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D'Ettorre G, Farronato M, Candida E, Quinzi V, Grippaudo C. A comparison between stereophotogrammetry and smartphone structured light technology for three-dimensional face scanning. Angle Orthod 2022; 92:358-363. [PMID: 35015071 DOI: 10.2319/040921-290.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare three-dimensional facial scans obtained by stereophotogrammetry with two different applications for smartphone supporting the TrueDepth system, a structured light technology. MATERIALS AND METHODS Facial scans of 40 different subjects were acquired with three different systems. The 3dMDtrio Stereophotogrammetry System (3dMD, Atlanta, Ga) was compared with a smartphone (iPhone Xs; Apple, Cupertino, Calif) equipped with the Bellus3D Face Application (version 1.6.11; Bellus3D Inc, Campbell, Calif) or Capture (version 1.2.5; Standard Cyborg Inc, San Francisco, Calif). Times of image acquisition and elaboration were recorded. The surface-to-surface deviation and the distance between 18 landmarks from 3dMD reference images to those acquired with Bellus3D or Capture were measured. RESULTS Capturing and processing times with the smartphone applications were considerably longer than with the 3dMD system. The surface-to-surface deviation analysis between the Bellus3D and 3dMD showed an overlap percentage of 80.01% ± 5.92% and 56.62% ± 7.65% within the ranges of 1 mm and 0.5 mm discrepancy, respectively. Images from Capture showed an overlap percentage of 81.40% ± 9.59% and 56.45% ± 11.62% within the ranges of 1 mm and 0.5 mm, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The face image acquisition with the 3dMD device is fast and accurate, but bulky and expensive. The new smartphone applications combined with the TrueDepth sensors show promising results. They need more accuracy from the operator and more compliance from the patient because of the increased acquisition time. Their greatest advantages are related to cost and portability.
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Yılmaz RBN, Çakan DG, Altay M, Canter HI. Reliability of Measurements on Plaster and Digital Models of Patients with a Cleft Lip and Palate. Turk J Orthod 2019; 32:65-71. [PMID: 31294408 DOI: 10.5152/turkjorthod.2019.18035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study was to determine (1) the more and less reliable measurements/methods and (2) the influence of knowledge and skill on the inter-examiner, intra-examiner, and inter-method reliability of nasolabial measurements on plaster casts and three dimensional (3D) stereophotogrammetric images of casts in infants with an unrepaired unilateral cleft lip and palate (UUCLP). Methods Preoperative extraoral plaster casts from 42 patients with UUCLP were measured with a digital caliper, and the image acquisition of casts was performed with the 3dMDface stereophotogrammetry system (3dMD, Atlanta, GA). Two examiners (one postgraduate student, one lecturer) evaluated 19 nasolabial measurements in two separate sessions. Results Intra-rater, inter-rater, and inter-method reliability was lower in measurements of nasal, philtral, and nasal floor width. Almost all of the interclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for measurements performed by the lecturer were above 0.75, whereas the intra-examiner reliability of some measurements performed by the postgraduate student showed low ICC (<0.75). Conclusion Measurements of curving slopes, such as nasal width, of small dimensions, such as nostril floor width, and deformity-affected anatomic parts, such as philtrum width, presented a low reliability. Measurements on 3D images showed a higher reliability compared to plaster model measurements performed by the postgraduate student. Therefore, it may be recommended to use 3D digital images of infants with CLP for nasolabial measurements especially if performed in postgraduate settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Burcu Nur Yılmaz
- Department of Orthodontics, Yeditepe University School of Dentistry, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Derya Germeç Çakan
- Department of Orthodontics, Yeditepe University School of Dentistry, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Merve Altay
- Department of Orthodontics, Yeditepe University School of Dentistry, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Halil Ibrahim Canter
- Department of Plastic, Esthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
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Kelly KM, Joganic EF, Beals SP, Riggs JA, McGuire MK, Littlefield TR. Helmet Treatment of Infants With Deformational Brachycephaly. Glob Pediatr Health 2018; 5:2333794X18805618. [PMID: 30349871 PMCID: PMC6194925 DOI: 10.1177/2333794x18805618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Deformation of the cranium in infancy represents a spectrum of deformity, ranging from severe asymmetric yet proportional distortion of the skull in plagiocephaly, to nearly symmetric yet disproportional distortion in brachycephaly. As such, the condition is best described as deformational plagiocephaly-brachycephaly with isolated plagiocephaly and/or isolated brachycephaly being at either ends of the spectrum. Due to its symmetric appearance, deformational brachycephaly is often incorrectly dismissed as being less concerning, and it has sometimes erroneously been reported that brachycephaly cannot be treated successfully with a cranial orthosis. We prospectively report on 4205 infants with isolated deformational brachycephaly treated with a cranial orthosis from 2013 to 2017. These results demonstrate that the orthosis is successful in the treatment of deformational brachycephaly with an 81.4% improvement toward normal (95.0 to 89.4) in cephalic index. We furthermore demonstrate that entrance age influences treatment results, with younger infants demonstrating both improved outcomes and shorter treatment times.
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Calandrelli R, Pilato F, Massimi L, Panfili M, Di Rocco C, Colosimo C. Quantitative analysis of cranial-orbital changes in infants with anterior synostotic plagiocephaly. Childs Nerv Syst 2018; 34:1725-1733. [PMID: 29761256 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-018-3824-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The effects of premature fusion of one coronal suture cause skull and orbital alterations in term of side-to-side asymmetry. This study aimed to quantify the cranio-orbital complex changes related to the severity of skull base dysmorphology in patients with unicoronal synostosis. METHODS Twenty-four infants affected by unicoronal synostosis were subdivided in three subgroups according to the severity of skull base deformity and their high-resolution CT images were quantitatively analyzed (groups IIa, IIb, III). Dimensions of cranial fossae, intracranial volume (ICV), ICV synostotic and ICV non synostotic side, whole brain volume (WBV), orbital volumes (OV), ICV/WBV, ICVsynostotic/ICVnon-synostotic, and OVsynostotic/OVnon-synostotic were evaluated. RESULTS Asymmetry and reduction in the growth of the anterior and middle fossae were found in all groups while asymmetry of the posterior cranial fossa was found only in IIb and III groups. In all groups, ICV, WBV, and ICV/WBV were not significantly different while ICVsynostotic/ICVnon-synostotic and OVsynostotic/OVnon-synostotic resulted significant difference (p < 0.05). ICVsynostotic side resulted reduction only in group III. OV on the synostotic side was not significantly reduced although a trend in progressively reducing volumes was noted according to the severity of the group. CONCLUSION Skull and orbital changes revealed a side-to-side asymmetry but the effects of the premature synostosis were more severe in group III suggesting an earlier timing of premature unicoronal synostosis in group III with respect to the other groups. The assessment of the skull base deformity might be an indirect parameter of severity of skull orbital changes and it might be useful for surgical planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalinda Calandrelli
- Polo scienze delle immagini, di laboratorio ed infettivologiche Area diagnostica per immagini Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy.
| | - Fabio Pilato
- Polo scienze dell'invecchiamento, neurologiche, ortopediche e della testa-collo, Area neuroscienze Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Massimi
- Polo scienze dell'invecchiamento, neurologiche, ortopediche e della testa-collo, Area neuroscienze Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Panfili
- Polo scienze delle immagini, di laboratorio ed infettivologiche Area diagnostica per immagini Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Concezio Di Rocco
- Polo scienze dell'invecchiamento, neurologiche, ortopediche e della testa-collo, Area neuroscienze Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Cesare Colosimo
- Polo scienze delle immagini, di laboratorio ed infettivologiche Area diagnostica per immagini Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy
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Tiwari R, Chakravarthi PS, Kattimani VS, Lingamaneni KP. A Perioral Soft Tissue evaluation after Orthognathic Surgery Using Three-Dimensional Computed Tomography Scan. Open Dent J 2018; 12:366-376. [PMID: 29875889 PMCID: PMC5958298 DOI: 10.2174/1874210601812010366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Facial appearance is an important factor, affects social and psychological well-being. The ideal positioning of jaws and soft tissues is crucial during orthognathic surgery for a better outcome, but the response of facial soft tissues does not always reflect the exact movements of the underlying jaws in 1:1 ratio. So, soft tissue changes following orthognathic surgery require utmost attention during surgical correction to make successful treatment. Aims and Objectives Evaluation of perioral soft tissue changes after orthognathic surgical procedures. The objectives of the study were to assess and compare pre and post-operative perioral soft tissue changes of lip width, nasolabial and mentolabial angle using Three Dimensional Computed Tomography scan (3DCT). Patient and Methods The study involved ten patients for evaluation requiring orthognathic surgical procedures (maxillary or mandibular anteroposterior excess or deficiency, transverse deformities, vertical maxillary excess and facial asymmetry) presented to the department of oral and maxillofacial surgery during 2014-2016. Pre and post-operative 3DCT scan were taken after 12 months using iCT 256 slice whole body CT scanner and evaluated for changes using Dicom PMS D view. Results Significant changes were observed in nasolabial angle after maxillary advancement (1.81°) and maxillary setback procedure (2.73°). The mentolabial angle was significantly increased with mandibular setback procedures (3.27°). Mandibular advancement procedures showed both increase (3.6°) and decrease (7.6°) in mentolabial angle. Conclusion 3DCT showed a significant difference in perioral soft tissue changes in nasolabial and mentolabial angle but no significant change was observed in lip width. 3DCT is a reliable tool for 3D assessment. The conventional thought of changes in Nasolabial angle after surgery is changing due to the underlying factors which should be considered for prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Tiwari
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sibar Institute of Dental Sciences, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - P Srinivas Chakravarthi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sibar Institute of Dental Sciences, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Vivekanand S Kattimani
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sibar Institute of Dental Sciences, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Krishna Prasad Lingamaneni
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sibar Institute of Dental Sciences, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Comparative study of cranial anthropometric measurement by traditional calipers to computed tomography and three-dimensional photogrammetry. J Craniofac Surg 2015; 24:1106-10. [PMID: 23851749 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0b013e31828dcdcb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial anthropometry by direct caliper measurements is a common method of quantifying the morphology of the cranial vault. New digital imaging modalities including computed tomography and three-dimensional photogrammetry are similarly being used to obtain craniofacial surface measurements. This study sought to compare the accuracy of anthropometric measurements obtained by calipers versus 2 methods of digital imaging.Standard anterior-posterior, biparietal, and cranial index measurements were directly obtained on 19 participants with an age range of 1 to 20 months. Computed tomographic scans and three-dimensional photographs were both obtained on each child within 2 weeks of the clinical examination. Two analysts measured the anterior-posterior and biparietal distances on the digital images. Measures of reliability and bias between the modalities were calculated and compared.Caliper measurements were found to underestimate the anterior-posterior and biparietal distances as compared with those of the computed tomography and the three-dimensional photogrammetry (P < 0.001). Cranial index measurements between the computed tomography and the calipers differed by up to 6%. The difference between the 2 modalities was statistically significant (P = 0.021). The biparietal and cranial index results were similar between the digital modalities, but the anterior-posterior measurement was greater with the three-dimensional photogrammetry (P = 0.002). The coefficients of variation for repeated measures based on the computed tomography and the three-dimensional photogrammetry were 0.008 and 0.007, respectively.In conclusion, measurements based on digital modalities are generally reliable and interchangeable. Caliper measurements lead to underestimation of anterior-posterior and biparietal values compared with digital imaging.
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Sforza C, De Menezes M, Bresciani E, Cerón-Zapata AM, López-Palacio AM, Rodriguez-Ardila MJ, Berrio-Gutiérrez LM. Evaluation of a 3D Stereophotogrammetric Technique to Measure the Stone Casts of Patients with Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2012; 49:477-83. [DOI: 10.1597/10-207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To assess a three-dimensional stereophotogrammetric method for palatal cast digitization of children with unilateral cleft lip and palate. Design As part of a collaboration between the University of Milan (Italy) and the University CES of Medellin (Colombia), 96 palatal cast models obtained from neonatal patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate were obtained and digitized using a three-dimensional stereophotogrammetric imaging system. Main Outcome Measures Three-dimensional measurements (cleft width, depth, length) were made separately for the longer and shorter cleft segments on the digital dental cast surface between landmarks, previously marked. Seven linear measurements were computed. Systematic and random errors between operators' tracings, and accuracy on geometric objects of known size were calculated. In addition, mean measurements from three-dimensional stereophotographs were compared statistically with those from direct anthropometry. Results The three-dimensional method presented good accuracy error (<0.9%) on measuring geometric objects. No systematic errors between operators' measurements were found ( p > .05). Statistically significant differences ( p < 5%) were noted for different methods (caliper versus stereophotogrammetry) for almost all distances analyzed, with mean absolute difference values ranging between 0.22 and 3.41 mm. Therefore, rates for the technical error of measurement and relative error magnitude were scored as moderate for Ag-Am and poor for Ag-Pg and Am-Pm distances. Generally, caliper values were larger than three-dimensional stereophotogrammetric values. Conclusions Three-dimensional stereophotogrammetric systems have some advantages over direct anthropometry, and therefore the method could be sufficiently precise and accurate on palatal cast digitization with unilateral cleft lip and palate. This would be useful for clinical analyses in maxillofacial, plastic, and aesthetic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiarella Sforza
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Dipartimento di Morfologia Umana e Scienze Biomediche “Città Studi,” Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Marcio De Menezes
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Dipartimento di Morfologia Umana e Scienze Biomediche “Città Studi,” Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Bresciani
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Dipartimento di Morfologia Umana e Scienze Biomediche “Città Studi,” Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Ana M. Cerón-Zapata
- Postgraduate Program, Pediatric Dentistry and Preventive Orthodontics, Universidad CES, and Specialist, Pediatric Dentistry and Preventive Orthodontics, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ana M. López-Palacio
- Postgraduate Program, Pediatric Dentistry and Preventive Orthodontics, Universidad CES, and Specialist, Comprehensive Dentistry for Children, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Myriam J. Rodriguez-Ardila
- Postgraduate Program, Pediatric Dentistry and Preventive Orthodontics, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Lina M. Berrio-Gutiérrez
- Postgraduate Program, Pediatric Dentistry and Preventive Orthodontics, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia
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Ongkosuwito E, Goos J, Wattel E, Van Der Wal K, Van Adrichem L, Van Neck J. Assessment of Volumetric Changes with a Best-Fit Method in Three-Dimensional Stereophotograms. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2012; 49:472-6. [DOI: 10.1597/10-270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Different three-dimensional stereophotogrammetry systems and analyzing methods exist that often use landmarks for comparison. Measurement errors in landmark or surface comparison are mostly within 1 mm, which seems clinically acceptable. The aim of this study was to validate a three-dimensional stereophotogrammetric best-fit method of assessing volumetric changes and to compare three devices. Methods The validation of the best-fit method was at first done on a life-size dummy head. Scans were made in the ideal position, as well as in four additional positions, and a scan was made in which a soft putty specimen was added to the dummy head. The comparison was executed with a best-fit method using triangulation. Student's t tests were used to detect statistically significant differences. Second, comparisons were made among scans of a white man in the ideal position and with volume changes added. Results The different positions tested for the dummy head showed no significant volume differences within each system or among systems. The differences found when adding a soft putty specimen fell into the same range as the differences between various positions. The differences within a live situation were 10 times greater compared with the dummy-head situation. Conclusions In a dummy-head situation, the different systems gave similar results when tested with a best-fit method. However, in live situations the differences may become 10 times greater, possibly due to different facial expressions. These differences may become clinically relevant and, therefore, further research in volumetric changes is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E.M. Ongkosuwito
- Department of Orthodontics, and Member, Cleft Palate Team and Craniofacial Team, Erasmus Medical Centre, Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J.A.C. Goos
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Erasmus Medical Centre, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E. Wattel
- Section Geometry, Department of Exact Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K.G.H. Van Der Wal
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and Member, Cleft Palate Team and Craniofacial Team, Erasmus Medical Centre, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L.N.A. Van Adrichem
- Craniofacial Centre, Erasmus Medical Centre, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J.W. Van Neck
- Research Unit–Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Erasmus Medical Centre, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Schendel SA, Duncan KS, Lane C. Image fusion in preoperative planning. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2012; 19:577-90, vii. [PMID: 22004853 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsc.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
This article presents a comprehensive overview of generating a digital Patient-Specific Anatomic Reconstruction (PSAR) model of the craniofacial complex as the foundation for a more objective surgical planning platform. The technique explores fusing the patient's 3D radiograph with the corresponding high-precision 3D surface image within a biomechanical context. As taking 3D radiographs has been common practice for many years, this article describes various approaches to 3D surface imaging and the importance of achieving high-precision anatomical results to simulate surgical outcomes that can be measured and quantified. With the PSAR model readily available for facial assessment and virtual surgery, the advantages of this surgical planning technique are discussed.
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Comparison of facial soft tissue measurements on three-dimensional images and models obtained with different methods. J Craniofac Surg 2011; 21:1393-9. [PMID: 20856027 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0b013e3181ec6976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to compare the clinical facial soft tissue measurements with the measurements of facial plaster cast, three-dimensional scanned facial plaster cast, 3-dimensional digital photogrammetrical images, and three-dimensional laser scanner images. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three-dimensional facial images of 15 adults were obtained with stereophotogrammetry and a three-dimensional laser scanner. Facial models of subjects were obtained using silicone impression and were scanned. Landmarks were marked on the subjects and plaster casts, digitized on three-dimensional models, and measured in Mimics 12.0 software (Materialise's Interactive Medical Image Control System, Leuven, Belgium). RESULTS No statistically significant differences were found between all three-dimensional measurement methods in mouth width, philtrum median height, and nasal width. Comparison of clinical measurements with facial plaster cast measurements revealed that philtral width, nasal tip protrusion, and right lip and nostril heights were wider and longer in clinical measurements than in facial plaster cast measurements. Comparison of clinical measurements to the laser scanned and stereophotogrammetric model measurements revealed that philtrum lateral and lip heights and philtral width were significantly different between methods. When laser scanned and stereophotogrammetric measurements were compared, significant differences were observed in lip and nostril heights. CONCLUSIONS Facial impression may be problematic owing to the depression caused by the impression material especially on the tip of the nose. Laser scanning is not sensitive enough to visualize the deeper indentations such as nostrils. Stereophotogrammetry is promising for three-dimensional facial measurements and even will be better when color identification between mucocutaneous junctions of the lip region is achieved.
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Validation of Optical Three-Dimensional Plagiocephalometry by Computed Tomography, Direct Measurement, and Indirect Measurements Using Thermoplastic Bands. J Craniofac Surg 2011; 22:129-34. [PMID: 21187761 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0b013e3181f6f849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Schendel SA, Jacobson R. Three-dimensional imaging and computer simulation for office-based surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2009; 67:2107-14. [PMID: 19761904 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2009.04.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Revised: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Advancements in computers and imaging, especially over the last 10 years, have permitted the adoption of 3-dimensional imaging protocols in the health care field. In addition, the affordability and ease of use of these modalities allow their widespread adoption and use in diagnosis and treatment planning. This is particularly important when the deformities are complex involving both function and esthetics, such as those in the dentofacial area and with orthognathic surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS Image fusion involves combining images from different imaging modalities to create a virtual record of an individual called a patient-specific anatomic reconstruction (PSAR). We describe the system and show its use in 1 case. RESULTS Image fusion and, more specifically, PSAR permit a more accurate analysis of deformity as an aid to diagnosis and treatment planning. CONCLUSION Three-dimensional imaging and computer simulation can be effectively used for planning office-based procedures. The PSAR can be used to perform virtual surgery and establish a definitive and objective treatment plan for correction of a facial deformity. The end result is improved patient care and decreased expense.
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Plooij JM, Verhamme Y, Bergé SJ, van Lindert EJ, Borstlap-Engels VM, Borstlap WA. Unilateral craniosynostosis of the frontosphenoidal suture: A case report and a review of literature. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2009; 37:162-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2008.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2008] [Revised: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Schwenzer-Zimmerer K, Chaitidis D, Boerner I, Kovacs L, Schwenzer NF, Holberg C, Zeilhofer HF. Systematic contact-free 3D topometry of the soft tissue profile in cleft lips. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2008; 45:607-13. [PMID: 18956938 DOI: 10.1597/07-116.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical application of three-dimensional (3D) imaging for the analysis of a broad variety of cleft lips and to conduct a systematic analysis. DESIGN This was a prospective study using a noncontact 3D laser scanner to acquire the preoperative 3D facial profiles. The data sets were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The data were expressed by ratios and scores. PATIENTS Forty nonsedated patients (1 to 39 years, average age 2.7 years) with unilateral cleft lip, cleft lip and alveolus, or complete unilateral cleft in Cambodia. RESULTS The acquired 3D data sets (mean acquisition time: 2.5 seconds) from facial surfaces were of diagnostic quality in 27 of 40 patients (average age, 14.2 years). In these cases all anatomical structures could be mapped precisely by means of landmark positioning in the range of millimeters. A new method of systematic analysis could be elaborated, allowing for data set expression independent of size and growth factors. In children under age 3, the measuring procedure was of limited value because of motion artifacts and was successful in only 6% (1 of 15) of these patients. CONCLUSION The system offers a solid and precise tool for 3D imaging of the complex cleft lip anatomy in compliant patients and is useful for preoperative cleft assessment and follow-up. However, the application is limited in moving infants or uncooperative adults because of scanning time and acquisition method. The development of motion tracking and faster devices could eliminate motion artifacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Schwenzer-Zimmerer
- Hightech Research Center of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital of Basel, Spitalstr. 21, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.
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Ferrario VF, Mian F, Peretta R, Rosati R, Sforza C. Three-dimensional computerized anthropometry of the nose: landmark representation compared to surface analysis. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2007; 44:278-85. [PMID: 17477754 DOI: 10.1597/06-021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare three-dimensional nasal measurements directly made on subjects to those made on plaster casts, and nasal dimensions obtained with a surface-based approach to values obtained with a landmark representation. METHODS Soft-tissue nasal landmarks were directly digitized on 20 healthy adults. Stone casts of their noses were digitized and mathematically reconstructed using nonuniform rational B-splines (NURBS) curves. Linear distances, angles, volumes and surface areas were computed using facial landmarks and NURBS-reconstructed models (surface-based approach). RESULTS Measurements on the stone casts were somewhat smaller than values obtained directly from subjects (differences between -0.05 and -1.58 mm). Dahlberg's statistic ranged between 0.73 and 1.47 mm. Significant (p < .05) t values were found for 4 of 15 measurements. The surface-based approach gave values 3.5 (volumes) and 2.1 (surface area) times larger than those computed with the landmark-based method. The two values were significantly related (volume, r = 0.881; surface, r = 0.924; p < .001), the resulting equations estimated actual values well (mean difference, volume -0.01 mm3, SD 1.47, area 0.05 cm(2), SD 1.44); limits of agreement between -2.89 and 2.87 mm3 (volume); -2.88 and 2.78 cm2 (area). CONCLUSIONS Considering the characteristics of the two methods, and for practical purposes, nasal distances and angles obtained on plaster models were comparable to digital data obtained directly from subjects. Surface areas and volumes were best obtained using a surface-based approach, but could be estimated using data provided by the landmark representation.
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Sforza C, Peretta R, Grandi G, Ferronato G, Ferrario VF. Soft tissue facial volumes and shape in skeletal Class III patients before and after orthognathic surgery treatment. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2007; 60:130-8. [PMID: 17223510 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2006.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2006] [Revised: 06/06/2006] [Accepted: 06/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To obtain the best surgical results in orthognathic surgery, treatment planning and the evaluation of results should be performed on measurable three-dimensional reproductions of the face of the patients, and compared to reference subjects. METHODS Seven women aged 18-35 years, all with a skeletal Class III and mandibular asymmetry, were assessed both before (on average, 2 months) and after (on average, 10.7 months) surgical intervention (mandibular reduction by sagittal split osteotomy and LeFort I maxillary advancement). The three-dimensional coordinates of 50 soft tissue facial landmarks (face, eyes, nose, mouth and lips, ears) were collected with a noninvasive, electromagnetic digitizer; facial volumes were estimated, and compared to reference values collected in 87 healthy women of the same age and ethnic group. Inter-individual modifications in facial shape were also assessed. RESULTS Before surgery the patients had smaller faces than the reference women, with larger lower lips and noses. A large within-group variability was found. Surgical treatment significantly reduced total facial volume and mandibular volume, increased total and upper lip volumes (Student's t test, p<0.05), and made all values more homogenous within the group. Shape differences were significantly larger before than after surgery. On average, right side gonion was the landmark that moved the most, closely followed by menton, while the tragi and ala nasi moved the least. The three-dimensional approach used in this study enabled quantitative evaluation of the final soft tissue results of surgery, without submitting the patients to invasive procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiarella Sforza
- Functional Anatomy Research Center, Laboratorio di Anatomia Funzionale dell'Apparato Stomatognatico, Dipartimento di Morfologia Umana, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
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