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Hardin-Jones M, Chapman KL, Heimbaugh L, Dahill AE, Cummings C, Baylis A, Hatch Pollard S. Stop Consonant Production in Children with Cleft Palate After Palatoplasty. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2024; 61:1087-1095. [PMID: 36814368 PMCID: PMC10442459 DOI: 10.1177/10556656231159974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study examined stop consonant production in children with cleft lip and/or palate (CP ± L) 2-6 months following palatal surgery. Prospective comparative study. Multisite institutional. Participants included 113 children with repaired CP ± L (mean age = 16 months) who were participating in the multicenter CORNET study. Parents of participants were asked to record approximately two hours of their child's vocalizations/words at home using a Language ENvironmental Analysis (LENATM) recorder. Four ten-minute audio-recorded samples of vocalizations were extracted from the original recording for each participant and analyzed for presence of oral stop consonants. A minimum of 100 vocalizations were required for analysis. Preliminary findings indicate that at least one oral stop was evident in the consonant inventory for 95 of the 113 children (84%) at the time of their post-surgery 16-month recording, and 80 of these children (71%) were producing two or more different stops. Approximately 50% of the children (57/113) produced the three voiced stops, and eight of the children (7%) were producing all six stop consonants. The findings of this study suggest that the majority of children with repaired CP ± L from English-speaking homes are producing oral stops within six months following palatal surgery. Similar to same-age children without CL ± P, voiced stops were more frequently evident in the children's inventories than voiceless stops. In contrast to findings of previous reports suggesting place of articulation differences, a somewhat comparable percentage of children in this study produced voiced bilabial, alveolar, and velar stops.
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Eshghi M, Adatorwovor R, Preisser JS, Crais ER, Zajac DJ. Lexicogrammatical skills in 2-year-old children with and without repaired cleft palate. CLINICAL LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS 2022; 36:528-546. [PMID: 34263689 PMCID: PMC8760352 DOI: 10.1080/02699206.2021.1941263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the current research was to compare the lexical-grammatical skills of two-year-old children with and without repaired cleft palate (CP), accounting for the effect of variables such as vocabulary size at 18 months of age, maternal education level, and gender. Participants included 52 children with CP and 25 typically developing (TD) children. The CDI-WS was employed to measure vocabulary and grammatical skills. Significant differences were observed between the CP and TD groups with respect to the number of words, word forms (irregular nouns and verbs), word endings (overuse of plural (-s) and past tense (-ed) markers), the mean number of morphemes in their three longest utterances (M3L), and sentence complexity. In addition, compared to TD children, significantly smaller proportions of children with CP were observed to use words to talk about past and future events or use words to talk about an absent object. The difference between the CP and TD groups in terms of the size of vocabulary at 24 months of age remained statistically significant in the multivariable model. Among all predictors, the size of vocabulary at 18 months of age was identified as the most robust precursor of lexical and grammatical skills at 24 months of age. Gender was identified as a predictor of the M3L measure as an index for syntactic ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marziye Eshghi
- Ph.D., Postdoctoral Research Associate, Speech and Feeding Disorders Lab, MGH Institute of Health Professions
| | - Reuben Adatorwovor
- Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - John S. Preisser
- Ph.D, Research Professor, Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Elizabeth R. Crais
- Ph.D, Professor, Division of Speech and Hearing Sciences, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - David J. Zajac
- Ph.D, CCC-SLP, Professor, Department of Craniofacial and Surgical Care, Associate Director, Speech-Language Pathology, Craniofacial Center, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Strömbergsson S, Götze J, Edlund J, Nilsson Björkenstam K. Simulating Speech Error Patterns Across Languages and Different Datasets. LANGUAGE AND SPEECH 2022; 65:105-142. [PMID: 33637011 PMCID: PMC8886306 DOI: 10.1177/0023830920987268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Children's speech acquisition is influenced by universal and language-specific forces. Some speech error patterns (or phonological processes) in children's speech are observed in many languages, but the same error pattern may have different effects in different languages. We aimed to explore phonological effects of the same speech error patterns across different languages, target audiences and discourse modes, using a novel method for large-scale corpus investigation. As an additional aim, we investigated the face validity of five different phonological effect measures by relating them to subjective ratings of assumed effects on intelligibility, as provided by practicing speech-language pathologists. Six frequently attested speech error patterns were simulated in authentic corpus data: backing, fronting, stopping, /r/-weakening, cluster reduction and weak syllable deletion-each simulation resulting in a "misarticulated" version of the original corpus. Phonological effects were quantified using five separate metrics of phonological complexity and distance from expected target forms. Using Swedish child-speech data as a reference, phonological effects were compared between this reference and a) child speech in Norwegian and English, and b) data representing different modes of discourse (spoken/written) and target audiences (adults/children) in Swedish. Of the speech error patterns, backing-the one atypical pattern of those included-was found to cause the most detrimental effects, across languages as well as across modes and speaker ages. However, none of the measures reflects intuitive rankings as provided by clinicians regarding effects on intelligibility, thus corroborating earlier reports that phonological competence is not translatable into levels of intelligibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Strömbergsson
- Sofia Strömbergsson, SLP, Division of Speech and Language Pathology, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, F67, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, SE-141 86, Sweden.
| | - Jana Götze
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet (KI), Sweden
| | - Jens Edlund
- Department of Speech, Music and Hearing, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
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Ha S, Oller KD. Longitudinal Study of Vocal Development and Language Environments in Infants With Cleft Palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2021; 59:1286-1298. [PMID: 34787507 DOI: 10.1177/10556656211042513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated vocalization and language environment longitudinally in infants with cleft palate (CP) based on day-long audio recordings collected in their natural environments. DESIGN Language Environment Analysis (LENA) data from all-day recordings at home were collected at 3-month intervals for infants from 4-6 to 16-18 months of age. The recordings were analyzed using experimentally blinded human coding as well as LENA automated analysis. PARTICIPANTS Ten infants with CP (± cleft lip) and 10 age-matched infants without CP. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Several measurements were obtained from the LENA automated analysis software. In addition, human coded measurements of vocalization and language environment, including the true canonical babbling ratio and the infant-directed speech ratio, were analyzed for each time point of data collection for each infant. Statistical analyses were performed to conduct group and age comparisons for each measure of vocalization and language environment. RESULTS No group differences emerged in number of syllables produced. Infants with CP exhibited late onset and fewer productions of canonical syllables compared to infants without CP. Infants with CP did not show significant differences from infants without CP in measures related to language environment across ages. CONCLUSION This study provides detailed information through naturalistic all-day home recordings about vocal development and early language environments in infants with CP before and after palatal repair. Clinical implications for early intervention are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghee Ha
- 26727Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Kimbrough D Oller
- School of Communication Science and Disorders, 5415University of Memphis, TN, USA
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Palomares-Aguilera M, Inostroza-Allende F, Solar LR. Speech pathology telepractice intervention during the COVID-19 pandemic for Spanish-speaking children with cleft palate: A systematic review. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 144:110700. [PMID: 33862334 PMCID: PMC8016537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2021.110700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the lockdown and quarantines caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the need to study and use telepractice for providing speech pathology interventions for children with cleft palate has arisen. OBJECTIVE To carry out a systematic review of the use of telepractice during the COVID-19 pandemic for providing speech pathology interventions for Spanish-speaking children with cleft palate. METHODS In July and August 2020, the authors searched the electronic databases Medline, LILACS, SciELO, and the Cochrane Library using the following keywords in English (MeSH): Cleft palate combined with Early intervention, Speech therapy, Rehabilitation of speech and language disorders, Speech production measurement, Speech articulation tests and Telemedicine. Original articles were selected and analyzed, complemented by an analysis of flowcharts and recommendations by the GES Clinical Guide of Cleft Lip and Palate of Chile's Government and the authors' expert opinions. RESULTS A total of 2680 articles were retrieved, of which 23 were critically analyzed and used to adapt the early stimulation, evaluation, and treatment of children with CP to speech therapy telepractice at the Gantz Foundation, a Hospital in Santiago de Chile. LIMITATIONS Only three researchers carried out a quick review, which limited the depth of individual analysis of the studies included. Also, the suggestions and material presented should be evaluated in future investigations. CONCLUSION This systematic review provides useful guidelines for providing speech pathology interventions through telepractice for children with cleft palate. Audiovisual materials seem to be extremely useful for families receiving the interventions. The use of interactive videos for Spanish-speaking children and educational videos for parents is manifest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirta Palomares-Aguilera
- Speech Therapy Unit, Alfredo Gantz Mann Foundation, Santiago, Chile; Smile Train - South American Medical Advisory Council (SAMAC), Chile; Speech Pathology Career, Rehabilitation Science Faculty, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Inostroza-Allende
- Speech Therapy Unit, Alfredo Gantz Mann Foundation, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Fonoaudiología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Andersson K, Klintö K. Does the narrative ability during retelling differ in 5-year-olds born with and without unilateral cleft lip and palate? LOGOP PHONIATR VOCO 2020; 47:18-24. [PMID: 33966584 DOI: 10.1080/14015439.2020.1822441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A previous study has indicated poorer narrative ability during retelling in 5-year-olds with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) as a group, compared to peers without UCLP. AIM To investigate if there are any differences between 5-year-olds with and without UCLP in narrative ability during retelling. METHODS A total of 83 children participated, 51 with UCLP and 32 without. They had no known additional malformations or syndromes. The children were audio recorded while performing the Bus Story Test (BST). The recordings were orthographically transcribed. From the transcriptions the BST information score was calculated. The macrostructure of the narratives was assessed with the Narrative Scoring Scheme (NSS), and the microstructure with mean length of utterance in words, grammaticality, grammatical complexity and lexical diversity. Results for children with and without UCLP were compared. RESULTS The group with UCLP performed better than the group without UCLP in the NSS sub-category Conclusion. No other significant differences were seen between the groups. The UCLP group had a larger standard deviation for the information score than the group without UCLP. CONCLUSIONS The group with UCLP displayed at least as good results as the group without UCLP, but the information score was more varied for the UCLP group than for the group without UCLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketty Andersson
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Lund, Division of Logopedics, Phoniatrics and Audiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kristina Klintö
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Division of Speech and Language Pathology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Division of Surgery, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Willadsen E, Persson C, Patrick K, Lohmander A, Oller DK. Assessment of prelinguistic vocalizations in real time: a comparison with phonetic transcription and assessment of inter-coder-reliability. CLINICAL LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS 2020; 34:593-616. [PMID: 31711312 DOI: 10.1080/02699206.2019.1681516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated reliability of naturalistic listening in real time (NLRT) compared to phonetic transcription. Speech pathology students with brief training in NLRT assessed prelinguistic syllable inventory size and specific syllable types in typically developing infants. A second study also examined inter-coder reliability for canonical babbling, canonical babbling ratio and presence of oral stops in syllable inventory of infants with cleft palate, by means of NLRT. In study 1, ten students independently assessed prelinguistic samples of five 12-month-old typically developing infants using NLRT and phonetic transcription. Coders assessed syllable inventory size as more than twice as large using phonetic transcription as NLRT. Results showed a strong correlation between NLRT and phonetic transcription (syllables with more than five occurrences) for syllable inventory size (r = .60; p < .001). The methods showed similar results for inter-coder reliability of specific syllable types. In study 2, three other students assessed prelinguistic samples of twenty-eight 12-month-old infants with cleft palate by means of NLRT. Results revealed perfect inter-coder agreement for presence/absence of canonical babbling, strong correlations between the three coders' assessment of syllable inventory size (average r = .83; p < .001), but more inter-coder variability for agreement of specific syllable types. In conclusion, NLRT is a reliable method for assessing prelinguistic measures in infants with and without cleft palate with inter-coder agreement levels comparable to phonetic transcription for specific syllable types.
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Baylis A, Vallino LD, Powell J, Zajac DJ. Lexical Selectivity of 2-Year-Old Children With and Without Repaired Cleft Palate Based on Parent Report. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2020; 57:1117-1124. [PMID: 32237993 DOI: 10.1177/1055665620915060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine vocabulary and lexical selectivity characteristics of children with and without repaired cleft palate at 24 months of age, based on parent report. PARTICIPANTS Forty-nine children with repaired cleft palate, with or without cleft lip (CP±L; 25 males; 21 cleft lip and palate, 28 CP only), 29 children with a history of otitis media (OM) and ventilation tubes (21 males), and 25 typically developing (TD) children (13 males). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Parent-reported expressive vocabulary was determined using the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory: Words and Sentences. RESULTS Vocabulary size was reduced for children with repaired CP±L compared to children in the TD group (P = .025) but not the OM group (P = .403). Mean percentage of words beginning with sonorants did not differ across groups (P = .383). Vocabulary size predicted sonorant use for all groups (P = .001). CONCLUSIONS Children with repaired CP±L exhibit similar lexical selectivity relative to word initial sounds compared to noncleft TD and OM peers at 24 months of age, based on parent report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriane Baylis
- Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Plastic Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Linda D Vallino
- Craniofacial Outcomes Research Laboratory and Center for Pediatric Auditory and Speech Sciences, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | | | - David J Zajac
- Department of Craniofacial and Surgical Sciences, Craniofacial Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Löfkvist U, Bäckström K, Dahlby-Skoog M, Gunnarsson S, Persson M, Lohmander A. Babbling and consonant production in children with hearing impairment who use hearing aids or cochlear implants – a pilot study. LOGOP PHONIATR VOCO 2019; 45:172-180. [DOI: 10.1080/14015439.2019.1695929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Löfkvist
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Special Needs Education, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin Bäckström
- Habilitation and Health, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Anette Lohmander
- Division of Speech and Language Pathology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Eshghi M, Adatorwovor R, Preisser JS, Crais ER, Zajac DJ. Vocabulary Growth From 18 to 24 Months of Age in Children With and Without Repaired Cleft Palate. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2019; 62:3413-3430. [PMID: 31437085 PMCID: PMC6808344 DOI: 10.1044/2019_jslhr-l-18-0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Purpose This study investigated vocabulary growth from 18 to 24 months of age in young children with repaired cleft palate (CP), children with otitis media, and typically developing (TD) children. In addition, the contributions of factors such as hearing level, middle ear status, size of consonant inventory, maternal education level, and gender to the development of expressive vocabulary were explored. Method Vocabulary size of 40 children with repaired CP, 29 children with otitis media, and 25 TD children was measured using the parent report on MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories: Words and Sentences (Fenson et al., 2007) at 18 and 24 months of age. All participants underwent sound field audiometry at 12 months of age and tympanometry at 18 months of age. A multiple linear regression with and without covariates was used to model vocabulary growth from 18 to 24 months of age across the 3 groups. Results Children with CP produced a significantly smaller number of words at 24 months of age and showed significantly slower rate of vocabulary growth from 18 to 24 months of age when compared to TD children (p < .05). Although middle ear status was found to predict vocabulary growth from 18 to 24 months of age across the 3 groups (p < .05), the confidence interval was large, suggesting the effect should be interpreted with caution. Conclusions Children with CP showed slower expressive vocabulary growth relative to their age-matched TD peers. Middle ear status may be associated with development of vocabulary skills for some children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marziye Eshghi
- Speech and Feeding Disorders Lab, MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA
| | - Reuben Adatorwovor
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health,University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - John S. Preisser
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health,University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Elizabeth R. Crais
- Department of Dental Ecology, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - David J. Zajac
- Division of Craniofacial and Surgical Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Særvold TK, Hide Ø, Feragen KB, Aukner R. Associations Between Hypernasality, Intelligibility, and Language and Reading Skills in 10-Year-Old Children With a Palatal Cleft. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2019; 56:1044-1051. [DOI: 10.1177/1055665618824432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study investigated the associations between hypernasality and intelligibility, and language and reading skills in 10-year old children with a cleft palate ± lip. Design: Cross-sectional data collected during routine assessments of speech and language in a centralized treatment setting. Participants: Children aged 10, born with cleft palate ± lip from 4 birth cohorts (N = 123). Outcome Measures: Hypernasality and intelligibility: Swedish Articulation and Nasality Test-N; language: Language 6-16 (Sentence recall, Serial recall, Vocabulary); reading: word chain test and reading comprehension test. Results: A total of 71.3% of the children had no occurrence of hypernasality and 82.8% had intelligibility scores within the normal range. For all children with hypernasality and intelligibility within the normal range, reading and language scores were also within normal ranges. Children with presence of hypernasality had significantly lower language skills, with mean scores within the lower normal range. Children with reduced intelligibility had lower scores on reading comprehension. Conclusions: The findings highlight a possible association between hypernasality and language skills, and intelligibility and reading skills. Cleft teams should consider routine assessments of language and reading skills in children with speech impairment, in order to identify potential needs for intervention as early as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tone Kristin Særvold
- Department of Speech and Language Disorders, Statped – National Service for Special Needs Education, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øydis Hide
- Department of Speech and Language Disorders, Statped – National Service for Special Needs Education, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Ragnhild Aukner
- Department of Speech and Language Disorders, Statped – National Service for Special Needs Education, Oslo, Norway
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Hardin-Jones MA, Chapman KL. The Implications of Nasal Substitutions in the Early Phonology of Toddlers With Repaired Cleft Palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2018; 55:1258-1266. [PMID: 29624438 DOI: 10.1177/1055665618767421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the implications of nasal substitutions in the early words of toddlers with cleft palate. DESIGN Retrospective. PATIENTS Thirty-four toddlers with nonsyndromic cleft palate and 20 noncleft toddlers, followed from ages 13 to 39 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The groups were compared for the percentage of toddlers who produced nasal substitutions in their early words. The percentage of toddlers with repaired cleft palate who produced nasal substitutions and were later suspected of having velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD) was also examined. RESULTS Seventy-six percent of the toddlers in the cleft group (n = 26) and 35% of toddlers in the noncleft group (n = 7) produced nasal substitutions on one or more of their early words. Only 38% (10/26) of the toddlers with cleft palate who produced nasal substitutions in their early words were later diagnosed as having moderate-severe hypernasality and suspected VPD. CONCLUSIONS The presence of nasal substitutions following palatal surgery was not always an early sign of VPD. These substitutions were present in the early lexicon of children with and without cleft palate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary A Hardin-Jones
- 1 Division of Communication Disorders, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Kathy L Chapman
- 2 Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Larsson A, Schölin J, Mark H, Jönsson R, Persson C. Speech production in 3-year-old internationally adopted children with unilateral cleft lip and palate. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE & COMMUNICATION DISORDERS 2017; 52:626-636. [PMID: 28120526 DOI: 10.1111/1460-6984.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last decade, a large number of children with cleft lip and palate have been adopted to Sweden. A majority of the children were born in China and they usually arrive in Sweden with an unoperated palate. There is currently a lack of knowledge regarding speech and articulation development in this group of children, who also have to deal with a late first language switch. AIMS To study consonant proficiency in 3-year-old internationally adopted children with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) compared with peers with UCLP born in Sweden. Also to study the type and frequency of consonant errors and to perceptually compare velopharyngeal competence between the groups. METHODS & PROCEDURES Thirty-two children born between 2006 and 2010 with UCLP participated in the study-14 adopted from China and 18 children born in Sweden. Both groups were treated by the same cleft palate team. Audio recordings at 3 years of age were perceptually analysed by blinded listeners. Consonant proficiency was measured via per cent consonants correct adjusted for age (PCC-A), per cent correct manners (PCM) and per cent correct places (PCP). The prevalence of audible nasal air leakage and velopharyngeal competence were judged and compared between groups. The type and frequencies of consonant errors related to place and manner of articulation were also analysed. OUTCOMES & RESULTS The internationally adopted children had significantly fewer correct consonants compared with the Swedish-born children. This was true for PCC-A, PCP and PCM. This group also had significantly higher prevalence of glottal stops/fricatives and deleted target consonants more often. Also the internationally adopted children had a higher prevalence of incompetent velopharyngeal function. The only outcome variable with similar results in the groups was audible nasal air leakage. CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS The present study indicated that there were significant differences regarding consonant proficiency and velopharyngeal competence between internationally adopted children with a UCLP and their Swedish-born peers with UCLP at the age of 3 years. Internationally adopted children with UCLP should be considered an at risk group for a higher prevalence of speech difficulties than non-adoptees. Thus, it is particularly important to follow this group of children over time. Longitudinal studies of speech and language development in internationally adopted children with UCLP are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- AnnaKarin Larsson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Speech and Language Pathology Unit, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
- Child Health Care Unit Göteborg & Södra Bohuslän, Närhälsan Primary Care, Region Västra Götaland, Sweden
| | - Johnna Schölin
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hans Mark
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Radi Jönsson
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Audiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christina Persson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Speech and Language Pathology Unit, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
- Division of Speech and Language Pathology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Pi M, Ha S. Phonological Characteristics of Early Vocabulary among Children with Cleft Palate, Late Talking Children, and Typically Developing Children. COMMUNICATION SCIENCES AND DISORDERS-CSD 2017. [DOI: 10.12963/csd.17405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Ha S. Profiles of vocal development in Korean children with and without cleft palate. CLINICAL LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS 2017; 32:46-69. [PMID: 28605211 DOI: 10.1080/02699206.2017.1326168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study longitudinally investigated vocal development in Korean children from 9 to 18 months of age with and without cleft palate (CP). Utterance samples were collected from 24 children with and without CP at 9, 12, 15 and 18 months of age. Each utterance was categorised into levels of vocalisation using the Korean-translated version of the Stark Assessment of Early Vocal Development-Revised (SAEVD-R). The results showed children with CP produced a significantly higher rate of precanonical vocalisations (the combination of Levels 1, 2, and 3) and a lower rate of Level 4 and 5 vocalisations than children without CP. Both groups showed decreases in Levels 1 and 2 and increases in Level 5 from 9 to 18 months of age. A significant increase in the proportion of Level 4 vocalisations across age was observed only in children without CP. Young Korean children with CP showed lower proportions of advanced vocalisation levels characterised by canonical and complex syllable structures across 9 and 18 months of age compared to children without CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghee Ha
- a Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology , Hallym University , Chuncheon-si , Kangwon-do , Korea
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Lohmander A, Holm K, Eriksson S, Lieberman M. Observation method identifies that a lack of canonical babbling can indicate future speech and language problems. Acta Paediatr 2017; 106:935-943. [PMID: 28271541 DOI: 10.1111/apa.13816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM We investigated how accurate observations of canonical babbling (CB) were and explored predictive babbling measures in children with and without medical diagnoses of conditions that can lead to speech and language problems. METHODS From 2012 to 2014 this Stockholm-based study recruited 38 children aged nine months to 21 months with medical diagnoses and 30 children aged 10 months without diagnoses and included 21 previously studied 12-month-old children without medical diagnoses. CB and consonant sound production were directly observed by video recording natural play with a caregiver. The percentage of CB was calculated from each recording, and a validated observation form was used. How accurately the children with and without CB were classified was investigated with sensitivity and specificity. The groups were compared using predictive babbling variables. RESULTS The observation method identified children with and without CB well, with a specificity of 0.89 and sensitivity of 0.93, respectively. Children with predictive babbling measures were identified in the clinical group (specificity 0.93-0.97), and a lack of these measures indicated a risk of being in the clinical group (odds ratios > 10). The sensitivity was low (0.32-0.42). CONCLUSION Observation effectively identified a lack of CB and supported the importance of assessing babbling measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lohmander
- Division of Speech and Language Pathology; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention, and Technology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
- Functional Area Speech and Language Pathology; Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - K Holm
- Division of Speech and Language Pathology; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention, and Technology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
- Functional Area Speech and Language Pathology; Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - S Eriksson
- Division of Speech and Language Pathology; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention, and Technology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
- Functional Area Speech and Language Pathology; Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - M Lieberman
- Division of Speech and Language Pathology; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention, and Technology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
- Functional Area Speech and Language Pathology; Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
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Nyman A, Lohmander A. Babbling in children with neurodevelopmental disability and validity of a simplified way of measuring canonical babbling ratio. CLINICAL LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS 2017; 32:114-127. [PMID: 28521525 DOI: 10.1080/02699206.2017.1320588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Babbling is an important precursor to speech, but has not yet been thoroughly investigated in children with neurodevelopmental disabilities. Canonical babbling ratio (CBR) is a commonly used but time-consuming measure for quantifying babbling. The aim of this study was twofold: to validate a simplified version of the CBR (CBRUTTER), and to use this measure to determine if early precursors to speech and language development could be detected in children with different neurodevelopmental disabilities. Two different data sets were used. In Part I, CBRUTTER was compared to two other CBR measures using previously obtained phonetic transcriptions of 3571 utterances from 38 audio recordings of 12-18 month old children with and without cleft palate. In CBRUTTER, number of canonical utterances was divided by total number of utterances. In CBRsyl, number of canonical syllables was divided by total number of syllables. In CBRutt, number of canonical syllables was divided by total number of utterances. High agreement was seen between CBRUTTER and CBRsyl, suggesting CBRUTTER as an alternative. In Part II, babbling in children with neurodevelopmental disability was examined. Eighteen children aged 12-22 months with Down syndrome, cerebral palsy or developmental delay were audio-video recorded during interaction with a parent. Recordings were analysed by observation of babbling, consonant production, calculation of CBRUTTER, and compared to data from controls. The study group showed significantly lower occurrence of all variables, except for of plosives. The long-term relevance of the findings for the speech and language development of the children needs to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nyman
- a Division of Speech and Language Pathology, Department of Clinical Science , Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
- b Habilitation & Health, Stockholm County Council , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Anette Lohmander
- a Division of Speech and Language Pathology, Department of Clinical Science , Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
- c Functional Area Speech & Language Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
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Feragen KB, Aukner R, Særvold TK, Hide Ø. Speech, language, and reading skills in 10-year-old children with palatal clefts: The impact of additional conditions. JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION DISORDERS 2017; 66:1-12. [PMID: 28292606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined speech (hypernasality and intelligibility), language, and reading skills in children with a cleft palate, specifically investigating additional conditions to the cleft, in order to differentiate challenges related to a cleft only, and challenges associated with an additional condition. DESIGN Cross-sectional data collected during routine assessments of speech and language in a centralised treatment setting. PARTICIPANTS Children born with cleft with palatal involvement from four birth cohorts (n=184), aged 10. OUTCOME MEASURES Speech: SVANTE-N; Language: Language 6-16; Reading: Word Chain Test and Reading Comprehension Test. RESULTS Descriptive analyses revealed that 123 of the children had a cleft only (66.8%), while 61 children (33.2%) had a cleft that was associated with an additional condition (syndrome, developmental difficulty, attentional difficulties). Due to close associations with the outcome variables, children with specific language impairments and dyslexia were excluded from the sample (n=14). In the total cleft sample, 33.1% had mild to severe hypernasality, and 27.9% had mild to severe intelligibility deviances. Most children with intelligibility and hypernasality scores within the normal range had a cleft without any other condition. A high number of children with developmental difficulties (63.2%) or AD/HD (45.5%) had problems with intelligibility. Hypernasality scores were also associated with developmental difficulties (58.8%), whereas most children with AD/HD had normal hypernasality scores (83.3%). As could be expected, results demonstrated that children with a cleft and an additional condition had language and reading scores below average. Children with a cleft only had language and reading scores within the normal range. Among the children with scores below average, 33.3-44.7% had no other conditions explaining difficulties with language and reading. CONCLUSIONS The findings highlight the need for routine assessments of language and reading skills, in addition to assessments of speech, in children with a cleft, in order to identify potential problems as early as possible. Study designs need to take additional difficulties into account, so that potential problems with language and reading are not ascribed the cleft diagnosis, and can be followed by appropriate treatment and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Billaud Feragen
- Statped sørøst, Department of Speech and Language Disorders, Bredtvetveien 4, 0950 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ragnhild Aukner
- Statped sørøst, Department of Speech and Language Disorders, Bredtvetveien 4, 0950 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tone K Særvold
- Statped sørøst, Department of Speech and Language Disorders, Bredtvetveien 4, 0950 Oslo, Norway
| | - Øydis Hide
- Statped sørøst, Department of Speech and Language Disorders, Bredtvetveien 4, 0950 Oslo, Norway
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Ha S, Pi M. Consonant Frequency and Phonological Characteristics of Eojeols in Spontaneous Speech Samples from 18- to 30-Month-Old Korean Children. COMMUNICATION SCIENCES AND DISORDERS-CSD 2016. [DOI: 10.12963/csd.16345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Grigos MI, Moss A, Lu Y. Oral Articulatory Control in Childhood Apraxia of Speech. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2015; 58:1103-18. [PMID: 25951237 PMCID: PMC4540646 DOI: 10.1044/2015_jslhr-s-13-0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this research was to examine spatial and temporal aspects of articulatory control in children with childhood apraxia of speech (CAS), children with speech delay characterized by an articulation/phonological impairment (SD), and controls with typical development (TD) during speech tasks that increased in word length. METHOD The participants included 33 children (11 CAS, 11 SD, and 11 TD) between 3 and 7 years of age. A motion capture system was used to track jaw, lower lip, and upper lip movement during a naming task. Movement duration, velocity, displacement, and variability were measured from accurate word productions. RESULTS Movement variability was significantly higher in the children with CAS compared with participants in the SD and TD groups. Differences in temporal control were seen between both groups of children with speech impairment and the controls with TD during accurate word productions. As word length increased, movement duration and variability differed between the children with CAS and those with SD. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide evidence that movement variability distinguishes children with CAS from speakers with SD. Kinematic differences between the participants with CAS and those with SD suggest that these groups respond differently to linguistic challenges.
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Ha S. Effectiveness of a parent-implemented intervention program for young children with cleft palate. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 79:707-15. [PMID: 25796294 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2015.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effectiveness of a parent-implemented intervention on children's speech-language development and parents' interaction styles. METHODS Seventeen children with cleft palate (CP) and their mothers participated in all sessions of a parent-implemented intervention program. Nine children with CP and their mothers who did not receive the intervention were included to examine the full effectiveness of the program. The intervention program consisted of four phases, pre-intervention test, parent training, parent-implemented intervention at children's home for 3 months, and post-intervention test. Children's language and speech measures and maternal measures from pre- and post-intervention tests were compared between groups (intervention vs. no intervention). RESULTS Children who received a parent-implemented intervention exhibited significant improvement in language measures based on standardized tests and quantitative language and speech measures from spontaneous utterances. The children in the intervention group showed a significantly greater extent of change in expressive vocabulary size, number of total words, and mean length of utterance than did those who did not receive the intervention. Mothers who received the training showed a significantly decreased number of different words, increased responsiveness, and decreased non-contingent utterances for children's communication acts compared to those who did not receive the training. CONCLUSIONS The results of the study support the effectiveness of parent-implemented early intervention on positive changes in children's speech-language development and mothers' use of communication strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghee Ha
- Division of Speech Pathology and Audiology, Audiology and Speech Pathology Research Institute, Hallym University, Republic of Korea.
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Lieberman M, Lohmander A. Observation is a valid way of assessing common variables in typical babbling and identifies infants who need further support. Acta Paediatr 2014; 103:1251-7. [PMID: 25131314 DOI: 10.1111/apa.12776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM It is important to identify speech and language difficulties in children as early as possible. This study investigated the validity of observing babbling structure and consonant articulation. METHODS We focused on the language capabilities of children, with and without cleft palates, at 12 months of age (n = 29) and 18 months of age (n = 38), comparing observations made by speech and language pathologists on babbling structure and consonant articulation to audio recordings phonetically transcribed by experts blinded to the aim of the study. Descriptive cross-tabs, sensitivity, specificity and predictive values were analysed to investigate the validity of agreement between the methods. RESULTS We found high mean agreement between the two methods (94%) and within the observation (100%) and transcription (88.5%) teams when it came to canonical babbling, high-pressure/oral stop consonants and anterior placement of bilabial and dental/alveolar consonants. The observations had high specificity and negative predictive values (0.90-1) at both ages, with low to moderate sensitivity (0-0.86). However, there was low agreement, between and within the groups, on the number of consonant types and the unproven predictive variable glottal place of articulation. CONCLUSION Previously suggested predictive measures of babbling were shown to be valid and observation is a reliable method of identifying children who need further support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Lieberman
- Division of Speech and Language Pathology; Department of Clinical Science; Intervention and Technology; Karolinska Institute and Department of Speech Pathology Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Anette Lohmander
- Division of Speech and Language Pathology; Department of Clinical Science; Intervention and Technology; Karolinska Institute and Department of Speech Pathology Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
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Hardin-Jones M, Chapman KL. Early Lexical Characteristics of Toddlers with Cleft Lip and Palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2014; 51:622-31. [DOI: 10.1597/13-076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To examine development of early expressive lexicons in toddlers with cleft palate to determine whether they differ from those of noncleft toddlers in terms of size and lexical selectivity. Design Retrospective. Patients A total of 37 toddlers with cleft palate and 22 noncleft toddlers. Main Outcome Measures The groups were compared for size of expressive lexicon reported on the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory and the percentage of words beginning with obstruents and sonorants produced in a language sample. Differences between groups in the percentage of word initial consonants correct on the language sample were also examined. Results Although expressive vocabulary was comparable at 13 months of age for both groups, size of the lexicon for the cleft group was significantly smaller than that for the noncleft group at 21 and 27 months of age. Toddlers with cleft palate produced significantly more words beginning with sonorants and fewer words beginning with obstruents in their spontaneous speech samples. They were also less accurate when producing word initial obstruents compared with the noncleft group. Conclusions Toddlers with cleft palate demonstrate a slower rate of lexical development compared with their noncleft peers. The preference that toddlers with cleft palate demonstrate for words beginning with sonorants could suggest they are selecting words that begin with consonants that are easier for them to produce. An alternative explanation might be that because these children are less accurate in the production of obstruent consonants, listeners may not always identify obstruents when they occur.
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Ha S. Phonological Characteristics of Early Vocabulary in Young Children with Cleft Palate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.13064/ksss.2014.6.2.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Scherer NJ, Boyce S, Martin G. Pre-linguistic children with cleft palate: growth of gesture, vocalization, and word use. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2013; 15:586-592. [PMID: 24073662 DOI: 10.3109/17549507.2013.794475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Children with cleft lip and/or palate show early delays in speech and vocabulary development that may have an impact on later communication and social development. While delays in the complexity of babbling may put children at risk for later delays in speech and language development, there is considerable variability in development. This study focused on the rate of children's communication acts, canonical vocalizations, and word use as they made the transition from the pre-linguistic to linguistic development. The study included 15 children with non-syndromic cleft lip and/or palate who were seen at three time points between 17-34 months age. Communication rates were calculated from parent-child language samples collected during play activities. Assignment to linguistic stages was based on the children's expressive vocabulary, as reported on the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory: Words and Sentences. From the pre-linguistic to linguistic level, the children's average rate per minute of: communicative acts overall increased significantly from 1.49 to 3.07 per minute; canonical vocalizations from 0.21 to 0.90 per minute; and word use from 0.16 to 3.61 per minute. Rates of communicative acts were associated with later word use. It appears that children with clefts rely on non-verbal communicative acts when verbal development is delayed.
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Scherer NJ, Williams L, Stoel-Gammon C, Kaiser A. Assessment of Single-Word Production for Children under Three Years of Age: Comparison of Children with and without Cleft Palate. Int J Otolaryngol 2012; 2012:724214. [PMID: 22611404 PMCID: PMC3351024 DOI: 10.1155/2012/724214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. This study reports comparative phonological assessment results for children with cleft lip and/or palate (CLP) to typically developing peers using an evaluation tool for early phonological skills. Methods. Children without clefts (NC = noncleft) and 24 children with CLP, ages of 18-36 months, were evaluated using the Profile of Early Expressive Phonological Skills (PEEPSs) [1]. Children interacted with toy manipulatives to elicit a representative sample of target English consonants and syllable structures that are typically acquired by children between 18 and 27 months of age. Results. Results revealed significant differences between the two groups with regard to measures of consonant inventory, place of articulation, manner of production, accuracy, and error patterns. Syllable structure did not indicate differences, with the exception of initial consonant clusters. Conclusions. findings provide support for PEEPS as a viable option for single-word assessment of children with CLP prior to 3 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy J. Scherer
- Department of Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology, Clinical and Rehabilitative Health Sciences, East Tennessee State University, P.O. Box 70282, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Lynn Williams
- Department of Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology, Clinical and Rehabilitative Health Sciences, East Tennessee State University, P.O. Box 70282, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Department of Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology, Center of Excellence in Early Childhood Learning and Development, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Carol Stoel-Gammon
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, 1417 NE 42nd Street, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Ann Kaiser
- Department of Special Education, Vanderbilt University, 110 Magnolia Circle, Nashville, TN 37201, USA
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