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Bala K, Cuellar A, Herren AW, Boyadjiev SA. Identification of differentially expressed proteins between fused and open sutures in sagittal nonsyndromic craniosynostosis during suture development by quantitative proteomic analysis. Proteomics Clin Appl 2021; 15:e2000031. [PMID: 33580899 DOI: 10.1002/prca.202000031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nonsyndromic craniosynostosis (NCS), the premature fusion of cranial sutures, results in an abnormal skull shape and is associated with a significant morbidity. Proteomics is a promising tool for disease characterization and biomarker discovery; we aimed to identify biologically relevant differentially expressed proteins for NCS. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Label-based quantitative proteomic profiling using TMT was performed on protein extracted from mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts and bone tissue of five open and five fused sutures of sagittal NCS (sNCS) and analyzed using quantitative LC-MS/MS based bottom-up proteomics. Differential protein abundance between open and fused sutures was determined to identify biologically relevant proteins of interest. Proteins were validated in an independent sample set by western blot and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS We observed 838 differentially expressed proteins between open and fused sutures of sNCS. Decorin, lumican, and asporin were significantly downregulated while COL4A1 and TGFβ1|1 were upregulated in fused compared to open sutures. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The majority of significantly differentially expressed proteins between open and fused sutures were observed in the proteomes of osteoblasts suggesting that protein changes contributing to premature sagittal suture fusion occur predominantly at the osteoblast level. Our findings suggest a possible ineffective ECM deposition at the osteoblast cell stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krithi Bala
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Araceli Cuellar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Anthony W Herren
- UC Davis Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Simeon A Boyadjiev
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
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Mooney MP, Shand JM, Burrows A, Smith TD, Caccamese JF, Cooper GM, Cray JJ, Gilbert J, Costello BJ, Losee JE, Moursi AM, Siegel MI. Rescue of Premature Coronal Suture Fusion with TGF-β2 Neutralizing Antibody in Rabbits with Delayed-Onset Synostosis. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2018; 55:844-855. [PMID: 27505182 DOI: 10.1597/16-065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES An overexpression of Tgf-β2 leads to calvarial hyperostosis and suture fusion in individuals with craniosynostosis. Inhibition of Tgf-β2 may help rescue fusing sutures and restore normal growth. The present study was designed to test this hypothesis. DESIGN Twenty-eight New Zealand White rabbits with delayed-onset coronal synostosis had radiopaque markers placed on either side of the coronal sutures at 10 days of age. The rabbits were randomly assigned to: (1) sham control rabbits (n = 10), (2) rabbits with control IgG (100 μg/suture) delivered in a collagen vehicle (n = 9), and (3) rabbits with Tgf-β2 neutralizing antibody (100 μg/suture) delivered in a collagen vehicle (n = 9). Longitudinal growth data were collected at 10, 25, 42, and 84 days of age. Sutures were harvested at 84 days of age for histomorphometry. RESULTS Radiographic analysis showed significantly greater ( P < .05) coronal suture marker separation, craniofacial length, cranial vault length, height, shape indices, cranial base length, and more lordotic cranial base angles in rabbits treated with anti-Tgf-β2 antibody than in controls at 42 and 84 days of age. Histologically, rabbits treated with anti-Tgf-β2 antibody at 84 days of age had patent and significantly ( P < .05) wider coronal sutures and greater sutural area compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS These data support our hypothesis that antagonism of Tgf-β2 may rescue fusing coronal sutures and facilitate craniofacial growth in this rabbit model. These findings also suggest that cytokine therapy may have clinical significance in infants with progressive postgestational craniosynostosis.
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Lattanzi W, Barba M, Di Pietro L, Boyadjiev SA. Genetic advances in craniosynostosis. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 173:1406-1429. [PMID: 28160402 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Craniosynostosis, the premature ossification of one or more skull sutures, is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous congenital anomaly affecting approximately one in 2,500 live births. In most cases, it occurs as an isolated congenital anomaly, that is, nonsyndromic craniosynostosis (NCS), the genetic, and environmental causes of which remain largely unknown. Recent data suggest that, at least some of the midline NCS cases may be explained by two loci inheritance. In approximately 25-30% of patients, craniosynostosis presents as a feature of a genetic syndrome due to chromosomal defects or mutations in genes within interconnected signaling pathways. The aim of this review is to provide a detailed and comprehensive update on the genetic and environmental factors associated with NCS, integrating the scientific findings achieved during the last decade. Focus on the neurodevelopmental, imaging, and treatment aspects of NCS is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda Lattanzi
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Latium Musculoskeletal Tıssue Bank, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Barba
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorena Di Pietro
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Simeon A Boyadjiev
- Division of Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Davis Medical Center, University of California, Sacramento, California
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Rottgers SA, Gallo P, Gilbert J, Macisaac Z, Cray J, Smith DM, Mooney MP, Losee J, Kathju S, Cooper G. Application of Laser Capture Microdissection to Craniofacial Biology: Characterization of Anatomically Relevant Gene Expression in Normal and Craniosynostotic Rabbit Sutures. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2016; 54:109-118. [PMID: 26954032 DOI: 10.1597/15-114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fusion of the cranial sutures is thought to depend on signaling among perisutural tissues. Mapping regional variations in gene expression would improve current models of craniosynostosis. Laser capture microdissection (LCM) isolates discrete cell populations for gene expression analysis. LCM has rarely been used in the study of mineralized tissue. This study sought to evaluate the potential use of LCM for mapping of regional gene expression within the cranial suture. DESIGN Coronal sutures were isolated from 10-day-old wild-type and craniosynostotic (CS) New Zealand White rabbits, and LCM was used to isolate RNA from the sutural ligament (SL), osteogenic fronts (OF), dura mater, and periosteum. Relative expression levels for Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 (FGF2), Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 (FGFR2), Transforming Growth Factor Beta 2 (TGFβ-2), Transforming Growth Factor Beta 3 (TGFβ-3), Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 (BMP-2), Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 (BMP-4), and Noggin were determined using quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS A fivefold increase in TGFβ2 expression was detected in the CS SL relative to wild type, whereas 152-fold less TGFβ-3 was detected within the OF of CS animals. Noggin expression was increased by 10-fold within the CS SL, but reduced by 13-fold within the CS dura. Reduced expression of FGF2 was observed within the CS SL and dura, whereas increased expression of FGFR2 was observed within the CS SL. Reduced expression of BMP-2 was observed in the CS periosteum, and elevated expression of BMP-4 was observed in the CS SL and dura. CONCLUSIONS LCM provides an effective tool for measuring regional variations in cranial suture gene expression. More precise measurements of regional gene expression with LCM may facilitate efforts to correlate gene expression with suture morphogenesis and pathophysiology.
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Suture Autotransplantation and Dural Stripping for Craniosynostosis: A Long-Term Growth Study in Humans. J Craniofac Surg 2015; 26:2014-7. [PMID: 26352362 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000002096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Craniosynostosis treatment by suture autotransplantation and dura stripping has proven to be successful in animals. When applied clinically, it may reduce operative morbidity and postoperative growth disturbances known to occur after radical remodeling. It may prevent resynostosis, which is known to occur after simple synostostectomy. It may prevent subcutaneous fluid collections known to occur after synostectomy and dura stripping. STUDY DESIGN Four synostostic infants have been treated using this concept and followed up by computerized scans. The distance between markers on each side of the transplanted sutures (6 in total) has been monitored from 1.5 to 7 years. RESULTS The transplanted suture areas remained intact, and the sutures remained patent and experienced growth. A fifth patient with similar results was published earlier as a case report. CONCLUSIONS Suture transplantation and dural stripping should be further studied in future multicenter studies with larger series, comprising syndromic and nonsyndromic synostosis patients.
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Gilbert J, Karski M, Smith TD, Burrows AM, Norbutt C, Siegel MI, Costello BJ, Cray JJ, Losee JE, Moursi AM, Cooper GM, Mooney MP. Transforming Growth Factor-β3 Therapy Delays Postoperative Reossification and Improves Craniofacial Growth in Craniosynostotic Rabbits. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2015; 53:210-21. [PMID: 26090789 DOI: 10.1597/14-298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Postoperative reossification is a common clinical correlate following surgery. It has been suggested that an underexpression of transforming growth factor-β3 (TGF-β3) may be related to craniosynostosis and postoperative reossification. Adding TGF-β3 may delay reossification and improve postoperative growth. The present study was designed to test this hypothesis. Thirty 10-day-old New Zealand white rabbits with hereditary coronal suture synostosis were divided into three groups: (1) suturectomy controls (n = 14), (2) suturectomy treated with bovine serum albumin (n = 8), and (3) suturectomy treated with TGF-β3 protein (n = 8). At 10 days of age, a 3-mm × 15-mm coronal suturectomy was performed, and serial three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) scans and cephalographs were taken at 10, 25, 42, and 84 days of age. Calvaria were harvested at 84 days of age for histomorphometric analysis. Mean differences were analyzed using a group by age analysis of variance. Analysis of the 3D CT scan data revealed that sites treated with TGF-β3 had significantly (P < .05) greater defect areas and significantly (P < .05) greater intracranial volumes through 84 days of age compared with controls. Histomorphometry showed that sites treated with TGF-β3 had patent suturectomy sites and significantly (P < .001) less new bone in the suturectomy site compared with controls. Serial radiograph data revealed significant (P < .05) differences in craniofacial growth from 25 to 84 days in TGF-β3-treated rabbits compared with controls. Data show that TGF-β3 administration delayed reossification and improved craniofacial growth in this rabbit model. These findings also suggest that this molecular-based therapy may have potential clinical use.
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The effects of 1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and transforming growth factor-β3 on bone development in an ex vivo organotypic culture system of embryonic chick femora. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121653. [PMID: 25835745 PMCID: PMC4383569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta3 (TGF-β3) and 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25 (OH) 2D3) are essential factors in chondrogenesis and osteogenesis respectively. These factors also play a fundamental role in the developmental processes and the maintenance of skeletal integrity, but their respective direct effects on these processes are not fully understood. Using an organotypic bone rudiment culture system the current study has examined the direct roles the osteotropic factors 1α,25 (OH)2D3 and TGF-β3 exert on the development and modulation of the three dimensional structure of the embryonic femur. Isolated embryonic chick femurs (E11) were organotypically cultured for 10 days in basal media, or basal media supplemented with either 1α,25 (OH) 2D3 (25 nM) or TGF-β3 (5 ng/mL & 15 ng/mL). Analyses of the femurs were undertaken using micro-computed tomography (μCT), histology and immunohistochemistry. 1α,25 (OH)2D3 supplemented cultures enhanced osteogenesis directly in the developing femurs with elevated levels of osteogenic markers such as type 1 collagen. In marked contrast organotypic femur cultures supplemented with TGF-β3 (5 ng/mL & 15 ng/mL) demonstrated enhanced chondrogenesis with a reduction in osteogenesis. These studies demonstrate the efficacy of the ex vivo organotypic embryonic femur culture employed to elucidate the direct roles of these molecules, 1α,25 (OH) 2D3 and TGF-β3 on the structural development of embryonic bone within a three dimensional framework. We conclude that 1α,25(OH)2D and TGF-β3 modify directly the various cell populations in bone rudiment organotypic cultures effecting tissue metabolism resulting in significant changes in embryonic bone growth and modulation. Understanding the roles of osteotropic agents in the process of skeletal development is integral to developing new strategies for the recapitulation of bone tissue in later life.
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Gallo PH, Cray JJ, Durham EL, Losee JE, Mooney MP, Cooper GM, Kathju S. Cloning of TgfβR1 and TgfβR2 and Likely Exclusion as Loci of Origin in a Rabbit Craniosynostotic Model. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2014; 51:56-69. [DOI: 10.1597/12-160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine whether TgfβR1 or TgfβR2 cause the craniosynostotic phenotype in a rabbit model of nonsyndromic craniosynostosis. Design Full-length TgfβR1 and TgfβR2 cDNAs were sequenced and real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to measure TgfβR1 and TgfβR2 transcripts in suturai tissue from wild type (WT) and craniosynostotic (CS) rabbits. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were identified within TgfβR1 and TgfβR2 and were assayed for segregation with disease phenotype in 22 craniosynostotic animals. Results No structural mutations in TgfβR1 and TgfβR2 were identified in the craniosynostotic rabbits. Real-time RT-PCR quantification of TgfβR1 and TgfβR2 mRNA showed no significant difference in TgfβR1 expression between CS and WT animals, while TgfβR2 showed 50% elevation in the CS animals compared to WT ( P < .05). SNP analysis within the TgfβR1 and TgfβR2 genes suggested that neither locus is linked to the craniosynostotic phenotype because no allelic combination showed any specific correlation with disease phenotype for either TgfβR1 or TgfβR2. Conclusions Our data indicate that the craniosynostotic phenotype in this rabbit model does not arise from any structural mutation in TgfβR1 or TgfβR2, and SNP analysis also likely excludes these genes more broadly as the site of causative mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip H. Gallo
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - James J. Cray
- Department of Oral Biology, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Emily L. Durham
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph E. Losee
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark P. Mooney
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Departments of Anthropology and Orthodontics, and Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Gregory M. Cooper
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Oral Biology, and Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sandeep Kathju
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Premaraj S, Moursi AM. Delivery of Transforming Growth Factor-β3 Plasmid in a Collagen Gel Inhibits Cranial Suture Fusion in Rats. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2013; 50:e47-60. [DOI: 10.1597/11-201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Studies described in this paper were designed to test the hypothesis that an increase in nonviral, plasmid-encoded Tgf-β3 production, localized to the rat posterior frontal suture, prevents programmed suture fusion. Design We developed a gene delivery system based on a dense collagen gel to deliver nonviral plasmids that encode for Tgf-β3. Studies were performed to test the ability of this system to rescue rat cranial suture fusion in vitro and in vivo. Immunohistochemical studies were conducted to characterize the possible mechanisms by which increased production and presence of Tgf-β3 protein interferes with suture fusion. Results Posterior frontal sutures in the Tgf-β3 plasmid–treated group exhibited 77% to 85% less bony bridging than the collagen control and untreated groups after 15 days in culture. In animals treated with Tgf-β3 plasmid or Tgf-β3 protein, there was a significant reduction in suture fusion in the middle region of the posterior frontal sutures when compared with control groups. In this region the Tgf-β3 plasmid–treated group revealed 70% to 75% less bony bridging than control groups in vivo. Conclusions Collagen gel can be formulated to provide release of nonviral plasmid DNA that results in cell transfection and elevated Tgf-β3 protein production. Tgf-β3 is an important regulator of suture fusion, and an increase in plasmid-encoded Tgf-β3 protein is effective in inhibiting programmed suture fusion in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundaralingam Premaraj
- Orthodontic Section, College of Dentistry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Amr M. Moursi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Cells within the dura mater have been implicated in the determination of suture patency and fusion. Craniosynostosis (CS), the premature fusion of 1 or more of the cranial sutures, could result from abnormal control over the differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells from the dura mater. This study tested whether dura mater cells derived from rabbits with congenital CS were different from cells derived from normal rabbits and investigated the effects that CS dura mater had on osteogenic differentiation in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Cells were derived from the dura mater from wild-type rabbits (WT; n = 23) or CS rabbits (n = 16). Cells were stimulated with bone morphogenetic protein 4, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression and cell proliferation were assessed. Dura mater-derived cells were also cocultured with primary rabbit bone-derived cells, and ALP was assessed. Finally, interactions between the dura mater and overlying tissues were manipulated in vivo. RESULTS Craniosynostotic dura mater-derived cells proliferated faster than did WT cells but were not more ALP positive. Coculture experiments showed that CS dura mater cells induced increased ALP activity in CS bone-derived cells, but not in WT bone-derived cells. In vivo experiments showed that a physical barrier successfully inhibited dura mater-derived osteogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Coculture of CS bone- and CS dura mater-derived cells evoked an abnormal phenotype in vitro. Covering the CS dura mater led to decreased bone formation in vivo. Further investigations will focus on the signaling molecules involved in the communication between these 2 CS tissue types in vitro and in vivo.
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Cray JJ, Burrows AM, Vecchione L, Kinsella CR, Losee JE, Moursi AM, Siegel MI, Cooper GM, Mooney MP. Relaxin Does Not Rescue Coronal Suture Fusion in Craniosynostotic Rabbits. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2012; 49:e46-54. [DOI: 10.1597/11-024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Craniosynostosis affects 1 in 2000 to 3000 live births and may result in craniofacial and neural growth disturbances. Histological data have shown that thick collagenous bundles are present in the sutural ligament, which may tether the osteogenic fronts, resulting in premature fusion. The hormone relaxin has been shown to disrupt collagen fiber organization, possibly preventing craniosynostosis by relaxing the sutural ligament and allowing osteogenic fronts to separate normally and stay patent. This study tested this hypothesis with a rabbit model of delayed-onset coronal suture synostosis. Methods A total of 18 New Zealand White rabbits with craniosynostosis were randomly assigned to one of three groups: sham control, protein control (BSA), relaxin treatment. After initial diagnosis, sham surgery, BSA, or relaxin was delivered to the fusing coronal suture in a slow-release (56-day) collagen vehicle. Longitudinal radiographs and body weights were collected at 10, 25, 42, and 84 days of age, and sutures were harvested for histology. Results Relaxin-treated animals had more disorganized intrasuture content than control groups. These specimens also appeared to have relatively wider sutures ectocranially. There were no significant differences in relaxin-treated animals for all craniofacial growth measures, or suture separation compared with controls. Conclusions These data do not support our initial hypothesis that the use of relaxin may rescue sutures destined to undergo premature suture fusion. These findings suggest that collagen fiber arrangement may not be important for suture fusion. This protein therapy would not be clinically useful for craniosynostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J. Cray
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Pediatric Craniofacial Biology Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Anne M. Burrows
- Department of Physical Therapy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lisa Vecchione
- Pittsburgh Cleft–Craniofacial Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Assistant Clinical Professor of Surgery, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery and Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Christopher R. Kinsella
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Pediatric Craniofacial Biology Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph E. Losee
- Surgery and Pediatrics, Chief, Pediatric Plastic Surgery, and Director, Pittsburgh Cleft–Craniofacial Center Program, Pittsburgh, Pennslyvania, and Plastic Surgery Residency, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Amr M. Moursi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Michael I. Siegel
- Departments of Anthropology and Orthodontics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Gregory M. Cooper
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, and Department of Oral Biology, and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark P. Mooney
- Departments of Anthropology, Surgery–Division of Plastic Surgery, and Orthodontics
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Molecular analysis of coronal perisutural tissues in a craniosynostotic rabbit model using polymerase chain reaction suppression subtractive hybridization. Plast Reconstr Surg 2011; 128:95-103. [PMID: 21701325 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0b013e31821740e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the United States, the incidence of craniosynostosis (premature fusion of the sutures of the cranial vault) is one in 2000 to 3000 live births. The condition can cause increased intracranial pressure, severely altered head shape, and mental retardation. The authors have previously described a colony of rabbits with heritable coronal suture synostosis. This model has been instrumental in describing the postsurgical craniofacial growth associated with craniosynostosis. The molecular analysis of this model has been limited by the lack of molecular tools for use in rabbits. To understand the pathogenesis of craniosynostosis, the authors compared gene expression in perisutural tissues between wild-type and craniosynostotic rabbits using polymerase chain reaction suppression subtractive hybridization. METHODS Suppression subtractive hybridization polymerase chain reaction was performed on RNA derived from pooled samples of calvariae from 10-day-old wild-type (n = 3) and craniosynostotic (n = 3) rabbits to obtain cDNA clones enriched in either wild-type tissues (underexpressed in craniosynostotic tissue) or craniosynostotic tissues (overexpressed in craniosynostotic compared with wild-type). RESULTS Differential expression was identified for approximately 140 recovered cDNA clones up-regulated in craniosynostotic tissues and 130 recovered clones for wild-type tissues. Of these, four genes were confirmed by quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction as being overexpressed in craniosynostotic sutural tissue: β-globin (HBB), osteopontin (SPP1), osteonectin (SPARC), and cathepsin K (CTSK). Two genes were confirmed to be underexpressed in the craniosynostotic samples: collagen 3, alpha 1 (COL3A1) and ring finger protein 12 (RNF12). CONCLUSION The differential expression of these gene products in our naturally occurring craniosynostotic model appears to be the result of differences in the normal bone formation/resorption pathway.
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Chim H, Manjila S, Cohen AR, Gosain AK. Molecular signaling in pathogenesis of craniosynostosis: the role of fibroblast growth factor and transforming growth factor–β. Neurosurg Focus 2011; 31:E7. [DOI: 10.3171/2011.5.focus1197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The interplay of signals between dura mater, suture mesenchyme, and brain is essential in determining the fate of cranial sutures and the pathogenesis of premature suture fusion leading to craniosynostosis. At the forefront of research into suture fusion is the role of fibroblast growth factor and transforming growth factor–β, which have been found to be critical in the cell-signaling cascade involved in aberrant suture fusion. In this review, the authors discuss recent and ongoing research into the role of fibroblast growth factor and transforming growth factor–β in the etiopathogenesis of craniosynostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey Chim
- 1Department of Plastic Surgery, Case Western Reserve University; and
| | - Sunil Manjila
- 2Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Alan R. Cohen
- 2Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Arun K. Gosain
- 1Department of Plastic Surgery, Case Western Reserve University; and
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Blocking bone morphogenetic protein function using in vivo noggin therapy does not rescue premature suture fusion in rabbits with delayed-onset craniosynostosis. Plast Reconstr Surg 2011; 127:1163-1172. [PMID: 21364419 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0b013e318205f23b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Craniosynostosis is defined as the premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), regulators of ossification, have been implicated in premature suture fusion. Noggin, an extracellular BMP inhibitor, has been shown experimentally to inhibit resynostosis following surgery. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that BMP inhibition using noggin therapy may rescue sutures destined to fuse by inhibiting initial ossification. METHODS Twenty-six, 10-day old rabbits with familial, delayed-onset, coronal suture synostosis were randomly divided into three groups: (1) the sham surgical control group, (2) the bovine serum albumin-treated group [10 μg/suture (protein/vehicle controls)], and (3) the noggin therapy group (10 μg/suture; experimental group). Sutural growth was monitored by radiopaque markers implanted at 10 days of age. At 25 days, the bovine serum albumin or noggin was combined with a slow-resorbing collagen vehicle and injected subperiosteally above the coronal suture. Somatic and sutural growth data were collected at 10, 25, 42, and 84 days of age. Coronal sutures were harvested at 84 days to histologically assess fusion. RESULTS Results showed no significant (p > 0.05) differences in suture separation at any age. Suture fusion assessed by histomorphology did not differ among the three groups. Although previous data showed noggin to inhibit postoperative resynostosis in this craniosynostotic rabbit model, here there was no effect on initial suture fusion. CONCLUSION These results suggest that in this rabbit model of craniosynostosis, BMPs do not play a role in the pathogenesis of craniosynostosis and only play a role in postoperative bony wound healing.
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Cray J, Cooper GM, Mooney MP, Siegel MI. Timing of ectocranial suture activity in Gorilla gorilla as related to cranial volume and dental eruption. J Anat 2011; 218:471-9. [PMID: 21385182 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01358.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Research has shown that Pan and Homo have similar ectocranial suture synostosis patterns and a similar suture ontogeny (relative timing of suture fusion during the species ontogeny). This ontogeny includes patency during and after neurocranial expansion with a delayed bony response associated with adaptation to biomechanical forces generated by mastication. Here we investigate these relationships for Gorilla by examining the association among ectocranial suture morphology, cranial volume (as a proxy for neurocranial expansion) and dental development (as a proxy for the length of time that it has been masticating hard foods and exerting such strains on the cranial vault) in a large sample of Gorilla gorilla skulls. Two-hundred and fifty-five Gorilla gorilla skulls were examined for ectocranial suture closure status, cranial volume and dental eruption. Regression models were calculated for cranial volumes by suture activity, and Kendall's tau (a non-parametric measure of association) was calculated for dental eruption status by suture activity. Results suggest that, as reported for Pan and Homo, neurocranial expansion precedes suture synostosis activity. Here, Gorilla was shown to have a strong relationship between dental development and suture activity (synostosis). These data are suggestive of suture fusion extending further into ontogeny than brain expansion, similar to Homo and Pan. This finding allows for the possibility that masticatory forces influence ectocranial suture morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Cray
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Cray J, Cooper GM, Mooney MP, Siegel MI. Brief communication: Ectocranial suture closure in Pongo: Pattern and phylogeny. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2010; 143:473-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Cray J, Mooney MP, Siegel MI. Timing of Ectocranial Suture Activity in Pan troglodytes as Related to Cranial Volume and Dental Eruption. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2010; 293:1289-96. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.21167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Effects of Flutamide Therapy on Craniofacial Growth and Development in a Model of Craniosynostosis. J Craniofac Surg 2010; 21:711-8. [DOI: 10.1097/scs.0b013e3181d80a36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Lee KM, Santos-Ruiz L, Ferretti P. A single-point mutation in FGFR2 affects cell cycle and Tgfβ signalling in osteoblasts. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2010; 1802:347-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Revised: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Discussion. TGF-beta1 RNA interference in mouse primary dura cell culture: downstream effects on TGF receptors, FGF-2, and FGF-R1 mRNA levels. Plast Reconstr Surg 2010; 124:1474-1476. [PMID: 20009833 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0b013e3181b989de] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Klammert U, Nickel J, Würzler K, Klingelhöffer C, Sebald W, Kübler AC, Reuther T. Biological activity of a genetically modified BMP-2 variant with inhibitory activity. Head Face Med 2009; 5:6. [PMID: 19187528 PMCID: PMC2646720 DOI: 10.1186/1746-160x-5-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alterations of the binding epitopes of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) lead to a modified interaction with the ectodomains of BMP receptors. In the present study the biological effect of a BMP-2 double mutant with antagonistic activity was evaluated in vivo. Methods Equine-derived collagenous carriers were loaded with recombinant human BMP-2 (rhBMP-2) in a well-known dose to provide an osteoinductive stimulus. The study was performed in a split animal design: carriers only coupled with rhBMP-2 (control) were implanted into prepared cavities of lower limb muscle of rats, specimens coupled with rhBMP-2 as well as BMP-2 double mutant were placed into the opposite limb in the same way. After 28 days the carriers were explanted, measured radiographically and characterized histologically. Results As expected, the BMP-2 loaded implants showed a typical heterotopic bone formation. The specimens coupled with both proteins showed a significant decreased bone formation in a dose dependent manner. Conclusion The antagonistic effect of a specific BMP-2 double mutant could be demonstrated in vivo. The dose dependent influence on heterotopic bone formation by preventing rhBMP-2 induced osteoinduction suggests a competitive receptor antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Klammert
- Department of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, University of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070 Würzburg, Germany.
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Transforming growth factor-beta1 stimulates chondrogenic differentiation of posterofrontal suture-derived mesenchymal cells in vitro. Plast Reconstr Surg 2009; 122:1649-1659. [PMID: 19050517 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0b013e31818cbf44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence from animal studies has associated transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta signaling with both normal and premature cranial suture fusion. However, the mechanisms whereby this pleiotropic cytokine mediates suture fusion remain uncertain. The authors established cultures of suture-derived mesenchymal cells from normally fusing (posterofrontal) and patent (sagittal) sutures and examined the in vitro effects of TGF-beta1 on these distinct cell populations. METHODS Skulls were harvested from 80 5-day-old mice. Posterofrontal and sagittal sutures were dissected, and cultures of suture-derived mesenchymal cells were established. The mitogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic effects of recombinant TGF-beta1 were then assessed on posterofrontal and sagittal suture-derived mesenchymal cells (1 to 10 ng/ml). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to examine the effects of TGF-beta1 on gene expression. RESULTS TGF-beta1 significantly decreased proliferation of both posterofrontal and sagittal suture-derived mesenchymal cells, by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation assays (n = 6). TGF-beta1 also inhibited osteogenesis in both suture-derived mesenchymal cells determined by alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralization (n = 3 for all assays). During chondrogenic differentiation, TGF-beta1 markedly increased expression of chondrocyte-specific gene markers in posterofrontal suture-derived mesenchymal cells (Sox9, Col II, Aggrecan, and Col X) (p <or= 0.05). In contrast, TGF-beta1 did not increase chondrocyte-specific gene expression in sagittal suture-derived mesenchymal cells (n = 3). CONCLUSIONS Posterofrontal suture-derived mesenchymal cells retain significant capability for both osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation in vitro. TGF-beta1 induces in vitro chondrogenesis in posterofrontal but not sagittal suture-derived mesenchymal cells. Future studies will focus on elucidating the mechanisms whereby TGF-beta signaling mediates chondrogenesis in posterofrontal suture-derived mesenchymal cells.
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BMP-2-Based Repair of Large-Scale Calvarial Defects in an Experimental Model. J Craniofac Surg 2008; 19:1315-22. [DOI: 10.1097/scs.0b013e3181843369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Frazier BC, Mooney MP, Losken HW, Barbano T, Moursi A, Siegel MI, Richtsmeier JT. Comparison of craniofacial phenotype in craniosynostotic rabbits treated with anti-Tgf-beta2 at suturectomy site. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2007; 45:571-82. [PMID: 18956936 DOI: 10.1597/07-095.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Overexpression of transforming growth factor-beta 2 has been associated with craniosynostosis and resynostosis following surgery. We examined the effects of localized transforming growth factor-beta 2 inhibition on craniofacial phenotype in rabbits with craniosynostosis. DESIGN Twenty-five New Zealand white rabbits with bilateral coronal craniosynostosis were divided into three treatment groups: (1) suturectomy control (n=8); (2) suturectomy with nonspecific, control immunoglobulin G antibody (n=6); and (3) suturectomy with anti-transforming growth factor-beta 2 antibody (n=11). At 10 days of age, a coronal suturectomy was performed on all rabbits. The sites in groups 2 and 3 were immediately filled with a slow-resorbing collagen gel mixed with either immunoglobulin G or anti-transforming growth factor-beta 2 antibody. Computed tomography scans of each rabbit were acquired at ages 10, 25, and 84 days. Craniofacial landmarks were collected from three-dimensional computed tomography reconstructions, and growth and form were compared among the three groups. RESULTS Rabbits treated with anti-transforming growth factor-beta 2 antibody differed in form at 84 days of age compared with suturectomy control rabbits, specifically in the snout and posterior neurocranium. Growth in some areas of the skull was greater in rabbits from the anti-transforming growth factor-beta 2 group than in suturectomy control rabbits, but not significantly greater than in IgG control rabbits. CONCLUSIONS We find support for the hypothesis that transforming growth factor-beta 2 inhibition alters adult form, but these changes do not appear to be localized to the suturectomy region. Slight differences in form and growth between the two control groups suggest that the presence of the collagen vehicle itself may affect skull growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda C Frazier
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
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Tholpady SS, Freyman TF, Chachra D, Ogle RC. Tensional Forces Influence Gene Expression and Sutural State of Rat Calvariae In Vitro. Plast Reconstr Surg 2007; 120:601-611. [PMID: 17700110 DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000270284.69632.6b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Theories regarding the cause of craniosynostosis that are more than 15 years old cite the role that tensional forces play in the normal and abnormal development of the cranial suture. These theories highlight the effect of stress bands originating from the skull base to the vertex, guiding sutural development. METHODS In this study, the normally fusing posterior intrafrontal suture of the rat was subjected to 3 mN of tensional force for 30 minutes per day. The suture was then assessed for patency, proliferation, apoptosis, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta signaling components. RESULTS Sutures that were subjected to tensional force were histologically patent at the end of 14 days. This was in contrast to sutures that were maintained without force. Proliferative and apoptotic activity was increased also in sutures maintained open artificially. Interestingly, levels of active TGF-beta-signaling components were also increased in force-maintained sutures. CONCLUSIONS Sutural maintenance by mechanical force is concurrent with modulation of cellular activity and protein expression reminiscent of the open suture. This study demonstrates the dynamic reciprocity existing between biochemical activity and morphologic state. Although it is known that changes in TGF-betas and fibroblast growth factors can cause sutural fusion, this is the first study to demonstrate that abrogation of sutural closure is responsible for growth factor signaling modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil S Tholpady
- Charlottesville, Va.; and Cambridge, Mass. From the Departments of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Neurosurgery, and Cell Biology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, and Departments of Material Science and Engineering and Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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Cabiling DS, Kim E, Yan D, Jacob S, Nah HD, Kirschner RE. Differential effects of TGF-beta isoforms on murine fetal dural cells and calvarial osteoblasts. Plast Reconstr Surg 2007; 120:614-624. [PMID: 17700112 DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000270292.89388.a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteins within the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta family play a central role in both normal and pathologic calvarial morphogenesis. Previous work has suggested differential functions of the TGF-beta isoforms in these processes. Little is known, however, about effects of TGF-betas on the underlying dura. Furthermore, studies on the effects of TGF-beta isoforms on osteoblasts have been conflicting. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of TGF-beta isoforms, specifically TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta3, on fetal calvarial osteoblast and dural cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. METHODS Primary cultures of fetal calvarial osteoblasts and dural cells were established from embryonic day-18 CD-1 mice. Cells were treated for 48 hours with TGF-beta1 or TGF-beta3. Northern blot analysis, cell counts, and apoptosis assays were performed. RESULTS In dural cells, TGF-beta1 stimulated the expression of early osteodifferentiation genes and resulted in a slight decrease in cell number and no effect on apoptosis. Similar results were observed in osteoblasts. TGF-beta3 had little or no effect on the genes studied in both cell types but resulted in increased apoptosis and concomitant decreases in cell number in both cell types. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that dural cells respond to TGF-beta and that this response is isoform-specific. TGF-beta1 stimulates osteodifferentiation of previously uncommitted cells in the dura. It also stimulates early events in bone matrix deposition and has little effect on late markers of bone differentiation in osteoblasts and dural cells. Both isoforms result in decreases in cell number. TGF-beta3 results in greater decreases in cell number and isoform-specific stimulation of apoptosis in both dural cells and calvarial osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Cabiling
- Philadelphia, Pa. From the Department of Surgery and Division of Plastic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
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Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have been shown to differentiate into osteoblasts that, in turn, are capable of forming tissues analogous to bone. The present study was designed to investigate the inhibition of osteogenesis by hMSCs. Bone marrow-derived hMSCs were treated with transforming growth factor beta-3 (TGFbeta3) at various doses during or after their differentiation into osteogenic cells. TGFbeta3 was encapsulated in poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres and released via controlled delivery in the osteogenic culture of hMSCs and hMSC-derived osteoblasts for up to 28 days. Controlled release of TGFbeta3 inhibited the osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs, as evidenced by significantly reduced alkaline phosphatase activity and staining, as well as decreased mineral deposition. After hMSCs had been differentiated into osteoblasts, controlled release of TGFbeta3 further inhibited not only alkaline phosphatase and mineral deposition but also osteocalcin expression. These findings demonstrate the potential for sustained modulation of the behavior of stem cells and/or stem cell-derived lineage-specific cells via controlled release of growth factor(s). The attenuation of osteogenic differentiation of MSCs may facilitate understanding not only the regulation and patterning of osteogenesis in development but also several pathological models such as osteopetrosis, craniosynostosis, and heart valve calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo K. Moioli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, New York, New York
| | - Liu Hong
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jeremy J. Mao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, New York, New York
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Cooper GM, Curry C, Barbano TE, Burrows AM, Vecchione L, Caccamese JF, Norbutt CS, Costello BJ, Losee JE, Moursi AM, Huard J, Mooney MP. Noggin inhibits postoperative resynostosis in craniosynostotic rabbits. J Bone Miner Res 2007; 22:1046-54. [PMID: 17437358 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.070410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Inhibition of bone formation after surgery to correct craniosynostosis would alleviate the need for secondary surgeries and decrease morbidity and mortality. This study used a single dose of Noggin protein to prevent resynostosis and improve postoperative outcomes in a rabbit model of craniosynostosis. INTRODUCTION Craniosynostosis is defined as the premature fusion of one or more of the cranial sutures, which causes secondary deformations of the cranial vault, cranial base, and brain. Current surgical intervention involves extirpation of the fused suture to allow unrestricted brain growth. However, resynostosis of the extirpated regions often occurs. Several bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), well-described inducers of ossification, are involved in bone healing. This study tested the hypothesis that a postoperative treatment with Noggin, an extracellular BMP inhibitor, can inhibit resynostosis in a rabbit model of human familial nonsyndromic craniosynostosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-one New Zealand white rabbits with bilateral coronal suture synostosis were divided into three groups: (1) suturectomy controls (n = 13); (2) suturectomy with BSA in a slow-resorbing collagen vehicle, (n = 8); and (3) suturectomy with Noggin in a slow-resorbing collagen vehicle (n = 10). At 10 days of age, a 3 x 15-mm coronal suturectomy was performed. The sites in groups 2 and 3 were immediately filled with BSA-loaded gel or Noggin-loaded gel, respectively. Serial 3D-CT scan reconstructions of the defects and standard radiographs were obtained at 10, 25, 42, and 84 days of age, and the sutures were harvested for histological analysis. RESULTS Radiographic analysis revealed that Noggin-treated animals had significantly greater coronal suture marker separation by 25 days and significantly greater craniofacial length at 84 days of age compared with controls. 3D-CT analysis revealed that Noggin treatment led to significantly greater defect areas through 84 days and to increased intracranial volumes at 84 days of age compared with other groups. Histological analysis supported CT data, showing that the untreated and BSA-treated groups had significant healing of the suturectomy site, whereas the Noggin-treated group had incomplete wound healing. CONCLUSIONS These data support our hypothesis that inhibition of BMP activity using Noggin may prevent postoperative resynostosis in this rabbit model. These findings also suggest that Noggin therapy may have potential clinical use to prevent postoperative resynostosis in infants with craniosynostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M Cooper
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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Lilli C, Bellucci C, Baroni T, Aisa C, Carinci P, Scapoli L, Carinci F, Pezzetti F, Lumare E, Stabellini G, Bodo M. FGF2 effects in periosteal fibroblasts bearing the FGFR2 receptor Pro253 Arg mutation. Cytokine 2007; 38:22-31. [PMID: 17537644 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2007.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2006] [Revised: 04/02/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM A growing number of mutations mapped in the receptor gene for fibroblast growth factor have been implicated in several cranial development disorders including the Apert and Crouzon syndromes. The present paper investigated cellular mechanisms underlying Apert phenotype, by analyzing the effects of FGF2 in primary cultures of Apert periosteal fibroblasts carrying the FGFR2 Pro253Arg mutation. RESULTS FGF2 administration significantly decreased extracellular matrix production in mutant cells by stimulating degradative enzymatic activities. Gene expression analysis revealed that decorin and biglycan, two proteoglycans involved in collagen fibrillogenesis, were more expressed in mutant cells and down-regulated by FGF2. FGF2 receptor binding showed little differences in high affinity receptor counts between mutant and wild-type cells, while we showed for the first time that low affinity receptors are significantly fewer in mutant cells. Differences were found in Crouzon syndrome, where both high and low affinity receptor counts were up-regulated. CONCLUSIONS The different mutation and low affinity receptor regulation in mutant receptors support the hypothesis that the impact on the activity of the ligand-receptor complex could allow distinct modes of FGF2 activation in Apert and Crouzon syndromes, which interfere with the FGFR2 signalling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Lilli
- Department of Exp. Med. and Bioch. Sciences, University of Perugia, via del Giochetto, 06100 Perugia, Italy
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Mooney MP, Losken HW, Moursi AM, Bradley J, Azari K, Acarturk TO, Cooper GM, Thompson B, Opperman LA, Siegel MI. Anti-TGF-??2 Antibody Therapy Inhibits Postoperative Resynostosis in Craniosynostotic Rabbits. Plast Reconstr Surg 2007; 119:1200-1212. [PMID: 17496591 DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000258403.49584.ec] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postoperative resynostosis is a common clinical finding. It has been suggested that an overexpression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta2 may be related to craniosynostosis and may contribute to postoperative resynostosis. Interference with TGF-beta2 function with the use of neutralizing antibodies may inhibit resynostosis. The present study was designed to test this hypothesis. METHODS New Zealand White rabbits with bilateral coronal suture synostosis were used as suturectomy controls (group 1, n = 9) or given suturectomy with nonspecific, control immunoglobulin G antibody (group 2, n = 9) or suturectomy with anti-TGF-beta2 antibody (group 3, n = 11). At 10 days of age, a 3 x 15-mm coronal suturectomy was performed. The sites in groups 2 and 3 were immediately filled with 0.1 cc of a slowly resorbing collagen gel mixed with either immunoglobulin G (100 mug per suture) or anti-TGF-beta2 (100 mug per suture). Three-dimensional computed tomography scan reconstructions of the defects were obtained at 10, 25, 42, and 84 days of age, and the sutures were harvested for histomorphometric analysis. RESULTS Computed tomography scan data revealed that the suturectomy sites treated with anti-TGF-beta2 showed significantly (p < 0.05) greater areas through 84 days of age compared with controls. Histomorphometry also showed that suturectomy sites treated with anti-TGF-beta2 had patent suturectomy sites and more fibrous tissue in the defects compared with sites in control rabbits and had significantly (p < 0.001) less new bone area (by approximately 215 percent) in the suturectomy site. CONCLUSIONS These data support the initial hypothesis that interference with TGF-beta2 function inhibited postoperative resynostosis in this rabbit model. They also suggest that this biologically based therapy may be a potential surgical adjunct to retard postoperative resynostosis in infants with craniosynostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Mooney
- Pittsburgh, Pa.; Chapel Hill, N.C.; Columbus, Ohio; Los Angeles, Calif.; Ankara, Turkey; and Dallas, Texas From the Departments of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Anthropology, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Orthodontics, and Orthopedic Surgery, the Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Center, and the School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh; the Department of Plastic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Ohio State University; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles; Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Gülhane Military Medical Academy; and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A & M University System Health Science Center
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Mooney MP, Losken HW, Moursi AM, Shand JM, Cooper GM, Curry C, Ho L, Burrows AM, Stelnicki EJ, Losee JE, Opperman LA, Siegel MI. Postoperative Anti-Tgf-β2 Antibody Therapy Improves Intracranial Volume and Craniofacial Growth in Craniosynostotic Rabbits. J Craniofac Surg 2007; 18:336-46; discussion 347-9. [PMID: 17414283 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0b013e3180336047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Postoperative resynostosis and secondary craniofacial growth abnormalities are common sequelae after craniofacial surgery. It has been suggested that an overexpression of transforming growth factor-beta2 (Tgf-beta2) may be related to craniosynostosis and contribute to postoperative resynostosis. Interference with Tgf-beta2 function using neutralizing antibodies may inhibit resynostosis and improve postoperative craniofacial growth; the present study was designed to test this hypothesis. Twenty-nine New Zealand white rabbits with bilateral coronal suture synostosis were used: 1) suturectomy controls (n=9); 2) suturectomy with nonspecific, control IgG antibody (n=9); and 3) suturectomy with anti-Tgf-beta2 antibody (n=11). At 10 days of age, a 3 mm x 15-mm coronal suturectomy was performed. The sites in groups 2 and 3 were immediately filled with 0.1 cc of a slow resorbing collagen gel mixed with either IgG (100 microg/suture) or anti-Tgf-beta2 (100 microg/suture). Three-dimensional computed tomography scan reconstructions of the skulls and cephalographs were obtained at 10, 25, 42, and 84 days of age. Computed tomography scan data revealed patent suturectomy sites and significantly (P<0.05) greater intracranial volumes by 84 days of age in rabbits treated with anti-Tgf-beta2 compared with controls. Cephalometric analysis revealed significant (P<0.05) differences in craniofacial, cranial vault, and cranial base growth by 84 days of age in rabbits treated with anti-Tgf-beta2 compared with controls. These data support the initial hypothesis that interference with Tgf-beta2 function inhibited postoperative resynostosis and improved cranial vault growth in this rabbit model. Thus, this biologically based therapy may be a potential surgical adjunct in the treatment of infants with craniosynostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Mooney
- Department of Oral Biology, Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Center, University of Pittsburgh, and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.
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Fellows-Mayle W, Hitchens TK, Simplaceanu E, Horner J, Barbano T, Losee JE, Losken HW, Siegel MI, Mooney MP. Testing causal mechanisms of nonsyndromic craniosynostosis using path analysis of cranial contents in rabbits with uncorrected craniosynostosis. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2006; 43:524-31. [PMID: 16986990 DOI: 10.1597/05-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Various causal mechanisms of familial nonsyndromic craniosynostosis have been presented. One hypothesis suggests that overproduction of bone at the suture is the primary origin of craniosynostosis, which affects brain and cranial growth secondarily through altered intracranial pressure (Primary Suture Fusion Model). Other hypotheses suggest that decreased cranial base growth or abnormal brain growth are the primary cause of craniosynostosis (Cranial Base, Brain Parenchyma Models, respectively). This study was designed to investigate which model best describes neurocranial changes associated with craniosynostosis in a rabbit model through multivariate path analysis. DESIGN Serial magnetic resonance imaging scans and intracranial pressure measurements were obtained at 10, 25, and 42 days of age from 18 rabbits: six controls, six with delayed-onset synostosis, and six with early-onset synostosis. Five variables were collected from each rabbit: calvarial thickness at the affected suture, cranial base length, brain volume, cerebrospinal fluid volume, and intracranial pressure. This data set was used to test causal pathway relationships generated by the proposed models. Goodness of fit was measured by experimental group for each model. RESULTS Primary Suture Fusion Model best explained the variables in both delayed-onset and early-onset synostotic rabbits (Goodness of fit = 93%, 97%, respectively). Cranial Base Model (Goodness of fit = 94%) best explained the data in control rabbits. CONCLUSION Results suggest that the primary site of craniosynostosis in craniosynostotic rabbits is most likely the synostosed suture. Other cranial vault anomalies are most likely secondary compensatory changes. Results of the present study may provide insight regarding the causal pathway of craniosynostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Fellows-Mayle
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Discussion. J Craniofac Surg 2006. [DOI: 10.1097/00001665-200607000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Moioli EK, Hong L, Guardado J, Clark PA, Mao JJ. Sustained release of TGFbeta3 from PLGA microspheres and its effect on early osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 12:537-46. [PMID: 16579687 PMCID: PMC4035024 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2006.12.537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the widespread role of transforming growth factor-beta3 (TGFbeta3) in wound healing and tissue regeneration, its long-term controlled release has not been demonstrated. Here, we report microencapsulation of TGFbeta3 in poly-d-l-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) microspheres and determine its bioactivity. The release profiles of PLGA-encapsulated TGFbeta3 with 50:50 and 75:25 PLA:PGA ratios differed throughout the experimental period. To compare sterilization modalities of microspheres, bFGF was encapsulated in 50:50 PLGA microspheres and subjected to ethylene oxide (EO) gas, radio-frequency glow discharge (RFGD), or ultraviolet (UV) light. The release of bFGF was significantly attenuated by UV light, but not significantly altered by either EO or RFGD. To verify its bioactivity, TGFbeta3 (1.35 ng/mL) was control-released to the culture of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) under induced osteogenic differentiation. Alkaline phosphatase staining intensity was markedly reduced 1 week after exposing hMSC-derived osteogenic cells to TGFbeta3. This was confirmed by lower alkaline phosphatase activity (2.25 +/- 0.57 mU/mL/ng DNA) than controls (TGFbeta3- free) at 5.8 +/- 0.9 mU/mL/ng DNA (p < 0.05). Control-released TGFbeta3 bioactivity was further confirmed by lack of significant differences in alkaline phosphatase upon direct addition of 1.35 ng/mL TGFbeta3 to cell culture (p > 0.05). These findings provide baseline data for potential uses of microencapsulated TGFbeta3 in wound healing and tissue-engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo K Moioli
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Cho JY, Lee WB, Kim HJ, Mi Woo K, Baek JH, Choi JY, Hur CG, Ryoo HM. Bone-related gene profiles in developing calvaria. Gene 2006; 372:71-81. [PMID: 16510253 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2005.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2005] [Revised: 12/09/2005] [Accepted: 12/09/2005] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Generating a comprehensive understanding of osteogenesis-related gene profiles is very important in the development of new treatments for osteopenic conditions. Developing calvaria undergoes a typical intramembranous bone-forming process. To identify genes associated with osteoblast differentiation, we isolated total RNAs from parietal bones, that represent active osteoblasts, and sutural mesenchyme, that represents osteoprogenitor cells, and comprehensively analyzed their gene expression profiles using an oligo-based Affymetrix microarray chip containing 22,690 probes. About 2100 genes with "Present" calls had more than 2-fold higher expression in bone compared to sutures while 73 of these genes had more than 8-fold expression. Some of these genes are already known to be bone-related biomarkers: VitD receptor, bone sialoprotein, osteocalcin, osteopontin, MMP13, etc. Eight genes were selected and subjected to confirmation by quantitative real-time RT-PCR analyses. All the genes tested showed higher expression in bones, ranging from 5- to 140-fold. Several of these genes are ESTs while others are already known but their functions in osteogenesis were not previously known. Most genes of the BMP and FGF families probed in the Genechip analysis were more highly expressed in bone tissues compared to suture. All differentially-expressed Runx and Dlx family genes also showed higher expression in bone. These results imply that our data is valid and can be used as a good standard for the mining of osteogenesis-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je-Yoel Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Papodopoulus H. Craniofacial Growth Following Cytokine Therapy in Craniosynostotic Rabbits. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2005.05.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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