1
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He J, Qiu Z, Fan J, Xie X, Sheng Q, Sui X. Drug tolerant persister cell plasticity in cancer: A revolutionary strategy for more effective anticancer therapies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:209. [PMID: 39138145 PMCID: PMC11322379 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01891-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-genetic mechanisms have recently emerged as important drivers of anticancer drug resistance. Among these, the drug tolerant persister (DTP) cell phenotype is attracting more and more attention and giving a predominant non-genetic role in cancer therapy resistance. The DTP phenotype is characterized by a quiescent or slow-cell-cycle reversible state of the cancer cell subpopulation and inert specialization to stimuli, which tolerates anticancer drug exposure to some extent through the interaction of multiple underlying mechanisms and recovering growth and proliferation after drug withdrawal, ultimately leading to treatment resistance and cancer recurrence. Therefore, targeting DTP cells is anticipated to provide new treatment opportunities for cancer patients, although our current knowledge of these DTP cells in treatment resistance remains limited. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the formation characteristics and underlying drug tolerant mechanisms of DTP cells, investigate the potential drugs for DTP (including preclinical drugs, novel use for old drugs, and natural products) based on different medicine models, and discuss the necessity and feasibility of anti-DTP therapy, related application forms, and future issues that will need to be addressed to advance this emerging field towards clinical applications. Nonetheless, understanding the novel functions of DTP cells may enable us to develop new more effective anticancer therapy and improve clinical outcomes for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- Department of Medical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Zejing Qiu
- Department of Medical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Jingjing Fan
- Department of Medical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Xiaohong Xie
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Qinsong Sheng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xinbing Sui
- Department of Medical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China.
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China.
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2
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Smith JT, Chai RC. Bone niches in the regulation of tumour cell dormancy. J Bone Oncol 2024; 47:100621. [PMID: 39157742 PMCID: PMC11326946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2024.100621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Secondary metastases, accounting for 90 % of cancer-related deaths, pose a formidable challenge in cancer treatment, with bone being a prevalent site. Importantly, tumours may relapse, often in the skeleton even after successful eradication of the primary tumour, indicating that tumour cells may lay dormant within bone for extended periods of time. This review summarises recent findings in the mechanisms underlying tumour cell dormancy and the role of bone cells in this process. Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niches in bone provide a model for understanding regulatory microenvironments. Dormant tumour cells have been shown to exploit similar niches, with evidence suggesting interactions with osteoblast-lineage cells and other stromal cells via CXCL12-CXCR4, integrins, and TAM receptor signalling, especially through GAS6-AXL, led to dormancy, with exit of dormancy potentially regulated by osteoclastic bone resorption and neuronal signalling. A comprehensive understanding of dormant tumour cell niches and their regulatory mechanisms is essential for developing targeted therapies, a critical step towards eradicating metastatic tumours and stopping disease relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T. Smith
- Bone Biology Lab, Cancer Plasticity and Dormancy Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Ryan C. Chai
- Bone Biology Lab, Cancer Plasticity and Dormancy Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Australia
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3
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Deo A, Sleeman JP, Shaked Y. The role of host response to chemotherapy: resistance, metastasis and clinical implications. Clin Exp Metastasis 2024; 41:495-507. [PMID: 37999904 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-023-10243-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy remains the primary treatment for most metastatic cancers. However, the response to chemotherapy and targeted agents is often transient, and concurrent development of resistance is the primary impediment to effective cancer therapy. Strategies to overcome resistance to treatment have focused on cancer cell intrinsic factors and the tumor microenvironment (TME). Recent evidence indicates that systemic chemotherapy has a significant impact on the host that either facilitates tumor growth, allowing metastatic spread, or renders treatment ineffective. These host responses include the release of bone marrow-derived cells, activation of stromal cells in the TME, and induction of different molecular effectors. Here, we provide an overview of chemotherapy-induced systemic host responses that support tumor aggressiveness and metastasis, and which contribute to therapy resistance. Studying host responses to chemotherapy provides a solid basis for the development of adjuvant strategies to improve treatment outcomes and delay resistance to chemotherapy. This review discusses the emerging field of host response to cancer therapy, and its preclinical and potential clinical implications, explaining how under certain circumstances, these host effects contribute to metastasis and resistance to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhilash Deo
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Science, Rappaport Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Jonathan P Sleeman
- European Centre for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute for Technology (KIT), IBCS-BIP, Campus Nord, 76344, Eggenstein- Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Yuval Shaked
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Science, Rappaport Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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4
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Amissah HA, Combs SE, Shevtsov M. Tumor Dormancy and Reactivation: The Role of Heat Shock Proteins. Cells 2024; 13:1087. [PMID: 38994941 PMCID: PMC11240553 DOI: 10.3390/cells13131087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumors are a heterogeneous group of cell masses originating in various organs or tissues. The cellular composition of the tumor cell mass interacts in an intricate manner, influenced by humoral, genetic, molecular, and tumor microenvironment cues that dictate tumor growth or suppression. As a result, tumors undergo a period of a dormant state before their clinically discernible stage, which surpasses the clinical dormancy threshold. Moreover, as a genetically imprinted strategy, early-seeder cells, a distinct population of tumor cells, break off to dock nearby or extravasate into blood vessels to secondary tissues, where they form disseminated solitary dormant tumor cells with reversible capacity. Among the various mechanisms underlying the dormant tumor mass and dormant tumor cell formation, heat shock proteins (HSPs) might play one of the most important roles in how the dormancy program plays out. It is known that numerous aberrant cellular processes, such as malignant transformation, cancer cell stemness, tumor invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and signaling pathway maintenance, are influenced by the HSPs. An accumulating body of knowledge suggests that HSPs may be involved in the angiogenic switch, immune editing, and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling cascades, crucial genetically imprinted strategies important to the tumor dormancy initiation and dormancy maintenance program. In this review, we highlight the biological events that orchestrate the dormancy state and the body of work that has been conducted on the dynamics of HSPs in a tumor mass, as well as tumor cell dormancy and reactivation. Additionally, we propose a conceptual framework that could possibly underlie dormant tumor reactivation in metastatic relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haneef Ahmed Amissah
- Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Department of Medical Biology and Medical Biology, FEFU Campus, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
- Diagnostics Laboratory Department, Trauma and Specialist Hospital, CE-122-2486, Central Region, Winneba P.O. Box 326, Ghana
| | - Stephanie E Combs
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Technische Universität München (TUM), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Maxim Shevtsov
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Technische Universität München (TUM), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Laboratory of Biomedical Nanotechnologies, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), 194064 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Personalized Medicine Centre, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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5
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Su J, Ni C, Wu Y, Zhang J, Cai Z, Lu J, Lin S, Wang J. Comparative efficacy and safety of cabozantinib for malignant tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2024; 24:293-302. [PMID: 38551185 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2024.2337266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To provide a more comprehensive understanding of the efficacy and safety profile of cabozantinib versus placebo in malignant tumors, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. This involved analyzing a collection of published randomized controlled trials to assess the outcomes. METHODS We used RevMan5.3 software to evaluate the outcomes of the collected studies. The primary outcome we focused on was progression-free survival (PFS), and the secondary outcomes included overall survival (OS) and disease control rate (DCR). RESULTS Our findings revealed that compared to placebo, cabozantinib significantly extended the PFS of patients [hazard ratios (HR) 0.37, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.32, 0.43, p < 0.00001]. Additionally, cabozantinib improved the OS of patients [HR 0.78, 95%CI: 0.68, 0.91, p = 0.002]. While it is important to note that cabozantinib was associated with a higher likelihood of causing digestive, cutaneous, and cardiovascular related adverse events [relative risk (RR) 4.40, 95% CI: 3.10, 6.25, p < 0.00001]. CONCLUSION Based on our analysis, cabozantinib significantly prolonged the PFS and OS of patients with malignant tumors (p < 0.01). We recommend the use of cabozantinib in treating advanced malignant tumors. However, it is important to continuously monitor and manage the drug-related adverse events. REGISTRATION PROSPERO (No. CRD42023449261).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyang Su
- Oncology Department, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- General Internal Medicine Department, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cui Ni
- Oncology Department, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuqian Wu
- Endocrinology Department, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jialin Zhang
- Oncology Department, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zelin Cai
- Oncology Department, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinhua Lu
- Oncology Department, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shengyou Lin
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Oncology Department, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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6
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Liu R, Zhao Y, Su S, Kwabil A, Njoku PC, Yu H, Li X. Unveiling cancer dormancy: Intrinsic mechanisms and extrinsic forces. Cancer Lett 2024; 591:216899. [PMID: 38649107 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Tumor cells disseminate in various distant organs at early stages of cancer progression. These disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) can stay dormant/quiescent without causing patient symptoms for years or decades. These dormant tumor cells survive despite curative treatments by entering growth arrest, escaping immune surveillance, and/or developing drug resistance. However, these dormant cells can reactivate to proliferate, causing metastatic progression and/or relapse, posing a threat to patients' survival. It's unclear how cancer cells maintain dormancy and what triggers their reactivation. What are better approaches to prevent metastatic progression and relapse through harnessing cancer dormancy? To answer these remaining questions, we reviewed the studies of tumor dormancy and reactivation in various types of cancer using different model systems, including the brief history of dormancy studies, the intrinsic characteristics of dormant cells, and the external cues at the cellular and molecular levels. Furthermore, we discussed future directions in the field and the strategies for manipulating dormancy to prevent metastatic progression and recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihua Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 010070, China; Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Yawei Zhao
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Shang Su
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Augustine Kwabil
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Prisca Chinonso Njoku
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Haiquan Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 010070, China.
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA.
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7
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Monteran L, Zait Y, Erez N. It's all about the base: stromal cells are central orchestrators of metastasis. Trends Cancer 2024; 10:208-229. [PMID: 38072691 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2024]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is an integral part of tumors and plays a central role in all stages of carcinogenesis and progression. Each organ has a unique and heterogeneous microenvironment, which affects the ability of disseminated cells to grow in the new and sometimes hostile metastatic niche. Resident stromal cells, such as fibroblasts, osteoblasts, and astrocytes, are essential culprits in the modulation of metastatic progression: they transition from being sentinels of tissue integrity to being dysfunctional perpetrators that support metastatic outgrowth. Therefore, better understanding of the complexity of their reciprocal interactions with cancer cells and with other components of the TME is essential to enable the design of novel therapeutic approaches to prevent metastatic relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Monteran
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yael Zait
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Neta Erez
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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8
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Parajuli KR, Jung Y, Taichman RS. Abscisic acid signaling through LANCL2 and PPARγ induces activation of p38MAPK resulting in dormancy of prostate cancer metastatic cells. Oncol Rep 2024; 51:39. [PMID: 38624012 PMCID: PMC10804438 DOI: 10.3892/or.2024.8698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one the most common malignancies in men. The high incidence of bone metastasis years after primary therapy suggests that disseminated tumor cells must become dormant, but maintain their ability to proliferate in the bone marrow. Abscisic acid (ABA) is a stress response molecule best known for its regulation of seed germination, stomal opening, root shoot growth and other stress responses in plants. ABA is also synthesized by mammalian cells and has been linked to human disease. The aim of the present study was to examine the role of ABA in regulating tumor dormancy via signaling through lanthionine synthetase C‑like protein 2 (LANCL2) and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) receptors. ABA signaling in human PCa cell lines was studied using targeted gene knockdown (KD), western blotting, quantitative PCR, cell proliferation, migration, invasion and soft agar assays, as well as co‑culture assays with bone marrow stromal cells. The data demonstrated that ABA signaling increased the expression of p21, p27 and p16, while inhibiting viability, migration, invasion and colony size in a reversable manner without toxicity. ABA also induced p38MAPK activation and NR2F1 signaling. Targeted gene KD of LANCL2 and PPARγ abrogated the cellular responses to ABA. Taken together, these data demonstrate that ABA may induce dormancy in PCa cell lines through LANCL2 and PPARγ signaling, and suggest novel targets to manage metastatic PCa growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshab Raj Parajuli
- Department of Periodontology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Dentistry, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Younghun Jung
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Russell S. Taichman
- Department of Periodontology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Dentistry, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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9
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Bae SY, Kamalanathan KJ, Galeano-Garces C, Konety BR, Antonarakis ES, Parthasarathy J, Hong J, Drake JM. Dissemination of Circulating Tumor Cells in Breast and Prostate Cancer: Implications for Early Detection. Endocrinology 2024; 165:bqae022. [PMID: 38366552 PMCID: PMC10904107 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqae022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Burgeoning evidence suggests that circulating tumor cells (CTCs) may disseminate into blood vessels at an early stage, seeding metastases in various cancers such as breast and prostate cancer. Simultaneously, the early-stage CTCs that settle in metastatic sites [termed disseminated tumor cells (DTCs)] can enter dormancy, marking a potential source of late recurrence and therapy resistance. Thus, the presence of these early CTCs poses risks to patients but also holds potential benefits for early detection and treatment and opportunities for possibly curative interventions. This review delves into the role of early DTCs in driving latent metastasis within breast and prostate cancer, emphasizing the importance of early CTC detection in these diseases. We further explore the correlation between early CTC detection and poor prognoses, which contribute significantly to increased cancer mortality. Consequently, the detection of CTCs at an early stage emerges as a critical imperative for enhancing clinical diagnostics and allowing for early interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Badrinath R Konety
- Astrin Biosciences, St. Paul, MN 55114, USA
- Allina Health Cancer Institute, Minneapolis, MN 55407, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | - Emmanuel S Antonarakis
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | - Jiarong Hong
- Astrin Biosciences, St. Paul, MN 55114, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Justin M Drake
- Astrin Biosciences, St. Paul, MN 55114, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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10
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Pei FL, Jia JJ, Lin SH, Chen XX, Wu LZ, Lin ZX, Sun BW, Zeng C. Construction and evaluation of endometriosis diagnostic prediction model and immune infiltration based on efferocytosis-related genes. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 10:1298457. [PMID: 38370978 PMCID: PMC10870152 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1298457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Endometriosis (EM) is a long-lasting inflammatory disease that is difficult to treat and prevent. Existing research indicates the significance of immune infiltration in the progression of EM. Efferocytosis has an important immunomodulatory function. However, research on the identification and clinical significance of efferocytosis-related genes (EFRGs) in EM is sparse. Methods: The EFRDEGs (differentially expressed efferocytosis-related genes) linked to datasets associated with endometriosis were thoroughly examined utilizing the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and GeneCards databases. The construction of the protein-protein interaction (PPI) and transcription factor (TF) regulatory network of EFRDEGs ensued. Subsequently, machine learning techniques including Univariate logistic regression, LASSO, and SVM classification were applied to filter and pinpoint diagnostic biomarkers. To establish and assess the diagnostic model, ROC analysis, multivariate regression analysis, nomogram, and calibration curve were employed. The CIBERSORT algorithm and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) were employed to explore immune cell infiltration, while the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) was utilized for the identification of potential therapeutic drugs for endometriosis. Finally, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) were utilized to quantify the expression levels of biomarkers in clinical samples of endometriosis. Results: Our findings revealed 13 EFRDEGs associated with EM, and the LASSO and SVM regression model identified six hub genes (ARG2, GAS6, C3, PROS1, CLU, and FGL2). Among these, ARG2, GAS6, and C3 were confirmed as diagnostic biomarkers through multivariate logistic regression analysis. The ROC curve analysis of GSE37837 (AUC = 0.627) and GSE6374 (AUC = 0.635), along with calibration and DCA curve assessments, demonstrated that the nomogram built on these three biomarkers exhibited a commendable predictive capacity for the disease. Notably, the ratio of nine immune cell types exhibited significant differences between eutopic and ectopic endometrial samples, with scRNA-seq highlighting M0 Macrophages, Fibroblasts, and CD8 Tex cells as the cell populations undergoing the most substantial changes in the three biomarkers. Additionally, our study predicted seven potential medications for EM. Finally, the expression levels of the three biomarkers in clinical samples were validated through RT-qPCR and IHC, consistently aligning with the results obtained from the public database. Conclusion: we identified three biomarkers and constructed a diagnostic model for EM in this study, these findings provide valuable insights for subsequent mechanistic research and clinical applications in the field of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Li Pei
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Jin Jia
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Hong Lin
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Xin Chen
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Zheng Wu
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zeng-Xian Lin
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo-Wen Sun
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Zeng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Engelmann J, Ragipoglu D, Ben-Batalla I, Loges S. The Role of TAM Receptors in Bone. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:233. [PMID: 38203403 PMCID: PMC10779100 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The TAM (TYRO3, MERTK, and AXL) family of receptor tyrosine kinases are pleiotropic regulators of adult tissue homeostasis maintaining organ integrity and self-renewal. Disruption of their homeostatic balance fosters pathological conditions like autoinflammatory or degenerative diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematodes, or liver fibrosis. Moreover, TAM receptors exhibit prominent cell-transforming properties, promoting tumor progression, metastasis, and therapy resistance in various cancer entities. Emerging evidence shows that TAM receptors are involved in bone homeostasis by regulating osteoblastic bone formation and osteoclastic bone resorption. Therefore, TAM receptors emerge as new key players of the regulatory cytokine network of osteoblasts and osteoclasts and represent accessible targets for pharmacologic therapy for a broad set of different bone diseases, including primary and metastatic bone tumors, rheumatoid arthritis, or osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janik Engelmann
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
- Department of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute at the University Medical Center Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (D.R.); (I.B.-B.)
- Division of Personalized Medical Oncology (A420), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Personalized Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Deniz Ragipoglu
- DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute at the University Medical Center Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (D.R.); (I.B.-B.)
- Division of Personalized Medical Oncology (A420), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Personalized Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Isabel Ben-Batalla
- DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute at the University Medical Center Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (D.R.); (I.B.-B.)
- Division of Personalized Medical Oncology (A420), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Personalized Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sonja Loges
- DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute at the University Medical Center Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (D.R.); (I.B.-B.)
- Division of Personalized Medical Oncology (A420), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Personalized Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
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12
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Yao CJ, Chang CL, Hu MH, Liao CH, Lai GM, Chiou TJ, Ho HL, Kuo HC, Yang YY, Whang-Peng J, Chuang SE. Drastic Synergy of Lovastatin and Antrodia camphorata Extract Combination against PC3 Androgen-Refractory Prostate Cancer Cells, Accompanied by AXL and Stemness Molecules Inhibition. Nutrients 2023; 15:4493. [PMID: 37960146 PMCID: PMC10647293 DOI: 10.3390/nu15214493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer and the fifth leading cause of cancer-related death in males worldwide. Early-stage PC patients can benefit from surgical, radiation, and hormonal therapies; however, once the tumor transitions to an androgen-refractory state, the efficacy of treatments diminishes considerably. Recently, the exploration of natural products, particularly dietary phytochemicals, has intensified in response to addressing this prevailing medical challenge. In this study, we uncovered a synergistic effect from combinatorial treatment with lovastatin (an active component in red yeast rice) and Antrodia camphorata (AC, a folk mushroom) extract against PC3 human androgen-refractory PC cells. This combinatorial modality resulted in cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase and induced apoptosis, accompanied by a marked reduction in molecules responsible for cellular proliferation (p-Rb/Rb, Cyclin A, Cyclin D1, and CDK1), aggressiveness (AXL, p-AKT, and survivin), and stemness (SIRT1, Notch1, and c-Myc). In contrast, treatment with either AC or lovastatin alone only exerted limited impacts on the cell cycle, apoptosis, and the aforementioned signaling molecules. Notably, significant reductions in canonical PC stemness markers (CD44 and CD133) were observed in lovastatin/AC-treated PC3 cells. Furthermore, lovastatin and AC have been individually examined for their anti-PC properties. Our findings elucidate a pioneering discovery in the synergistic combinatorial efficacy of AC and clinically viable concentrations of lovastatin on PC3 PC cells, offering novel insights into improving the therapeutic effects of dietary natural products for future strategic design of therapeutics against androgen-refractory prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Jung Yao
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan;
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
| | - Chia-Lun Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan; (M.-H.H.); (G.-M.L.); (T.-J.C.); (J.W.-P.)
- Cancer Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (H.-L.H.); (H.-C.K.)
| | - Ming-Hung Hu
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan; (M.-H.H.); (G.-M.L.); (T.-J.C.); (J.W.-P.)
- Cancer Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (H.-L.H.); (H.-C.K.)
| | - Chien-Huang Liao
- Cancer Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (H.-L.H.); (H.-C.K.)
| | - Gi-Ming Lai
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan; (M.-H.H.); (G.-M.L.); (T.-J.C.); (J.W.-P.)
- Cancer Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (H.-L.H.); (H.-C.K.)
| | - Tzeon-Jye Chiou
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan; (M.-H.H.); (G.-M.L.); (T.-J.C.); (J.W.-P.)
- Cancer Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (H.-L.H.); (H.-C.K.)
| | - Hsien-Ling Ho
- Cancer Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (H.-L.H.); (H.-C.K.)
| | - Hui-Ching Kuo
- Cancer Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (H.-L.H.); (H.-C.K.)
| | - Ya-Yu Yang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan;
| | - Jacqueline Whang-Peng
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan; (M.-H.H.); (G.-M.L.); (T.-J.C.); (J.W.-P.)
- Cancer Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (H.-L.H.); (H.-C.K.)
| | - Shuang-En Chuang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan;
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13
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Song X, Lan Y, Zheng X, Zhu Q, Liao X, Liu K, Zhang W, Peng Q, Zhu Y, Zhao L, Chen X, Shu Y, Yang K, Hu J. Targeting drug-tolerant cells: A promising strategy for overcoming acquired drug resistance in cancer cells. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e342. [PMID: 37638338 PMCID: PMC10449058 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance remains the greatest challenge in improving outcomes for cancer patients who receive chemotherapy and targeted therapy. Surmounting evidence suggests that a subpopulation of cancer cells could escape intense selective drug treatment by entering a drug-tolerant state without genetic variations. These drug-tolerant cells (DTCs) are characterized with a slow proliferation rate and a reversible phenotype. They reside in the tumor region and may serve as a reservoir for resistant phenotypes. The survival of DTCs is regulated by epigenetic modifications, transcriptional regulation, mRNA translation remodeling, metabolic changes, antiapoptosis, interactions with the tumor microenvironment, and activation of signaling pathways. Thus, targeting the regulators of DTCs opens a new avenue for the treatment of therapy-resistant tumors. In this review, we first provide an overview of common characteristics of DTCs and the regulating networks in DTCs development. We also discuss the potential therapeutic opportunities to target DTCs. Last, we discuss the current challenges and prospects of the DTC-targeting approach to overcome acquired drug resistance. Reviewing the latest developments in DTC research could be essential in discovering of methods to eliminate DTCs, which may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for preventing drug resistance in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohai Song
- Department of General SurgeryGastric Cancer CenterLaboratory of Gastric CancerState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yang Lan
- Department of General SurgeryGastric Cancer CenterLaboratory of Gastric CancerState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xiuli Zheng
- Department of RadiologyHuaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC) and Critical Care MedicinePrecision Medicine Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease‐Related Molecular Network, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Qianyu Zhu
- Department of General SurgeryGastric Cancer CenterLaboratory of Gastric CancerState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xuliang Liao
- Department of General SurgeryGastric Cancer CenterLaboratory of Gastric CancerState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of General SurgeryGastric Cancer CenterLaboratory of Gastric CancerState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Weihan Zhang
- Department of General SurgeryGastric Cancer CenterLaboratory of Gastric CancerState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - QiangBo Peng
- Department of General SurgeryGastric Cancer CenterLaboratory of Gastric CancerState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yunfeng Zhu
- Department of General SurgeryGastric Cancer CenterLaboratory of Gastric CancerState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Linyong Zhao
- Department of General SurgeryGastric Cancer CenterLaboratory of Gastric CancerState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xiaolong Chen
- Department of General SurgeryGastric Cancer CenterLaboratory of Gastric CancerState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yang Shu
- Department of General SurgeryGastric Cancer CenterLaboratory of Gastric CancerState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of General SurgeryGastric Cancer CenterLaboratory of Gastric CancerState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Jiankun Hu
- Department of General SurgeryGastric Cancer CenterLaboratory of Gastric CancerState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
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14
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Schneider K, Arandjelovic S. Apoptotic cell clearance components in inflammatory arthritis. Immunol Rev 2023; 319:142-150. [PMID: 37507355 PMCID: PMC10615714 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the synovial joints that affects ~1% of the human population. Joint swelling and bone erosion, hallmarks of RA, contribute to disability and, sometimes, loss of life. Mechanistically, disease is driven by immune dysregulation characterized by circulating autoantibodies, inflammatory mediators, tissue degradative enzymes, and metabolic dysfunction of resident stromal and recruited immune cells. Cell death by apoptosis has been therapeutically explored in animal models of RA due to the comparisons drawn between synovial hyperplasia and paucity of apoptosis in RA with the malignant transformation of cancer cells. Several efforts to induce cell death have shown benefits in reducing the development and/or severity of the disease. Apoptotic cells are cleared by phagocytes in a process known as efferocytosis, which differs from microbial phagocytosis in its "immuno-silent," or anti-inflammatory, nature. Failures in efferocytosis have been linked to autoimmune disease, whereas administration of apoptotic cells in RA models effectively inhibits inflammatory indices, likely though efferocytosis-mediated resolution-promoting mechanisms. However, the nature of signaling pathways elicited and the molecular identity of clearance mediators in RA are understudied. Furthermore, canonical efferocytosis machinery elements also play important non-canonical functions in homeostasis and pathology. Here, we discuss the roles of efferocytosis machinery components in models of RA and discuss their potential involvement in disease pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Schneider
- University of Virginia, Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Sanja Arandjelovic
- University of Virginia, Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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15
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Liang XW, Liu B, Chen JC, Cao Z, Chu FR, Lin X, Wang SZ, Wu JC. Characteristics and molecular mechanism of drug-tolerant cells in cancer: a review. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1177466. [PMID: 37483492 PMCID: PMC10360399 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1177466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance in tumours has seriously hindered the therapeutic effect. Tumour drug resistance is divided into primary resistance and acquired resistance, and the recent study has found that a significant proportion of cancer cells can acquire stable drug resistance from scratch. This group of cells first enters the drug tolerance state (DT state) under drug pressure, and gradually acquires stable drug resistance through adaptive mutations in this state. Although the specific mechanisms underlying the formation of drug tolerant cells (DTCs) remain unclear, various proteins and signalling pathways have been identified as being involved in the formation of DTCs. In the current review, we summarize the characteristics, molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies of DTCs in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Wen Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, China
| | - Bing- Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Jia-Cheng Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, China
| | - Zhi Cao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, China
| | - Feng-ran Chu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, China
| | - Xiong Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, China
| | - Sheng-Zhong Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Jin-Cai Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, China
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16
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He Q, Hu H, Yang F, Song D, Zhang X, Dai X. Advances in chimeric antigen receptor T cells therapy in the treatment of breast cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114609. [PMID: 37001182 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequently occurring cancer type seriously threatening the lives of women worldwide. Clinically, the high frequency of diverse resistance to current therapeutic strategies advocates a demand to develop novel and effective approaches for the efficient treatment of BC. The chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells therapy, one of the immunotherapies, has displayed powerful capacity to specifically kill and eliminate tumors. Due to the success of CAR-T therapy achieved in treating hematological malignancy, the effect of CAR-T cells therapy has been tested in various human diseases including breast cancer. This review summarized and discussed the landscape of the CAR-T therapy for breast cancer, including the advances, challenge and countermeasure of CAR-T therapy in research and clinical application. The roles of potential antigen targets, tumor microenvironment, immune escape in regulating CAR-T therapy, the combination of CAR-T therapy with other therapeutic strategies to further enhance therapeutic efficacy of CAR-T treatment were also highlighted. Therefore, our review provided a comprehensive understanding of CAR-T cell therapy in breast cancer which will awake huge interests for future in-depth investigation of CAR-T based therapy in cancer treatment.
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17
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Wieder R. Awakening of Dormant Breast Cancer Cells in the Bone Marrow. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15113021. [PMID: 37296983 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15113021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Up to 40% of patients with breast cancer (BC) have metastatic cells in the bone marrow (BM) at the initial diagnosis of localized disease. Despite definitive systemic adjuvant therapy, these cells survive in the BM microenvironment, enter a dormant state and recur stochastically for more than 20 years. Once they begin to proliferate, recurrent macrometastases are not curable, and patients generally succumb to their disease. Many potential mechanisms for initiating recurrence have been proposed, but no definitive predictive data have been generated. This manuscript reviews the proposed mechanisms that maintain BC cell dormancy in the BM microenvironment and discusses the data supporting specific mechanisms for recurrence. It addresses the well-described mechanisms of secretory senescence, inflammation, aging, adipogenic BM conversion, autophagy, systemic effects of trauma and surgery, sympathetic signaling, transient angiogenic bursts, hypercoagulable states, osteoclast activation, and epigenetic modifications of dormant cells. This review addresses proposed approaches for either eliminating micrometastases or maintaining a dormant state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Wieder
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School and the Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Avenue, MSB F671, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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18
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Akhmetkaliyev A, Alibrahim N, Shafiee D, Tulchinsky E. EMT/MET plasticity in cancer and Go-or-Grow decisions in quiescence: the two sides of the same coin? Mol Cancer 2023; 22:90. [PMID: 37259089 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01793-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mesenchymal epithelial transition (MET) are genetic determinants of cellular plasticity. These programs operate in physiological (embryonic development, wound healing) and pathological (organ fibrosis, cancer) conditions. In cancer, EMT and MET interfere with various signalling pathways at different levels. This results in gross alterations in the gene expression programs, which affect most, if not all hallmarks of cancer, such as response to proliferative and death-inducing signals, tumorigenicity, and cell stemness. EMT in cancer cells involves large scale reorganisation of the cytoskeleton, loss of epithelial integrity, and gain of mesenchymal traits, such as mesenchymal type of cell migration. In this regard, EMT/MET plasticity is highly relevant to the Go-or-Grow concept, which postulates the dichotomous relationship between cell motility and proliferation. The Go-or-Grow decisions are critically important in the processes in which EMT/MET plasticity takes the central stage, mobilisation of stem cells during wound healing, cancer relapse, and metastasis. Here we outline the maintenance of quiescence in stem cell and metastatic niches, focusing on the implication of EMT/MET regulatory networks in Go-or-Grow switches. In particular, we discuss the analogy between cells residing in hybrid quasi-mesenchymal states and GAlert, an intermediate phase allowing quiescent stem cells to enter the cell cycle rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azamat Akhmetkaliyev
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Astana, 020000, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Darya Shafiee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Astana, 020000, Kazakhstan
| | - Eugene Tulchinsky
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Astana, 020000, Kazakhstan.
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
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19
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Zhai X, Pu D, Wang R, Zhang J, Lin Y, Wang Y, Zhai N, Peng X, Zhou Q, Li L. Gas6/AXL pathway: immunological landscape and therapeutic potential. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1121130. [PMID: 37265798 PMCID: PMC10231434 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1121130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a disease with ecological and evolutionary unity, which seriously affects the survival and quality of human beings. Currently, many reports have suggested Gas6 plays an important role in cancer. Binding of gas6 to TAM receptors is associated with the carcinogenetic mechanisms of multiple malignancies, such as in breast cancer, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, non-small cell lung cancer, melanoma, prostate cancer, etc., and shortened overall survival. It is accepted that the Gas6/TAM pathway can promote the malignant transformation of various types of cancer cells. Gas6 has the highest affinity for Axl, an important member of the TAM receptor family. Knockdown of the TAM receptors Axl significantly affects cell cycle progression in tumor cells. Interestingly, Gas6 also has an essential function in the tumor microenvironment. The Gas6/AXL pathway regulates angiogenesis, immune-related molecular markers and the secretion of certain cytokines in the tumor microenvironment, and also modulates the functions of a variety of immune cells. In addition, evidence suggests that the Gas6/AXL pathway is involved in tumor therapy resistance. Recently, multiple studies have begun to explore in depth the importance of the Gas6/AXL pathway as a potential tumor therapeutic target as well as its broad promise in immunotherapy; therefore, a timely review of the characteristics of the Gas6/AXL pathway and its value in tumor treatment strategies is warranted. This comprehensive review assessed the roles of Gas6 and AXL receptors and their associated pathways in carcinogenesis and cancer progression, summarized the impact of Gas6/AXL on the tumor microenvironment, and highlighted the recent research progress on the relationship between Gas6/AXL and cancer drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Zhai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dan Pu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Rulan Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiabi Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, College of Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Yiyun Lin
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yuqing Wang
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ni Zhai
- Neurosurgery Intensive Care Unit, The 987th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Baoji, Shanxi, China
| | - Xuan Peng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, Hubei, China
| | - Qinghua Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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20
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Yan Q, Zhang T, O'Connor C, Barlow JW, Walsh J, Scalabrino G, Xu F, Sheridan H. The biological responses of vitamin K2: A comprehensive review. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:1634-1656. [PMID: 37051359 PMCID: PMC10084986 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K1 (VitK1) and Vitamin K2 (VitK2), two important naturally occurring micronutrients in the VitK family, found, respectively, in green leafy plants and algae (VitK1) and animal and fermented foods (VitK2). The present review explores the multiple biological functions of VitK2 from recently published in vitro and in vivo studies, including promotion of osteogenesis, prevention of calcification, relief of menopausal symptoms, enhancement of mitochondrial energy release, hepato- and neuro-protective effects, and possible use in treatment of coronavirus disease. The mechanisms of action associated with these biological effects are also explored. Overall, the findings presented here suggest that VitK, especially VitK2, is an important nutrient family for the normal functioning of human health. It acts on almost all major body systems and directly or indirectly participates in and regulates hundreds of physiological or pathological processes. However, as biological and clinical data are still inconsistent and conflicting, more in-depth investigations are warranted to elucidate its potential as a therapeutic strategy to prevent and treat a range of disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanxiang Yan
- Institute of Science and TechnologyShenyang Open UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Food Science & Environmental HealthTechnological University DublinDublin 7Ireland
- NatPro Centre, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesTrinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
| | - Christine O'Connor
- School of Food Science & Environmental HealthTechnological University DublinDublin 7Ireland
| | - James W. Barlow
- Department of ChemistryRCSI University of Medicine and Health SciencesDublin 2Ireland
| | - John Walsh
- NatPro Centre, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesTrinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesTrinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
| | - Gaia Scalabrino
- NatPro Centre, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesTrinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
| | - Feng Xu
- The Centre of Vitamin K2 ResearchShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Helen Sheridan
- NatPro Centre, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesTrinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesTrinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
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21
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Bae D, Chaudhary P, Been JH, Gautam J, Lee J, Shah S, Kim E, Lee H, Nam TG, Jeong BS, Kim JA. Antitumor effect of 3-(quinolin-2-ylmethylene)-4,6-dimethyl-5-hydroxy-7-azaoxindole down-regulating the Gas6-Axl axis. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 251:115274. [PMID: 36921529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a new series of 3-arylidene-4,6-dimethyl-5-hydroxy-7-azaoxindole compounds with a wide range of functional groups were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their antitumor activity. Among the 35 compounds, compound 6-15, with a quinoline moiety, showed cytotoxic IC50 values superior to those of sunitinib against the seven cancer cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, HT-29, DU145, U937, A549, and PANC-1). However, its inhibitory activity against receptor tyrosine kinases (VEGFR2, PDGFRβ, c-KIT, FGFR1, FLT3, CSF1R, EGFR, Axl, and Axl mutant) was 100 -3000-fold weaker than that of sunitinib. Interestingly, compound 6-15 exerted a 3.6-fold stronger cytotoxicity than sunitinib in the gemcitabine-resistant PANC-1 cell line and significantly inhibited Axl, which was in contrast with the effect of sunitinib. Nonetheless, both compounds suppressed the expression of growth arrest-specific 6 (Gas6), the ligand of Axl. The inhibitory effect of compound 6-15 on the Gas6-Axl axis was similar to that of Gas6 knockdown by siRNA in PANC-1 cells in terms of apoptosis induction, increase in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, Axl down-regulation, and PI3K/Akt inhibition. The inhibitory effect of compound 6-15 on tumor growth in mouse tumor models with A549 and PANC-1 xenografts was much greater than that of cisplatin or gemcitabine. Taken together, the current findings demonstrate that compound 6-15 is a promising anticancer drug candidate that acts by inhibiting the Gas6-Axl axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawon Bae
- College of Pharmacy and Institute for Drug Research, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Prakash Chaudhary
- College of Pharmacy and Institute for Drug Research, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hui Been
- College of Pharmacy and Institute for Drug Research, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaya Gautam
- College of Pharmacy and Institute for Drug Research, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Institute for Drug Research, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Sajita Shah
- College of Pharmacy and Institute for Drug Research, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Euijung Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Institute for Drug Research, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunji Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Institute for Drug Research, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Kyungsung University, Busan, 48434, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Gyu Nam
- Department of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, ERICA campus, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Seon Jeong
- College of Pharmacy and Institute for Drug Research, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung-Ae Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Institute for Drug Research, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea.
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Ruggieri L, Moretti A, Berardi R, Cona MS, Dalu D, Villa C, Chizzoniti D, Piva S, Gambaro A, La Verde N. Host-Related Factors in the Interplay among Inflammation, Immunity and Dormancy in Breast Cancer Recurrence and Prognosis: An Overview for Clinicians. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054974. [PMID: 36902406 PMCID: PMC10002538 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A significant proportion of patients treated for early breast cancer develop medium-term and late distant recurrence. The delayed manifestation of metastatic disease is defined as "dormancy". This model describes the aspects of the clinical latency of isolated metastatic cancer cells. Dormancy is regulated by extremely complex interactions between disseminated cancer cells and the microenvironment where they reside, the latter in turn influenced directly by the host. Among these entangled mechanisms, inflammation and immunity may play leading roles. This review is divided into two parts: the first describes the biological underpinnings of cancer dormancy and the role of the immune response, in particular, for breast cancer; the second provides an overview of the host-related factors that may influence systemic inflammation and immune response, subsequently impacting the dynamics of breast cancer dormancy. The aim of this review is to provide physicians and medical oncologists a useful tool to understand the clinical implications of this relevant topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Ruggieri
- Medical Oncology Unit, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Via G.B. Grassi, n° 74, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Moretti
- Medical Oncology Unit, S. Carlo Hospital, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, 20153 Milan, Italy
| | - Rossana Berardi
- Department of Oncology, Università Politecnica delle Marche—AOU delle Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Maria Silvia Cona
- Medical Oncology Unit, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Via G.B. Grassi, n° 74, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Dalu
- Medical Oncology Unit, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Via G.B. Grassi, n° 74, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Villa
- Medical Oncology Unit, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Via G.B. Grassi, n° 74, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Chizzoniti
- Medical Oncology Unit, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Via G.B. Grassi, n° 74, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Sheila Piva
- Medical Oncology Unit, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Gambaro
- Medical Oncology Unit, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Via G.B. Grassi, n° 74, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicla La Verde
- Medical Oncology Unit, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Via G.B. Grassi, n° 74, 20157 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-3904-2492
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23
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Baldessari C, Pipitone S, Molinaro E, Cerma K, Fanelli M, Nasso C, Oltrecolli M, Pirola M, D’Agostino E, Pugliese G, Cerri S, Vitale MG, Madeo B, Dominici M, Sabbatini R. Bone Metastases and Health in Prostate Cancer: From Pathophysiology to Clinical Implications. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:1518. [PMID: 36900309 PMCID: PMC10000416 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15051518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinically relevant bone metastases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality for prostate cancer patients. Distinct phenotypes are described: osteoblastic, the more common osteolytic and mixed. A molecular classification has been also proposed. Bone metastases start with the tropism of cancer cells to the bone through different multi-step tumor-host interactions, as described by the "metastatic cascade" model. Understanding these mechanisms, although far from being fully elucidated, could offer several potential targets for prevention and therapy. Moreover, the prognosis of patients is markedly influenced by skeletal-related events. They can be correlated not only with bone metastases, but also with "bad" bone health. There is a close correlation between osteoporosis-a skeletal disorder with decreased bone mass and qualitative alterations-and prostate cancer, in particular when treated with androgen deprivation therapy, a milestone in its treatment. Systemic treatments for prostate cancer, especially with the newest options, have improved the survival and quality of life of patients with respect to skeletal-related events; however, all patients should be evaluated for "bone health" and osteoporotic risk, both in the presence and in the absence of bone metastases. Treatment with bone-targeted therapies should be evaluated even in the absence of bone metastases, as described in special guidelines and according to a multidisciplinary evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Baldessari
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria of Modena, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Stefania Pipitone
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria of Modena, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Eleonora Molinaro
- Oncology, AUSL of Modena Area Sud, Sassuolo-Vignola-Pavullo, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Krisida Cerma
- Oncology Unit 1, Department of Oncology, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV—IRCCS, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Martina Fanelli
- Department of Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria S. M. della Misericordia, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Cecilia Nasso
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria of Modena, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Medical Oncology, Ospedale Santa Corona, 17027 Pietra Ligure, Italy
| | - Marco Oltrecolli
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria of Modena, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Marta Pirola
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria of Modena, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Elisa D’Agostino
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria of Modena, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pugliese
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Univerity of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Sara Cerri
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria of Modena, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Maria Giuseppa Vitale
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria of Modena, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Bruno Madeo
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialities, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria of Modena, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Massimo Dominici
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria of Modena, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Roberto Sabbatini
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria of Modena, 41125 Modena, Italy
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24
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Metastasis prevention: How to catch metastatic seeds. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188867. [PMID: 36842768 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Despite considerable advances in the evolution of anticancer therapies, metastasis still remains the main cause of cancer mortality. Therefore, current strategies for cancer cure should be redirected towards prevention of metastasis. Targeting metastatic pathways represents a promising therapeutic opportunity aimed at obstructing tumor cell dissemination and metastatic colonization. In this review, we focus on preclinical studies and clinical trials over the last five years that showed high efficacy in suppressing metastasis through targeting lymph node dissemination, tumor cell extravasation, reactive oxygen species, pre-metastatic niche, exosome machinery, and dormancy.
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25
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Ollodart J, Contino KF, Deep G, Shiozawa Y. The impacts of exosomes on bone metastatic progression and their potential clinical utility. Bone Rep 2022; 17:101606. [PMID: 35910404 PMCID: PMC9335387 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2022.101606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is one of the most common sites of cancer metastasis. Once cancer metastasizes to the bone, the mortality rate of cancer patients dramatically increases. Although the exact mechanisms for this observation remain elusive, recent studies have revealed that the complex crosstalk between bone marrow microenvironment and bone metastatic cancer cells is responsible for the induction of treatment resistance. Consequently, bone metastasis is currently considered incurable. Bone metastasis not only impairs the patients' survival, but also negatively affects their quality of life by causing painful complications. It has recently been implicated the regulatory role of exosomes in cancer development and/or progression as a delivery biomaterial between cancer cells and tumor microenvironment. However, little is known as to how exosomes contribute to the progression of bone metastasis by impaction on the crosstalk between bone metastatic cancer cells and bone marrow microenvironment. Here, we highlighted the emerging roles of cancer-derived exosomes in (i) the process of dissemination and bone colonization of bone metastatic cancer cells, (ii) the enhancement of crosstalk between bone marrow microenvironment and bone metastatic cancer cells, (iii) the development of its resultant painful complications, and (iv) the clinical applications of exosomes in the bone metastatic setting. Cancer-derived exosomes facilitate cancer dissemination and colonization to bone. Cancer-derived exosomes are crucial for controlling bone metastatic phenotype. Cancer-derived exosomes prime bone marrow microenvironment for further metastasis. Cancer-derived exosomes are involved in development of cancer-induced bone pain. Exosomes can be used as therapies and/or diagnostic tools for bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Ollodart
- Department of Cancer Biology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Kelly F Contino
- Department of Cancer Biology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Gagan Deep
- Department of Cancer Biology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Yusuke Shiozawa
- Department of Cancer Biology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Abstract
Despite advancement in therapeutic options, Non-Small Cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains a lethal disease mostly due to late diagnosis at metastatic phase and drug resistance. Bone is one of the more frequent sites for NSCLC metastatization. A defined subset of cancer stem cells (CSCs) that possess motile properties, mesenchymal features and tumor initiation potential are defined as metastasis initiating cells (MICs). A better understanding of the mechanisms supporting MIC dissemination and interaction with bone microenvironment is fundamental to design novel rational therapeutic option for long lasting efficient treatment of NSCLC. In this review we will summarize findings about bone metastatic process initiated by NSCLC MICs. We will review how MICs can reach bone and interact with its microenvironment that supports their extravasation, seeding, dormancy/proliferation. The role of different cell types inside the bone metastatic niche, such as endothelial cells, bone cells, hematopoietic stem cells and immune cells will be discussed in regards of their impact in dictating the success of metastasis establishment by MICs. Finally, novel therapeutic options to target NSCLC MIC-induced bone metastases, increasing the survival of patients, will be presented.
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27
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Dai R, Liu M, Xiang X, Xi Z, Xu H. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts: an important switch of tumour cell dormancy during bone metastasis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2022; 41:316. [PMID: 36307871 PMCID: PMC9615353 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02520-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bone metastasis occurs when tumour cells dissociate from primary tumours, enter the circulation (circulating tumour cells, CTCs), and colonize sites in bone (disseminated tumour cells, DTCs). The bone marrow seems to be a particularly dormancy-inducing environment for DTCs, yet the mechanisms of dormancy initiation, reactivation, and interaction within the bone marrow have to be elucidated. Intriguingly, some evidence has suggested that dormancy is a reversible state that is switched 'on' or 'off' depending on the presence of various bone marrow resident cells, particularly osteoclasts and osteoblasts. It has become clear that these two cells contribute to regulating dormant tumour cells in bone both directly (interaction) and indirectly (secreted factors). The involved mechanisms include TGFβ signalling, the Wnt signalling axis, the Notch2 pathway, etc. There is no detailed review that specifically focuses on ascertaining the dynamic interactions between tumour cell dormancy and bone remodelling. In addition, we highlighted the roles of inflammatory cytokines during this 'cell-to-cell' communication. We also discussed the potential clinical relevance of remodelling the bone marrow niche in controlling dormant tumour cells. Understanding the unique role of osteoclasts and osteoblasts in regulating tumour dormancy in bone marrow will provide new insight into preventing and treating tumour bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongchen Dai
- grid.412540.60000 0001 2372 7462School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203 China ,Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Mengfan Liu
- grid.412540.60000 0001 2372 7462School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203 China ,Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Xincheng Xiang
- grid.47840.3f0000 0001 2181 7878Rausser College of Natural Resources, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Zhichao Xi
- grid.412540.60000 0001 2372 7462School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203 China ,Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Hongxi Xu
- grid.412585.f0000 0004 0604 8558Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203 China
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28
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Duan X, Luo M, Li J, Shen Z, Xie K. Overcoming therapeutic resistance to platinum-based drugs by targeting Epithelial–Mesenchymal transition. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1008027. [PMID: 36313710 PMCID: PMC9614084 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1008027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Platinum-based drugs (PBDs), including cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin, have been widely used in clinical practice as mainstay treatments for various types of cancer. Although there is firm evidence of notable achievements with PBDs in the management of cancers, the acquisition of resistance to these agents is still a major challenge to efforts at cure. The introduction of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) concept, a critical process during embryonic morphogenesis and carcinoma progression, has offered a mechanistic explanation for the phenotypic switch of cancer cells upon PBD exposure. Accumulating evidence has suggested that carcinoma cells can enter a resistant state via induction of the EMT. In this review, we discussed the underlying mechanism of PBD-induced EMT and the current understanding of its role in cancer drug resistance, with emphasis on how this novel knowledge can be exploited to overcome PBD resistance via EMT-targeted compounds, especially those under clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xirui Duan
- Department of Oncology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Maochao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Li
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhisen Shen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- *Correspondence: Ke Xie, ; Zhisen Shen,
| | - Ke Xie
- Department of Oncology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Ke Xie, ; Zhisen Shen,
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29
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Litak J, Czyżewski W, Szymoniuk M, Sakwa L, Pasierb B, Litak J, Hoffman Z, Kamieniak P, Roliński J. Biological and Clinical Aspects of Metastatic Spinal Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194599. [PMID: 36230523 PMCID: PMC9559304 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Spine metastases are a common life-threatening complication of advanced-stage malignancies and often result in poor prognosis. Symptomatic spine metastases develop in the course of about 10% of malignant neoplasms. Therefore, it is essential for contemporary medicine to understand metastatic processes in order to find appropriate, targeted therapeutic options. Our literature review aimed to describe the up-to-date knowledge about the molecular pathways and biomarkers engaged in the spine’s metastatic processes. Moreover, we described current data regarding bone-targeted treatment, the emerging targeted therapies, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy used for the treatment of spine metastases. We hope that knowledge comprehensively presented in our review will contribute to the development of novel drugs targeting specific biomarkers and pathways. The more we learn about the molecular aspects of cancer metastasis, the easier it will be to look for treatment methods that will allow us to precisely kill tumor cells. Abstract Spine metastases are a common life-threatening complication of advanced-stage malignancies and often result in poor prognosis. Symptomatic spine metastases develop in the course of about 10% of malignant neoplasms. Therefore, it is essential for contemporary medicine to understand metastatic processes in order to find appropriate, targeted therapeutic options. Thanks to continuous research, there appears more and more detailed knowledge about cancer and metastasis, but these transformations are extremely complicated, e.g., due to the complexity of reactions, the variety of places where they occur, or the participation of both tumor cells and host cells in these transitions. The right target points in tumor metastasis mechanisms are still being researched; that will help us in the proper diagnosis as well as in finding the right treatment. In this literature review, we described the current knowledge about the molecular pathways and biomarkers engaged in metastatic processes involving the spine. We also presented a current bone-targeted treatment for spine metastases and the emerging therapies targeting the discussed molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Litak
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Wojciech Czyżewski
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Didactics and Medical Simulation, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Michał Szymoniuk
- Student Scientific Association at the Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Leon Sakwa
- Student Scientific Society, Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technologies and Humanities in Radom, Chrobrego 27, 26-600 Radom, Poland
| | - Barbara Pasierb
- Department of Dermatology, Radom Specialist Hospital, Lekarska 4, 26-600 Radom, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Joanna Litak
- St. John’s Cancer Center in Lublin, Jaczewskiego 7, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Zofia Hoffman
- Student Scientific Society, Medical University of Lublin, Al. Racławickie 1, 20-059 Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Kamieniak
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jacek Roliński
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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30
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Li G, Fan M, Zheng Z, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Huang Z, Luo W, Zhao W, Lai X, Chen H, Zeng F, Deng F. Osteoblastic protein kinase D1 contributes to the prostate cancer cells dormancy via GAS6-circadian clock signaling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119296. [PMID: 35595103 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Disseminated prostate cancer (PCa) is known to have a strong propensity for bone marrow. These disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) can survive in bone marrow for years without obvious proliferation, while maintaining the ability to develop into metastatic lesions. However, how DTCs kept dormant and recur is still uncertain. Here, we focus on the role of osteoblastic protein kinase D1 (PKD1) in PCa (PC-3 and DU145) dormancy using co-culture experiments. Using flow cytometry, western blotting, and immunofluorescence, we observed that in co-cultures osteoblasts could induce a dormant state in PCa cells, which is manifested by a fewer cell divisions, a decrease Ki-67-positive populations and a lower ERK/p38 ratio. In contrast, silencing of PKD1 gene in osteoblasts impedes co-cultured prostate cancer cell's dormancy ability. Mechanismly, protein kinase D1 (PKD1) in osteoblasts induces PCa dormancy via activating CREB1, which promoting the expression and secretion of growth arrest specific 6 (GAS6). Furthermore, GAS6-induced dormancy signaling significantly increased the expression of core circadian clock molecules in PCa cells, and a negative correlation of circadian clock proteins (BMAL1, CLOCK and DEC2) with recurrence-free survival is observed in metastatic prostate cancer patients. Interestingly, the expression of cell cycle factors (p21, p27, CDK1 and PCNA) which regulated by circadian clock also upregulated in response to GAS6 stimulation. Taken together, we provide evidence that osteoblastic PKD1/CREB1/GAS6 signaling regulates cellular dormancy of PCa cells, and highlights the importance of circadian clock in PCa cells dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihuan Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Mingming Fan
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zenan Zheng
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, NanFang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510900, China
| | - Yihe Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhishuai Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhibin Huang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wenyang Luo
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wanlu Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiaoju Lai
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Fangyin Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510900, China.
| | - Fan Deng
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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31
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Tumor cell dormancy: Molecular mechanisms, and pharmacological approaches to target dormant cells for countering tumor. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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32
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Li Z, Zhang W, Zhang Z, Gao H, Qin Y. Cancer bone metastases and nanotechnology-based treatment strategies. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2022; 19:1217-1232. [PMID: 35737871 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2022.2093856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bone metastases have gradually been recognized as common metastases that affect patient quality of life and survival due to the increased incidence of primary tumors. However, there is still a lack of effective clinical treatment methods for bone metastases because of their particularity and complexity. Nanomedicine provides a new strategy for the treatment of bone metastases and shows great therapeutic potential. Thus, it is important to review the latest nanomedicine treatments for bone metastases. AREAS COVERED This review introduces the mechanistic relationships of bone metastases and summarizes nanotechnology-based treatments of bone metastases according to targeting strategies. EXPERT OPINION As we start to understand the mechanisms that enable bone metastases, we can better develop nanomedicine treatments. However, many of the mechanisms behind bone metastasis remain unclear. The application of nanomedicine shows promising anti-bone metastasis efficacy and helps to explore the pathogenesis of bone metastases. The optimized construction of nanomedicine according to bone metastatic properties is crucial to ensure the desired anti-bone metastasis efficacy and good biosafety. Therefore, the transition from bench to bedside still requires continued exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaofeng Li
- Department of Orthopedic, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai hospital affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital & Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Affiliated Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai hospital affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Huile Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Qin
- Department of Orthopedic, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai hospital affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
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33
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Fan T, Kuang G, Long R, Han Y, Wang J. The overall process of metastasis: From initiation to a new tumor. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188750. [PMID: 35728735 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis-a process that involves the migration of cells from the primary site to distant organs-is the leading cause of cancer-associated death. Improved technology and in-depth research on tumors have furthered our understanding of the various mechanisms involved in tumor metastasis. Metastasis is initiated by cancer cells of a specific phenotype, which migrate with the assistance of extracellular components and metastatic traits conferred via epigenetic regulation while modifying their behavior in response to the complex and dynamic human internal environment. In this review, we have summarized the general steps involved in tumor metastasis and their characteristics, incorporating recent studies and topical issues, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cancer stem cells, neutrophil extracellular traps, pre-metastatic niche, extracellular vesicles, and dormancy. Several feasible treatment directions have also been summarized. In addition, the correlation between cancer metastasis and lifestyle factors, such as obesity and circadian rhythm, has been illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyue Fan
- Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Guicheng Kuang
- Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Runmin Long
- Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yunwei Han
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China.
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Engelsen AST, Lotsberg ML, Abou Khouzam R, Thiery JP, Lorens JB, Chouaib S, Terry S. Dissecting the Role of AXL in Cancer Immune Escape and Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Inhibition. Front Immunol 2022; 13:869676. [PMID: 35572601 PMCID: PMC9092944 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.869676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and implementation of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICI) in clinical oncology have significantly improved the survival of a subset of cancer patients with metastatic disease previously considered uniformly lethal. However, the low response rates and the low number of patients with durable clinical responses remain major concerns and underscore the limited understanding of mechanisms regulating anti-tumor immunity and tumor immune resistance. There is an urgent unmet need for novel approaches to enhance the efficacy of ICI in the clinic, and for predictive tools that can accurately predict ICI responders based on the composition of their tumor microenvironment. The receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) AXL has been associated with poor prognosis in numerous malignancies and the emergence of therapy resistance. AXL is a member of the TYRO3-AXL-MERTK (TAM) kinase family. Upon binding to its ligand GAS6, AXL regulates cell signaling cascades and cellular communication between various components of the tumor microenvironment, including cancer cells, endothelial cells, and immune cells. Converging evidence points to AXL as an attractive molecular target to overcome therapy resistance and immunosuppression, supported by the potential of AXL inhibitors to improve ICI efficacy. Here, we review the current literature on the prominent role of AXL in regulating cancer progression, with particular attention to its effects on anti-tumor immune response and resistance to ICI. We discuss future directions with the aim to understand better the complex role of AXL and TAM receptors in cancer and the potential value of this knowledge and targeted inhibition for the benefit of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnete S. T. Engelsen
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Maria L. Lotsberg
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Raefa Abou Khouzam
- Thumbay Research Institute for Precision Medicine, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jean-Paul Thiery
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- Inserm, UMR 1186, Integrative Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Villejuif, France
| | - James B. Lorens
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Salem Chouaib
- Thumbay Research Institute for Precision Medicine, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
- Inserm, UMR 1186, Integrative Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Faculty of Medicine, University Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Stéphane Terry
- Inserm, UMR 1186, Integrative Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Faculty of Medicine, University Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Research Department, Inovarion, Paris, France
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Sakellakis M, Flores L, Ramachandran S. Patterns of indolence in prostate cancer (Review). Exp Ther Med 2022; 23:351. [PMID: 35493432 PMCID: PMC9019743 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although prostate cancer is a major cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, most patients will have a relatively indolent clinical course. Contrary to most other types of cancer, even the diagnosis of locally advanced or metastatic disease is not always lethal. The present review aimed to summarize what is known regarding the underlying mechanisms related to the indolent course of subsets of prostate cancer, at various stages. The data suggested that no specific gene alteration by itself was responsible for carcinogenesis or disease aggressiveness. However, pathway analysis identified genetic aberrations in multiple critical pathways that tend to accumulate over the course of the disease. The progression from indolence into aggressive disease is associated with a complex interplay in which genetic and epigenetic factors are involved. The effect of the immune tumor microenvironment is also very important. Emerging evidence has suggested that the upregulation of pathways related to cellular aging and senescence can identify patients with indolent disease. In addition, a number of tumors enter a long-lasting quiescent state. Further research will determine whether halting tumor evolution is a feasible option, and whether the life of patients can be markedly prolonged by inducing tumor senescence or long-term dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minas Sakellakis
- Fourth Oncology Department and Comprehensive Clinical Trials Center, Metropolitan Hospital, 18547 Athens, Greece
| | - Laura Flores
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77025, USA
| | - Sumankalai Ramachandran
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77025, USA
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36
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Ecology and evolution of dormant metastasis. Trends Cancer 2022; 8:570-582. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Agarwal N, Azad A, Carles J, Chowdhury S, McGregor B, Merseburger AS, Oudard S, Saad F, Soares A, Benzaghou F, Kerloeguen Y, Kimura A, Mohamed N, Panneerselvam A, Wang F, Pal S. A phase III, randomized, open-label study (CONTACT-02) of cabozantinib plus atezolizumab versus second novel hormone therapy in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Future Oncol 2022; 18:1185-1198. [PMID: 35034502 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2021-1096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cabozantinib inhibits multiple receptor tyrosine kinases, including the TAM kinase family, and may enhance response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. One cohort of the ongoing phase Ib COSMIC-021 study (NCT03170960) evaluating cabozantinib plus the PD-L1 inhibitor atezolizumab in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) that has progressed in soft tissue on/after enzalutamide and/or abiraterone treatment for metastatic disease has shown promising efficacy. Here, we describe the rationale and design of a phase III trial of cabozantinib plus atezolizumab versus a second novel hormone therapy (NHT) in patients who have previously received an NHT for mCRPC, metastatic castration-sensitive PC or nonmetastatic CRPC and have measurable visceral disease and/or extrapelvic adenopathy - a population with a significant unmet need for treatment options. Trial Registration Clinical Trial Registration: NCT04446117 (ClinicalTrials.gov) Registered on 24 June 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Agarwal
- Huntsman Cancer Institute (NCI-CCC), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Arun Azad
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre & Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Joan Carles
- Vall d'Hebron Institut d'Oncología, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Simon Chowdhury
- Guy's, King's & St. Thomas' Hospitals, & Sarah Cannon Research Institute, London, SE1, UK
| | - Bradley McGregor
- Lank Center of Genitourinary Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Axel S Merseburger
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Stéphane Oudard
- Department of Medical Oncology, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, University of Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Fred Saad
- Department of Urology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal/CRCHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Andrey Soares
- Department of Oncology, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, 05652-900, Brazil
- Department of Oncology, Centro Paulista de Oncologia/Oncoclínicas, São Paulo, 01452-000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Akiko Kimura
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Osaka, 540-8645, Japan
| | | | | | - Fong Wang
- Exelixis, Inc., Alameda, CA 94502, USA
| | - Sumanta Pal
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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Ren Q, Khoo WH, Corr AP, Phan TG, Croucher PI, Stewart SA. Gene expression predicts dormant metastatic breast cancer cell phenotype. Breast Cancer Res 2022; 24:10. [PMID: 35093137 PMCID: PMC8800302 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-022-01503-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer can recur months to decades after an initial diagnosis and treatment. The mechanisms that control tumor cell dormancy remain poorly understood, making it difficult to predict which patients will recur and thus benefit from more rigorous screening and treatments. Unfortunately, the extreme rarity of dormant DTCs has been a major obstacle to their study. METHODS To overcome this challenge, we developed an efficient system to isolate and study rare dormant breast cancer cells from metastatic organs including bones, which represent a major site of metastasis. After isolation of cells from the long bones, we used single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) to profile proliferative and dormant PyMT-Bo1 breast cancer cells. We also compared this signature to dormant versus proliferative tumor cells isolated from the lungs. Finally, we compared our dormant signature to human datasets. RESULTS We identified a group of genes including Cfh, Gas6, Mme and Ogn that were highly expressed in dormant breast cancer cells present in the bone and lung. Expression of these genes had no impact on dormancy in murine models, but their expression correlated with disease-free survival in primary human breast cancer tumors, suggesting that these genes have predictive value in determining which patients are likely to recur. CONCLUSIONS Dormant breast cancer cells exhibit a distinct gene expression signature regardless of metastatic site. Genes enriched in dormant breast cancer cells correlate with recurrence-free survival in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihao Ren
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus, Box 8228, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Weng Hua Khoo
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Healthy, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alexander P Corr
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Healthy, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tri Giang Phan
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Healthy, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter I Croucher
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Healthy, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sheila A Stewart
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus, Box 8228, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- ICCE Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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Su S, Cao J, Meng X, Liu R, Vander Ark A, Woodford E, Zhang R, Stiver I, Zhang X, Madaj ZB, Bowman MJ, Wu Y, Xu HE, Chen B, Yu H, Li X. Enzalutamide-induced and PTH1R-mediated TGFBR2 degradation in osteoblasts confers resistance in prostate cancer bone metastases. Cancer Lett 2022; 525:170-178. [PMID: 34752846 PMCID: PMC9669895 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Enzalutamide resistance has been observed in approximately 50% of patients with prostate cancer (PCa) bone metastases. Therefore, there is an urgent need to investigate the mechanisms and develop strategies to overcome resistance. We observed enzalutamide resistance in bone lesion development induced by PCa cells in mouse models. We found that the bone microenvironment was indispensable for enzalutamide resistance because enzalutamide significantly inhibited the growth of subcutaneous C4-2B tumors and the proliferation of C4-2B cells isolated from the bone lesions, and the resistance was recapitulated only when C4-2B cells were co-cultured with osteoblasts. In revealing how osteoblasts contribute to enzalutamide resistance, we found that enzalutamide decreased TGFBR2 protein expression in osteoblasts, which was supported by clinical data. This decrease was possibly through PTH1R-mediated endocytosis. We showed that PTH1R blockade rescued enzalutamide-mediated decrease in TGFBR2 levels and enzalutamide responses in C4-2B cells that were co-cultured with osteoblasts. This is the first study to reveal the contribution of the bone microenvironment to enzalutamide resistance and identify PTH1R as a feasible target to overcome the resistance in PCa bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Su
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503;,Current address: Department of Cancer Biology, the University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43614
| | - Jingchen Cao
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503
| | - Xiangqi Meng
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503;,Current address: The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Ruihua Liu
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503;,Current address: Department of Cancer Biology, the University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43614;,Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Alexandra Vander Ark
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503
| | - Erica Woodford
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503
| | - Reian Zhang
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503;,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
| | - Isabelle Stiver
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503;,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
| | - Xiaotun Zhang
- Anatomic/Clinical Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905
| | - Zachary B. Madaj
- Bioinformatics & Biostatistics Core, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503
| | - Megan J. Bowman
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503;,Current address: Ball Horticultural Company, West Chicago, IL, 60185
| | - Yingying Wu
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503;,Current address: Center of Mathematical Sciences and Applications, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - H. Eric Xu
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503;,Current address: Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503
| | - Haiquan Yu
- Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503;,Current address: Department of Cancer Biology, the University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43614;,Corresponding author: Xiaohong Li, the University of Toledo, 3000 Transverse Drive, Toledo, OH 43614. Phone: +1-419-383-3982;
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40
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AXL Receptor Tyrosine Kinase as a Promising Therapeutic Target Directing Multiple Aspects of Cancer Progression and Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030466. [PMID: 35158733 PMCID: PMC8833413 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Metastasis is a complex process that requires the acquisition of certain traits by cancer cells as well as the cooperation of several non-neoplastic cells that populate the stroma. Cancer-related deaths are predominantly associated with complications arising from metastases. Limiting metastasis therefore represents an important clinical challenge. The receptor tyrosine kinase AXL is required at many steps of the metastatic cascade and contributes to tumor microenvironment deregulation. In this review, we describe how AXL contributes to metastatic progression by governing various biological processes in cancer cells and in stromal cells, highlighting the potential of its inhibition. Abstract The receptor tyrosine kinase AXL is emerging as a key player in tumor progression and metastasis and its expression correlates with poor survival in a plethora of cancers. While studies have shown the benefits of AXL inhibition for the treatment of metastatic cancers, additional roles for AXL in cancer progression are still being explored. This review discusses recent advances in understanding AXL’s functions in different tumor compartments including cancer, vascular, and immune cells. AXL is required at multiple steps of the metastatic cascade where its activation in cancer cells leads to EMT, invasion, survival, proliferation and therapy resistance. AXL activation in cancer cells and various stromal cells also results in tumor microenvironment deregulation, leading to modulation of angiogenesis, fibrosis, immune response and hypoxia. A better understanding of AXL’s role in these processes could lead to new therapeutic approaches that would benefit patients suffering from metastatic diseases.
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Attaran S, Bissell MJ. The role of tumor microenvironment and exosomes in dormancy and relapse. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 78:35-44. [PMID: 34757184 PMCID: PMC9605861 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent advancements in the field of cancer have established that the process of metastasis is organ-specific with tumor cell dissemination occurring in the very early stages of disease. Pre-metastatic niches are actively remodeled and transformed by both primary tumor specific factors and by influences from the extracellular matrix.Although improvements in cancer therapies have significantly improved outcomes in patients with early stage disease, the risk of recurrence and relapse leading to mortality remains high. Recent studies have emerged highlighting the influence of dormant tumor cells and exosomes as key players in cancer relapse. In this review we discuss the critical mediators of tumor progression and their link to cancer dormancy, while also exploring possible therapeutics for targeting relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shireen Attaran
- Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, United States.
| | - Mina J Bissell
- Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, United States
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42
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Cackowski FC, Heath EI. Prostate cancer dormancy and recurrence. Cancer Lett 2022; 524:103-108. [PMID: 34624433 PMCID: PMC8694498 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer can progress rapidly after diagnosis, but can also become undetectable after curative intent radiation or surgery, only to recur years or decades later. This capacity to lie dormant and recur long after a patient was thought to be cured, is relatively unique to prostate cancer, with estrogen receptor positive breast cancer being the other common and well-studied example. Most investigators agree that the bone marrow is an important site for dormant tumor cells, given the frequency of bone metastases and that multiple studies have reported disseminated tumor cells in patients with localized disease. However, while more difficult to study, lymph nodes and the prostate bed are likely to be important reservoirs as well. Dormant tumor cells may be truly quiescent and in the G0 phase of the cell cycle, which is commonly called cellular dormancy. However, tumor growth may also be held in check through a balance of proliferation and cell death (tumor mass dormancy). For induction of cellular dormancy, prostate cancer cells respond to signals from their microenvironment, including TGF-β2, BMP-7, GAS6, and Wnt-5a, which result in signals transduced in part through p38 MAPK and pluripotency associated transcription factors including SOX2 and NANOG, which likely affect the epi-genome through histone modification. Clinical use of adjuvant radiation or androgen deprivation has been modestly successful to prevent recurrence. With the rapid pace of discovery in this field, systemic adjuvant therapy is likely to continue to improve in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank C Cackowski
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Elisabeth I Heath
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
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43
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Lim AR, Ghajar CM. Thorny ground, rocky soil: Tissue-specific mechanisms of tumor dormancy and relapse. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 78:104-123. [PMID: 33979673 PMCID: PMC9595433 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) spread systemically yet distinct patterns of metastasis indicate a range of tissue susceptibility to metastatic colonization. Distinctions between permissive and suppressive tissues are still being elucidated at cellular and molecular levels. Although there is a growing appreciation for the role of the microenvironment in regulating metastatic success, we have a limited understanding of how diverse tissues regulate DTC dormancy, the state of reversible quiescence and subsequent awakening thought to contribute to delayed relapse. Several themes of microenvironmental regulation of dormancy are beginning to emerge, including vascular association, co-option of pre-existing niches, metabolic adaptation, and immune evasion, with tissue-specific nuances. Conversely, DTC awakening is often associated with injury or inflammation-induced activation of the stroma, promoting a proliferative environment with DTCs following suit. We review what is known about tissue-specific regulation of tumor dormancy on a tissue-by-tissue basis, profiling major metastatic organs including the bone, lung, brain, liver, and lymph node. An aerial view of the barriers to metastatic growth may reveal common targets and dependencies to inform the therapeutic prevention of relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea R Lim
- Public Health Sciences Division/Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington/Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Cyrus M Ghajar
- Public Health Sciences Division/Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Dai JC, Yang JY, Chang RQ, Liang Y, Hu XY, Li H, You S, He F, Hu LN. OUP accepted manuscript. Mol Hum Reprod 2022; 28:6544600. [PMID: 35258594 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaac006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Cong Dai
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jia-Yan Yang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui-Qi Chang
- The Center for Reproductive Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Joint International Research Lab for Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Hu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hu Li
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuang You
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fan He
- The Center for Reproductive Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Joint International Research Lab for Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- Reproduction and Stem Cell Therapy Research Center of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Li-Na Hu
- The Center for Reproductive Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Joint International Research Lab for Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- Reproduction and Stem Cell Therapy Research Center of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
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45
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Akkoc Y, Gozuacik D. Autophagy and Hepatic Tumor Microenvironment Associated Dormancy. J Gastrointest Cancer 2021; 52:1277-1293. [PMID: 34921672 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-021-00774-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The goal of successful cancer treatment is targeting the eradication of cancer cells. Although surgical removal of the primary tumors and several rounds of chemo- and radiotherapy reduce the disease burden, in some cases, asymptomatic dormant cancer cells may still exist in the body. Dormant cells arise from the disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) from the primary lesion. DTCs escape from immune system and cancer therapy and reside at the secondary organ without showing no sign of proliferation. However, under some conditions. dormant cells can be re-activated and enter a proliferative state even after decades. As a stress response mechanism, autophagy may help the adaptation of DTCs at this futile foreign microenvironment and may control the survival and re-activation of dormant cells. Studies indicate that hepatic microenvironment serves a favorable condition for cancer cell dormancy. Although, no direct study was pointing out the role of autophagy in liver-assisted dormancy, involvement of autophagy in both liver microenvironment, health, and disease conditions has been indicated. Therefore, in this review article, we will summarize cancer dormancy and discuss the role and importance of autophagy and hepatic microenvironment in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunus Akkoc
- Koç University Research Centre for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, 34010, Turkey.
| | - Devrim Gozuacik
- Koç University Research Centre for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, 34010, Turkey.,Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey
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AXL cooperates with EGFR to mediate neutrophil elastase-induced migration of prostate cancer cells. iScience 2021; 24:103270. [PMID: 34761189 PMCID: PMC8567381 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil elastase (NE) promotes multiple stages of tumorigenesis. However, little is known regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying its stimulatory role. This study shows that NE triggers dose-dependent ERK signaling and cell migration in a panel of prostate cell lines representing the spectrum of prostate cell malignancy. All cell lines tested internalize NE; however, NE endocytosis is not required for ERK activation. Instead, NE acts extracellularly by stimulating the release of amphiregulin to initiate EGFR-dependent signaling. Inhibiting amphiregulin's biological activity with neutralizing antibodies, as well as gene silencing of amphiregulin or EGFR, attenuates NE-induced migration in normal and benign prostatic cells. Alternatively, in prostate cancer cells, knockdown of receptor tyrosine kinase AXL, but not EGFR, impairs both basal and NE-stimulated migration. When prostate cells progress to malignancy, the switch from EGFR-to AXL-dependence in NE-mediated migration implies the potential combined application of EGFR and AXL targeted therapy in prostate cancer treatment.
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Abstract
Extensive interest in cancer immunotherapy is reported according to the clinical importance of CTLA-4 and (PD-1/PD-L1) [programmed death (PD) and programmed death-ligand (PD-L1)] in immune checkpoint therapies. AXL is a receptor tyrosine kinase expressed in different types of cancer and in relation to resistance against various anticancer therapeutics due to poor clinical prognosis. AXL and its ligand, i.e., growth arrest-specific 6 (GAS6) proteins, are expressed on many cancer cells, and the GAS6/AXL pathway is reported to promote cancer cell proliferation, survival, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, and immune evasion. AXL is an attractive and novel therapeutic target for impairing tumor progression from immune cell contracts in the tumor microenvironment. The GAS6/AXL pathway is also of interest immunologically because it targets fewer antitumor immune responses. In effect, several targeted therapies are selective and nonselective for AXL, which are in preclinical and clinical development in multiple cancer types. Therefore, this review focuses on the role of the GAS6/AXL signaling pathway in triggering the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment as immune evasion. This includes regulating its composition and activating T-cell exclusion with the immune-suppressive activity of regulatory T cells, which is related to one of the hallmarks of cancer survival. Finally, this article discusses the GAS6/AXL signaling pathway in the context of several immune responses such as NK cell activation, apoptosis, and tumor-specific immunity, especially PD-1/PDL-1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Youn Son
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Center for Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hwan-Kyu Jeong
- School of Biosystems and Biomedical Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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Ban J, Fock V, Aryee DNT, Kovar H. Mechanisms, Diagnosis and Treatment of Bone Metastases. Cells 2021; 10:2944. [PMID: 34831167 PMCID: PMC8616226 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone and bone marrow are among the most frequent metastatic sites of cancer. The occurrence of bone metastasis is frequently associated with a dismal disease outcome. The prevention and therapy of bone metastases is a priority in the treatment of cancer patients. However, current therapeutic options for patients with bone metastatic disease are limited in efficacy and associated with increased morbidity. Therefore, most current therapies are mainly palliative in nature. A better understanding of the underlying molecular pathways of the bone metastatic process is warranted to develop novel, well-tolerated and more successful treatments for a significant improvement of patients' quality of life and disease outcome. In this review, we provide comparative mechanistic insights into the bone metastatic process of various solid tumors, including pediatric cancers. We also highlight current and innovative approaches to biologically targeted therapy and immunotherapy. In particular, we discuss the role of the bone marrow microenvironment in the attraction, homing, dormancy and outgrowth of metastatic tumor cells and the ensuing therapeutic implications. Multiple signaling pathways have been described to contribute to metastatic spread to the bone of specific cancer entities, with most knowledge derived from the study of breast and prostate cancer. However, it is likely that similar mechanisms are involved in different types of cancer, including multiple myeloma, primary bone sarcomas and neuroblastoma. The metastatic rate-limiting interaction of tumor cells with the various cellular and noncellular components of the bone-marrow niche provides attractive therapeutic targets, which are already partially exploited by novel promising immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Ban
- St. Anna Children’s Cancer Research Institute, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.B.); (V.F.); (D.N.T.A.)
| | - Valerie Fock
- St. Anna Children’s Cancer Research Institute, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.B.); (V.F.); (D.N.T.A.)
| | - Dave N. T. Aryee
- St. Anna Children’s Cancer Research Institute, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.B.); (V.F.); (D.N.T.A.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinrich Kovar
- St. Anna Children’s Cancer Research Institute, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.B.); (V.F.); (D.N.T.A.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Jiang X, Liang L, Chen G, Liu C. Modulation of Immune Components on Stem Cell and Dormancy in Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:2826. [PMID: 34831048 PMCID: PMC8616319 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) refer to a certain subpopulation within the tumor entity that is characterized by restricted cellular proliferation and multipotent differentiation potency. The existence of CSCs has been proven to contribute to the heterogeneity of malignancies, accounting for intensified tumorigenesis, treatment resistance, and metastatic spread. Dormancy was proposed as a reversible state of cancer cells that are temporarily arrested in the cell cycle, possessing several hallmarks that facilitate their survival within a devastating niche. This transient period is evoked to enter an actively proliferating state by multiple regulatory alterations, and one of the most significant and complex factors comes from local and systemic inflammatory reactions and immune components. Although CSCs and dormant cancer cells share several similarities, the clear relationship between these two concepts remains unclear. Thus, the detailed mechanism of immune cells interacting with CSCs and dormant cancer cells also warrants elucidation for prevention of cancer relapse and metastasis. In this review, we summarize recent findings and prospective studies on CSCs and cancer dormancy to conclude the relationship between these two concepts. Furthermore, we aim to outline the mechanism of immune components in interfering with CSCs and dormant cancer cells to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention of relapse and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Caigang Liu
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China; (X.J.); (L.L.); (G.C.)
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Therapeutic Targeting of the Gas6/Axl Signaling Pathway in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189953. [PMID: 34576116 PMCID: PMC8469858 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many signaling pathways are dysregulated in cancer cells and the host tumor microenvironment. Aberrant receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) pathways promote cancer development, progression, and metastasis. Hence, numerous therapeutic interventions targeting RTKs have been actively pursued. Axl is an RTK that belongs to the Tyro3, Axl, MerTK (TAM) subfamily. Axl binds to a high affinity ligand growth arrest specific 6 (Gas6) that belongs to the vitamin K-dependent family of proteins. The Gas6/Axl signaling pathway has been implicated to promote progression, metastasis, immune evasion, and therapeutic resistance in many cancer types. Therapeutic agents targeting Gas6 and Axl have been developed, and promising results have been observed in both preclinical and clinical settings when such agents are used alone or in combination therapy. This review examines the current state of therapeutics targeting the Gas6/Axl pathway in cancer and discusses Gas6- and Axl-targeting agents that have been evaluated preclinically and clinically.
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