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Marritt KL, Hildebrand KM, Hildebrand KN, Singla AK, Zemp FJ, Mahoney DJ, Jirik FR, Monument MJ. Intratumoral STING activation causes durable immunogenic tumor eradication in the KP soft tissue sarcoma model. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1087991. [PMID: 36700206 PMCID: PMC9868147 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1087991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are highly metastatic, connective-tissue lineage solid cancers. Immunologically, sarcomas are frequently characterized by a paucity of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and an immune suppressive microenvironment. Activation of the STING pathway can induce potent immune-driven anti-tumor responses within immunogenic solid tumors; however, this strategy has not been evaluated in immunologically cold sarcomas. Herein, we assessed the therapeutic response of intratumoral STING activation in an immunologically cold murine model of undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS). Materials and Results A single intratumoral injection of the murine STING agonist, DMXAA resulted in durable cure in up to 60% of UPS-bearing mice. In mice with synchronous lung metastases, STING activation within hindlimb tumors resulted in 50% cure in both anatomic sites. Surviving mice all rejected UPS re-challenge in the hindlimb and lung. Therapeutic efficacy of STING was inhibited by lymphocyte deficiency but unaffected by macrophage deficiency. Immune phenotyping demonstrated enrichment of lymphocytic responses in tumors at multiple timepoints following treatment. Immune checkpoint blockade enhanced survival following STING activation. Discussion These data suggest intratumoral activation of the STING pathway elicits local and systemic anti-tumor immune responses in a lymphocyte poor sarcoma model and deserves further evaluation as an adjunctive local and systemic treatment for sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla L. Marritt
- Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,McCaig Bone and Joint Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Karys M. Hildebrand
- Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,McCaig Bone and Joint Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Kurt N. Hildebrand
- Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,McCaig Bone and Joint Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Arvind K. Singla
- Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,McCaig Bone and Joint Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Franz J. Zemp
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Douglas J. Mahoney
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Frank R. Jirik
- McCaig Bone and Joint Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Michael J. Monument
- Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,McCaig Bone and Joint Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,*Correspondence: Michael J. Monument,
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The Proper Administration Sequence of Radiotherapy and Anti-Vascular Agent-DMXAA Is Essential to Inhibit the Growth of Melanoma Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13163924. [PMID: 34439079 PMCID: PMC8394873 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13163924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular disrupting agents (VDAs), such as DMXAA, effectively destroy tumor blood vessels and cause the formation of large areas of necrosis in the central parts of the tumors. However, the use of VDAs is associated with hypoxia activation and residues of rim cells on the edge of the tumor that are responsible for tumor regrowth. The aim of the study was to combine DMXAA with radiotherapy (brachytherapy) and find the appropriate administration sequence to obtain the maximum synergistic therapeutic effect. We show that the combination in which tumors were irradiated prior to VDAs administration is more effective in murine melanoma growth inhibition than in either of the agents individually or in reverse combination. For the first time, the significance of immune cells' activation in such a combination is demonstrated. The inhibition of tumor growth is linked to the reduction of tumor blood vessels, the increased infiltration of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes and NK cells and the polarization of macrophages to the cytotoxic M1 phenotype. The reverse combination of therapeutic agents showed no therapeutic effect and even abolished the effect of DMXAA. The combination of brachytherapy and vascular disrupting agent effectively inhibits the growth of melanoma tumors but requires careful planning of the sequence of administration of the agents.
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The Relationship between Inflammation Markers (CRP, IL-6, sCD40L) and Colorectal Cancer Stage, Grade, Size and Location. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11081382. [PMID: 34441316 PMCID: PMC8393680 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11081382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was the evaluation whether in primary colorectal cancer (CRC) patients (n = 55): age, sex, TNM classification results, WHO grade, tumor location (proximal colon, distal colon, rectum), tumor size, platelet count (PLT), mean platelet volume (MPV), mean platelet component (MCP), levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cancer antigen (CA 19-9), as well as soluble lectin adhesion molecules (L-, E-, and P-selectins) may influence circulating inflammatory biomarkers: IL-6, CRP, and sCD40L. We found that CRP concentration evaluation in routine clinical practice may have an advantage as a prognostic biomarker in CRC patients, as this protein the most comprehensively reflects clinicopathological features of the tumor. Univariate linear regression analysis revealed that in CRC patients: (1) with an increase in PLT by 10 × 103/μL, the mean concentration of CRP increases by 3.4%; (2) with an increase in CA 19-9 of 1 U/mL, the mean concentration of CRP increases by 0.7%; (3) with the WHO 2 grade, the mean CRP concentration increases 3.631 times relative to the WHO 1 grade group; (4) with the WHO 3 grade, the mean CRP concentration increases by 4.916 times relative to the WHO 1 grade group; (5) with metastases (T1-4N+M+) the mean CRP concentration increases 4.183 times compared to non-metastatic patients (T1-4N0M0); (6) with a tumor located in the proximal colon, the mean concentration of CRP increases 2.175 times compared to a tumor located in the distal colon; (7) in patients with tumor size > 3 cm, the CRP concentration is about 2 times higher than in patients with tumor size ≤ 3 cm. In the multivariate linear regression model, the variables that influence the mean CRP value in CRC patients included: WHO grade and tumor localization. R2 for the created model equals 0.50, which indicates that this model explains 50% of the variance in the dependent variable. In CRC subjects: (1) with the WHO 2 grade, the mean CRP concentration rises 3.924 times relative to the WHO 1 grade; (2) with the WHO 3 grade, the mean CRP concentration increases 4.721 times in relation to the WHO 1 grade; (3) with a tumor located in the rectum, the mean CRP concentration rises 2.139 times compared to a tumor located in the distal colon; (4) with a tumor located in the proximal colon, the mean concentration of CRP increases 1.998 times compared to the tumor located in the distal colon; if other model parameters are fixed.
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4
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Smolarczyk R, Czapla J, Jarosz-Biej M, Czerwinski K, Cichoń T. Vascular disrupting agents in cancer therapy. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 891:173692. [PMID: 33130277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tumor blood vessel formation is a key process for tumor expansion. Tumor vessels are abnormal and differ from normal vessels in architecture and components. Besides oxygen and nutrients supply, the tumor vessels system, due to its abnormality, is responsible for: hypoxia formation, and metastatic routes. Tumor blood vessels can be a target of anti-cancer therapies. There are two types of therapies that target tumor vessels. The first one is the inhibition of the angiogenesis process. However, the inhibition is often ineffective because of alternative angiogenesis mechanism activation. The second type is a specific targeting of existing tumor blood vessels by vascular disruptive agents (VDAs). There are three groups of VDAs: microtubule destabilizing drugs, flavonoids with anti-vascular functions, and tumor vascular targeted drugs based on endothelial cell receptors. However, VDAs possess some limitations. They may be cardiotoxic and their application in therapy may leave viable residual, so called, rim cells on the edge of the tumor. However, it seems that a well-designed combination of VDAs with other anti-cancer drugs may bring a significant therapeutic effect. In this article, we describe three groups of vascular disruptive agents with their advantages and disadvantages. We mention VDAs clinical trials. Finally, we present the current possibilities of VDAs combination with other anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard Smolarczyk
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej Street 15, 44-102, Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Justyna Czapla
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej Street 15, 44-102, Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Jarosz-Biej
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej Street 15, 44-102, Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Kyle Czerwinski
- University of Manitoba, Faculty of Science. 66 Chancellors Cir, Winnipeg, Canada.
| | - Tomasz Cichoń
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej Street 15, 44-102, Gliwice, Poland.
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5
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Daei Farshchi Adli A, Jahanban-Esfahlan R, Seidi K, Farajzadeh D, Behzadi R, Zarghami N. Co-Administration of Vadimezan and Recombinant Coagulase-NGR Inhibits Growth of Melanoma Tumor in Mice. Adv Pharm Bull 2020; 11:385-392. [PMID: 33880362 PMCID: PMC8046391 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2021.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Tumor vascular targeting appeared as an appealing approach to fight cancer, though, the results from the clinical trials and drugs in the market were proved otherwise. The promise of anti-angiogenic therapy as the leading tumor vascular targeting strategy was negatively affected with the discovery that tumor vascularization can occur non-angiogenic mechanisms such as co-option. An additional strategy is induction of tumor vascular infarction and ischemia. Methods: Such that we used truncated coagulase (tCoa) coupled to tumor endothelial targeting moieties to produce tCoa-NGR fusion proteins. We showed that tCoa-NGR can bypass coagulation cascade to induce selective vascular thrombosis and infarction of mild and highly proliferative solid tumors in mice. Moreover, combination therapy can be used to improve the potential of cancer vascular targeting modalities. Herein, we report combination of tCoa-NGR with vascular disrupting agent (VDA), vadimezan. Results: Our results show that synergistic work of these two agents can significantly suppress growth of B16-F10 melanoma tumors in C57/BL6 mice. Conclusion: For the first time, we used the simultaneous benefits of two strategies for inducing thrombosis and destruction of tumor vasculature as spatial co-operation. The tCoa-NGR induce thrombosis which reduces blood flow in the peripheral tumor region. And combined with the action of DMXAA, which target inner tumor mass, growth and proliferation of melanoma tumors can be significantly suppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Daei Farshchi Adli
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rana Jahanban-Esfahlan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Khaled Seidi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Davoud Farajzadeh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ramezan Behzadi
- North Research Center, Pasture Institute of Iran, Tehran, Amol, Iran
| | - Nosratollah Zarghami
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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TGFβ blocks IFNα/β release and tumor rejection in spontaneous mammary tumors. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4131. [PMID: 31511510 PMCID: PMC6739328 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11998-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN) are being rediscovered as potent anti-tumoral agents. Activation of the STimulator of INterferon Genes (STING) by DMXAA (5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid) can induce strong production of IFNα/β and rejection of transplanted primary tumors. In the present study, we address whether targeting STING with DMXAA also leads to the regression of spontaneous MMTV-PyMT mammary tumors. We show that these tumors are refractory to DMXAA-induced regression. This is due to a blockade in the phosphorylation of IRF3 and the ensuing IFNα/β production. Mechanistically, we identify TGFβ, which is abundant in spontaneous tumors, as a key molecule limiting this IFN-induced tumor regression by DMXAA. Finally, blocking TGFβ restores the production of IFNα by activated MHCII+ tumor-associated macrophages, and enables tumor regression induced by STING activation. On the basis of these findings, we propose that type I IFN-dependent cancer therapies could be greatly improved by combinations including the blockade of TGFβ.
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7
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Yum S, Li M, Frankel AE, Chen ZJ. Roles of the cGAS-STING Pathway in Cancer Immunosurveillance and Immunotherapy. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY-SERIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030518-055636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is a cytosolic DNA sensor that initiates innate immune responses. DNA-bound cGAS produces cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), which activates stimulator of interferon genes (STING) to induce inflammatory cytokines and other immune mediators. cGAS detects DNA without sequence specificity and responds to both cytosolic foreign DNA from pathogens and self-DNA leaked into the cytosol due to genome instability or cellular damage. Because of the diverse sources of cytosolic DNA, the cGAS-STING pathway plays a critical role during infection, autoimmune diseases, and senescence. Moreover, cGAS detects tumor-derived DNA and stimulates endogenous antitumor immunity. Thus, the cGAS-STING pathway is a promising target for cancer immunotherapy. Here, we review the role of the cGAS-STING pathway in various diseases and highlight various approaches targeting the cGAS-STING pathway for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoyun Yum
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Inflammation Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Minghao Li
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Inflammation Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Arthur E. Frankel
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36604, USA
| | - Zhijian J. Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Inflammation Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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8
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Martin A, Seignez C, Racoeur C, Isambert N, Mabrouk N, Scagliarini A, Reveneau S, Arnould L, Bettaieb A, Jeannin JF, Paul C. Tumor-derived granzyme B-expressing neutrophils acquire antitumor potential after lipid A treatment. Oncotarget 2018; 9:28364-28378. [PMID: 29983866 PMCID: PMC6033356 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are known to possess both pro- and anti-tumor properties, a feature that could be related to the diversity and plasticity of these cells. Here we explored the hypothesis that under an appropriate environment and stimuli, neutrophils could induce an effective response against tumor cells. In a rat and mouse models, we show that a substantial amount of colon tumor associated-neutrophils (TAN) expressed the cytolytic enzyme granzyme B, which is absent in spleen or blood circulating neutrophils. This TAN population was also found into tumors of patients with colon cancer. Tumor neutrophil infiltration was correlated with an increase of chemokines known to attract neutrophils in both rat models and patients. These cells were involved in a Lipid A analog-mediated colon tumor regression. Mechanistically, treating the rats with the Lipid A analog triggered granzyme B release from neutrophils in tumor cell vicinity, which was correlated to tumor regression. Alteration of granzyme B function in tumor cells decreased the cytotoxic effect of Lipid A in rat and mouse models. Granzyme B expression in neutrophils could be induced by the lipid A analog but also by some of the cytokines that were detected in the tumor microenvironment. These results identify a subpopulation of neutrophils expressing granzyme B that can act as a key player of lipid A-mediated colon cancer regression in rat and mouse models and the molecular mechanisms involved may provide novel approaches for human therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Martin
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Immunothérapie des Cancers, EPHE, PSL Research University, 75000 Paris, France.,LIIC, EA7269, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Cédric Seignez
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Immunothérapie des Cancers, EPHE, PSL Research University, 75000 Paris, France.,LIIC, EA7269, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Cindy Racoeur
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Immunothérapie des Cancers, EPHE, PSL Research University, 75000 Paris, France.,LIIC, EA7269, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Nicolas Isambert
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Immunothérapie des Cancers, EPHE, PSL Research University, 75000 Paris, France.,LIIC, EA7269, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, 21000 Dijon, France.,Centre Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, F-21000, France
| | - Nesrine Mabrouk
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Immunothérapie des Cancers, EPHE, PSL Research University, 75000 Paris, France.,LIIC, EA7269, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Alessandra Scagliarini
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Immunothérapie des Cancers, EPHE, PSL Research University, 75000 Paris, France.,LIIC, EA7269, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Sylvie Reveneau
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Immunothérapie des Cancers, EPHE, PSL Research University, 75000 Paris, France.,LIIC, EA7269, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | | | - Ali Bettaieb
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Immunothérapie des Cancers, EPHE, PSL Research University, 75000 Paris, France.,LIIC, EA7269, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Jean-François Jeannin
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Immunothérapie des Cancers, EPHE, PSL Research University, 75000 Paris, France.,LIIC, EA7269, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Catherine Paul
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Immunothérapie des Cancers, EPHE, PSL Research University, 75000 Paris, France.,LIIC, EA7269, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
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9
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Papinska J, Bagavant H, Gmyrek GB, Sroka M, Tummala S, Fitzgerald KA, Deshmukh US. Activation of Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) and Sjögren Syndrome. J Dent Res 2018; 97:893-900. [PMID: 29505322 DOI: 10.1177/0022034518760855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sjögren syndrome (SS), a chronic autoimmune disorder causing dry mouth, adversely affects the overall oral health in patients. Activation of innate immune responses and excessive production of type I interferons (IFNs) play a critical role in the pathogenesis of this disorder. Recognition of nucleic acids by cytosolic nucleic acid sensors is a major trigger for the induction of type I IFNs. Upon activation, cytosolic DNA sensors can interact with the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) protein, and activation of STING causes increased expression of type I IFNs. The role of STING activation in SS is not known. In this study, to investigate whether the cytosolic DNA sensing pathway influences SS development, female C57BL/6 mice were injected with a STING agonist, dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA). Salivary glands (SGs) were studied for gene expression and inflammatory cell infiltration. SG function was evaluated by measuring pilocarpine-induced salivation. Sera were analyzed for cytokines and autoantibodies. Primary SG cells were used to study the expression and activation of STING. Our data show that systemic DMXAA treatment rapidly induced the expression of Ifnb1, Il6, and Tnfa in the SGs, and these cytokines were also elevated in circulation. In contrast, increased Ifng gene expression was dominantly detected in the SGs. The type I innate lymphoid cells present within the SGs were the major source of IFN-γ, and their numbers increased significantly within 3 d of treatment. STING expression in SGs was mainly observed in ductal and interstitial cells. In primary SG cells, DMXAA activated STING and induced IFN-β production. The DMXAA-treated mice developed autoantibodies, sialoadenitis, and glandular hypofunction. Our study demonstrates that activation of the STING pathway holds the potential to initiate SS. Thus, apart from viral infections, conditions that cause cellular perturbations and accumulation of host DNA within the cytosol should also be considered as possible triggers for SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Papinska
- 1 Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - H Bagavant
- 1 Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - G B Gmyrek
- 1 Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - M Sroka
- 1 Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - S Tummala
- 2 Comparative Medicine, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - K A Fitzgerald
- 3 Division of Infectious Disease and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - U S Deshmukh
- 1 Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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10
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Daei Farshchi Adli A, Jahanban-Esfahlan R, Seidi K, Samandari-Rad S, Zarghami N. An overview on Vadimezan (DMXAA): The vascular disrupting agent. Chem Biol Drug Des 2018; 91:996-1006. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Daei Farshchi Adli
- Department of Medical Biotechnology; Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Rana Jahanban-Esfahlan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology; Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
- Student Research Committee; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Khaled Seidi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology; Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Sonia Samandari-Rad
- Faculty of Medicine; Physiology Research Center; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Department of Physiology; Faculty of Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Nosratollah Zarghami
- Department of Medical Biotechnology; Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
- Iranian National Science Foundation; Tehran Iran
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11
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Weiss JM, Guérin MV, Regnier F, Renault G, Galy-Fauroux I, Vimeux L, Feuillet V, Peranzoni E, Thoreau M, Trautmann A, Bercovici N. The STING agonist DMXAA triggers a cooperation between T lymphocytes and myeloid cells that leads to tumor regression. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1346765. [PMID: 29123960 PMCID: PMC5665074 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1346765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Regressing tumors are usually associated with a large immune infiltrate, but the molecular and cellular interactions that govern a successful anti-tumor immunity remain elusive. Here, we have triggered type I Interferon (IFN) signaling in a breast tumor model (MMTV-PyMT) using 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA), a ligand of the STimulator of Interferon Genes, STING. The 2 main events rapidly triggered by DMXAA in transplanted PyMT tumors are 1) the disruption of the tumor vasculature, followed by hypoxia and cell death; 2) the release of chemokines. Both events converged to trigger the recruitment of 2 waves of immune cells: a swift, massive recruitment of neutrophils, followed by a delayed rise in monocytes and CD8 T cells in the tumor mass. Depletion experiments in vivo revealed that myeloid cell subsets and T cells need to cooperate to achieve full-blown recruitment and activation at the tumor site and to induce effective secondary cell death leading to tumor regression (Illustration 1). Altogether, our study highlights that the tumor regression induced by the STING agonist DMXAA results from a cascade of events, with an initial vessel destruction followed by several infiltration waves of immune cells which have to cooperate to amplify and sustain the initial effect. We thus provide the first global and detailed kinetic analysis of the anti-tumoral effect of DMXAA and of its different articulated steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Weiss
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Cnrs, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Marion V Guérin
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Cnrs, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Fabienne Regnier
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Cnrs, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Gilles Renault
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Cnrs, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | | | - Lene Vimeux
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Cnrs, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Vincent Feuillet
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Cnrs, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Elisa Peranzoni
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Cnrs, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Maxime Thoreau
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Cnrs, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Alain Trautmann
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Cnrs, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Nadège Bercovici
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Cnrs, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
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12
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A combretastatin-mediated decrease in neutrophil concentration in peripheral blood and the impact on the anti-tumor activity of this drug in two different murine tumor models. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110091. [PMID: 25299269 PMCID: PMC4192533 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular disrupting agent combretastatin A-4 disodium phosphate (CA4P) induces fluctuations in peripheral blood neutrophil concentration. Because neutrophils have the potential to induce both vascular damage and angiogenesis we analyzed neutrophil involvement in the anti-tumoral effects of CA4P in C3H mammary carcinomas in CDF1 mice and in SCCVII squamous cell carcinomas in C3H/HeN mice. Flow cytometry analyses of peripheral blood before and up to 144 h after CA4P administration (25 and 250 mg/kg) revealed a decrease 1 h after treatment, followed by an early (3–6 h) and a late (>72 h) increase in the granulocyte concentration. We suggest that the early increase (3–6 h) in granulocyte concentration was caused by the initial decrease at 1 h and found that the late increase was associated with tumor size, and hence independent of CA4P. No alterations in neutrophil infiltration into the C3H tumor after CA4P treatment (25 and 250 mg/kg) were found. Correspondingly, neutrophil depletion in vivo, using an anti-neutrophil antibody, followed by CA4P treatment (25 mg/kg) did not increase the necrotic fraction in C3H tumors significantly. However, by increasing the CA4P dose to 250 mg/kg we found a significant increase of 359% in necrotic fraction when compared to neutrophil-depleted mice; in mice with no neutrophil depletion CA4P induced an 89% change indicating that the presence of neutrophils reduced the effect of CA4P. In contrast, neither CA4P nor 1A8 affected the necrotic fraction in the SCCVII tumors significantly. Hence, we suggest that the initial decrease in granulocyte concentration was caused by non-tumor-specific recruitment of neutrophils and that neutrophils may attenuate CA4P-mediated anti-tumor effect in some tumor models.
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13
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Wang Y, Yi S, Sun L, Huang Y, Zhang M. Charge-selective fractions of naturally occurring nanoparticles as bioactive nanocarriers for cancer therapy. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:4269-84. [PMID: 24952072 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A carnivorous fungus, Arthrobotrys oligospora, has been shown to secrete nanoparticles. In the present work, the potential of two charge-selective fractions of fungal nanoparticles (FNPs) as bioactive nanocarriers in cancer therapy is explored by investigating their immunostimulatory activities, cytotoxic mechanisms and in vitro immunochemotherapeutic effects. A surface charge-selective fractionation procedure to purify crude FNPs has been established, and two FNP fractions (i.e. FNP1 and FNP2), with different surface charges and similarly reduced diameters of 100-200nm, are obtained. Both FNP fractions enhance the secretion of multiple proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines from macrophages and splenocytes. However, FNP2 has stronger cytotoxicity than FNP1. It is FNP2 not FNP1 that could clearly inhibit cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis and arresting cells at the sub G0/G1 phase. Both the FNP fractions can form pH-responsive nanocomplexes with doxorubicin (DOX) via electrostatic interactions. For direct cytotoxicity, DOX-FNP2 complexes demonstrate higher activity than DOX against multiple tumor cells, while DOX-FNP1 complexes show weaker activity than DOX. Interestingly, in a co-culture experiment where splenocytes are co-cultured with tumor cells, both DOX-FNP complexes demonstrate higher cytotoxicity than DOX. In conclusion, this work proposes a combined therapeutics for cancer treatment using charge-selective fractions of FNPs as bioactive nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhong Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Sijia Yi
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Leming Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Yujian Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Mingjun Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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14
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Downey CM, Aghaei M, Schwendener RA, Jirik FR. DMXAA causes tumor site-specific vascular disruption in murine non-small cell lung cancer, and like the endogenous non-canonical cyclic dinucleotide STING agonist, 2'3'-cGAMP, induces M2 macrophage repolarization. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99988. [PMID: 24940883 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular disrupting agent 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA), a murine agonist of the stimulator of interferon genes (STING), appears to target the tumor vasculature primarily as a result of stimulating pro-inflammatory cytokine production from tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Since there were relatively few reports of DMXAA effects in genetically-engineered mutant mice (GEMM), and models of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in particular, we examined both the effectiveness and macrophage dependence of DMXAA in various NSCLC models. The DMXAA responses of primary adenocarcinomas in K-rasLA1/+ transgenic mice, as well as syngeneic subcutaneous and metastatic tumors, generated by a p53R172HΔg/+; K-rasLA1/+ NSCLC line (344SQ-ELuc), were assessed both by in vivo bioluminescence imaging as well as by histopathology. Macrophage-dependence of DMXAA effects was explored by clodronate liposome-mediated TAM depletion. Furthermore, a comparison of the vascular structure between subcutaneous tumors and metastases was carried out using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Interestingly, in contrast to the characteristic hemorrhagic necrosis produced by DMXAA in 344SQ-ELuc subcutaneous tumors, this agent failed to cause hemorrhagic necrosis of either 344SQ-ELuc-derived metastases or autochthonous K-rasLA1/+ NSCLCs. In addition, we found that clodronate liposome-mediated depletion of TAMs in 344SQ-ELuc subcutaneous tumors led to non-hemorrhagic necrosis due to tumor feeding-vessel occlusion. Since NSCLC were comprised exclusively of TAMs with anti-inflammatory M2-like phenotype, the ability of DMXAA to re-educate M2-polarized macrophages was examined. Using various macrophage phenotypic markers, we found that the STING agonists, DMXAA and the non-canonical endogenous cyclic dinucleotide, 2'3'-cGAMP, were both capable of re-educating M2 cells towards an M1 phenotype. Our findings demonstrate that the choice of preclinical model and the anatomical site of a tumor can determine the vascular disrupting effectiveness of DMXAA, and they also support the idea of STING agonists having therapeutic utility as TAM repolarizing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene M Downey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; The McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mehrnoosh Aghaei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; The McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Reto A Schwendener
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, Laboratory of Liposome Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Frank R Jirik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; The McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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15
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Zhou ZZ, Gu CP, Deng YH, Yan GH, Li XF, Yu L, Chen WH, Liu SW. Synthesis, selective cytotoxicities and probable mechanism of action of 7-methoxy-3-arylflavone-8-acetic acids. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:1539-47. [PMID: 24518295 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Thirteen new analogues of flavone-8-acetic acid, that is, compounds 10a-m bearing a methoxy group at the 7-position and diverse subsitiuents on the benzene ring at the 2- and 3-positions of flavone nucleus, were synthesized and evaluated for their direct antiproliferative effects on two human tumor cell lines and for their indirect antiproliferative activities in the transwell co-culture system. The results indicated that most of compounds 10a-m showed moderate direct cytotoxicities. Among them, compound 10i exhibited higher direct cytotoxicity and selectivity for both cell lines over BJ human foreskin fibroblast cells than 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA). Interestingly, compared with DMXAA, compound 10e showed comparable indirect cytotoxicity and higher selectivity. In addition, compound 10e was found to be able to induce tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) production in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Zhen Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Chun-Ping Gu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Yan-Hong Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Guang-Hua Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Xiao-Fang Li
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Le Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Wen-Hua Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China.
| | - Shu-Wen Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China.
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16
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Yung R, Seyfoddin V, Guise C, Tijono S, McGregor A, Connor B, Ching LM. Efficacy against subcutaneous or intracranial murine GL261 gliomas in relation to the concentration of the vascular-disrupting agent, 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA), in the brain and plasma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2014; 73:639-49. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-014-2395-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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17
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Folaron M, Kalmuk J, Lockwood J, Frangou C, Vokes J, Turowski SG, Merzianu M, Rigual NR, Sullivan-Nasca M, Kuriakose MA, Hicks WL, Singh AK, Seshadri M. Vascular priming enhances chemotherapeutic efficacy against head and neck cancer. Oral Oncol 2013; 49:893-902. [PMID: 23890930 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The need to improve chemotherapeutic efficacy against head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) is well recognized. In this study, we investigated the potential of targeting the established tumor vasculature in combination with chemotherapy in head and neck cancer. METHODS Experimental studies were carried out in multiple human HNSCC xenograft models to examine the activity of the vascular disrupting agent (VDA) 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA) in combination with chemotherapy. Multimodality imaging (magnetic resonance imaging, bioluminescence) in conjunction with drug delivery assessment (fluorescence microscopy), histopathology and microarray analysis was performed to characterize tumor response to therapy. Long-term treatment outcome was assessed using clinically-relevant end points of efficacy. RESULTS Pretreatment of tumors with VDA prior to administration of chemotherapy increased intratumoral drug delivery and treatment efficacy. Enhancement of therapeutic efficacy was dependent on the dose and duration of VDA treatment but was independent of the chemotherapeutic agent evaluated. Combination treatment resulted in increased tumor cell kill and improvement in progression-free survival and overall survival in both ectopic and orthotopic HNSCC models. CONCLUSION Our results show that preconditioning of the tumor microenvironment with an antivascular agent primes the tumor vasculature and results in enhancement of chemotherapeutic delivery and efficacy in vivo. Further investigation into the activity of antivascular agents in combination with chemotherapy against HNSCC is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Folaron
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - James Kalmuk
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Jaimee Lockwood
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Costakis Frangou
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Jordan Vokes
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Steven G Turowski
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Mihai Merzianu
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Nestor R Rigual
- Department of Head & Neck/Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Maureen Sullivan-Nasca
- Department of Dentistry & Maxillofacial Prosthetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Moni A Kuriakose
- Department of Head & Neck/Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Wesley L Hicks
- Department of Head & Neck/Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Anurag K Singh
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Mukund Seshadri
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; Department of Head & Neck/Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; Department of Dentistry & Maxillofacial Prosthetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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18
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Conlon J, Burdette DL, Sharma S, Bhat N, Thompson M, Jiang Z, Rathinam VAK, Monks B, Jin T, Xiao TS, Vogel SN, Vance RE, Fitzgerald KA. Mouse, but not human STING, binds and signals in response to the vascular disrupting agent 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:5216-25. [PMID: 23585680 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Vascular disrupting agents such as 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA) represent a novel approach for cancer treatment. DMXAA has potent antitumor activity in mice and, despite significant preclinical promise, failed human clinical trials. The antitumor activity of DMXAA has been linked to its ability to induce type I IFNs in macrophages, although the molecular mechanisms involved are poorly understood. In this study, we identify stimulator of IFN gene (STING) as a direct receptor for DMXAA leading to TANK-binding kinase 1 and IFN regulatory factor 3 signaling. Remarkably, the ability to sense DMXAA was restricted to murine STING. Human STING failed to bind to or signal in response to DMXAA. Human STING also failed to signal in response to cyclic dinucleotides, conserved bacterial second messengers known to bind and activate murine STING signaling. Collectively, these findings detail an unexpected species-specific role for STING as a receptor for an anticancer drug and uncover important insights that may explain the failure of DMXAA in clinical trials for human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Conlon
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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19
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Tijono SM, Guo K, Henare K, Palmer BD, Wang LCS, Albelda SM, Ching LM. Identification of human-selective analogues of the vascular-disrupting agent 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA). Br J Cancer 2013; 108:1306-15. [PMID: 23481185 PMCID: PMC3619269 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Species selectivity of DMXAA (5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid, Vadimezan) for murine cells over human cells could explain in part the recent disappointing phase III trials clinical results when preclinical studies were so promising. To identify analogues with greater human clinical potential, we compared the activity of xanthenone-4-acetic acid (XAA) analogues in murine or human cellular models. Methods: Analogues with a methyl group systematically substituted at different positions of the XAA backbone were evaluated for cytokine induction in cultured murine or human leukocytes; and for anti-vascular effects on endothelial cells on matrigel. In vivo antitumour activity and cytokine production by stromal or cancer cells was measured in human A375 and HCT116 xenografts. Results: Mono-methyl XAA analogues with substitutions at the seventh and eighth positions were the most active in stimulating human leukocytes to produce IL-6 and IL-8; and for inhibition of tube formation by ECV304 human endothelial-like cells, while 5- and 6-substituted analogues were the most active in murine cell systems. Conclusion: Xanthenone-4-acetic acid analogues exhibit extreme species selectivity. Analogues that are the most active in human systems are inactive in murine models, highlighting the need for the use of appropriate in vivo animal models in selecting clinical candidates for this class of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Tijono
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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20
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Fridlender ZG, Jassar A, Mishalian I, Wang LC, Kapoor V, Cheng G, Sun J, Singhal S, Levy L, Albelda SM. Using macrophage activation to augment immunotherapy of established tumours. Br J Cancer 2013; 108:1288-97. [PMID: 23481183 PMCID: PMC3619255 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Successful immunotherapy will require alteration of the tumour microenvironment and/or decreased immune suppression. Tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) are one major factor affecting tumour microenvironment. We hypothesised that altering TAM phenotype would augment the efficacy of immunotherapy. Methods: We and others have reported that 5,6-Dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic-acid (DMXAA, Vadimezan) has the ability to change TAM phenotypes, inducing a tumour microenvironment conducive to antitumour immune responses. We therefore combined DMXAA with active immunotherapies, and evaluated anti-tumour efficacy, immune cell phenotypes (flow cytometry), and tumour microenvironment (RT–PCR). Results: In several different murine models of immunotherapy for lung cancer, DMXAA-induced macrophage activation significantly augmented the therapeutic effects of immunotherapy. By increasing influx of neutrophils and anti-tumour (M1) macrophages to the tumour, DMXAA altered myeloid cell phenotypes, thus changing the intratumoural M2/non-M2 TAM immunoinhibitory ratio. It also altered the tumour microenvironment to be more pro-inflammatory. Modulating macrophages during immunotherapy resulted in increased numbers, activity, and antigen-specificity of intratumoural CD8+ T cells. Macrophage depletion reduced the effect of combining immunotherapy with macrophage activation, supporting the importance of TAMs in the combined effect. Conclusion: Modulating intratumoural macrophages dramatically augmented the effect of immunotherapy. Our observations suggest that addition of agents that activate TAMs to immunotherapy should be considered in future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z G Fridlender
- Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, POB 12000, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
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21
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Anticancer potential of tumor vascular disrupting agents: review of the latest clinical evidence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4155/cli.12.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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22
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Milanović D, Braun F, Weber W, Grosu AL, Behe M, Niedermann G. The influence of the combined treatment with Vadimezan (ASA404) and taxol on the growth of U251 glioblastoma xenografts. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:242. [PMID: 22695475 PMCID: PMC3476988 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background One of the most important biological characteristics of Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is high vascular density. Vadimezan (ASA404, DMXAA) belongs to the class of small molecule vascular disrupting agents (VDA) that cause disruption of established tumor vessels and subsequent tumor hemorrhagic necrosis. Its selective antivascular effect is mediated by intratumoral induction of several cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP-1α). Preclinical studies have demonstrated that ASA404 acts synergistically with taxanes. In this study, we investigated if treatment of mice bearing U251 human glioblastoma xenografts with ASA404 and taxol may be synergistic. Therapy response was evaluated by measuring changes in tumor size and metabolic activity using 18F-FDG PET (Fluorodeoxyglucose - positron emision tomography) imaging. Methods U251 cells were inoculated s.c. in the right hind limb of NMRI-Foxn1nu athymic female nude mice. Animals were randomly assigned into 4 groups (7–9 animals/group) for treatment: control, taxol, ASA404, and ASA404 plus taxol. The animals received either a single dose of taxol (10 mg/kg), ASA404 (27.5 mg/kg), or taxol (10 mg/kg) plus ASA404 (27.5 mg/kg) administered i.p.; ASA404 was administred 24 h after the treatment with taxol. 4 and 24 h after treatment with ASA404 (28 and 48 h hours after treatment with taxol) 18 F-FDG PET scans were performed. Results The treatment with taxol did not affect the tumor growth in comparison to untreated controls. The treatment of animals with single dose ASA404 alone or in combination with taxol caused a significant delay in tumor growth. The combined treatment did not decrease the growth of the xenografts significantly more than ASA404 alone, but early changes in tumor 18 F-FDG uptake preceded subsequent growth inhibition. The tumor weights, which were determined at the end of treatment, were lower in case of combined treatment. Conclusions The treatment with ASA404 alone or in combination with taxol showed antitumoral effects in our glioblastoma model probably through destruction of blood vessels. The implications for the anticancer effect of this compound warrant further preclinical studies. 18F-FDG PET appears to be a promising tool to monitor treatment with ASA404 early in the course of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dušan Milanović
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Freiburg, Germany.
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23
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Henare K, Wang L, Wang LCS, Thomsen L, Tijono S, Chen CJJ, Winkler S, Dunbar PR, Print C, Ching LM. Dissection of stromal and cancer cell-derived signals in melanoma xenografts before and after treatment with DMXAA. Br J Cancer 2012; 106:1134-47. [PMID: 22415295 PMCID: PMC3304430 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The non-malignant cells of the tumour stroma have a critical role in tumour biology. Studies dissecting the interplay between cancer cells and stromal cells are required to further our understanding of tumour progression and methods of intervention. For proof-of-principle of a multi-modal approach to dissect the differential effects of treatment on cancer cells and stromal cells, we analysed the effects of the stromal-targeting agent 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid on melanoma xenografts. Methods: Flow cytometry and multi-colour immunofluorescence staining was used to analyse leukocyte numbers in xenografts. Murine-specific and human-specific multiplex cytokine panels were used to quantitate cytokines produced by stromal and melanoma cells, respectively. Human and mouse Affymetrix microarrays were used to separately identify melanoma cell-specific and stromal cell-specific gene expression. Results: 5,6-Dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid activated pro-inflammatory signalling pathways and cytokine expression from both stromal and cancer cells, leading to neutrophil accumulation and haemorrhagic necrosis and a delay in tumour re-growth of 26 days in A375 melanoma xenografts. Conclusion: 5,6-Dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid and related analogues may potentially have utility in the treatment of melanoma. The experimental platform used allowed distinction between cancer cells and stromal cells and can be applied to investigate other tumour models and anti-cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Henare
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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25
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Transcriptomic analysis comparing tumor-associated neutrophils with granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells and normal neutrophils. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31524. [PMID: 22348096 PMCID: PMC3279406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of myeloid cells in supporting cancer growth is well established. Most work has focused on myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) that accumulate in tumor-bearing animals, but tumor-associated neutrophils (TAN) are also known to be capable of augmenting tumor growth. However, little is known about their evolution, phenotype, and relationship to naïve neutrophils (NN) and to the granulocytic fraction of MDSC (G-MDSC). In the current study, a transcriptomics approach was used in mice to compare these cell types. Our data show that the three populations of neutrophils are significantly different in their mRNA profiles with NN and G-MDSC being more closely related to each other than to TAN. Structural genes and genes related to cell-cytotoxicity (i.e. respiratory burst) were significantly down-regulated in TAN. In contrast, many immune-related genes and pathways, including genes related to the antigen presenting complex (e.g. all six MHC-II complex genes), and cytokines (e.g. TNF-α, IL-1-α/β), were up-regulated in G-MDSC, and further up-regulated in TAN. Thirteen of the 25 chemokines tested were markedly up-regulated in TAN compared to NN, including striking up-regulation of chemoattractants for T/B-cells, neutrophils and macrophages. This study characterizes different populations of neutrophils related to cancer, pointing out the major differences between TAN and the other neutrophil populations.
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The interconnectedness of cancer cell signaling. Neoplasia 2012; 13:1183-93. [PMID: 22241964 DOI: 10.1593/neo.111746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The elegance of fundamental and applied research activities have begun to reveal a myriad of spatial and temporal alterations in downstream signaling networks affected by cell surface receptor stimulation including G protein-coupled receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases. Interconnected biochemical pathways serve to integrate and distribute the signaling information throughout the cell by orchestration of complex biochemical circuits consisting of protein interactions and covalent modification processes. It is clear that scientific literature summarizing results from both fundamental and applied scientific research activities has served to provide a broad foundational biologic database that has been instrumental in advancing our continued understanding of underlying cancer biology. This article reflects on historical advances and the role of innovation in the competitive world of grant-sponsored research.
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Marysael T, Ni Y, Lerut E, de Witte P. Influence of the vascular damaging agents DMXAA and ZD6126 on hypericin distribution and accumulation in RIF-1 tumors. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2011; 137:1619-27. [PMID: 21858709 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-011-1032-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the influence of two types of vascular damaging agents (VDAs) (DMXAA vs. ZD6126) and sequence of administration (VDA 24 h before HYP vs. HYP 1 h before VDA) to evaluate the effect on hypericin (HYP) accumulation and distribution in necrotic tumors. METHODS Frozen sections of dorsally inoculated RIF-1 tumors were analyzed by fluorescence microscopy and H&E stained for histological evaluation. The localization of HYP was assessed both qualitatively and semi-quantitatively in necrotic tumor, viable tumor, or nontarget host tissue. RESULTS Whereas the type of VDA did not influence HYP accumulation and distribution, a clear advantage could be seen when administering VDA 24 h before HYP compared to HYP 1 h before VDA, pointing toward the absence of a "trapping" mechanism. In DMXAA-treated and not in ZD6126-treated tumors, spotty fluorescence was observed which is likely to be a consequence of neutrophil phagocytosis. Dexamethasone treatment neither did influence this phenomenon nor did change HYP uptake in necrotic tumor. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that HYP accumulation is optimal when it is administered after VDA injection. We also found that HYP accumulation in necrosis is not changed when using VDAs with different working mechanisms. This insight provides a rationale for tumor necrosis therapy (TNT) using iodine-131-labeled hypericin ([(131)I]-HYP) in combination with VDAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Marysael
- Laboratorium voor Farmaceutische Biologie, Faculteit Farmaceutische Wetenschappen, K. U. Leuven, Herestraat 49-Bus 824, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Cole L, Djidja MC, Bluff J, Claude E, Carolan V, Paley M, Tozer G, Clench M. Investigation of protein induction in tumour vascular targeted strategies by MALDI MSI. Methods 2011; 54:442-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Subbiah IM, Lenihan DJ, Tsimberidou AM. Cardiovascular toxicity profiles of vascular-disrupting agents. Oncologist 2011; 16:1120-30. [PMID: 21742963 PMCID: PMC3228163 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2010-0432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular-disrupting agents (VDAs) represent a new class of chemotherapeutic agent that targets the existing vasculature in solid tumors. Preclinical and early-phase trials have demonstrated the promising therapeutic benefits of VDAs but have also uncovered a distinctive toxicity profile highlighted by cardiovascular events. METHODS We reviewed all preclinical and prospective phase I-III clinical trials published up to August 2010 in MEDLINE and the American Association of Cancer Research and American Society of Clinical Oncology meeting abstracts of small-molecule VDAs, including combretastatin A4 phosphate (CA4P), combretastatin A1 phosphate (CA1P), MPC-6827, ZD6126, AVE8062, and ASA404. RESULTS Phase I and II studies of CA1P, ASA404, MPC-6827, and CA4P all reported cardiovascular toxicities, with the most common cardiac events being National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria (version 3) grade 1-3 hypertension, tachyarrhythmias and bradyarrhythmias, atrial fibrillation, and myocardial infarction. Cardiac events were dose-limiting toxicities in phase I trials with VDA monotherapy and combination therapy. CONCLUSIONS Early-phase trials of VDAs have revealed a cardiovascular toxicity profile similar to that of their vascular-targeting counterparts, the angiogenesis inhibitors. As these agents are added to the mainstream chemotherapeutic arsenal, careful identification of baseline cardiovascular risk factors would seem to be a prudent strategy. Close collaboration with cardiology colleagues for early indicators of serious cardiac adverse events will likely minimize toxicity while optimizing the therapeutic potential of VDAs and ultimately enhancing patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishwaria M Subbiah
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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Baguley BC, Siemann DW. Temporal aspects of the action of ASA404 (vadimezan; DMXAA). Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2011; 19:1413-25. [PMID: 20964495 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2010.529128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Tumor vascular disrupting agents (tumor VDAs) act by selective induction of tumor vascular failure. While their action is distinct from that of antiangiogenic agents, their clinical potential is likely to reside in improving the efficacy of combination therapy. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review describes the preclinical development, clinical trial and mode of action of ASA404, a flavonoid class tumor VDA. This class has a unique dual action, simultaneously disrupting vascular endothelial function and stimulating innate tumor immunity. This review covers the early development of ASA404, through to Phase III trial. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The reader will gain insight into the sequence of ASA404-induced changes in tumor tissue. Early events include increased vascular permeability, increased endothelial apoptosis and decreased blood flow, while later effects include the induction of serotonin, tumor necrosis factor, other cytokines and chemokines, and nitric oxide. This cascade of events induces sustained reduction of tumor blood flow, induction of tumor hypoxia and increased inflammatory responses. The reader will also gain an appreciation of how the potentiation of radiation and chemotherapeutic effects by ASA404 in murine tumors shaped the development of combination clinical trials. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Although there are species differences in ASA404 activity, many features of its action in mice translate to human studies. The future of ASA404 as an effective clinical agent will rely on the development of an appreciation of its ability to optimize the complex interaction between tumor vasculature and tumor immunity during therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce C Baguley
- The University of Auckland, Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Dinosaurs and ancient civilizations: reflections on the treatment of cancer. Neoplasia 2011; 12:957-68. [PMID: 21170260 DOI: 10.1593/neo.101588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Research efforts in the area of palaeopathology have been seen as an avenue to improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of cancer. Answers to questions of whether dinosaurs had cancer, or if cancer plagued ancient civilizations, have captured the imagination as well as the popular media. Evidence for dinosaurian cancer may indicate that cancer may have been with us from the dawn of time. Ancient recorded history suggests that past civilizations attempted to fight cancer with a variety of interventions. When contemplating the issue why a generalized cure for cancer has not been found, it might prove useful to reflect on the relatively limited time that this issue has been an agenda item of governmental attention as well as continued introduction of an every evolving myriad of manmade carcinogens relative to the total time cancer has been present on planet Earth. This article reflects on the history of cancer and the progress made following the initiation of the "era of cancer chemotherapy."
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Labeling of oxidizable proteins with a photoactivatable analog of the antitumor agent DMXAA: evidence for redox signaling in its mode of action. Neoplasia 2011; 12:755-65. [PMID: 20824052 DOI: 10.1593/neo.10636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The signaling pathway(s) and molecular target(s) for 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA), a tumor vascular disrupting agent in late stages of clinical development, are still undefined. As an approach toward identifying potential targets for DMXAA, a tritiated azido-analog of DMXAA was used to probe for cellular binding proteins. More than 20 cytosolic proteins from murine splenocytes, RAW 264.7 cells, and the HECPP immortalized endothelial cells were photoaffinity-labeled. Although no protein domain, fold, or binding site for a specific ligand was found to be shared by all the candidate proteins, essentially all were noted to be oxidizable proteins, implicating a role for redox signaling in the action of DMXAA. Consistent with this hypothesis, DMXAA caused an increase in concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in RAW264.7 cells during the first 2 hours. This increase in ROS was suppressed in the presence of the antioxidant, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, which also suppressed DMXAA-induced cytokine production in the RAW 264.7 cells with no effects on cell viability. Short interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of one of the photoaffinity-labeled proteins, superoxide dismutase 1, an ROS scavenger, resulted in an increase in tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by RAW 264.7 cells in response to DMXAA compared with negative or positive controls transfected with nontargeting or lamin A/C-targeting siRNA molecules, respectively. The results from these lines of study all suggest that redox signaling plays a central role in cytokine induction by DMXAA.
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Cheng G, Wang LCS, Fridlender ZG, Cheng GS, Chen B, Mangalmurti NS, Saloura V, Yu Z, Kapoor V, Mozdzanowska K, Moon E, Sun J, Kreindler JL, Cohen NA, Caton AJ, Erikson J, Albelda SM. Pharmacologic activation of the innate immune system to prevent respiratory viral infections. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010; 45:480-8. [PMID: 21148741 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0288oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs that can rapidly inhibit respiratory infection from influenza or other respiratory pathogens are needed. One approach is to engage primary innate immune defenses against viral infection, such as activating the IFN pathway. In this study, we report that a small, cell-permeable compound called 5,6-di-methylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA) can induce protection against vesicular stomatitis virus in vitro and H1N1 influenza A virus in vitro and in vivo through innate immune activation. Using the mouse C10 bronchial epithelial cell line and primary cultures of nasal epithelial cells, we demonstrate DMXAA activates the IFN regulatory factor-3 pathway leading to production of IFN-β and subsequent high-level induction of IFN-β-dependent proteins, such as myxovirus resistance 1 (Mx1) and 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1 (OAS1). Mice treated with DMXAA intranasally elevate mRNA/protein expression of Mx1 and OAS1 in the nasal mucosa, trachea, and lung. When challenged intranasally with a lethal dose of H1N1 influenza A virus, DMXAA reduced viral titers in the lungs and protected 80% of mice from death, even when given at 24 hours before infection. These data show that agents, like DMXAA, that can directly activate innate immune pathways, such as the IFN regulatory factor-3/IFN-β system, in respiratory epithelial cells can be used to protect from influenza pneumonia and potentially in other respiratory viral infections. Development of this approach in humans could be valuable for protecting health care professionals and "first responders" in the early stages of viral pandemics or bioterror attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanjun Cheng
- Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, 1015F ARC, University of Pennsylvania, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4318, USA
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Siemann DW. The unique characteristics of tumor vasculature and preclinical evidence for its selective disruption by Tumor-Vascular Disrupting Agents. Cancer Treat Rev 2010; 37:63-74. [PMID: 20570444 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 431] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 05/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The vasculature of solid tumors is fundamentally different from that of normal vasculature and offers a unique target for anti-cancer therapy. Direct vascular-targeting with Tumor-Vascular Disrupting Agents (Tumor-VDAs) is distinctly different from anti-angiogenic strategies, and offers a complementary approach to standard therapies. Tumor-VDAs therefore have significant potential when combined with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and angiogenesis-inhibiting agents. Preclinical studies with the different Tumor-VDA classes have demonstrated key tumor-selective anti-vascular and anti-tumor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar W Siemann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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The War on Cancer rages on. Neoplasia 2010; 11:1252-63. [PMID: 20019833 DOI: 10.1593/neo.91866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1971, the "War on Cancer" was launched by the US government to cure cancer by the 200-year anniversary of the founding of the United States of America, 1976. This article briefly looks back at the progress that has been made in cancer research and compares progress made in other areas of human affliction. While progress has indeed been made, the battle continues to rage on.
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Cheng G, Sun J, Fridlender ZG, Wang LCS, Ching LM, Albelda SM. Activation of the nucleotide oligomerization domain signaling pathway by the non-bacterially derived xanthone drug 5'6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (Vadimezan). J Biol Chem 2010; 285:10553-62. [PMID: 20118240 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.065631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytosolic nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1)/CARD4 and NOD2/CARD15 proteins are members of NOD-like receptors recognizing specific motifs within peptidoglycans of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. NOD1 and NOD2 signal via the downstream adaptor serine/threonine kinase RIP2/CARDIAK/RICK to initiate NF-kappaB activation and the release of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines. In this report, we show that 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA), a cell-permeable, small molecule that has anti-tumor activity, can also activate NOD1 and NOD2. This was demonstrated: 1) by using human embryonic kidney epithelial (HEK) 293 cells transfected with a NF-kappaB reporter plasmid in combination with NOD1 or NOD2 expression plasmids; 2) by inhibiting DMXAA-induced chemokine (CXCL10) mRNA and protein production in the AB12 mesothelioma cell line using a pharmacological inhibitor of RICK kinase, SB20358; and 3) by using small interfering RNA to knock down NOD2 and lentiviral short hairpin RNA to knock down RICK. These findings expand the potential ligands for the NOD-like receptors, suggesting that other xanthone compounds may act similarly and could be developed as anti-tumor agents. This information also expands our knowledge on the mechanisms of action of the anti-tumor agent DMXAA (currently in clinical trials) and may be important for its biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanjun Cheng
- Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4318, USA.
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