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Xie W, Lorenz M, Poosch F, Palme R, Zechner D, Vollmar B, Grambow E, Strüder D. 3D-printed lightweight dorsal skin fold chambers from PEEK reduce chamber-related animal distress. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11599. [PMID: 35803979 PMCID: PMC9270450 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13924-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The dorsal skinfold chamber is one of the most important in vivo models for repetitive longitudinal assessment of microcirculation and inflammation. This study aimed to refine this model by introducing a new lightweight chamber made from polyetheretherketone (PEEK). Body weight, burrowing activity, distress, faecal corticosterone metabolites and the tilting angle of the chambers were analysed in mice carrying either a standard titanium chamber or a PEEK chamber. Data was obtained before chamber preparation and over a postoperative period of three weeks. In the early postoperative phase, reduced body weight and increased faecal corticosterone metabolites were found in mice with titanium chambers. Chamber tilting and tilting-related complications were reduced in mice with PEEK chambers. The distress score was significantly increased in both groups after chamber preparation, but only returned to preoperative values in mice with PEEK chambers. In summary, we have shown that light chambers reduce animal distress and may extend the maximum dorsal skinfold chamber observation time. Chambers made of PEEK are particularly suitable for this purpose: They are autoclavable, sufficiently stable to withstand rodent bites, inexpensive, and widely available through 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Xie
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Vascular and Thyroid Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Matthias Lorenz
- Faculty of Engineering, Technology, Business and Design, University of Applied Sciences, 23966, Wismar, Germany
| | - Friederike Poosch
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery "Otto Koerner", Rostock University Medical Center, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Rupert Palme
- Unit of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dietmar Zechner
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Brigitte Vollmar
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Eberhard Grambow
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057, Rostock, Germany. .,Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 35, 18057, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Daniel Strüder
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery "Otto Koerner", Rostock University Medical Center, 18057, Rostock, Germany
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The CBS-H 2S axis promotes liver metastasis of colon cancer by upregulating VEGF through AP-1 activation. Br J Cancer 2022; 126:1055-1066. [PMID: 34952931 PMCID: PMC8979992 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01681-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main therapy for colon cancer with liver metastasis is chemotherapy based on 5-fluorouracil combined with targeted drugs. However, acquired drug resistance and severe adverse reactions limit patients' benefit from standard chemotherapy. Here, we investigate the involvement of endogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in liver metastasis of colon cancer and its potential value as a novel therapeutic target. METHODS We used the CRISPR/Cas9 system to knockdown CBS gene expression in colon cancer cell lines. PCR arrays and proteome arrays were applied to detect the transcription and protein expression levels, respectively, of angiogenesis-related genes after knockdown. The molecular mechanism was investigated by western blot analysis, RT-qPCR, immunofluorescence staining, ChIP assays and dual-luciferase reporter assays. A liver metastasis mouse model was adopted to investigate the effect of targeting CBS on tumour metastasis in vivo. RESULTS Knockdown of CBS decreased the metastasis and invasion of colon cancer cells and inhibited angiogenesis both in vivo and in vitro. Tissue microarray analysis showed a positive correlation between CBS and VEGF expression in colon cancer tissues. Further analysis at the molecular level validated a positive feedback loop between the CBS-H2S axis and VEGF. CONCLUSIONS Endogenous H2S promotes angiogenesis and metastasis in colon cancer, and targeting the positive feedback loop between the CBS-H2S axis and VEGF can effectively intervene in liver metastasis of colon cancer.
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Zabel WJ, Allam N, Foltz WD, Flueraru C, Taylor E, Vitkin IA. Bridging the macro to micro resolution gap with angiographic optical coherence tomography and dynamic contrast enhanced MRI. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3159. [PMID: 35210476 PMCID: PMC8873467 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07000-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) is emerging as a valuable tool for non-invasive volumetric monitoring of the tumor vascular status and its therapeutic response. However, clinical utility of DCE-MRI is challenged by uncertainty in its ability to quantify the tumor microvasculature (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\mu \mathrm{m}$$\end{document}μm scale) given its relatively poor spatial resolution (mm scale at best). To address this challenge, we directly compared DCE-MRI parameter maps with co-registered micron-scale-resolution speckle variance optical coherence tomography (svOCT) microvascular images in a window chamber tumor mouse model. Both semi and fully quantitative (Toft’s model) DCE-MRI metrics were tested for correlation with microvascular svOCT biomarkers. svOCT’s derived vascular volume fraction (VVF) and the mean distance to nearest vessel (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$P<0.0001$$\end{document}P<0.0001 for both), the area under the gadolinium-time concentration curve (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$P<0.0001$$\end{document}P<0.0001 for both). Several other correlated micro–macro vascular metric pairs were also noted. The microvascular insights afforded by svOCT may help improve the clinical utility of DCE-MRI for tissue functional status assessment and therapeutic response monitoring applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Jeffrey Zabel
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Nader Allam
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Warren D Foltz
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Costel Flueraru
- National Research Council Canada, Information Communication Technology, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Edward Taylor
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - I Alex Vitkin
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Klontzas ME, Protonotarios A. High-Resolution Imaging for the Analysis and Reconstruction of 3D Microenvironments for Regenerative Medicine: An Application-Focused Review. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:182. [PMID: 34821748 PMCID: PMC8614770 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8110182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid evolution of regenerative medicine and its associated scientific fields, such as tissue engineering, has provided great promise for multiple applications where replacement and regeneration of damaged or lost tissue is required. In order to evaluate and optimise the tissue engineering techniques, visualisation of the material of interest is crucial. This includes monitoring of the cellular behaviour, extracellular matrix composition, scaffold structure, and other crucial elements of biomaterials. Non-invasive visualisation of artificial tissues is important at all stages of development and clinical translation. A variety of preclinical and clinical imaging methods-including confocal multiphoton microscopy, optical coherence tomography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and computed tomography (CT)-have been used for the evaluation of artificial tissues. This review attempts to present the imaging methods available to assess the composition and quality of 3D microenvironments, as well as their integration with human tissues once implanted in the human body. The review provides tissue-specific application examples to demonstrate the applicability of such methods on cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and neural tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail E. Klontzas
- Department of Medical Imaging, University Hospital of Heraklion, 71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Computational Biomedicine Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH), 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Voutes Campus, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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Proof of concept of a multimodal intravital molecular imaging system for tumour transpathology investigation. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 49:1157-1165. [PMID: 34651225 PMCID: PMC8921117 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05574-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Transpathology highlights the interpretation of the underlying physiology behind molecular imaging. However, it remains challenging due to the discrepancies between in vivo and in vitro measurements and difficulties of precise co-registration between trans-scaled images. This study aims to develop a multimodal intravital molecular imaging (MIMI) system as a tool for in vivo tumour transpathology investigation. Methods The proposed MIMI system integrates high-resolution positron imaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and microscopic imaging on a dorsal skin window chamber on an athymic nude rat. The window chamber frame was designed to be compatible with multimodal imaging and its fiducial markers were customized for precise physical alignment among modalities. The co-registration accuracy was evaluated based on phantoms with thin catheters. For proof of concept, tumour models of the human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line HT-29 were imaged. The tissue within the window chamber was sectioned, fixed and haematoxylin–eosin (HE) stained for comparison with multimodal in vivo imaging. Results The final MIMI system had a maximum field of view (FOV) of 18 mm × 18 mm. Using the fiducial markers and the tubing phantom, the co-registration errors are 0.18 ± 0.27 mm between MRI and positron imaging, 0.19 ± 0.22 mm between positron imaging and microscopic imaging and 0.15 ± 0.27 mm between MRI and microscopic imaging. A pilot test demonstrated that the MIMI system provides an integrative visualization of the tumour anatomy, vasculatures and metabolism of the in vivo tumour microenvironment, which was consistent with ex vivo pathology. Conclusions The established multimodal intravital imaging system provided a co-registered in vivo platform for trans-scale and transparent investigation of the underlying pathology behind imaging, which has the potential to enhance the translation of molecular imaging. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00259-021-05574-y.
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Yang T, Xiao H, Liu X, Wang Z, Zhang Q, Wei N, Guo X. Vascular Normalization: A New Window Opened for Cancer Therapies. Front Oncol 2021; 11:719836. [PMID: 34476218 PMCID: PMC8406857 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.719836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical antiangiogenic approaches, with multiple side effects such as resistance, have not been proved to be very successful in treating tumor blood vessels which are important targets for tumor therapy. Meanwhile, restoring aberrant tumor blood vessels, known as tumor vascular normalization, has been shown not only capable of reducing tumor invasion and metastasis but also of enhancing the effectiveness of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy. In addition to the introduction of such methods of promoting tumor vascular normalization such as maintaining the balance between proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors and targeting endothelial cell metabolism, microRNAs, and the extracellular matrix, the latest molecular mechanisms and the potential connections between them were primarily explored. In particular, the immunotherapy-induced normalization of blood vessels further promotes infiltration of immune effector cells, which in turn improves immunotherapy, thus forming an enhanced loop. Thus, immunotherapy in combination with antiangiogenic agents is recommended. Finally, we introduce the imaging technologies and serum markers, which can be used to determine the window for tumor vascular normalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongqi Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoxia Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qingbai Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Nianjin Wei
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinggang Guo
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Drug transport kinetics of intravascular triggered drug delivery systems. Commun Biol 2021; 4:920. [PMID: 34321602 PMCID: PMC8319190 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02428-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Intravascular triggered drug delivery systems (IV-DDS) for local drug delivery include various stimuli-responsive nanoparticles that release the associated agent in response to internal (e.g., pH, enzymes) or external stimuli (e.g., temperature, light, ultrasound, electromagnetic fields, X-rays). We developed a computational model to simulate IV-DDS drug delivery, for which we quantified all model parameters in vivo in rodent tumors. The model was validated via quantitative intravital microscopy studies with unencapsulated fluorescent dye, and with two formulations of temperature-sensitive liposomes (slow, and fast release) encapsulating a fluorescent dye as example IV-DDS. Tumor intra- and extravascular dye concentration dynamics were extracted from the intravital microscopy data by quantitative image processing, and were compared to computer model results. Via this computer model we explain IV-DDS delivery kinetics and identify parameters of IV-DDS, of drug, and of target tissue for optimal delivery. Two parameter ratios were identified that exclusively dictate how much drug can be delivered with IV-DDS, indicating the importance of IV-DDS with fast drug release (~sec) and choice of a drug with rapid tissue uptake (i.e., high first-pass extraction fraction). The computational model thus enables engineering of improved future IV-DDS based on tissue parameters that can be quantified by imaging. Ten Hagen et al. developed a computational model to simulate intravascular triggered drug delivery systems (IV-DDS), which they validated using quantitative intravital microscopy in mice. Their model potentially enables the engineering of more efficacious IV-DDS based on parameters that can be quantified by imaging.
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Gaustad JV, Simonsen TG, Hansem LMK, Rofstad EK. Intravital microscopy of tumor vessel morphology and function using a standard fluorescence microscope. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 48:3089-3100. [PMID: 33606081 PMCID: PMC8426228 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05243-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of the study was to demonstrate the performance and possible applications of an intravital microscopy assay using a standard fluorescence microscope. Methods Melanoma and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma xenografts were initiated in dorsal window chambers and subjected to repeated intravital microscopy. The entire tumor vasculature as well as the normal tissue surrounding the tumor was imaged simultaneously with high spatial and temporal resolution. Vascular morphology images were recorded by using transillumination, and vascular masks were produced to quantify vessel density, vessel diameter, vessel segment length, and vessel tortuosity. First-pass imaging movies were recorded after an intervenous injection of a fluorescent marker and were used to investigate vascular function. Lymphatics were visualized by intradermal injections of a fluorescent marker. Results The intravital microscopy assay was used to study tumor growth and vascularization, tumor vessel morphology and function, tumor-associated lymphatics, and vascular effects of acute cyclic hypoxia and antiangiogenic treatment. The assay was sensitive to tumor-line differences in vascular morphology and function and detected tumor-induced lymphatic dilation. Acute cyclic hypoxia induced angiogenesis and increased the density of small diameter vessels and blood supply times, whereas antiangiogenic treatment selectively removed small-diameter vessels, reduced blood supply times, and induced hypoxia. Moreover, the window chamber was compatible with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and parametric images derived by dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI were shown to reflect vascular morphology and function. Conclusions The presented assay represents a useful and affordable alternative to intravital microscopy assays using confocal and multi-photon microscopes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00259-021-05243-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon-Vidar Gaustad
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Box 4953 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Trude G Simonsen
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Box 4953 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lise Mari K Hansem
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Box 4953 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Einar K Rofstad
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Box 4953 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
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Tong F, Xiong CJ, Wei CH, Wang Y, Liang ZW, Lu H, Pan HJ, Dong JH, Zheng XF, Wu G, Dong XR. Hypo-fractionation radiotherapy normalizes tumor vasculature in non-small cell lung cancer xenografts through the p-STAT3/HIF-1 alpha signaling pathway. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2020; 12:1758835920965853. [PMID: 33193827 PMCID: PMC7605032 DOI: 10.1177/1758835920965853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hypo-fractionation radiotherapy (HFRT) was considered to be an important treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but the radiobiological effects of HFRT on NSCLC remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate specific biological effect of HFRT on tumor angiogenesis, compared with conventional radiotherapy (CRT). Methods: The subcutaneous xenograft models and the dorsal skinfold window chamber (DSWC) models of nude mice bearing H460 and HCC827 NSCLC cells were irradiated with doses of 0 Gy (sham group), 22 Gy delivered into 11 fractions (CRT group) or 12 Gy delivered into 1 fraction (HFRT group). At certain time-points after irradiation, the volumes, hypoxic area, coverage rate of pericyte and micro-vessel density (MVD) of the subcutaneous xenograft models were detected, and the tumor vasculature was visualized in the DSMC model. The expressions of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription (p-STAT3), hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α (HIF-1α), CXCL12 and VEGFA were detected. Results: Compared with the CRT groups, HFRT showed more-efficient tumor growth-suppression, accompanied by a HFRT-induced window-period, during which vasculature was normalized, tumor hypoxia was improved and MVD was decreased. Moreover, during the window-period, the signal levels of p-STAT3/HIF-1α pathway and the expressions of its downstream angiogenic factors (VEGFA and CXCL12) were inhibited by HFRT. Conclusion: Compared with CRT, HFRT induced tumor vasculature normalization by rendering the remaining vessels less tortuous and increasing pericyte coverage of tumor blood vessels, thereby ameliorating tumor hypoxia and enhancing the tumor-killing effect. Moreover, HFRT might exert the aforementioned effects through p-STAT3/HIF-1α signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Tong
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chun-Jin Xiong
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chun-Hua Wei
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ye Wang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Wen Liang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Lu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui-Jiao Pan
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ji-Hua Dong
- Experimental Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xue-Feng Zheng
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Rong Dong
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
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Rouffiac V, Ser‐Le Roux K, Salomé-Desnoulez S, Leguerney I, Ginefri JC, Sébrié C, Jourdain L, Lécluse Y, Laplace-Builhé C. Multimodal imaging for tumour characterization from micro- to macroscopic level using a newly developed dorsal chamber designed for long-term follow-up. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e201900217. [PMID: 31593616 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201900217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Optical imaging of living animals is a unique method of studying the dynamics of physiological and pathological processes at a subcellular level. One-shot acquisitions at high resolution can be achieved on exteriorized organs before animal euthanasia. For longitudinal follow-up, intravital imaging can be used and involves imaging windows implanted in cranial, thoracic or dorsal regions. Several imaging window models exist, but none have proven to be applicable for long-term monitoring and most biological processes take place over several weeks. Moreover, none are compatible with multiple imaging modalities, meaning that different biological parameters cannot be assessed in an individual animal. We developed a new dorsal chamber that was well tolerated by mice (over several months) and allowed individual and collective cell tracking and behaviour analysis by optical imaging, ultrasound and magnetic resonance tomography. This new model broadens potential applications to areas requiring study of long-term biological processes, as in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Rouffiac
- Gustave Roussy, Plate-forme Imagerie et Cytométrie, UMS 23/3655, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, F-94805, France
| | - Karine Ser‐Le Roux
- Gustave Roussy, Plate-forme d'évaluation préclinique, UMS 23/3655, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, F-94805, France
| | - Sophie Salomé-Desnoulez
- Gustave Roussy, Plate-forme Imagerie et Cytométrie, UMS 23/3655, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, F-94805, France
| | - Ingrid Leguerney
- Univ Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8081-IR4M, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, F-91401, France
| | | | - Catherine Sébrié
- Univ Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8081-IR4M, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, F-91401, France
| | - Laurène Jourdain
- Univ Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8081-IR4M, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, F-91401, France
| | - Yann Lécluse
- Gustave Roussy, Plate-forme Imagerie et Cytométrie, UMS 23/3655, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, F-94805, France
| | - Corinne Laplace-Builhé
- Gustave Roussy, Plate-forme Imagerie et Cytométrie, UMS 23/3655, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, F-94805, France
- Univ Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8081-IR4M, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, F-91401, France
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Gaustad JV, Simonsen TG, Wegner CS, Rofstad EK. Vascularization, Oxygenation, and the Effect of Sunitinib Treatment in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Xenografts. Front Oncol 2019; 9:845. [PMID: 31555596 PMCID: PMC6727195 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to investigate vascularization, oxygenation, and the effect of sunitinib treatment in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). BxPC-3 and Capan-2 xenografts grown in dorsal window chambers were used as preclinical models of human PDAC. Tumor angiogenesis and the morphology and function of tumor vascular networks were studied by intravital microscopy, and tumor hypoxia was assessed by immunohistochemistry. The PDAC models differed in vessel distribution and oxygenation, and the differences were induced by the initial tumor angiogenesis. In both models, sunitinib treatment reduced intratumor and peritumor vessel densities by selectively removing small-diameter vessels. Sunitinb treatment resulted in a general decrease in vessel density and scattered hypoxia in BxPC-3 tumors, and depleted most vessels and induced massive hypoxia in central parts of Capan-2 tumors. The study demonstrates that PDAC xenografts can differ in vascularization, and the differences can impact oxygenation and effects of treatment. Neoadjuvant sunitinib treatment is inappropriate in combination with conventional therapy for human PDACs resembling the PDAC xenografts used here, because sunitinib-induced hypoxia can impair the effect of most conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon-Vidar Gaustad
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trude G Simonsen
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Catherine S Wegner
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Einar K Rofstad
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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De Niz M, Meehan GR, Brancucci NM, Marti M, Rotureau B, Figueiredo LM, Frischknecht F. Intravital imaging of host-parasite interactions in skin and adipose tissues. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13023. [PMID: 30825872 PMCID: PMC6590052 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Intravital microscopy allows the visualisation of how pathogens interact with host cells and tissues in living animals in real time. This method has enabled key advances in our understanding of host-parasite interactions under physiological conditions. A combination of genetics, microscopy techniques, and image analysis have recently facilitated the understanding of biological phenomena in living animals at cellular and subcellular resolution. In this review, we summarise findings achieved by intravital microscopy of the skin and adipose tissues upon infection with various parasites, and we present a view into possible future applications of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana De Niz
- Institute of Cell Biology, Heussler GroupUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative ParasitologyUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Gavin R. Meehan
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative ParasitologyUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Nicolas M.B. Brancucci
- Malaria Gene Regulation Unit, Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection BiologySwiss Tropical and Public Health InstituteBaselSwitzerland
- University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Matthias Marti
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative ParasitologyUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Brice Rotureau
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, INSERM U1201Institut PasteurParisFrance
| | - Luisa M. Figueiredo
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo AntunesUniversidade de LisboaLisbonPortugal
| | - Friedrich Frischknecht
- Integrative Parasitology, Centre for Infectious DiseasesUniversity of Heidelberg Medical SchoolHeidelbergGermany
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Kannan P, Kretzschmar WW, Winter H, Warren D, Bates R, Allen PD, Syed N, Irving B, Papiez BW, Kaeppler J, Markelc B, Kinchesh P, Gilchrist S, Smart S, Schnabel JA, Maughan T, Harris AL, Muschel RJ, Partridge M, Sharma RA, Kersemans V. Functional Parameters Derived from Magnetic Resonance Imaging Reflect Vascular Morphology in Preclinical Tumors and in Human Liver Metastases. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:4694-4704. [PMID: 29959141 PMCID: PMC6171743 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Tumor vessels influence the growth and response of tumors to therapy. Imaging vascular changes in vivo using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) has shown potential to guide clinical decision making for treatment. However, quantitative MR imaging biomarkers of vascular function have not been widely adopted, partly because their relationship to structural changes in vessels remains unclear. We aimed to elucidate the relationships between vessel function and morphology in vivo Experimental Design: Untreated preclinical tumors with different levels of vascularization were imaged sequentially using DCE-MRI and CT. Relationships between functional parameters from MR (iAUC, K trans, and BATfrac) and structural parameters from CT (vessel volume, radius, and tortuosity) were assessed using linear models. Tumors treated with anti-VEGFR2 antibody were then imaged to determine whether antiangiogenic therapy altered these relationships. Finally, functional-structural relationships were measured in 10 patients with liver metastases from colorectal cancer.Results: Functional parameters iAUC and K trans primarily reflected vessel volume in untreated preclinical tumors. The relationships varied spatially and with tumor vascularity, and were altered by antiangiogenic treatment. In human liver metastases, all three structural parameters were linearly correlated with iAUC and K trans For iAUC, structural parameters also modified each other's effect.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that MR imaging biomarkers of vascular function are linked to structural changes in tumor vessels and that antiangiogenic therapy can affect this link. Our work also demonstrates the feasibility of three-dimensional functional-structural validation of MR biomarkers in vivo to improve their biological interpretation and clinical utility. Clin Cancer Res; 24(19); 4694-704. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavitra Kannan
- CRUK and MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Warren W Kretzschmar
- School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Gene Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helen Winter
- CRUK and MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Warren
- CRUK and MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Russell Bates
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philip D Allen
- CRUK and MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nigar Syed
- CRUK and MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NHS, Department of Radiology, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Irving
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Bartlomiej W Papiez
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jakob Kaeppler
- CRUK and MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Bosjtan Markelc
- CRUK and MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Kinchesh
- CRUK and MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Gilchrist
- CRUK and MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sean Smart
- CRUK and MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Julia A Schnabel
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Maughan
- CRUK and MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian L Harris
- CRUK and MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth J Muschel
- CRUK and MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Partridge
- CRUK and MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ricky A Sharma
- CRUK and MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Veerle Kersemans
- CRUK and MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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14
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Gaustad JV, Simonsen TG, Andersen LMK, Rofstad EK. Properdistatin inhibits angiogenesis and improves vascular function in human melanoma xenografts with low thrombospondin-1 expression. Oncotarget 2018; 7:76806-76815. [PMID: 27756886 PMCID: PMC5363551 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the effect of properdistatin, a novel peptide derived from the thrombospondin 1 (TSP-1) domain of properdin, was investigated in three melanoma xenograft models with different TSP-1 expression. The tumors were grown in dorsal window chambers and were treated with 80 mg/kg/day properdistatin or vehicle. Morphological parameters of the tumor vasculature were assessed from high resolution transillumination images. Blood supply time (i.e., the time required for arterial blood to flow from a supplying artery to downstream microvessels) and plasma velocities were assessed from first-pass imaging movies recorded after a bolus of fluorescence-labeled dextran had been administered intravenously. Gene and protein expression of TSP-1 were assessed with quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Properdistatin treatment inhibited angiogenesis in low TSP-1 expressing tumors but did not alter the vasculature in high TSP-1 expressing tumors. In low TSP-1 expressing tumors, properdistatin selectively removed small-diameter capillaries, but did not change the morphology of tumor arterioles or tumor venules. Properdistatin also reduced blood supply times and increased plasma velocities, implying that the treatment reduced the geometric resistance to blood flow and improved vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon-Vidar Gaustad
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trude G Simonsen
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lise Mari K Andersen
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Einar K Rofstad
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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15
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Gaustad JV, Simonsen TG, Andersen LMK, Rofstad EK. Vascular abnormalities and development of hypoxia in microscopic melanoma xenografts. J Transl Med 2017; 15:241. [PMID: 29183378 PMCID: PMC5706333 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1347-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Studies investigating the oxygenation status and the development of hypoxia in microscopic tumors are sparse. The purpose of this study was to measure the extent of hypoxia in microscopic melanoma xenografts and to search for possible mechanisms leading to the development of hypoxia in these tumors. Methods A-07, D-12, R-18, and U-25 human melanoma xenografts grown in dorsal window chambers or as flank tumors were used as preclinical tumor models. Morphologic and functional parameters of vascular networks were assessed with intravital microscopy, and the expression of angiogenesis-related genes was assessed with quantitative PCR. Microvessels, pericytes, and the extent of hypoxia were assessed by immunohistochemistry in microscopic tumors by using CD31, αSMA, and pimonidazole as markers, and the extent of radiobiological hypoxia was assessed in macroscopic flank tumors. Results Macroscopic R-18 and U-25 tumors showed extensive hypoxia, whereas macroscopic A-07 and D-12 tumors were less hypoxic. R-18 and U-25 tumors developed hypoxic regions before they reached a size of 2–3 mm in diameter, whereas A-07 and D-12 tumors of similar size did not show hypoxic regions. The development of hypoxic regions was not caused by low vessel density, but was rather a result of inadequate vascular function. Inadequate vascular function was not caused by low vessel diameters or long vessel segments, but was associated with poor vascular pericyte coverage. Poor pericyte coverage was associated with the expression of eight angiogenesis-related genes. Conclusions Two of the four investigated melanoma models developed hypoxic regions in microscopic tumors, and the development of hypoxia was associated with poor vascular pericyte coverage and inadequate vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon-Vidar Gaustad
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0310, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Trude G Simonsen
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0310, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lise Mari K Andersen
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0310, Oslo, Norway
| | - Einar K Rofstad
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0310, Oslo, Norway
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16
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Identification of the S100 fused-type protein hornerin as a regulator of tumor vascularity. Nat Commun 2017; 8:552. [PMID: 28916756 PMCID: PMC5601918 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00488-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustained angiogenesis is essential for the development of solid tumors and metastatic disease. Disruption of signaling pathways that govern tumor vascularity provide a potential avenue to thwart cancer progression. Through phage display-based functional proteomics, immunohistochemical analysis of human pancreatic ductal carcinoma (PDAC) specimens, and in vitro validation, we reveal that hornerin, an S100 fused-type protein, is highly expressed on pancreatic tumor endothelium in a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-independent manner. Murine-specific hornerin knockdown in PDAC xenografts results in tumor vessels with decreased radii and tortuosity. Hornerin knockdown tumors have significantly reduced leakiness, increased oxygenation, and greater apoptosis. Additionally, these tumors show a significant reduction in growth, a response that is further heightened when therapeutic inhibition of VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) is utilized in combination with hornerin knockdown. These results indicate that hornerin is highly expressed in pancreatic tumor endothelium and alters tumor vessel parameters through a VEGF-independent mechanism.Angiogenesis is essential for solid tumor progression. Here, the authors interrogate the proteome of pancreatic cancer endothelium via phage display and identify hornerin as a critical protein whose expression is essential to maintain the pancreatic cancer vasculature through a VEGF-independent mechanism.
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17
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Gaustad JV, Simonsen TG, Andersen LMK, Rofstad EK. Antiangiogenic agents targeting different angiogenic pathways have opposite effects on tumor hypoxia in R-18 human melanoma xenografts. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:411. [PMID: 28606060 PMCID: PMC5469039 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3404-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies comparing the effect of antiangiogenic agents targeting different angiogenic pathways are sparse. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of properdistatin and sunitinib treatment in a preclinical model of malignant melanoma. Properdistatin is a small peptide derived from the thrombospondin-1 domain of the plasma protein properdin, and sunitinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting several receptors including the vascular endothelial growth factor receptors. Methods R-18 human melanoma xenografts growing in dorsal window chambers were treated with properdistatin, sunitinib, or vehicle. Parameters describing the morphology of tumor vasculature were assessed from high-resolution transillumination images, and BST (blood supply time; the time needed for arterial blood to flow from the main supplying artery to downstream microvessels) was assessed from first-pass imaging movies recorded after a bolus of fluorescence-labeled dextran had been administered intravenously. Tumor hypoxia was assessed from immunohistochemical preparations of the imaged tissue by using pimonidazole as a hypoxia marker. Results Properdistatin treatment selectively removed small-diameter vessels and reduced BST, whereas sunitinib treatment reduced the density of small- and large-diameter vessel similarly and did not change BST. These observations imply that properdistatin treatment reduced geometric resistance to blood flow and improved vascular function, whereas sunitinib treatment did not affect vascular function. Accordingly, sunitinib-treated tumors showed higher hypoxic fractions than properdistatin-treated tumors. Conclusions Properdistatin and sunitinib both inhibited angiogenesis, but had distinctly different effects on vascular morphology, vascular function, and extent of hypoxia in R-18 human melanoma xenografts. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-017-3404-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon-Vidar Gaustad
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Trude G Simonsen
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lise Mari K Andersen
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Einar K Rofstad
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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18
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Gaustad JV, Simonsen TG, Andersen LMK, Rofstad EK. The Effect of Sunitinib Treatment in Human Melanoma Xenografts: Associations with Angiogenic Profiles. Transl Oncol 2017; 10:158-167. [PMID: 28167241 PMCID: PMC5293738 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of antiangiogenic agents targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) pathway has been reported to vary substantially in preclinical studies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of sunitinib treatment on tumor vasculature and oxygenation in melanoma xenografts with different angiogenic profiles. A-07, U-25, D-12, or R-18 melanoma xenografts were grown in dorsal window chambers and given daily treatments of sunitinib (40 mg/kg) or vehicle. Morphologic parameters of tumor vascular networks were assessed from high-resolution transillumination images, and tumor blood supply times (BSTs) were assessed from first-pass imaging movies. Tumor hypoxia was assessed with immunohistochemistry by using pimonidazole as hypoxia marker, and the gene expression and the protein secretion rate of angiogenic factors were assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. The melanoma lines differed substantially in the expression of VEGF-A, VEGF-C, and platelet-derived growth factor A. Sunitinib treatment reduced vessel densities and induced hypoxia in all melanoma lines, and the magnitude of the effect was associated with the gene expression and protein secretion rate of VEGF-A. Sunitinib treatment also increased vessel segment lengths, reduced the number of small-diameter vessels, and inhibited growth-induced increases in the diameter of surviving vessels but did not change BST. In conclusion, sunitinib treatment did not improve vascular function but reduced vessel density and induced hypoxia in human melanoma xenografts. The magnitude of the treatment-induced effect was associated with the VEGF-A expression of the melanoma lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon-Vidar Gaustad
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Trude G Simonsen
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lise Mari K Andersen
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Einar K Rofstad
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Cai S, Zhang T, Forrest WC, Yang Q, Groer C, Mohr E, Aires DJ, Axiak-Bechtel SM, Flesner BK, Henry CJ, Selting KA, Tate D, Swarz JA, Bryan JN, Forrest ML. Phase I-II clinical trial of hyaluronan-cisplatin nanoconjugate in dogs with naturally occurring malignant tumors. Am J Vet Res 2017; 77:1005-16. [PMID: 27580113 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.9.1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To conduct a phase I-II clinical trial of hyaluronan-cisplatin nanoconjugate (HA-Pt) in dogs with naturally occurring malignant tumors. ANIMALS 18 healthy rats, 9 healthy mice, and 16 dogs with cancer. PROCEDURES HA-Pt was prepared and tested by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; DNA-platinum adduct formation and antiproliferation effects of cisplatin and HA-Pt were compared in vitro. Effects of cisplatin (IV) and HA-Pt (SC) in rodents were tested by clinicopathologic assays. In the clinical trial, dogs with cancer received 1 to 4 injections of HA-Pt (10 to 30 mg/m(2), intratumoral or peritumoral, q 3 wk). Blood samples were collected for pharmacokinetic analysis; CBC, serum BUN and creatinine concentration measurement, and urinalysis were conducted before and 1 week after each treatment. Some dogs underwent hepatic enzyme testing. Tumors were measured before the first treatment and 3 weeks after each treatment to assess response. RESULTS No adverse drug effects were detected in pretrial assessments in rodents. Seven of 16 dogs completed the study; 3 had complete tumor responses, 3 had stable disease, and 1 had progressive disease. Three of 7 dogs with oral and nasal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) that completed the study had complete responses. Myelosuppression and cardiotoxicosis were identified in 6 and 2 dogs, respectively; none had nephrotoxicosis. Four of 5 dogs with hepatic enzymes assessed had increased ALT activities, attributed to diaquated cisplatin products in the HA-Pt. Pharmacokinetic data fit a 3-compartment model. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE HA-Pt treatment resulted in positive tumor responses in some dogs, primarily those with SCC. The adverse effect rate was high. IMPACT FOR HUMAN MEDICINE Oral SCC in dogs has characteristics similar to human head and neck SCC; these results could be useful in developing human treatments.
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Kim E, Kim J, Maelandsmo GM, Johansen B, Moestue SA. Anti-angiogenic therapy affects the relationship between tumor vascular structure and function: A correlation study between micro-computed tomography angiography and dynamic contrast enhanced MRI. Magn Reson Med 2016; 78:1513-1522. [PMID: 27888545 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the effects of two anti-angiogenic drugs, bevacizumab and a cytosolic phospholipase A2-α inhibitor (AVX235), on the relationship between vascular structure and dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE)-MRI measurements in a patient-derived breast cancer xenograft model. METHODS Mice bearing MAS98.12 tumors were randomized into three groups: bevacizumab-treated (n = 9), AVX235-treated (n = 9), and control (n = 8). DCE-MRI was performed pre- and post-treatment. Median initial area under the concentration-time curve (IAUC60 ) and volume transfer constant (Ktrans ) were computed for each tumor. Tumors were excised for ex vivo micro-CT (computed tomography) angiography, from which the vascular surface area (VSA) and fractional blood volume (FBV) were computed. Spearman correlation coefficients (ρ) were computed to evaluate the associations between the DCE-MRI and micro-CT parameters. RESULTS With the groups pooled, IAUC60 and Ktrans correlated significantly with VSA (ρ = 0.475 and 0.527; P = 0.019 and 0.008). There were no significant correlations within the control group. There were various significant correlations within the treatment groups, but the correlations in the bevacizumab group were of opposite sign, for example, Ktrans versus FBV: AVX235, ρ = 0.800 (P = 0.014); bevacizumab, ρ = -0.786 (P = 0.023). CONCLUSION DCE-MRI measurements can highly depend on vascular structure. The relationship between vascular structure and function changed markedly after anti-angiogenic treatment. Magn Reson Med 78:1513-1522, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Kim
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jana Kim
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gunhild Mari Maelandsmo
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Berit Johansen
- Department of Biology, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Siver Andreas Moestue
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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21
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Longitudinal imaging of the ageing mouse. Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 160:93-116. [PMID: 27530773 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Several non-invasive imaging techniques are used to investigate the effect of pathologies and treatments over time in mouse models. Each preclinical in vivo technique provides longitudinal and quantitative measurements of changes in tissues and organs, which are fundamental for the evaluation of alterations in phenotype due to pathologies, interventions and treatments. However, it is still unclear how these imaging modalities can be used to study ageing with mice models. Almost all age related pathologies in mice such as osteoporosis, arthritis, diabetes, cancer, thrombi, dementia, to name a few, can be imaged in vivo by at least one longitudinal imaging modality. These measurements are the basis for quantification of treatment effects in the development phase of a novel treatment prior to its clinical testing. Furthermore, the non-invasive nature of such investigations allows the assessment of different tissue and organ phenotypes in the same animal and over time, providing the opportunity to study the dysfunction of multiple tissues associated with the ageing process. This review paper aims to provide an overview of the applications of the most commonly used in vivo imaging modalities used in mouse studies: micro-computed-tomography, preclinical magnetic-resonance-imaging, preclinical positron-emission-tomography, preclinical single photon emission computed tomography, ultrasound, intravital microscopy, and whole body optical imaging.
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Gaustad JV, Simonsen TG, Smistad R, Wegner CS, Andersen LMK, Rofstad EK. Early effects of low dose bevacizumab treatment assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:900. [PMID: 26573613 PMCID: PMC4647606 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1918-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antiangiogenic treatments have been shown to increase blood perfusion and oxygenation in some experimental tumors, and to reduce blood perfusion and induce hypoxia in others. The purpose of this preclinical study was to investigate the potential of dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) and diffusion weighted MRI (DW-MRI) in assessing early effects of low dose bevacizumab treatment, and to investigate intratumor heterogeneity in this effect. Methods A-07 and R-18 human melanoma xenografts, showing high and low expression of VEGF-A, respectively, were used as tumor models. Untreated and bevacizumab-treated tumors were subjected to DCE-MRI and DW-MRI before treatment, and twice during a 7-days treatment period. Tumor images of Ktrans (the volume transfer constant of Gd-DOTA) and ve (the fractional distribution volume of Gd-DOTA) were produced by pharmacokinetic analysis of the DCE-MRI data, and tumor images of ADC (the apparent diffusion coefficient) were produced from DW-MRI data. Results Untreated A-07 tumors showed higher Ktrans, ve, and ADC values than untreated R-18 tumors. Untreated tumors showed radial heterogeneity in Ktrans, i.e., Ktrans was low in central tumor regions and increased gradually towards the tumor periphery. After the treatment, bevacizumab-treated A-07 tumors showed lower Ktrans values than untreated A-07 tumors. Peripherial tumor regions showed substantial reductions in Ktrans, whereas little or no effect was seen in central regions. Consequently, the treatment altered the radial heterogeneity in Ktrans. In R-18 tumors, significant changes in Ktrans were not observed. Treatment induced changes in tumor size, ve, and ADC were not seen in any of the tumor lines. Conclusions Early effects of low dose bevacizumab treatment may be highly heterogeneous within tumors and can be detected with DCE-MRI. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1918-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon-Vidar Gaustad
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Trude G Simonsen
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ragnhild Smistad
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Catherine S Wegner
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Lise Mari K Andersen
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Einar K Rofstad
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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MRI kinetics with volumetric analysis in correlation with hormonal receptor subtypes and histologic grade of invasive breast cancers. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2015; 204:W348-56. [PMID: 25714321 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.13.11486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE. The aim of this study was to assess whether computer-assisted detection-processed MRI kinetics data can provide further information on the biologic aggressiveness of breast tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS. We identified 194 newly diagnosed invasive breast cancers presenting as masses on contrast-enhanced MRI by a HIPAA-compliant pathology database search. Computer-assisted detection-derived data for the mean and median peak signal intensity percentage increase, most suspicious kinetic curve patterns, and volumetric analysis of the different kinetic patterns by mean percentage tumor volume were compared against the different hormonal receptor (estrogen-receptor [ER], progesterone-receptor [PR], ERRB2 (HER2/neu), and triple-receptor expressivity) and histologic grade subgroups, which were used as indicators of tumor aggressiveness. RESULTS. The means and medians of the peak signal intensity percentage increase were higher in ER-negative, PR-negative, and triple-negative (all p ≤ 0.001), and grade 3 tumors (p = 0.011). Volumetric analysis showed higher mean percentage volume of rapid initial enhancement in biologically more aggressive ER-negative, PR-negative, and triple-negative tumors compared with ER-positive (64% vs 53.6%, p = 0.013), PR-positive (65.4% vs 52.5%, p = 0.001), and nontriple-negative tumors (65.3% vs 54.6%, p = 0.028), respectively. A higher mean percentage volume of rapid washout component was seen in ERRB2-positive tumors compared with ERRB2-negative tumors (27.5% vs 17.9%, p = 0.020). CONCLUSION. Peak signal intensity percentage increase and volume analysis of the different kinetic patterns of breast tumors showed correlation with hormonal receptor and histologic grade indicators of cancer aggressiveness. Computer-assisted detection-derived MRI kinetics data have the potential to further characterize the aggressiveness of an invasive cancer.
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Multi-modality imaging of a murine mammary window chamber for breast cancer research. Biotechniques 2014; 57:45-50. [PMID: 25005693 DOI: 10.2144/000114191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Window chamber models have been developed and utilized as a means to study the complex microenvironment in which cancers develop, proliferate, and metastasize in small animals. Here we utilize rapid prototyping printer technology to construct a new plastic orthotopic mammary window chamber that is compatible with magnetic resonance imaging, nuclear imaging, and optical imaging. Optical imaging allows for high-resolution cellular and molecular level analysis of tissues; magnetic resonance imaging provides quantitative measures of tumor size, perfusion, diffusion, fat/water content relaxation parameters; and a nuclear imaging technique, called the Beta Imager, supports functional and metabolic imaging. Our demonstration of the multiple imaging capabilities of this model suggests that it can be used as a powerful platform for studying basic cancer biology and developing new cancer therapies.
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Lee JA, Biel NM, Kozikowski RT, Siemann DW, Sorg BS. In vivo spectral and fluorescence microscopy comparison of microvascular function after treatment with OXi4503, Sunitinib and their combination in Caki-2 tumors. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:1965-79. [PMID: 24940553 PMCID: PMC4052922 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.001965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Vascular targeting agents on their own have been shown to be insufficient for complete treatment of solid tumors, emphasizing the importance of studying the vascular effects of these drugs for their use with conventional therapies in the clinic. First-pass fluorescence imaging combined with hyperspectral imaging of hemoglobin saturation of microvessels in the murine dorsal window chamber model provides an easily implementable, low cost method to analyze tumor vascular response to these agents in real-time. In this study, the authors utilized these methods to spectroscopically demonstrate distinct vessel structure, blood flow and oxygenation changes in human Caki-2 renal cell carcinoma following treatment with OXi4503 alone, Sunitinib alone and both drugs together. We showed that treatment with OXi4503 plus Sunitinib destroyed existing tumor microvessels, inhibited blood vessel recovery and impaired Caki-2 tumor growth significantly more than either treatment alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Lee
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Biomedical Sciences Building, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Nikolett M. Biel
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Cancer and Genetics Research Complex, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | | | - Dietmar W. Siemann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Brian S. Sorg
- Cancer Diagnosis Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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Thrombospondin-1 domain-containing peptide properdistatin improves vascular function in human melanoma xenografts. Microvasc Res 2014; 98:159-65. [PMID: 24555949 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Properdistatin is a novel peptide derived from the thrombospondin-1 domain of the plasma protein properdin. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of properdistatin treatment on the morphology and function of tumor vasculature. A-07 human melanoma xenografts grown in dorsal window chambers were used as preclinical model. Tumors were treated with 80 mg/kg/day properdistatin or vehicle for 4 days. Morphologic parameters of tumor vascular networks were assessed from high-resolution transillumination images, and tumor blood supply time and plasma velocities were assessed from first-pass imaging movies recorded after a bolus of 155 kDa tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate-labeled dextran had been administered intravenously. Properdistatin-treated tumors showed reduced density of small-diameter vessels, reduced blood supply time, and increased plasma velocities. In conclusion, properdistatin treatment inhibited angiogenesis and improved vascular function in A-07 tumors.
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Gaustad JV, Pozdniakova V, Hompland T, Simonsen TG, Rofstad EK. Magnetic resonance imaging identifies early effects of sunitinib treatment in human melanoma xenografts. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2013; 32:93. [PMID: 24245934 PMCID: PMC4176286 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-32-93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antiangiogenic treatment may change the tumor microenvironment and hence influence the effect of conventional therapies. The potential of diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) and dynamic contrast enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) in assessing microenvironmental effects of sunitinib treatment was investigated in this preclinical study. METHODS Sunitinib-treated and untreated A-07 tumors were subjected to DW-MRI and DCE-MRI, and parametric images of ADC and Ktrans were produced. Microvascular density, hypoxic fraction, and necrotic fraction were assessed from immunohistochemical preparations, and tumor interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) was assessed with probe measurement. RESULTS Sunitinib-treated tumors showed reduced microvascular density, increased hypoxic fraction, increased necrotic fraction, increased ADC, and reduced Ktrans, but did not differ from untreated tumors in growth rate and IFP. CONCLUSIONS Sunitinib treatment affected the tumor microenvironment without affecting tumor size. DW-MRI and DCE-MRI were sensitive to the sunitinib-induced changes in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon-Vidar Gaustad
- Department of Radiation Biology, Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo N-0310, Norway.
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Gaustad JV, Simonsen TG, Roa AMA, Rofstad EK. Tumors exposed to acute cyclic hypoxia show increased vessel density and delayed blood supply. Microvasc Res 2013; 85:10-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Hundt W, Schink C, Steinbach S, O'Connell-Rodwell CE, Mayer D, Burbelko M, Kießling A, Guccione S. Use of in vivo bioluminescence and MRI to determine hyperthermia-induced changes in luciferase activity under the control of an hsp70 promoter. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2012; 25:1378-1391. [PMID: 22566294 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.2811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the in vivo effect of hyperthermia on the expression of heat shock proteins and MRI changes in three tumor cell lines. Three tumor cell lines (SCCVII, NIH3T3, M21) were transfected with a plasmid containing the heat shock protein 70 gene (hsp70) promoter fragment and the luciferase reporter gene, and injected into mice. Tumors of 1100 mm³ in size were exposed to five different temperatures (38, 40, 42, 44 and 46 °C) in a water bath. Bioluminescence and MRI were performed at set time intervals. The MRI scan protocol was as follows: T₁-weighted spin echo ± contrast medium, T₂-weighted fast spin echo, dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI, diffusion-weighted stimulated echo acquisition mode sequence, T₂ time obtained on a 1.5T General Electric MRI scanner. Immunoblotting was also performed. hsp70 transcription was strongly induced at 42 and 44 °C, reaching values as high as 8531.5 ± 432.1-fold above baseline in NIH3T3 tumors. At these temperatures, significant increases in the uptake of contrast medium, slope of initial enhancement, Ak(ep) values and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) were observed in the 8-h scan of the NIH3T3 cell line. In SCCVII tumors, ADC increased by about 23% (p = 0.010) in the scans performed at 8, 24, 48 and 96 h. At 46 °C, luciferase activity was reduced significantly in the three cell lines. In all tumor types, a significant increase in ADC was observed, which was highest in SCCVII tumors (33.8%; p < 0.01). In accordance with the bioluminescence results, significant Hsp70 protein production was shown by immunoblot analysis. The best correlation coefficient between luciferase activity and immunoblotting results was found for M21 tumors (r = 0.93, p < 0.0001). Different tissue types display distinct patterns of hsp70 transcription. MRI can be used, in combination with optical imaging, to provide information on hsp70 transcription and protein production. The major finding of the present study was that heat-related biochemical changes in tumor tissue can be determined by MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Hundt
- Department of Radiology, Lucas MRS Research Center, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Simonsen TG, Gaustad JV, Leinaas MN, Rofstad EK. Tumor-line specific causes of intertumor heterogeneity in blood supply in human melanoma xenografts. Microvasc Res 2012; 85:16-23. [PMID: 23149341 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of most cancer treatments is strongly influenced by the tumor blood supply. The results of experimental studies using xenografted tumors to evaluate novel cancer treatments may therefore vary considerably depending on the blood supply of the specific tumor model being used. Mechanisms underlying intertumor heterogeneity in the blood supply of xenografted tumors derived from same tumor line are poorly understood, and were investigated here by using intravital microscopy to assess tumor blood supply and vascular morphology in human melanomas growing in dorsal window chambers in BALB/c nu/nu mice. Two melanoma lines, A-07 and R-18, were included in the study. These lines differed substantially in angiogenic profiles. Thus, when the expression of 84 angiogenesis-related genes was investigated with a quantitative PCR array, 25% of these genes showed more than a 10-fold difference in expression. Furthermore, A-07 tumors showed higher vascular density, higher vessel tortuosity, higher vessel diameters, shorter vessel segments, and more chaotic vascular architecture than R-18 tumors. Both lines showed large intertumor heterogeneity in blood supply. In the A-07 line, tumors with low microvascular density, long vessel segment, and high vessel tortuosity showed poor blood supply, whereas in the R-18 line, poor tumor blood supply was associated with low tumor arteriolar diameters. Thus, tumor-line specific causes of intertumor heterogeneity in blood supply were identified in human melanoma xenografts, and these tumor-line specific mechanisms were possibly a result of tumor-line specific angiogenic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trude G Simonsen
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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Abstract
This article presents an overview of advanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging techniques using contrast media in neuroimaging, focusing on T2*-weighted dynamic susceptibility contrast MR imaging and T1-weighted dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging. Image acquisition and data processing methods and their clinical application in brain tumors, stroke, dementia, and multiple sclerosis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe Ferré
- Department of Radiology, Keck Medical Center of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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Simonsen TG, Gaustad JV, Leinaas MN, Rofstad EK. Vascular abnormalities associated with acute hypoxia in human melanoma xenografts. Radiother Oncol 2012; 105:72-8. [PMID: 23022175 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2012.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The fraction of hypoxic cells has been shown to differ substantially among human tumors of the same histological type. In this study, a window chamber model was used to identify possible mechanisms leading to the development of highly different hypoxic fractions in A-07 and R-18 human melanoma xenografts. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chronic and acute hypoxia was assessed in intradermal tumors using an immunohistochemical and a radiobiological assay. Functional and morphological parameters of the vascular networks of tumors growing in dorsal window chambers were assessed with intravital microscopy. RESULTS R-18 tumors showed significantly higher hypoxic fractions than A-07 tumors, and the difference was mostly due to acute hypoxia. Compared to A-07 tumors, R-18 tumors showed low vascular densities, low vessel diameters, long vessel segments, low blood flow velocities, frequent fluctuations in blood flow, and a high fraction of narrow vessels with absent or very low and varying flux of red blood cells. CONCLUSION The high fraction of acute hypoxia in R-18 tumors was a consequence of frequent fluctuations in blood flow and red blood cell flux combined with low vascular density. The fluctuations were most likely caused by high geometric resistance to blood flow in the tumor microvasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trude G Simonsen
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.
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Gaustad JV, Simonsen TG, Leinaas MN, Rofstad EK. Sunitinib treatment does not improve blood supply but induces hypoxia in human melanoma xenografts. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:388. [PMID: 22947392 PMCID: PMC3489843 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antiangiogenic agents that disrupt the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway have been demonstrated to normalize tumor vasculature and improve tumor oxygenation in some studies and to induce hypoxia in others. The aim of this preclinical study was to investigate the effect of sunitinib treatment on the morphology and function of tumor vasculature and on tumor oxygenation. Methods A-07-GFP and R-18-GFP human melanoma xenografts grown in dorsal window chambers were used as preclinical tumor models. Morphologic parameters of tumor vascular networks were assessed from high-resolution transillumination images, and tumor blood supply time was assessed from first-pass imaging movies recorded after a bolus of 155 kDa tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate-labeled dextran had been administered intravenously. Tumor hypoxia was assessed from immunohistochemical preparations of the imaged tissue by use of pimonidazole as a hypoxia marker. Results Sunitinib treatment reduced vessel densities, increased vessel segment lengths, did not affect blood supply times, and increased hypoxic area fractions. Conclusion Sunitinib treatment did not improve vascular function but induced hypoxia in A-07-GFP and R-18-GFP tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon-Vidar Gaustad
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Norway.
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Simonsen TG, Gaustad JV, Leinaas MN, Rofstad EK. High interstitial fluid pressure is associated with tumor-line specific vascular abnormalities in human melanoma xenografts. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40006. [PMID: 22768196 PMCID: PMC3386940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) is highly elevated in many solid tumors. High IFP has been associated with low radiocurability and high metastatic frequency in human melanoma xenografts and with poor survival after radiation therapy in cervical cancer patients. Abnormalities in tumor vascular networks have been identified as an important cause of elevated tumor IFP. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between tumor IFP and the functional and morphological properties of tumor vascular networks. Materials and Methods A-07-GFP and R-18-GFP human melanomas growing in dorsal window chambers in BALB/c nu/nu mice were used as preclinical tumor models. Functional and morphological parameters of the vascular network were assessed from first-pass imaging movies and vascular maps recorded after intravenous bolus injection of 155-kDa tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate-labeled dextran. IFP was measured in the center of the tumors using a Millar catheter. Angiogenic profiles of A-07-GFP and R-18-GFP cells were obtained with a quantitative PCR array. Results High IFP was associated with low growth rate and low vascular density in A-07-GFP tumors, and with high growth rate and high vascular density in R-18-GFP tumors. A-07-GFP tumors showed chaotic and highly disorganized vascular networks, while R-18-GFP tumors showed more organized vascular networks with supplying arterioles in the tumor center and draining venules in the tumor periphery. Furthermore, A-07-GFP and R-18-GFP cells differed substantially in angiogenic profiles. A-07-GFP tumors with high IFP showed high geometric resistance to blood flow due to high vessel tortuosity. R-18-GFP tumors with high IFP showed high geometric resistance to blood flow due to a large number of narrow tumor capillaries. Conclusions High IFP in A-07-GFP and R-18-GFP human melanoma xenografts was primarily a consequence of high blood flow resistance caused by tumor-line specific vascular abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trude G Simonsen
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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Gaustad JV, Simonsen TG, Leinaas MN, Rofstad EK. A novel application of dorsal window chambers: Repetitive imaging of tumor-associated lymphatics. Microvasc Res 2012; 83:360-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Tumor-Endothelial Cell Three-dimensional Spheroids: New Aspects to Enhance Radiation and Drug Therapeutics. Transl Oncol 2011; 4:365-76. [PMID: 22191001 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.11187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Classic cancer research for several decades has focused on understanding the biology of tumor cells in vitro. However, extending these findings to in vivo settings has been impeded owing to limited insights on the impact of microenvironment on tumor cells. We hypothesized that tumor cell biology and treatment response would be more informative when done in the presence of stromal components, like endothelial cells, which exist in the tumor microenvironment. To that end, we have developed a system to grow three-dimensional cultures of GFP-4T1 mouse mammary tumor and 2H11 murine endothelial cells in hanging drops of medium in vitro. The presence of 2H11 endothelial cells in these three-dimensional cocultures was found to sensitize 4T1-GFP tumor cells to chemotherapy (Taxol) and, at the same time, protect cells from ionizing radiation. These spheroidal cultures can also be implanted into the dorsal skinfold window chamber of mice for fluorescence imaging of vascularization and disease progression/treatment response. We observed rapid neovascularization of the tumor-endothelial spheroids in comparison to tumor spheroids grown in nude mice. Molecular analysis revealed pronounced up-regulation of several proangiogenic factors in the tumor tissue derived from the tumor-endothelial spheroids compared with tumor-only spheroids. Furthermore, the rate of tumor growth from tumor-endothelial spheroids in mice was faster than the tumor cell-only spheroids, resulting in greater metastasis to the lung. This three-dimensional coculture model presents an improved way to investigate more pertinent aspects of the therapeutic potential for radiation and/or chemotherapy alone and in combination with antiangiogenic agents.
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Øvrebø KM, Gulliksrud K, Mathiesen B, Rofstad EK. Assessment of tumor radioresponsiveness and metastatic potential by dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011; 81:255-61. [PMID: 21816291 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE It has been suggested that gadolinium diethylene-triamine penta-acetic acid (Gd-DTPA)-based dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) may provide clinically useful biomarkers for personalized cancer treatment. In this preclinical study, we investigated the potential of DCE-MRI as a noninvasive method for assessing the radioresponsiveness and metastatic potential of tumors. METHODS AND MATERIALS R-18 melanoma xenografts growing in BALB/c nu/nu mice were used as experimental tumor models. Fifty tumors were subjected to DCE-MRI, and parametric images of Ktrans (the volume transfer constant of Gd-DTPA) and ve (the fractional distribution volume of Gd-DTPA) were produced by pharmacokinetic analysis of the DCE-MRI series. The tumors were irradiated after the DCE-MRI, either with a single dose of 10 Gy for detection of radiobiological hypoxia (30 tumors) or with five fractions of 4 Gy in 48 h for assessment of radioresponsiveness (20 tumors). The host mice were then euthanized and examined for lymph node metastases, and the primary tumors were resected for measurement of cell survival in vitro. RESULTS Tumors with hypoxic cells showed significantly lower Ktrans values than tumors without significant hypoxia (p<0.0001, n=30), and Ktrans decreased with increasing cell surviving fraction for tumors given fractionated radiation treatment (p<0.0001, n=20). Tumors in metastasis-positive mice had significantly lower Ktrans values than tumors in metastasis-negative mice (p<0.0001, n=50). Significant correlations between ve and tumor hypoxia, radioresponsiveness, or metastatic potential could not be detected. CONCLUSIONS R-18 tumors with low Ktrans values are likely to be resistant to radiation treatment and have a high probability of developing lymph node metastases. The general validity of these observations should be investigated further by studying preclinical tumor models with biological properties different from those of the R-18 tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsti Marie Øvrebø
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Wide-field functional imaging of blood flow and hemoglobin oxygen saturation in the rodent dorsal window chamber. Microvasc Res 2011; 82:199-209. [PMID: 21787792 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The rodent dorsal window chamber is a widely used in vivo model of the microvasculature. The model consists of a 1cm region of exposed microvasculature in the rodent dorsal skin that is immobilized by surgically implanted titanium frames, allowing the skin microvasculature to be visualized. We describe a detailed protocol for surgical implantation of the dorsal window chamber which enables researchers to perform the window chamber implantation surgery. We further describe subsequent wide-field functional imaging of the chamber to obtain hemodynamic information in the form of blood oxygenation and blood flow on a cm size region of interest. Optical imaging techniques, such as intravital microscopy, have been applied extensively to the dorsal window chamber to study microvascular-related disease and conditions. Due to the limited field of view of intravital microscopy, detailed hemodynamic information typically is acquired from small regions of interest, typically on the order of hundreds of μm. The wide-field imaging techniques described herein complement intravital microscopy, allowing researchers to obtain hemodynamic information at both microscopic and macroscopic spatial scales. Compared with intravital microscopy, wide-field functional imaging requires simple instrumentation, is inexpensive, and can give detailed metabolic information over a wide field of view.
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Pauls S, Breining T, Muche R, Schmidt SA, Wunderlich A, Krüger S, Brambs HJ, Feuerlein S. The role of dynamic, contrast-enhanced MRI in differentiating lung tumor subtypes. Clin Imaging 2011; 35:259-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Dinosaurs and ancient civilizations: reflections on the treatment of cancer. Neoplasia 2011; 12:957-68. [PMID: 21170260 DOI: 10.1593/neo.101588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Research efforts in the area of palaeopathology have been seen as an avenue to improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of cancer. Answers to questions of whether dinosaurs had cancer, or if cancer plagued ancient civilizations, have captured the imagination as well as the popular media. Evidence for dinosaurian cancer may indicate that cancer may have been with us from the dawn of time. Ancient recorded history suggests that past civilizations attempted to fight cancer with a variety of interventions. When contemplating the issue why a generalized cure for cancer has not been found, it might prove useful to reflect on the relatively limited time that this issue has been an agenda item of governmental attention as well as continued introduction of an every evolving myriad of manmade carcinogens relative to the total time cancer has been present on planet Earth. This article reflects on the history of cancer and the progress made following the initiation of the "era of cancer chemotherapy."
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41
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Intravital microscopy in window chambers: a unique tool to study tumor angiogenesis and delivery of nanoparticles. Angiogenesis 2010; 13:113-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s10456-010-9176-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Magnetic resonance and fluorescence imaging of doxorubicin-loaded nanoparticles using a novel in vivo model. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2010; 6:797-807. [PMID: 20599526 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report here the in vivo combined-modality imaging of multifunctional drug delivery nanoparticles. These dextran core-based stealth liposomal nanoparticles (nanosomes) contained doxorubicin, iron oxide for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast, and BODIPY for fluorescence. The particles were long-lived in vivo because of surface decoration with polyethylene glycol and the incorporation of acetylated lipids that were ultraviolet cross-linked for physical stability. We developed a rodent dorsal skinfold window chamber that facilitated both MRI and non-invasive optical imaging of nanoparticle accumulation in the same tumors. Chamber tumors were genetically labeled with DsRed-2, which enabled co-localization of the MR images, the red fluorescence of the tumor, and the blue fluorescence of the nanoparticles. The nanoparticle design and MR imaging developed with the window chamber were then extended to orthotopic pancreatic tumors expressing DsRed-2. The tumors were MR-imaged using iron oxide-dextran liposomes and by fluorescence to demonstrate the deep imaging capability of these nanoparticles.
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43
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Reitan NK, Thuen M, Goa PE, de Lange Davies C. Characterization of tumor microvascular structure and permeability: comparison between magnetic resonance imaging and intravital confocal imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2010; 15:036004. [PMID: 20615006 PMCID: PMC2902535 DOI: 10.1117/1.3431095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Revised: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Solid tumors are characterized by abnormal blood vessel organization, structure, and function. These abnormalities give rise to enhanced vascular permeability and may predict therapeutic responses. The permeability and architecture of the microvasculature in human osteosarcoma tumors growing in dorsal window chambers in athymic mice were measured by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI). Dextran (40 kDa) and Gadomer were used as molecular tracers for CLSM and DCE-MRI, respectively. A significant correlation was found between permeability indicators. The extravasation rate K(i) as measured by CLSM correlated positively with DCE-MRI parameters, such as the volume transfer constant K(trans) and the initial slope of the contrast agent concentration-time curve. This demonstrates that these two techniques give complementary information. Extravasation was further related to microvascular structure and was found to correlate with the fractal dimension and vascular density. The structural parameter values that were obtained from CLSM images were higher for abnormal tumor vasculature than for normal vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kristine Reitan
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Physics, Hogskoleringen 5, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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44
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The War on Cancer rages on. Neoplasia 2010; 11:1252-63. [PMID: 20019833 DOI: 10.1593/neo.91866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1971, the "War on Cancer" was launched by the US government to cure cancer by the 200-year anniversary of the founding of the United States of America, 1976. This article briefly looks back at the progress that has been made in cancer research and compares progress made in other areas of human affliction. While progress has indeed been made, the battle continues to rage on.
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Karampinos DC, King KF, Sutton BP, Georgiadis JG. Intravoxel partially coherent motion technique: Characterization of the anisotropy of skeletal muscle microvasculature. J Magn Reson Imaging 2010; 31:942-53. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.22100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Simonsen TG, Gaustad JV, Rofstad EK. Development of hypoxia in a preclinical model of tumor micrometastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010; 76:879-88. [PMID: 20159362 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Revised: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 09/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hypoxic regions have been shown to be a characteristic feature of a wide variety of human primary tumors, whereas the oxygenation status of subclinical micrometastases is in general unknown. The development of hypoxia in a xenograft model of microscopic metastases was investigated in this study. METHODS AND MATERIALS U-25-GFP human melanomas growing in dorsal window chamber preparations in BALB/c nu/nu mice were used as a preclinical model of micrometastases. Tumor blood supply time and morphologic parameters of the vascular network were determined from first-pass imaging movies and vascular maps recorded by use of 155-kDa tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate-labeled dextran as a vascular tracer. Tumor hypoxia was assessed from immunohistochemical preparations of the imaged tissue by use of pimonidazole as a hypoxia marker. RESULTS Nearly half of the tumors had developed hypoxic regions when they reached a diameter of 2 to 3 mm. Tumors with multiple hypoxic foci showed a low growth rate, low blood flow velocity, high vessel tortuosity, high vessel segment length, and high vascular density, whereas tumors with a single hypoxic region showed a high growth rate, high blood flow velocity, low vessel tortuosity, low vessel segment length, and low vascular density. The tumors with hypoxic regions did not differ from those without hypoxia in any single parameter. CONCLUSIONS U-25-GFP xenograft models of vascularized human tumor micrometastases may develop hypoxic regions as a consequence of two distinctly different morphologic abnormalities in the vascular network: high resistance against blood flow (i.e., high vessel tortuosity and high vessel segment length) or low vascular density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trude G Simonsen
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Hughes EL, Gavins FN. Troubleshooting methods: Using intravital microscopy in drug research. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2010; 61:102-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Radiocurability is associated with interstitial fluid pressure in human tumor xenografts. Neoplasia 2010; 11:1243-51. [PMID: 19881960 DOI: 10.1593/neo.91152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Revised: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) has been shown to be an independent prognostic parameter for disease-free survival in cervical carcinoma patients treated with radiation therapy. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. The main aims of this study were to investigate whether tumor radiocurability may be associated with IFP and, if so, to identify possible mechanisms. Human melanoma xenografts transplanted intradermally or in window chamber preparations in BALB/c nu/nu mice were used as preclinical tumor models. Radiation dose resulting in 50% local tumor control was higher by a factor of 1.19 +/- 0.06 in tumors with IFP > or = 9 mm Hg than in tumors with IFP < or = 7 mm Hg. Tumor IFP was positively correlated to vessel segment length and vessel tortuosity and was inversely correlated to vessel density. Compared with tumors with low IFP, tumors with high IFP showed high resistance to blood flow, high frequency of Po(2) fluctuations, and high fractions of acutely hypoxic cells, whereas the fraction of radiobiologically hypoxic cells and the fraction of chronically hypoxic cells did not differ between tumors with high and tumors with low IFP. IFP showed a significant correlation to the fraction of acutely hypoxic cells, probably because both parameters were determined primarily by the microvascular resistance to blood flow. Therefore, the observed association between tumor radiocurability and IFP was most likely an indirect consequence of a strong relationship between IFP and the fraction of acutely hypoxic cells.
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Lunt SJ, Gray C, Reyes-Aldasoro CC, Matcher SJ, Tozer GM. Application of intravital microscopy in studies of tumor microcirculation. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2010; 15:011113. [PMID: 20210439 DOI: 10.1117/1.3281674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
To grow and progress, solid tumors develop a vascular network through co-option and angiogenesis that is characterized by multiple structural and functional abnormalities, which negatively influence therapeutic outcome through direct and indirect mechanisms. As such, the morphology and function of tumor blood vessels, plus their response to different treatments, are a vital and active area of biological research. Intravital microscopy (IVM) has played a key role in studies of tumor angiogenesis, and ongoing developments in molecular probes, imaging techniques, and postimage analysis methods have ensured its continued and widespread use. In this review we discuss some of the primary advantages and disadvantages of IVM approaches and describe recent technological advances in optical microscopy (e.g., confocal microscopy, multiphoton microscopy, hyperspectral imaging, and optical coherence tomography) with examples of their application to studies of tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Jane Lunt
- University of Sheffield, School of Medicine, Department of Oncology, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of vascular changes induced by sunitinib in papillary renal cell carcinoma xenograft tumors. Neoplasia 2009; 11:910-20. [PMID: 19724685 DOI: 10.1593/neo.09618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Revised: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate further the antiangiogenic potential of sunitinib for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) treatment, its effects on tumor vasculature were monitored by dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) using an orthotopic KCI-18 model of human RCC xenografts in nude mice. Tumor-bearing mice were treated with various doses of sunitinib, and vascular changes were assessed by DCE-MRI and histologic studies. Sunitinib induced dose-dependent vascular changes, which were observed both in kidney tumors and in normal kidneys by DCE-MRI. A dosage of 10 mg/kg per day caused mild changes in Gd uptake and clearance kinetics in kidney tumors. A dosage of 40 mg/kg per day induced increased vascular tumor permeability with Gd retention, probably resulting from the destruction of tumor vasculature, and also caused vascular alterations of normal vessels. However, sunitinib at 20 mg/kg per day caused increased tumor perfusion and decreased vascular permeability associated with thinning and regularization of tumor vessels while mildly affecting normal vessels as confirmed by histologic diagnosis. Alterations in tumor vasculature resulted in a significant inhibition of KCI-18 RCC tumor growth at sunitinib dosages of 20 and 40 mg/kg per day. Sunitinib also exerted a direct cytotoxic effect in KCI-18 cells in vitro. KCI-18 cells and tumors expressed vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 and platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta molecular targets of sunitinib that were modulated by the drug treatment. These data suggest that a sunitinib dosage of 20 mg/kg per day, which inhibits RCC tumor growth and regularizes tumor vessels with milder effects on normal vessels, could be used to improve blood flow for combination with chemotherapy. These studies emphasize the clinical potential of DCE-MRI in selecting the dose and schedule of antiangiogenic compounds.
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