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Kallenbach J, Atri Roozbahani G, Heidari Horestani M, Baniahmad A. Distinct mechanisms mediating therapy-induced cellular senescence in prostate cancer. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:200. [PMID: 36522745 PMCID: PMC9753376 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00941-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) is an age-related malignancy in men with a high incidence rate. PCa treatments face many obstacles due to cancer cell resistance and many bypassing mechanisms to escape therapy. According to the intricacy of PCa, many standard therapies are being used depending on PCa stages including radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy, androgen receptor (AR) targeted therapy (androgen deprivation therapy, supraphysiological androgen, and AR antagonists) and chemotherapy. Most of the aforementioned therapies have been implicated to induce cellular senescence. Cellular senescence is defined as a stable cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase and is one of the mechanisms that prevent cancer proliferation. RESULTS In this review, we provide and analyze different mechanisms of therapy-induced senescence (TIS) in PCa and their effects on the tumor. Interestingly, it seems that different molecular pathways are used by cancer cells for TIS. Understanding the complexity and underlying mechanisms of cellular senescence is very critical due to its role in tumorigenesis. The most prevalent analyzed pathways in PCa as TIS are the p53/p21WAF1/CIP1, the p15INK4B/p16INK4A/pRb/E2F/Cyclin D, the ROS/ERK, p27Kip1/CDK/pRb, and the p27Kip1/Skp2/C/EBP β signaling. Despite growth inhibition, senescent cells are highly metabolically active. In addition, their secretome, which is termed senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), affects within the tumor microenvironment neighboring non-tumor and tumor cells and thereby may regulate the growth of tumors. Induction of cancer cell senescence is therefore a double-edged sword that can lead to reduced or enhanced tumor growth. CONCLUSION Thus, dependent on the type of senescence inducer and the specific senescence-induced cellular pathway, it is useful to develop pathway-specific senolytic compounds to specifically targeting senescent cells in order to evict senescent cells and thereby to reduce SASP side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kallenbach
- grid.9613.d0000 0001 1939 2794Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Am Klinikum 1, 07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Golnaz Atri Roozbahani
- grid.9613.d0000 0001 1939 2794Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Am Klinikum 1, 07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Mehdi Heidari Horestani
- grid.9613.d0000 0001 1939 2794Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Am Klinikum 1, 07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Aria Baniahmad
- grid.9613.d0000 0001 1939 2794Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Am Klinikum 1, 07740 Jena, Germany
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2
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Wang Z, Gao J, Xu C. Tackling cellular senescence by targeting miRNAs. Biogerontology 2022; 23:387-400. [PMID: 35727469 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-022-09972-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence, which is characterized by permanent proliferation arrest, has become an important target for the amelioration of various human diseases. The activity of senescent cells is mainly related to the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). The SASP can cause chronic inflammation in local tissues and organs through autocrine and paracrine mechanisms, and a series of factors secreted by senescent cells can deteriorate the cellular microenvironment, promoting tumor formation and exacerbating aging-related diseases. Therefore, avoiding the promotion of cancer is an urgent problem. In recent years, increased attention has been given to the mechanistic study of microRNAs in senescence. As important posttranscriptional regulators, microRNAs possess unique tissue-specific expression in senescence. MicroRNAs can regulate the SASP by regulating proteins in the senescence signaling pathway, the reverse transcriptase activity of telomerase, the generation of reactive oxygen species and oxidative damage to mitochondria. Numerous studies have confirmed that removing senescent cells does not cause significant side effects, which also opens the door to the development of treatment modalities against senescent cells. Herein, this review discusses the double-edged sword of cellular senescence in tumors and aging-related diseases and emphasizes the roles of microRNAs in regulating the SASP, especially the potential of microRNAs to be used as therapeutic targets to inhibit senescence, giving rise to novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of aging-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Wang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Jianwen Gao
- School of Medical Engineering, Ma'anshan University, No. 8, Huangchi Road, Gushu Town, Dangtu County, Ma'anshan, 243100, Anhui, China. .,Major of Biotechnological Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Pharmaceutical School, Shanghai, 200135, China.
| | - Congjian Xu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
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3
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Salunkhe S, Mishra SV, Nair J, Shah S, Gardi N, Thorat R, Sarkar D, Rajendra J, Kaur E, Dutt S. Nuclear localization of p65 reverses therapy-induced senescence. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs.253203. [PMID: 33526713 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.253203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Senescence is the arrest of cell proliferation and is a tumor suppressor phenomenon. In a previous study, we have shown that therapy-induced senescence of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells can prevent relapse of GBM tumors. Here, we demonstrate that ciprofloxacin-induced senescence in glioma-derived cell lines and primary glioma cultures is defined by SA-β-gal positivity, a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), a giant cell (GC) phenotype, increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), γ-H2AX and a senescence-associated gene expression signature, and has three stages of senescence -initiation, pseudo-senescence and permanent senescence. Ciprofloxacin withdrawal during initiation and pseudo-senescence reinitiated proliferation in vitro and tumor formation in vivo Importantly, prolonged treatment with ciprofloxacin induced permanent senescence that failed to reverse following ciprofloxacin withdrawal. RNA-seq revealed downregulation of the p65 (RELA) transcription network, as well as incremental expression of SMAD pathway genes from initiation to permanent senescence. Ciprofloxacin withdrawal during initiation and pseudo-senescence, but not permanent senescence, increased the nuclear localization of p65 and escape from ciprofloxacin-induced senescence. By contrast, permanently senescent cells showed loss of nuclear p65 and increased apoptosis. Pharmacological inhibition or genetic knockdown of p65 upheld senescence in vitro and inhibited tumor formation in vivo Our study demonstrates that levels of nuclear p65 define the window of reversibility of therapy-induced senescence and that permanent senescence can be induced in GBM cells when the use of senotherapeutics is coupled with p65 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Salunkhe
- Shilpee Dutt Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 410210, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400 094, India
| | - Saket V Mishra
- Shilpee Dutt Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 410210, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400 094, India
| | - Jyothi Nair
- Shilpee Dutt Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 410210, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400 094, India
| | - Sanket Shah
- Shilpee Dutt Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 410210, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400 094, India
| | - Nilesh Gardi
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400 094, India.,Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 410210, India
| | - Rahul Thorat
- Laboratory Animal Facility, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 410210, India
| | - Debashmita Sarkar
- Shilpee Dutt Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 410210, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400 094, India
| | - Jacinth Rajendra
- Shilpee Dutt Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 410210, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400 094, India
| | - Ekjot Kaur
- Shilpee Dutt Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 410210, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400 094, India
| | - Shilpee Dutt
- Shilpee Dutt Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 410210, India .,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400 094, India
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4
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Faheem MM, Seligson ND, Ahmad SM, Rasool RU, Gandhi SG, Bhagat M, Goswami A. Convergence of therapy-induced senescence (TIS) and EMT in multistep carcinogenesis: current opinions and emerging perspectives. Cell Death Discov 2020; 6:51. [PMID: 32566256 PMCID: PMC7295779 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-0286-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug induced resistance is a widespread problem in the clinical management of cancer. Cancer cells, when exposed to cytotoxic drugs, can reprogram their cellular machinery and resist cell death. Evasion of cell death mechanisms, such as apoptosis and necroptosis, are part of a transcriptional reprogramming that cancer cells utilize to mediate cytotoxic threats. An additional strategy adopted by cancer cells to resist cell death is to initiate the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) program. EMT is a trans-differentiation process which facilitates a motile phenotype in cancer cells which can be induced when cells are challenged by specific classes of cytotoxic drugs. Induction of EMT in malignant cells also results in drug resistance. In this setting, therapy-induced senescence (TIS), an enduring "proliferative arrest", serves as an alternate approach against cancer because cancer cells remain susceptible to induced senescence. The molecular processes of senescence have proved challenging to understand. Senescence has previously been described solely as a tumor-suppressive mechanism; however, recent evidences suggest that senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) can contribute to tumor progression. SASP has also been identified to contribute to EMT induction. Even though the causes of senescence and EMT induction can be wholly different from each other, a functional link between EMT and senescence is still obscure. In this review, we summarize the evidence of potential cross-talk between EMT and senescence while highlighting some of the most commonly identified molecular players. This review will shed light on these two intertwined and highly conserved cellular process, while providing background of the therapeutic implications of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Mohd Faheem
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001 India
- School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu, 180006 India
| | - Nathan D. Seligson
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, The University of Florida, Jacksonville, FL USA
- Department of Pharmacogenomics and Translational Research, Nemours Children’s Specialty Care, Jacksonville, FL USA
| | - Syed Mudabir Ahmad
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001 India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001 India
| | - Reyaz Ur Rasool
- Perelman School of Medicine, Cancer Biology Division, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Sumit G. Gandhi
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001 India
| | - Madhulika Bhagat
- School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu, 180006 India
| | - Anindya Goswami
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001 India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001 India
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5
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Liu TT, Ewald JA, Ricke EA, Bell R, Collins C, Ricke WA. Modeling human prostate cancer progression in vitro. Carcinogenesis 2020; 40:893-902. [PMID: 30590461 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Detailed mechanisms involved in prostate cancer (CaP) development and progression are not well understood. Current experimental models used to study CaP are not well suited to address this issue. Previously, we have described the hormonal progression of non-tumorigenic human prostate epithelial cells (BPH1) into malignant cells via tissue recombination. Here, we describe a method to derive human cell lines from distinct stages of CaP that parallel cellular, genetic and epigenetic changes found in patients with cancers. This BPH1-derived Cancer Progression (BCaP) model represents different stages of cancer. Using diverse analytical strategies, we show that the BCaP model reproduces molecular characteristics of CaP in human patients. Furthermore, we demonstrate that BCaP cells have altered gene expression of shared pathways with human and transgenic mouse CaP data, as well as, increasing genomic instability with TMPRSS2-ERG fusion in advanced tumor cells. Together, these cell lines represent a unique model of human CaP progression providing a novel tool that will allow the discovery and experimental validation of mechanisms regulating human CaP development and progression. This BPH1-derived Cancer Progression (BCaP) model represents different stages of cancer. The BCaP model reproduces molecular characteristics of prostate cancer. The cells have altered gene expression with TMPRSS2-ERG fusion representing a unique model for prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa T Liu
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jonathan A Ewald
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Emily A Ricke
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Robert Bell
- Vancouver Prostate Center, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Colin Collins
- Vancouver Prostate Center, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - William A Ricke
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- George M. O'Brien Center of Research Excellence, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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6
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S-Phase Kinase-associated Protein-2 Rejuvenates Senescent Endothelial Progenitor Cells and Induces Angiogenesis in Vivo. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6646. [PMID: 32313103 PMCID: PMC7171137 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63716-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle slowdown or arrest is a prominent feature of cellular senescence. S-phase kinase-associated protein-2 (Skp2), an F-box subunit of SCFSkp2 ubiquitin ligase, is a key regulator of G1/S transition. We investigated whether Skp2 plays a role in the regulation of endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) senescence, which is closely associated with aging-related vasculopathy. Replication-induced senescent EPCs demonstrated more pronounced senescence markers and lower Skp2 levels in comparison with those of their younger counterparts. Depletion of Skp2 induced increases in senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-βGal) activity and a reduction of telomere length and generated a senescent bioenergetics profile, whereas adenoviral-mediated Skp2 expression reversed the relevant senescence. EPCs isolated from older rats displayed a reduced proliferation rate and increased SA-βGal activity, both of which were significantly reversed by Skp2 ectopic expression. In addition to reversing senescence, Skp2 also rescued the angiogenic activity of senescent EPCs in the ischemic hind limbs of nude mice. The results revealed that ectopic expression of Skp2 has the potential to rejuvenate senescent EPCs and rescue their angiogenic activity and thus may be pivotal in the development of novel strategies to manage aging-related vascular disease.
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7
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Chuang HH, Wang PH, Niu SW, Zhen YY, Huang MS, Hsiao M, Yang CJ. Inhibition of FAK Signaling Elicits Lamin A/C-Associated Nuclear Deformity and Cellular Senescence. Front Oncol 2019; 9:22. [PMID: 30761269 PMCID: PMC6363943 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor kinase that facilitates tumor aggressiveness. The effects of FAK inhibition include arresting proliferation, limiting metastasis, and inhibiting angiogenesis. PF-573228 is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of FAK. Treating lung cancer cells with PF-573228 resulted in FAK inactivation and changes in the expressions of lamin A/C and nuclear deformity. Since lamin A/C downregulation or deficiency was associated with cellular senescence, the senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) assay was used to investigate whether PF-573228 treatment drove cellular senescence, which showed more SA-β-gal-positive cells in culture. p53 is known to play a pivotal role in mediating the progression of cellular senescence, and the PF-573228-treated lung cancer cells resulted in a higher p53 expression level. Subsequently, the FAK depletion in lung cancer cells was employed to confirm the role of FAK inhibition on cellular senescence. FAK depletion and pharmacological inhibition of lung cancer cells elicited similar patterns of cellular senescence, lamin A/C downregulation, and p53 upregulation, implying that FAK signaling is associated with the expression of p53 and the maintenance of lamin A/C levels to shape regular nuclear morphology and manage anti-senescence. Conversely, FAK inactivation led to p53 upregulation, disorganization of the nuclear matrix, and consequently cellular senescence. Our data suggest a new FAK signaling pathway, in that abolishing FAK signaling can activate the senescence program in cells. Triggering cellular senescence could be a new therapeutic approach to limit tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Hao Chuang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hui Wang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Wen Niu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Yi Zhen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shyan Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Cancer Hospital, School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Michael Hsiao
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jen Yang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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8
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Fu J, Yu L, Luo J, Huo R, Zhu B. Paeonol induces the apoptosis of the SGC‑7901 gastric cancer cell line by downregulating ERBB2 and inhibiting the NF‑κB signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:1473-1483. [PMID: 29845222 PMCID: PMC6089764 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to analyze the association between paeonol and the known genes related to gastric cancer (GC) using bioinformatics methods, and to investigate the role of paeonol in the potential impact on the nuclear factor‑κB (NF‑κB) signaling pathway, in order to provide a theoretical basis for further elucidating the effect of paeonol on cancer cells. Cell viability, morphology and apoptosis were detected using an MTT assay, an inverted microscope, and flow cytometry, respectively. The correlation between drugs and genes was analyzed using the Search Tool for Interactions of Chemicals (STITCH) gene‑drug interaction network. The expression levels of related mRNA and proteins were determined using reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis and enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay. The changes in protein expression were examined using western blot analysis. The correlation network between target genes directly affected by paeonol and known GC genes was determined by analyzing the association between the compounds and genes recorded in the STITCH database. The GC‑related epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (ERBB2) gene was at the core position of the paeonol interaction network and may be an important potential target gene for the effect of paeonol on cancer cells. The effect of paeonol on the viability of the SGC‑7901 GC cell line was detected using an MTT assay, which showed that the inhibitory effect occurred in a time‑ and dose‑dependent manner. The observations of cell morphology demonstrated that the cells were floating, abnormal in shape, had unclear boundaries and were sparse in arrangement following paeonol treatment. Flow cytometry indicated that paeonol significantly accelerated the apoptotic rate of the SGC‑7901 GC cells. The examination of clinical samples suggested that ERBB2 was expressed at a high level in GC samples, and was significantly downregulated following the addition of paeonol. The western blot analysis revealed that downregulating ERBB2 affected the activation of the NF‑κB signaling pathway, thereby upregulating the pro‑apoptotic factor B‑cell lymphoma‑associated X protein. Taken together, paeonol significantly downregulated ERBB2 and inhibited the activation of the NF‑κB signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting the proliferation of SGC‑7901 cells and inducing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Fu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
| | - Luhua Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology‑Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
| | - Rui Huo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
| | - Bing Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
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9
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Cairney CJ, Godwin LS, Bilsland AE, Burns S, Stevenson KH, McGarry L, Revie J, Moore JD, Wiggins CM, Collinson RS, Mudd C, Tsonou E, Sadaie M, Bennett DC, Narita M, Torrance CJ, Keith WN. A 'synthetic-sickness' screen for senescence re-engagement targets in mutant cancer backgrounds. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006942. [PMID: 28806777 PMCID: PMC5570495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescence is a universal barrier to immortalisation and tumorigenesis. As such, interest in the use of senescence-induction in a therapeutic context has been gaining momentum in the past few years; however, senescence and immortalisation remain underserved areas for drug discovery owing to a lack of robust senescence inducing agents and an incomplete understanding of the signalling events underlying this complex process. In order to address this issue we undertook a large-scale morphological siRNA screen for inducers of senescence phenotypes in the human melanoma cell line A375P. Following rescreen and validation in a second cancer cell line, HCT116 colorectal carcinoma, a panel of 16 of the most robust hits were selected for further validation based on significance and the potential to be targeted by drug-like molecules. Using secondary assays for detection of senescence biomarkers p21, 53BP1 and senescence associated beta-galactosidase (SAβGal) in a panel of HCT116 cell lines carrying cancer-relevant mutations, we show that partial senescence phenotypes can be induced to varying degrees in a context dependent manner, even in the absence of p21 or p53 expression. However, proliferation arrest varied among genetic backgrounds with predominantly toxic effects in p21 null cells, while cells lacking PI3K mutation failed to arrest. Furthermore, we show that the oncogene ECT2 induces partial senescence phenotypes in all mutant backgrounds tested, demonstrating a dependence on activating KRASG13D for growth suppression and a complete senescence response. These results suggest a potential mechanism to target mutant KRAS signalling through ECT2 in cancers that are reliant on activating KRAS mutations and remain refractory to current treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire J. Cairney
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren S. Godwin
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alan E. Bilsland
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Burns
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Katrina H. Stevenson
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lynn McGarry
- RNAi Screening Facility, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - John Revie
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jon D. Moore
- Horizon Discovery Ltd, Cambridge Research Park, Waterbeach, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ceri M. Wiggins
- Horizon Discovery Ltd, Cambridge Research Park, Waterbeach, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca S. Collinson
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Mudd
- Horizon Discovery Ltd, Cambridge Research Park, Waterbeach, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Elpida Tsonou
- Horizon Discovery Ltd, Cambridge Research Park, Waterbeach, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mahito Sadaie
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Dorothy C. Bennett
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Masashi Narita
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - W. Nicol Keith
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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10
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Duan Y, Pan J, Chen J, Zhu D, Wang J, Sun X, Chen L, Wu L. Soluble Egg Antigens of Schistosoma japonicum Induce Senescence of Activated Hepatic Stellate Cells by Activation of the FoxO3a/SKP2/P27 Pathway. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005268. [PMID: 28036393 PMCID: PMC5231384 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver fibrosis was viewed as a reversible process. The activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is a key event in the process of liver fibrosis. The induction of senescence of HSCs would accelerate the clearance of the activated HSCs. Previously, we demonstrated that soluble egg antigens (SEA) of Schistosoma japonicum promoted the senescence of HSCs via STAT3/P53/P21 pathway. In this paper, our study was aimed to explore whether there are other signaling pathways in the process of SEA-induced HSCs aging and the underlying effect of SKP2/P27 signal on senescent HSCs. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Human hepatic stellate cell line, LX-2 cells, were cultured and stimulated with SEA. Western blot and cellular immunofluorescence analysis were performed to determine the expression of senescence-associated protein, such as P27, SKP2 and FoxO3a. Besides, RNA interfering was applied to knockdown the expression of related protein. The senescence of HSCs was determined by senescence-associated β-gal staining. We found that SEA increased the expression of P27 protein, whereas it inhibited the expression of SKP2 and FoxO3a. Knockdown of P27 as well as overexpression of SKP2 both suppressed the SEA-induced senescence of HSCs. In addition, the nuclear translocation of FoxO3a from the nucleus to the cytoplasm was induced by SEA stimulation. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The present study demonstrates that SEA promotes HSCs senescence through the FoxO3a/SKP2/P27 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinong Duan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| | - Jing Pan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinling Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dandan Zhu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolei Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liuting Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liting Wu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
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11
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Qiu L, Lv J, Chen Y, Wang J, Wu R. Expression of Skp2 and p27 kip1 proteins in hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma and its clinical significance. Oncol Lett 2016; 10:3756-3760. [PMID: 26788203 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2) and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27kinase-interacting protein 1 (p27kip1) protein expression on the occurrence and development of hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. The protein expression levels of Skp2 and p27kip1 were detected in 42 hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma and 15 normal hypopharyngeal mucous membrane specimens using the an immunohistochemical PV-9000 two-step method. The expression levels of Skp2 protein were significantly different in hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas and normal hypopharyngeal mucous membranes (61.90 vs. 26.67%; P<0.05). By contrast, the protein expression levels of Skp2 were significantly positively correlated with tumor T stage (rs=0.329, P<0.05) and cervical lymph node metastasis (rs=0.402, P<0.05). Furthermore, the expression levels of p27kip1 protein were significantly different in hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas and normal hypopharyngeal mucous membranes (11.9 vs. 53.33%; P<0.05), while p27kip1 protein expression was significantly negatively correlated with tumor T-stage (rs=-0.351, P<0.05) and cervical lymph node metastasis (rs=-0.371, P<0.05). Notably, a significant negative correlation was observed between the expression levels of Skp2 and p27kip1 proteins in hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (P<0.05). In addition, abnormal expression levels of Skp2 and p27kip1 proteins were observed in hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma tissues. Thus, Skp2 and p27kip1 proteins may be involved in the development of hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. The current study proposed that combined detection of Skp2 and p27kip1 may be useful for assessing the characteristics and prognosis of hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liansheng Qiu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
| | - Jiabao Lv
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Second Hospital of Xiamen, Xiamen, Fujian 361000, P.R. China
| | - Yimin Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
| | - Jiarong Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
| | - Ruishan Wu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
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12
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Gonzalez LC, Ghadaouia S, Martinez A, Rodier F. Premature aging/senescence in cancer cells facing therapy: good or bad? Biogerontology 2015; 17:71-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s10522-015-9593-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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13
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Bilsland AE, Pugliese A, Liu Y, Revie J, Burns S, McCormick C, Cairney CJ, Bower J, Drysdale M, Narita M, Sadaie M, Keith WN. Identification of a Selective G1-Phase Benzimidazolone Inhibitor by a Senescence-Targeted Virtual Screen Using Artificial Neural Networks. Neoplasia 2015; 17:704-715. [PMID: 26476078 PMCID: PMC4611071 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a barrier to tumorigenesis in normal cells, and tumor cells undergo senescence responses to genotoxic stimuli, which is a potential target phenotype for cancer therapy. However, in this setting, mixed-mode responses are common with apoptosis the dominant effect. Hence, more selective senescence inducers are required. Here we report a machine learning-based in silico screen to identify potential senescence agonists. We built profiles of differentially affected biological process networks from expression data obtained under induced telomere dysfunction conditions in colorectal cancer cells and matched these to a panel of 17 protein targets with confirmatory screening data in PubChem. We trained a neural network using 3517 compounds identified as active or inactive against these targets. The resulting classification model was used to screen a virtual library of ~2M lead-like compounds. One hundred and forty-seven virtual hits were acquired for validation in growth inhibition and senescence-associated β-galactosidase assays. Among the found hits, a benzimidazolone compound, CB-20903630, had low micromolar IC50 for growth inhibition of HCT116 cells and selectively induced senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity in the entire treated cell population without cytotoxicity or apoptosis induction. Growth suppression was mediated by G1 blockade involving increased p21 expression and suppressed cyclin B1, CDK1, and CDC25C. In addition, the compound inhibited growth of multicellular spheroids and caused severe retardation of population kinetics in long-term treatments. Preliminary structure-activity and structure clustering analyses are reported, and expression analysis of CB-20903630 against other cell cycle suppressor compounds suggested a PI3K/AKT-inhibitor-like profile in normal cells, with different pathways affected in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan E Bilsland
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Angelo Pugliese
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Yu Liu
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - John Revie
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Sharon Burns
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Carol McCormick
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Claire J Cairney
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Justin Bower
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Martin Drysdale
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Masashi Narita
- University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Mahito Sadaie
- Kyoto University, Graduate School of Biostudies, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - W Nicol Keith
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
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Wagner J, Damaschke N, Yang B, Truong M, Guenther C, McCormick J, Huang W, Jarrard D. Overexpression of the novel senescence marker β-galactosidase (GLB1) in prostate cancer predicts reduced PSA recurrence. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124366. [PMID: 25876105 PMCID: PMC4398352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Senescence is a terminal growth arrest that functions as a tumor suppressor in aging and precancerous cells and is a response to selected anticancer compounds. Lysosomal-β-galactosidase (GLB1) hydrolyzes β-galactose from glycoconjugates and is the origin of senescence-associated β-gal activity (SA-β-gal). Using a new GLB1 antibody, senescence biology was investigated in prostate cancer (PCa) tissues. Experimental Design In vitro characterization of GLB1 was determined in primary prostate epithelial cell cultures passaged to replicative senescence and in therapy-induced senescence in PCa lines using chemotherapeutic agents. FFPE tissue microarrays were subjected to immunofluorescent staining for GLB1, Ki67 and HP1γ and automated quantitative imaging initially using AQUA in exploratory samples and Vectra in a validation series. Results GLB1 expression accumulates in replicative and induced senescence and correlates with senescent morphology and P16 (CDKN2) expression. In tissue arrays, quantitative imaging detects increased GLB1 expression in high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN), known to contain senescent cells, and cancer compared to benign prostate tissues (p<0.01) and senescent cells contain low Ki67 and elevated HP1γ. Within primary tumors, elevated GLB1 associates with lower T stage (p=0.01), localized versus metastatic disease (p=0.0003) and improved PSA-free survival (p=0.03). Increased GLB1 stratifies better PSA-free survival in intermediate grade PCa (0.01). Tissues that elaborate higher GLB1 display increased uniformity of expression. Conclusion Increased GLB1 is a valuable marker in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues for the senescence-like phenotype and associates with improved cancer outcomes. This protein addresses a lack of senescence markers and should be applicable to study the biologic role of senescence in other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Wagner
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Nathan Damaschke
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Bing Yang
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Matthew Truong
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Chad Guenther
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Johnathon McCormick
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - David Jarrard
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DJ)
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Formation of vasculogenic mimicry in bone metastasis of prostate cancer: correlation with cell apoptosis and senescence regulation pathways. Pathol Res Pract 2014; 210:291-5. [PMID: 24581724 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) has been found in prostate cancer (PCa) as an independent marker of poor prognosis. To investigate the correlation between VM and bone metastasis in PCa, a total of 80 cases were analyzed by CD31 and PAS dual-staining as well as the follow-up data. All cases were divided into two groups: VM-positive and VM-negative (VM-pos/VM-neg). Immunohistochemical staining for investigating the expression of Casepase-3, Bcl-2/Bax, and SA-β-gal was performed. 28 of the 80 PCa cases exhibited VM structure (35.0%). The incidence of bone metastasis in the VM-pos and VM-neg was 67.9% (19/28) and 38.5% (20/52), respectively. The positive rate of Casepase-3 and Bcl-2 expression was significantly different of the two groups (Caspases-3: VM-pos 71.4%, 20/28 vs VM-neg 42.3%, 22/52; Bcl-2: VM-pos 35.7%, 10/28 vs VM-neg 65.4%, 34/52). Bcl-2/Bax ratio of the VM-pos (0.71±0.22) was lower than that of the VM-pos (0.89±0.13). In addition, a higher frequency of SA-β-gal was detected in VM-pos (64.29±86.42) than in VM-neg (25.37±72.21). Taken together, our findings demonstrate that PCa with VM has the tendency to develop bone metastasis. Activations of cell apoptosis and senescence regulation pathways may play important roles in the formation process of VM structure.
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16
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Maund SL, Shi L, Cramer SD. A role for interleukin-1 alpha in the 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 response in mammary epithelial cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81367. [PMID: 24244740 PMCID: PMC3820570 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common non-cutaneous malignancy in American women, and better preventative strategies are needed. Epidemiological and laboratory studies point to vitamin D3 as a promising chemopreventative agent for breast cancer. Vitamin D3 metabolites induce anti-proliferative effects in breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, but few studies have investigated their effects in normal mammary epithelial cells. We hypothesized that 1,25(OH)2D3, the metabolically active form of vitamin D3, is growth suppressive in normal mouse mammary epithelial cells. In addition, we have previously established a role for the cytokine interleukin-1 alpha (IL1α) in the anti-proliferative effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 in normal prostate cells, and so we hypothesized that IL1α is involved in the 1,25(OH)2D3 response in mammary cells. Evaluation of cell viability, clonogenicity, senescence, and induction of cell cycle regulators p21 and p27 supported an anti-proliferative role for 1,25(OH)2D3 in mammary epithelial cells. Furthermore, 1,25(OH)2D3 increased the intracellular expression of IL1α, which was necessary for the anti-proliferative effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 in mammary cells. Together, these findings support the chemopreventative potential of vitamin D3 in the mammary gland and present a role for IL1α in regulation of mammary cell proliferation by 1,25(OH)2D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia L. Maund
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lihong Shi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Scott D. Cramer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ewald JA, Desotelle JA, Church DR, Yang B, Huang W, Laurila TA, Jarrard DF. Androgen deprivation induces senescence characteristics in prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Prostate 2013; 73:337-45. [PMID: 22911222 PMCID: PMC4753826 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment of non-localized prostate cancer involves androgen deprivation (AD) therapy which results in tumor regression. Apoptosis has been implicated in the tumor response to AD, but constitutes a small fraction of the total tumor at any time. Cellular senescence is a response to sub-lethal stress in which cells are persistently growth arrested and develop distinct morphological and biochemical characteristics. The occurrence of senescence in prostate tumor tissue after AD therapy has not previously been investigated. METHODS Phenotypic and molecular characteristics of senescence were examined in models of androgen-sensitive prostate cancer after AD and compared with androgen-intact controls. RESULTS In vitro in LNCaP cells, AD induced elevated senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining, decreased proliferation, and increased flow cytometric side scatter while minimally affecting cell viability. The increased expression of the senescence-related proteins Glb1, the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(Kip1) and chromatin-regulating heterochromatin protein 1γ (HP1γ) were detected in LNCaP cells after AD in vitro by immunoblot and immunofluorescence microscopy. In mice bearing LuCaP xenograft tumors in vivo, surgical castration similarly increased SA-β-gal staining, increased expression of p27(Kip1) and HP1γ, and decreased expression of the proliferation marker KI-67, with minimal induction of apoptosis identified by detection of cleaved caspase 3 and TUNEL. Immunohistochemical analysis of human prostate tumors removed after AD shows similar induction of Glb1, HP1γ and decreased KI-67. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that AD induces characteristics consistent with cellular senescence in androgen-sensitive prostate cancer cells. This finding may explain incomplete tumor regression in response to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A. Ewald
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
- Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Joshua A. Desotelle
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Dawn R. Church
- Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Bing Yang
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Wei Huang
- Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Timo A. Laurila
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - David F. Jarrard
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
- Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
- Correspondence to: David F. Jarrard, Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, 7048 WIMR, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705-2275,
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Ewald JA, Downs TM, Cetnar JP, Ricke WA. Expression microarray meta-analysis identifies genes associated with Ras/MAPK and related pathways in progression of muscle-invasive bladder transition cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55414. [PMID: 23383328 PMCID: PMC3562183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The effective detection and management of muscle-invasive bladder Transition Cell Carcinoma (TCC) continues to be an urgent clinical challenge. While some differences of gene expression and function in papillary (Ta), superficial (T1) and muscle-invasive (≥T2) bladder cancers have been investigated, the understanding of mechanisms involved in the progression of bladder tumors remains incomplete. Statistical methods of pathway-enrichment, cluster analysis and text-mining can extract and help interpret functional information about gene expression patterns in large sets of genomic data. The public availability of patient-derived expression microarray data allows open access and analysis of large amounts of clinical data. Using these resources, we investigated gene expression differences associated with tumor progression and muscle-invasive TCC. Gene expression was calculated relative to Ta tumors to assess progression-associated differences, revealing a network of genes related to Ras/MAPK and PI3K signaling pathways with increased expression. Further, we identified genes within this network that are similarly expressed in superficial Ta and T1 stages but altered in muscle-invasive T2 tumors, finding 7 genes (COL3A1, COL5A1, COL11A1, FN1, ErbB3, MAPK10 and CDC25C) whose expression patterns in muscle-invasive tumors are consistent in 5 to 7 independent outside microarray studies. Further, we found increased expression of the fibrillar collagen proteins COL3A1 and COL5A1 in muscle-invasive tumor samples and metastatic T24 cells. Our results suggest that increased expression of genes involved in mitogenic signaling may support the progression of muscle-invasive bladder tumors that generally lack activating mutations in these pathways, while expression changes of fibrillar collagens, fibronectin and specific signaling proteins are associated with muscle-invasive disease. These results identify potential biomarkers and targets for TCC treatments, and provide an integrated systems-level perspective of TCC pathobiology to inform future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A. Ewald
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Tracy M. Downs
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jeremy P. Cetnar
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Unit, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - William A. Ricke
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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