
| | - Rubén García-Garza
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Unidad Torreón. Av. Gregorio A. García 198 SurTorreón, CP 27000, Coah, México
| | - Rosalba Ramírez-Durón
- Departamento de Química Analítica Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. Av. Madero y E. Aguirre-PequeñoMonterrey, N.L., AP 1563, México
| | - Gerardo E Muñoz-Maldonado
- Servicio de Cirugía General, Hospital Universitario “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo LeónMonterrey N.L. A.P. 1583, México
| | - Arnulfo Villanueva-Olivo
- Departamento de Histología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. Av. Madero y E. Aguirre-PequeñoMonterrey, N.L., AP 1563, México
| | - Roberto Montes-de-Oca-Luna
- Departamento de Histología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. Av. Madero y E. Aguirre-PequeñoMonterrey, N.L., AP 1563, México
| | - Adolfo Soto-Domínguez
- Departamento de Histología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. Av. Madero y E. Aguirre-PequeñoMonterrey, N.L., AP 1563, México
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Pinhal MAS, Almeida MCL, Costa AS, Theodoro TR, Serrano RL, Machado CDS. Expression of heparanase in basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. An Bras Dermatol 2017; 91:595-600. [PMID: 27828631 PMCID: PMC5087216 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20164957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heparanase is an enzyme that cleaves heparan sulfate chains. Oligosaccharides
generated by heparanase induce tumor progression. Basal cell carcinoma and
squamous cell carcinoma comprise types of nonmelanoma skin cancer. Objectives Evaluate the glycosaminoglycans profile and expression of heparanase in two
human cell lines established in culture, immortalized skin keratinocyte
(HaCaT) and squamous cell carcinoma (A431) and also investigate the
expression of heparanase in basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma
and eyelid skin of individuals not affected by the disease (control). Methods Glycosaminoglycans were quantified by electrophoresis and indirect ELISA
method. The heparanase expression was analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR
(qRTPCR). Results The A431 strain showed significant increase in the sulfated
glycosaminoglycans, increased heparanase expression and decreased hyaluronic
acid, comparing to the HaCaT lineage. The mRNA expression of heparanase was
significantly higher in Basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma
compared with control skin samples. It was also observed increased
heparanase expression in squamous cell carcinoma compared to the Basal cell
carcinoma. Conclusion The glycosaminoglycans profile, as well as heparanase expression are
different between HaCaT and A431 cell lines. The increased expression of
heparanase in Basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma suggests that
this enzyme could be a marker for the diagnosis of such types of
non-melanoma cancers, and may be useful as a target molecule for future
alternative treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Aparecida Silva Pinhal
- Faculdade de Medicina do ABC (FMABC), Santo André, SP, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Thérèse Rachell Theodoro
- Faculdade de Medicina do ABC (FMABC), Santo André, SP, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Almeida LHO, Ikemoto R, Mader AM, Pinhal MAS, Munhoz B, Murachovsky J. EVALUATION OF THE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX OF INJURED SUPRASPINATUS IN RATS. ACTA ORTOPEDICA BRASILEIRA 2016; 24:11-5. [PMID: 26997907 PMCID: PMC4775482 DOI: 10.1590/1413-785220162401146706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Methods: Results: Conclusion:
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Matos LL, Suarez ER, Theodoro TR, Trufelli DC, Melo CM, Garcia LF, Oliveira OCG, Matos MGL, Kanda JL, Nader HB, Martins JRM, Pinhal MAS. The Profile of Heparanase Expression Distinguishes Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma from Benign Neoplasms. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141139. [PMID: 26488476 PMCID: PMC4619411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The search for a specific marker that could help to distinguish between differentiated thyroid carcinoma and benign lesions remains elusive in clinical practice. Heparanase (HPSE) is an endo-beta-glucoronidase implicated in the process of tumor invasion, and the heparanase-2 (HPSE2) modulates HPSE activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of heparanases in the development and differential diagnosis of follicular pattern thyroid lesions. Methods HPSE and HPSE2 expression by qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry evaluation, western blot analysis and HPSE enzymatic activity were evaluated. Results The expression of heparanases by qRT-PCR showed an increase of HPSE2 in thyroid carcinoma (P = 0.001). HPSE activity was found to be higher in the malignant neoplasms than in the benign tumors (P<0.0001). On Western blot analysis, HPSE2 isoforms were detected only in malignant tumors. The immunohistochemical assay allowed us to establish a distinct pattern for malignant and benign tumors. Carcinomas showed a typical combination of positive labeling for neoplastic cells and negative immunostaining in colloid, when compared to benign tumors (P<0.0001). The proposed diagnostic test presents sensitivity and negative predictive value of around 100%, showing itself to be an accurate test for distinguishing between malignant and benign lesions. Conclusions This study shows, for the first time, a distinct profile of HPSE expression in thyroid carcinoma suggesting its role in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Luongo Matos
- Biochemistry Department, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André, Brazil
- Head and Neck Surgery Department, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André, Brazil
- Biochemistry Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail: (LLM); (JRMM)
| | - Eloah Rabello Suarez
- Biochemistry Department, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André, Brazil
- Biochemistry Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jossi Ledo Kanda
- Head and Neck Surgery Department, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | | | - João Roberto Maciel Martins
- Biochemistry Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Endocrinology, Endocrinology and Metabolism Discipline, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail: (LLM); (JRMM)
| | - Maria Aparecida Silva Pinhal
- Biochemistry Department, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André, Brazil
- Biochemistry Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Browning HM, Acevedo-Whitehouse K, Gulland FMD, Hall AJ, Finlayson J, Dagleish MP, Billington KJ, Colegrove K, Hammond JA. Evidence for a genetic basis of urogenital carcinoma in the wild California sea lion. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 281:20140240. [PMID: 25339718 PMCID: PMC4213630 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although neoplasia is a major cause of mortality in humans and domestic animals, it has rarely been described in wildlife species. One of the few examples is a highly prevalent urogenital carcinoma in California sea lions (CSLs). Although the aetiology of this carcinoma is clearly multifactorial, inbreeding depression, as estimated using levels of microsatellite multilocus heterozygosity, is identified as predictive for this neoplasia. On further analysis, this relationship appears to be largely driven by one marker, suggesting that a single locus might be associated with the occurrence of this disease in CSLs. In a case–control study, carcinoma was significantly associated with homozygosity at the Pv11 microsatellite locus. Pv11 was mapped to intron 9 of the heparanase 2 gene (HPSE2) locus, a very large gene encoding heparanase 2, which in humans is associated with multiple carcinomas. Correspondingly, immunohistochemical labelling in tissues was present in carcinoma cases within a single homozygous Pv11 genotype. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an individual locus being associated with cancer in any wildlife species. This adds emphasis to the study of HPSE2 in other species, including humans and will guide future studies on this sentinel species that shares much of its diet and environment with humans
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Browning
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, Fife, UK
| | | | | | - Ailsa J Hall
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, Fife, UK
| | - Jeanie Finlayson
- The Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, UK
| | - Mark P Dagleish
- The Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, UK
| | | | - Kathleen Colegrove
- Zoological Pathology Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - John A Hammond
- Pirbright Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, UK
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Development of new methods for determining the heparanase enzymatic activity. Carbohydr Res 2015; 412:66-70. [PMID: 26062789 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Heparanase is a mammalian endo-β-glucuronidase. Notwithstanding its importance in various pathological and non-pathological events few straightforward methods for heparanase enzymatic activity has been stated. The aim of this study was to develop two heparanase activity assays to cover a whole range of applications. First, a fast and easy method based on commercial homogenous substrate, fondaparinux, was described. The other method is a quantitative assay based on biotinylated heparan sulfate that uses an easier technique to immobilize the substrate in a 96-well plate. METHODS 1): The heparanase recombinant enzyme and fondaparinux were incubated overnight. After incubation, a fluorescent redox marker, resazurin, was added. The reduction of resazurin depends on the amount of glucuronic acid released by heparanase digestion. Fluorescence measurements were done using excitation and emission wavelengths of 560 nm and 590 nm, respectively. METHODS 2): The 96-well plate was incubated with protamine sulfate. Subsequently, biotinylated heparan sulfate was immobilized. The enzymatic assay was performed using chimeric recombinant heparanase at different concentrations. In sequence, the immobilized biotinylated heparan sulfate that was not digested by recombinant heparanase was bound to streptavidin conjugated with europium. Fluorescence was measured using a time-resolved fluorometer. CONCLUSION Both methods have high sensitivity and can be used to detect heparanase activity. Fondaparinux assay is a quick and easy method for screening of heparanase inhibitors using recombinant enzyme or bacterial crude extract. Biotinylated heparan sulfate assay can be used for quantitative analysis in biological samples and protamine sulfate showed been capable to immobilized heparan sulfate.
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Immunohistochemical Expression of Heparanases 1 and 2 in Benign Tissue and in Invasive Neoplasia of the Endometrium: A Case-Control Study. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2015; 25:269-78. [DOI: 10.1097/igc.0000000000000329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
ObjectivesOur purpose was to compare the expression of heparanase isoforms, in normal and in neoplastic endometrium. In a pioneering way, we sought to evaluate the expression of heparanase 1 (HPSE1) and heparanase 2 (HPSE2) in glandular and in stromal tissues.MethodsThis is a case-control study, conducted retrospectively in a public hospital, using paraffin blocks of endometrial tissue from patients admitted from 2002 to 2011 with and without endometrial cancer, with regard to the immunohistochemical expression of HPSE1 and HPSE2. The paraffin blocks were used for tissue microarray analysis and immunohistochemistry study in glandular and stromal tissues.ResultsIn the study period, 195 participants were enrolled, 75 with and 120 without cancer. There was no significant difference between them regarding HPSE1 expression, both in gland and in stromal tissues. Heparanase 1 expression in the glandular tissue was more frequent among those with high-grade carcinoma, compared with patients with carcinoma type I. The difference in the expression of HPSE2 was significant between groups: it was less frequent in the controls than in the patients with cancer in the glandular tissue. In the stromal tissue, HPSE2 expression was significantly higher in the controls than in the patients with cancer and different when patients of the secretory endometrium subgroup were compared with those with hypotrophic, proliferative endometriums or with architectural disorders. No significant difference was found in the heparanase expressions in patients with cancer according to prognosis factors.ConclusionsHeparanase 1 is more intensely expressed in the glandular tissue of high-grade compared with type I carcinomas. Heparanase 2 is more intensely expressed in the glandular tissue of cancer than in nonneoplastic endometrium, whereas the HPSE2 expression in the stromal tissue is higher in the nonneoplastic controls compared with the group of patients with cancer mainly in the secretory endometrium. This suggests that HPSE2 might be stimulated by progesterone, with a possible antineoplastic role, antagonist to HPSE1, to be further investigated.
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Melo CM, Origassa CST, Theodoro TR, Matos LL, Miranda TA, Accardo CM, Bouças RI, Suarez ER, Pares MMNS, Waisberg DR, Toloi GC, Nader HB, Waisberg J, Pinhal MAS. Analysis of heparanase isoforms and cathepsin B in the plasma of patients with gastrointestinal carcinomas: analytical cross-sectional study. SAO PAULO MED J 2015; 133:28-35. [PMID: 25351637 PMCID: PMC10496619 DOI: 10.1590/1516-3180.2013.7080003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE Heparanase-1 degrades heparan sulfate and has been correlated with tumor progression. Although the isoform heparanase-2 has no catalytic activity, it seems to be important for modulating heparanase-1 activity. Cathepsin B is a proteinase involved in tumor metastasis. The aim of this study was to analyze heparanase isoform expression and cathepsin B activity in plasma samples from patients with gastrointestinal carcinomas, compared with healthy individuals (control group). DESIGN AND SETTING This was an analytical cross-sectional study. Peripheral blood samples were collected at a Brazilian public hospital, from 21 patients with histopathological diagnoses of gastrointestinal carcinomas and from 43 healthy individuals. The analyses were performed in two Brazilian medical schools. METHODS Heparanase isoforms were identified and quantified in plasma samples by means of Western blot. The enzymatic activities of heparanase-1 and cathepsin B were also measured. RESULTS The results demonstrated that the expression of both heparanase isoforms was significantly greater in plasma samples from gastrointestinal carcinoma patients, compared with the control group. Logistic regression analysis showed that increased heparanase-1 and heparanase-2 expression was exclusively dependent on the tumor. There was a significant increase in heparanase-1 and cathepsin B activity in the patients' plasma. CONCLUSION Overexpression of heparanase-1 and heparanase-2, along with increased heparanase-1 and cathepsin B activity in plasma, is associated with the diagnosis of gastrointestinal carcinoma. These findings provide support for using non-invasive assays (plasma samples) as an auxiliary method for diagnosing gastrointestinal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Mucciolo Melo
- MSc. Doctoral Student, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Leandro Luongo Matos
- MD, PhD. Associate Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC (FMABC), Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Thaís Aguilar Miranda
- MSc. Research Collaborator, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Camila Melo Accardo
- PhD. Postdoctoral Student, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Ippolito Bouças
- PhD. Research Collaborator, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Eloah Rabello Suarez
- PhD. Postdoctoral Student, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Daniel Reis Waisberg
- MD. Attending Physician. Surgery Department, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Giovanna Canato Toloi
- Medical Student. Faculdade de Medicina do ABC (FMABC), Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Helena Bonciani Nader
- PhD. Titular Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Jaques Waisberg
- MD, PhD. Adjunct Professor, Department of Surgery, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC (FMABC), Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Maria Aparecida Silva Pinhal
- PhD. Titular Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC (FMABC), Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Carneiro BR, Pernambuco Filho PCA, Mesquita APDS, da Silva DS, Pinhal MAS, Nader HB, Lopes CC. Acquisition of anoikis resistance up-regulates syndecan-4 expression in endothelial cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e116001. [PMID: 25549223 PMCID: PMC4280138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anoikis is a programmed cell death induced upon cell detachment from extracellular matrix, behaving as a critical mechanism in preventing adherent-independent cell growth and attachment to an inappropriate matrix, thus avoiding colonization of distant organs. Cell adhesion plays an important role in neoplastic transformation. Tumors produce several molecules that facilitate their proliferation, invasion and maintenance, especially proteoglycans. The syndecan-4, a heparan sulfate proteoglycan, can act as a co-receptor of growth factors and proteins of the extracellular matrix by increasing the affinity of adhesion molecules to their specific receptors. It participates together with integrins in cell adhesion at focal contacts connecting the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton. Changes in the expression of syndecan-4 have been observed in tumor cells, indicating its involvement in cancer. This study investigates the role of syndecan-4 in the process of anoikis and cell transformation. Endothelial cells were submitted to sequential cycles of forced anchorage impediment and distinct lineages were obtained. Anoikis-resistant endothelial cells display morphological alterations, high rate of proliferation, poor adhesion to fibronectin, laminin and collagen IV and deregulation of the cell cycle, becoming less serum-dependent. Furthermore, anoikis-resistant cell lines display a high invasive potential and a low rate of apoptosis. This is accompanied by an increase in the levels of heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate as well as by changes in the expression of syndecan-4 and heparanase. These results indicate that syndecan-4 plays a important role in acquisition of anoikis resistance and that the conferral of anoikis resistance may suffice to transform endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Ribeiro Carneiro
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Castanho A. Pernambuco Filho
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula de Sousa Mesquita
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Douglas Santos da Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Helena B. Nader
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carla Cristina Lopes
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Heparan sulfate signaling in cancer. Trends Biochem Sci 2014; 39:277-88. [PMID: 24755488 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a biopolymer consisting of variably sulfated repeating disaccharide units. The anticoagulant heparin is a highly sulfated intracellular variant of HS. HS has demonstrated roles in embryonic development, homeostasis, and human disease via non-covalent interactions with numerous cellular proteins, including growth factors and their receptors. HS can function as a co-receptor by enhancing receptor-complex formation. In other contexts, HS disrupts signaling complexes or serves as a ligand sink. The effects of HS on growth factor signaling are tightly regulated by the actions of sulfyltransferases, sulfatases, and heparanases. HS has important emerging roles in oncogenesis, and heparin derivatives represent potential therapeutic strategies for human cancers. Here we review recent insights into HS signaling in tumor proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, and differentiation. A cancer-specific understanding of HS signaling could uncover potential therapeutic targets in this highly actionable signaling network.
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Heparan sulfate and heparanase as modulators of breast cancer progression. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:852093. [PMID: 23984412 PMCID: PMC3747466 DOI: 10.1155/2013/852093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is defined as a cancer originating in tissues of the breast, frequently in ducts and lobules. During the last 30 years, studies to understand the biology and to treat breast tumor improved patients' survival rates. These studies have focused on genetic components involved in tumor progression and on tumor microenvironment. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are involved in cell signaling, adhesion, extracellular matrix assembly, and growth factors storage. As a central molecule, HSPG regulates cell behavior and tumor progression. HS accompanied by its glycosaminoglycan counterparts regulates tissue homeostasis and cancer development. These molecules present opposite effects according to tumor type or cancer model. Studies in this area may contribute to unveil glycosaminoglycan activities on cell dynamics during breast cancer exploring these polysaccharides as antitumor agents. Heparanase is a potent tumor modulator due to its protumorigenic, proangiogenic, and prometastatic activities. Several lines of evidence indicate that heparanase is upregulated in all human sarcomas and carcinomas. Heparanase seems to be related to several aspects regulating the potential of breast cancer metastasis. Due to its multiple roles, heparanase is seen as a target in cancer treatment. We will describe recent findings on the function of HSPGs and heparanase in breast cancer behavior and progression.
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Chen J, Zheng D, Shen J, Ruan J, Li A, Li W, Xie G, Luo X, Zhao P, Zheng H. Heparanase is involved in the proliferation and invasion of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:1888-94. [PMID: 23467769 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparanase (HPSE), an endo-β-D-glucuronidase, is overexpressed in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The purpose of our study was to investigate the possible role of HPSE in the development of NPC. RNA interference (RNAi) using an HPSE small hairpin RNA (HPSE shRNA) was used to identify the effects of HPSE on the regulation of the malignant behaviors of NPC. CNE-2, a highly metastatic human NPC cell line in which HPSE mRNA and protein levels were detected to be the highest in three NPC cell lines involved in the research, was selected as a cell model in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that downregulation of HPSE significantly inhibited the proliferative and invasive abilities of CNE-2 cells partially through MAPK signaling. Compared with the parental NPC cells, HPSE-silenced cells exhibited attenuated capacity for developing tumors in nude mice, while the growth of tumor xenografts derived from these cells was dramatically suppressed. In conclusion, our results suggest that HPSE contributes to the proliferation and metastasis of NPC, and HPSE may be a potent molecular target for NPC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhang Chen
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, PR China
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Tang D, Zhang Q, Zhao S, Wang J, Lu K, Song Y, Zhao L, Kang X, Wang J, Xu S, Tian L. The expression and clinical significance of microRNA-1258 and heparanase in human breast cancer. Clin Biochem 2013; 46:926-32. [PMID: 23415719 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the expression profile of miR-1258 and heparanase (HPSE) in breast cancer and to assess their clinicopathological significance. DESIGN AND METHODS The expression levels of miR-1258 and HPSE were analyzed in normal, benign and malignant breast tissues. Their serum levels were evaluated in healthy women and in patients with benign and malignant breast disease. We studied the correlation between the expression of miR-1258 and HPSE and the clinical features presented by the patients. RESULTS MiR-1258 was down-regulated and HPSE was up-regulated in breast cancer, with a significant inverse correlation. A reduced miR-1258 expression and an elevated HPSE expression were associated with the lymph node status, late clinical stages, a short overall survival and a short relapse-free survival. In frozen fresh tissue samples, the miR-1258 levels in breast cancer with lymph node metastasis were significantly lower than that of breast cancer without lymph node metastasis and benign disease (BD). In contrast, the HPSE levels in breast cancer with lymph node metastasis were the highest. In serum samples, the miR-1258 levels in metastatic breast cancer (M1) were lower than that of primary breast cancer (M0) and BD. However, serum HPSE levels of M1 patients were significantly higher than that of M0 patients and BD patients. CONCLUSIONS MiR-1258 may play an important role in breast cancer development and progression by regulating the expression of HPSE, and they might be potential prognostic biomarkers for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dabei Tang
- Department of Medical Oncology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150040, China.
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Hammond E, Brandt R, Dredge K. PG545, a heparan sulfate mimetic, reduces heparanase expression in vivo, blocks spontaneous metastases and enhances overall survival in the 4T1 breast carcinoma model. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52175. [PMID: 23300607 PMCID: PMC3530599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PG545 is a clinically relevant heparan sulfate (HS) mimetic which, in addition to possessing anti-angiogenic properties, also acts as a heparanase inhibitor which may differentiate its mechanism(s) of action from approved angiogenesis inhibitors. The degradation of HS by heparanase has been strongly implicated in cell dissemination and the metastatic process. Thus, the anti-metastatic activity of PG545 has been linked to the enzymatic function of heparanase - the only endoglycosidase known to cleave HS, an important component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) which represents a potential avenue for therapeutic intervention for certain metastatic cancer indications. Recent concerns raised about the paucity of overall survival as an endpoint in mouse models of clinically relevant metastasis led us to examine the effect of PG545 on the progression of both primary tumor growth and the spontaneously metastasizing disease in the 4T1 syngeneic breast carcinoma model in a non-surgical and surgical (mastectomy) setting. PG545 significantly inhibited primary tumor growth but importantly also inhibited lung metastasis in treated mice, an effect not observed with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor sorafenib. Importantly, PG545 significantly enhanced overall survival compared to vehicle control and the sorafenib group, suggesting PG545's inhibitory effect on heparanase is indeed a critical attribute to induce anti-metastatic activity. In addition to blocking a common angiogenic signalling pathway in tumor cells, the expression of heparanase in the primary tumor and lung was also significantly reduced by PG545 treatment. These results support the ongoing development of PG545 and highlight the potential utility in metastatic disease settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Hammond
- Research and Development, Progen Pharmaceuticals, Darra, Queensland, Australia.
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The Immunoexpression of Heparanase 2 in Normal Epithelium, Intraepithelial, and Invasive Squamous Neoplasia of the Cervix. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2012; 16:256-62. [DOI: 10.1097/lgt.0b013e3182422c69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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The War on Cancer rages on. Neoplasia 2010; 11:1252-63. [PMID: 20019833 DOI: 10.1593/neo.91866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1971, the "War on Cancer" was launched by the US government to cure cancer by the 200-year anniversary of the founding of the United States of America, 1976. This article briefly looks back at the progress that has been made in cancer research and compares progress made in other areas of human affliction. While progress has indeed been made, the battle continues to rage on.
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Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) play vital roles in every step of tumor progression allowing cancer cells to proliferate, escape from immune response, invade neighboring tissues, and metastasize to distal sites away from the primary site. Several cancers including breast, lung, brain, pancreatic, skin, and colorectal cancers show aberrant modulation of several key HS biosynthetic enzymes such as 3-O Sulfotransferase and 6-O Sulfotransferase, and also catabolic enzymes such as HSulf-1, HSulf-2 and heparanase. The resulting tumor specific HS fine structures assist cancer cells to breakdown ECM to spread, misregulate signaling pathways to facilitate their proliferation, promote angiogenesis to receive nutrients, and protect themselves against natural killer cells. This review focuses on the changes in the expression of HS biosynthetic and catabolic enzymes in several cancers, the resulting changes in HS fine structures, and the effects of these tumor specific HS signatures on promoting invasion, proliferation, and metastasis. It is possible to retard tumor progression by modulating the deregulated biosynthetic and catabolic pathways of HS chains through novel chemical biology approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Raman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Neoplasia: the second decade. Neoplasia 2009; 10:1314-24. [PMID: 19048110 DOI: 10.1593/neo.81372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Revised: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 10/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This issue marks the end of the 10-year anniversary of Neoplasia where we have seen exciting growth in both number of submitted and published articles in Neoplasia. Neoplasia was first published in 1999. During the past 10 years, Neoplasia has dynamically adapted to the needs of the cancer research community as technologies have advanced. Neoplasia is currently providing access to articles through PubMed Central to continue to facilitate rapid broad-based dissemination of published findings to the scientific community through an Open Access model. This has in part helped Neoplasia to achieve an improved impact factor this past year, demonstrating that the manuscripts published by Neoplasia are of great interest to the overall cancer research community. This past year, Neoplasia received a record number of articles for review and has had a 21% increase in the number of published articles.
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Chen T, Tang XD, Wan Y, Chen L, Yu ST, Xiong Z, Fang DC, Liang GP, Yang SM. HLA-A2-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes from human heparanase as novel targets for broad-spectrum tumor immunotherapy. Neoplasia 2008; 10:977-86. [PMID: 18714399 PMCID: PMC2517643 DOI: 10.1593/neo.08576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/20/2008] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Peptide vaccination for cancer immunotherapy requires identification of peptide epitopes derived from antigenic proteins associated with tumors. Heparanase (Hpa) is broadly expressed in various advanced tumors and seems to be an attractive new tumor-associated antigen. The present study was designed to predict and identify HLA-A2-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes in the protein of human Hpa. For this purpose, HLA-A2-restricted CTL epitopes were identified using the following four-step procedure: 1) a computer-based epitope prediction from the amino acid sequence of human Hpa, 2) a peptide-binding assay to determine the affinity of the predicted protein with the HLA-A2 molecule, 3) stimulation of the primary T-cell response against the predicted peptides in vitro, and 4) testing of the induced CTLs toward different kinds of carcinoma cells expressing Hpa antigens and/or HLA-A2. The results demonstrated that, of the tested peptides, effectors induced by peptides of human Hpa containing residues 525-533 (PAFSYSFFV, Hpa525), 277-285 (KMLKSFLKA, Hpa277), and 405-413 (WLSLLFKKL, Hpa405) could effectively lyse various tumor cell lines that were Hpa-positive and HLA-A2-matched. We also found that these peptide-specific CTLs could not lyse autologous lymphocytes with low Hpa activity. Further study revealed that Hpa525, Hpa277, and Hpa405 peptides increased the frequency of IFN-gamma-producing T cells compared to a negative peptide. Our results suggest that Hpa525, Hpa277, and Hpa405 peptides are new HLA-A2-restricted CTL epitopes capable of inducing Hpa-specific CTLs in vitro. Because Hpa is expressed in most advanced malignant tumors, Hpa525, Hpa277, and Hpa405 peptide-based vaccines may be useful for the immunotherapy for patients with advanced tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- Institute of Gastroenterology of PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Xu-Dong Tang
- Institute of Gastroenterology of PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Yin Wan
- Institute of Immunology of PLA, Medical College, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Ling Chen
- Institute of Gastroenterology of PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Song-Tao Yu
- Institute of Gastroenterology of PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Zhen Xiong
- Institute of Gastroenterology of PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Dian-Chun Fang
- Institute of Gastroenterology of PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Guang-Ping Liang
- Institute of Burn Research of PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Shi-Ming Yang
- Institute of Gastroenterology of PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
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Abstract
AIM To propose a quantitative method to detect heparanase-2 (HPA2) and syndecan-1 (Syn-1) using immunohistochemistry in colorectal (colon and rectal) carcinomas compared with nonneoplastic tissues and evaluate the possible role of these molecules in tumor development and extracellular remodeling. METHODS Cytoplasmic staining of HPA2 and Syn-1 was obtained by standard immunohistochemical reactions in 50 colorectal carcinoma and 20 nonneoplastic large bowels tissues. An image system was used to quantify the immunoexpression by digital computer-assisted method (Matos et al. 2006). The cutoff point for the immunohistochemistry variable was defined by sensibility and specificity curves. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 13.0. RESULTS HPA2 was over-expressed in colorectal cancer (131.1+/-24.9 o.u./microm) when compared with nonneoplastic tissues (27.9+/-12.2 o.u./microm) (P<0.0001). However, an opposite correlation was observed between Syn-1 and tumor presence, where colorectal tissues expressed lower Syn-1 proteoglycan compared with nonneoplastic tissues, respectively (39.2+/-17.8 o.u./microm) and (102.2+/-25.2 o.u./microm) (P<0.0001). CONCLUSION A methodology with high sensitivity and specificity is proposed with a cutoff value for HPA2 and Syn-1 in the immunohistochemistry assay to define the presence of tumor. It was demonstrated for the first time in the literature that HPA2 is over-expressed in colorectal carcinoma tissues compared with nonneoplastic tissues. HPA2 over-expression could be possibly related to Syn-1 shedding despite the fact that HPA2 does not present enzymatic activity as HPA1.
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Tian SG, Gao HW, Chang HY, Li SB, Wang XL, Zhang YP, Gong F. Heparanase: a novel target of tumor metastasis therapy. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2008; 16:406-412. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v16.i4.406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparanase plays a key role in promoting tumor angiogenesis, vasiveness and metastasis. This predominant enzyme is primarily responsible for cleaving heparin sulphate, the main polysaccharide constituent of extracellular matrix and basement membrane, thus having become a novel target of tumor therapy. It can prevent tumor growth and metastasis by inhibiting its expression and reducing its activity. This paper reviews the biological characteristics of heparanase as a target of tumor therapy, the significance in tumor progression and tumor therapies, and the prospect of its relating medicine in clinical applications.
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Neoplasia: An Anniversary of Progress. Neoplasia 2007. [DOI: 10.1593/neo.07968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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