1
|
Guimaraes-Costa AB, Shannon JP, Waclawiak I, Oliveira J, Meneses C, de Castro W, Wen X, Brzostowski J, Serafim TD, Andersen JF, Hickman HD, Kamhawi S, Valenzuela JG, Oliveira F. A sand fly salivary protein acts as a neutrophil chemoattractant. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3213. [PMID: 34050141 PMCID: PMC8163758 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Apart from bacterial formyl peptides or viral chemokine mimicry, a non-vertebrate or insect protein that directly attracts mammalian innate cells such as neutrophils has not been molecularly characterized. Here, we show that members of sand fly yellow salivary proteins induce in vitro chemotaxis of mouse, canine and human neutrophils in transwell migration or EZ-TAXIScan assays. We demonstrate murine neutrophil recruitment in vivo using flow cytometry and two-photon intravital microscopy in Lysozyme-M-eGFP transgenic mice. We establish that the structure of this ~ 45 kDa neutrophil chemotactic protein does not resemble that of known chemokines. This chemoattractant acts through a G-protein-coupled receptor and is dependent on calcium influx. Of significance, this chemoattractant protein enhances lesion pathology (P < 0.0001) and increases parasite burden (P < 0.001) in mice upon co-injection with Leishmania parasites, underlining the impact of the sand fly salivary yellow proteins on disease outcome. These findings show that some arthropod vector-derived factors, such as this chemotactic salivary protein, activate rather than inhibit the host innate immune response, and that pathogens take advantage of these inflammatory responses to establish in the host. Immune mimicry has been shown in chemokine like moieties from bacteria and viruses. Here, the authors characterise a sand fly salivary protein that induces neutrophil chemotaxis and explore its impact in a model of parasitic infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anderson B Guimaraes-Costa
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.,Laboratório de Imunobiologia das Leishmanioses, Departamento de Imunologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - John P Shannon
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ingrid Waclawiak
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia das Leishmanioses, Departamento de Imunologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Jullyanna Oliveira
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia das Leishmanioses, Departamento de Imunologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Claudio Meneses
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Waldione de Castro
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Xi Wen
- Chemotaxis Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Joseph Brzostowski
- Twinbrook Imaging Facility, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Tiago D Serafim
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - John F Andersen
- Vector Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Heather D Hickman
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shaden Kamhawi
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jesus G Valenzuela
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Fabiano Oliveira
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bordbar A, Parvizi P. Species diversity and spatial distribution of CL/VL vectors: assessing bioclimatic effect on expression plasticity of genes possessing vaccine properties isolated from wild-collected sand flies in endemic areas of Iran. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:455. [PMID: 34011276 PMCID: PMC8136226 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06129-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmaniasis is one of the ten most important neglected tropical diseases worldwide. Understanding the distribution of vectors of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis (VL/CL) is one of the significant strategic frameworks to control leishmaniasis. In this study, the extent of the bioclimatic variability was investigated to recognize a rigorous cartographic of the spatial distribution of VL/CL vectors as risk-maps using ArcGIS modeling system. Moreover, the effect of bioclimatic diversity on the fold change expression of genes possessing vaccine traits (SP15 and LeIF) was evaluated in each bioclimatic region using real-time PCR analysis. Methods The Inverse Distance Weighting interpolation method was used to obtain accurate geography map in closely-related distances. Bioclimatic indices were computed and vectors spatial distribution was analyzed in ArcGIS10.3.1 system. Species biodiversity was calculated based on Shannon diversity index using Rv.3.5.3. Expression fold change of SP15 and LeIF genes was evaluated using cDNA synthesis and RT-qPCR analysis. Results Frequency of Phlebotomus papatasi was predominant in plains areas of Mountainous bioclimate covering the CL hot spots. Mediterranean region was recognized as an important bioclimate harboring prevalent patterns of VL vectors. Semi-arid bioclimate was identified as a major contributing factor to up-regulate salivary-SP15 gene expression (P = 0.0050, P < 0.05). Also, Mediterranean bioclimate had considerable effect on up-regulation of Leishmania-LeIF gene in gravid and semi-gravid P. papatasi population (P = 0.0109, P < 0.05). Conclusions The diversity and spatial distribution of CL/VL vectors associated with bioclimatic regionalization obtained in our research provide epidemiological risk maps and establish more effectively control measures against leishmaniasis. Oscillations in gene expression indicate that each gene has its own features, which are profoundly affected by bioclimatic characteristics and physiological status of sand flies. Given the efficacy of species-specific antigens for vaccine production, it is essential to consider bioclimatic factors that have a fundamental role in affecting the regulatory regions of environmentally responsive loci for genes used in vaccine design. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-06129-0.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Bordbar
- Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Parasitology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69 Pasteur Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parviz Parvizi
- Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Parasitology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69 Pasteur Ave, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sima M, Ferencova B, Bhattacharyya T, Miles MA, Litvinov SV, Hailu A, Baneth G, Volf P. Synthetic peptides as a novel approach for detecting antibodies against sand fly saliva. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007078. [PMID: 30677020 PMCID: PMC6345433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hosts repeatedly bitten by sand flies develop antibodies against sand fly saliva and screening of these immunoglobulins can be employed to estimate the risk of Leishmania transmission, to indicate the feeding preferences of sand flies, or to evaluate the effectiveness of vector control campaigns. Previously, antibodies to sand fly saliva were detected using whole salivary gland homogenate (SGH) or recombinant proteins, both of which also have their disadvantages. This is the first study on sand flies where short peptides designed based on salivary antigens were successfully utilized for antibody screening. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Specific IgG was studied in hosts naturally exposed to Phlebotomus orientalis, the main vector of Leishmania donovani in East Africa. Four peptides were designed by the commercial program EpiQuest-B, based on the sequences of the two most promising salivary antigens, yellow-related protein and ParSP25-like protein. Short amino acid peptides were synthesised and modified for ELISA experiments. Specific anti-P. orientalis IgG was detected in sera of dogs, goats, and sheep from Ethiopia. The peptide OR24 P2 was shown to be suitable for antibody screening; it correlated positively with SGH and its specificity and sensitivity were comparable or even better than that of previously published recombinant proteins. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE OR24 P2, the peptide based on salivary antigen of P. orientalis, was shown to be a valuable tool for antibody screening of domestic animals naturally exposed to P. orientalis. We suggest the application of this promising methodology using species-specific short peptides to other sand fly-host combinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Sima
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Ferencova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tapan Bhattacharyya
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A Miles
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Asrat Hailu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gad Baneth
- School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Teixeira CR, Santos CDS, Prates DB, Dos Santos RT, Araújo-Santos T, de Souza-Neto SM, Borges VM, Barral-Netto M, Brodskyn CI. Lutzomyia longipalpis Saliva Drives Interleukin-17-Induced Neutrophil Recruitment Favoring Leishmania infantum Infection. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:881. [PMID: 29867796 PMCID: PMC5953329 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During bloodfeeding, the presence of sand fly saliva in the hemorrhagic pool where Leishmania is also inoculated modulates the development of host immune mechanisms creating a favorable environment for disease progression. To date, information obtained through experimental models suggests that sand fly saliva induces cellular recruitment and modulates production of eicosanoids. However, the effect of sand fly saliva in the different steps of the inflammatory response triggered by Leishmania remains undefined. Here we further investigate if interaction of Lutzomyia longipalpis salivary gland sonicate (SGS) with different host cells present during the initial inflammatory events regulate Leishmania infantum infectivity. Initially, we observed that incubation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with Lu. longipalpis SGS in the presence of L. infantum significantly increased IL-10 but did not alter expression of IFN-γ and TNF-α by CD4+ T cells induced by the parasite alone. Interestingly, incubation of PBMC with Lu. longipalpis SGS alone or in the presence of L. infantum resulted in increased IL-17 production. The presence of IL-17 is related to neutrophil recruitment and plays an important role at the site of infection. Here, we also observed increased migration of neutrophil using an in vitro chemotactic assay following incubation with supernatants from PBMC stimulated with L. infantum and Lu. longipalpis SGS. Neutrophil migration was abrogated following neutralization of IL-17 with specific antibodies. Moreover, culture of human neutrophils with L. infantum in the presence of Lu. longipalpis SGS promoted neutrophil apoptosis resulting in increased parasite viability. Neutrophils operate as the first line of defense in the early stages of infection and later interact with different cells, such as macrophages. The crosstalk between neutrophils and macrophages is critical to determine the type of specific immune response that will develop. Here, we observed that co-culture of human macrophages with autologous neutrophils previously infected in the presence of Lu. longipalpis SGS resulted in a higher infection rate, accompanied by increased production of TGF-β and PGE2. Our results provide new insight into the contribution of Lu. longipalpis SGS to L. infantum-induced regulation of important inflammatory events, creating a favorable environment for parasite survival inside different host cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Deboraci B Prates
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Departamentos de Biomorfologia e Biointeração, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Théo Araújo-Santos
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e Saúde, Universidade Federal do Oeste da Bahia, Barreiras, Brazil
| | | | - Valéria M Borges
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Manoel Barral-Netto
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, iii-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cláudia I Brodskyn
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Departamentos de Biomorfologia e Biointeração, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, iii-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lestinova T, Rohousova I, Sima M, de Oliveira CI, Volf P. Insights into the sand fly saliva: Blood-feeding and immune interactions between sand flies, hosts, and Leishmania. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005600. [PMID: 28704370 PMCID: PMC5509103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmaniases are parasitic diseases present worldwide that are transmitted to the vertebrate host by the bite of an infected sand fly during a blood feeding. Phlebotomine sand flies inoculate into the mammalian host Leishmania parasites embedded in promastigote secretory gel (PSG) with saliva, which is composed of a diverse group of molecules with pharmacological and immunomodulatory properties. Methods and findings In this review, we focus on 3 main aspects of sand fly salivary molecules: (1) structure and composition of salivary glands, including the properties of salivary molecules related to hemostasis and blood feeding, (2) immunomodulatory properties of salivary molecules and the diverse impacts of these molecules on leishmaniasis, ranging from disease exacerbation to vaccine development, and (3) use of salivary molecules for field applications, including monitoring host exposure to sand flies and the risk of Leishmania transmission. Studies showed interesting differences between salivary proteins of Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia species, however, no data were ever published on salivary proteins of Sergentomyia species. Conclusions In the last 15 years, numerous studies have characterized sand fly salivary proteins and, in parallel, have addressed the impact of such molecules on the biology of the host–sand fly–parasite interaction. The results obtained shall pave the way for the development of field-application tools that could contribute to the management of leishmaniasis in endemic areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Lestinova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Iva Rohousova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Sima
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Salivary Gland Proteome during Adult Development and after Blood Feeding of Female Anopheles dissidens Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163810. [PMID: 27669021 PMCID: PMC5036837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding changes in mosquito salivary proteins during the time that sporozoite maturation occurs and after blood feeding may give information regarding the roles of salivary proteins during the malarial transmission. Anopheles dissidens (formerly Anopheles barbirostris species A1) is a potential vector of Plasmodium vivax in Thailand. In this study, analyses of the proteomic profiles of female An. dissidens salivary glands during adult development and after blood feeding were carried out using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with nano-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results showed at least 17 major salivary gland proteins present from day one to day 21 post emergence at 8 different time points sampled. Although there was variation observed, the patterns of protein expression could be placed into one of four groups. Fifteen protein spots showed significant depletion after blood feeding with the percentages of the amount of depletion ranging from 8.5% to 68.11%. The overall results identified various proteins, including a putative mucin-like protein, an anti-platelet protein, a long form D7 salivary protein, a putative gVAG protein precursor, a D7-related 3.2 protein, gSG7 salivary proteins, and a gSG6 protein. These results allow better understanding of the changes of the salivary proteins during the adult mosquito development. They also provide candidate proteins to investigate any possible link or not between sporozoite maturation, or survival of skin stage sporozoites, and salivary proteins.
Collapse
|
7
|
Hosseini-Vasoukolaei N, Idali F, Khamesipour A, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Kamhawi S, Valenzuela JG, Edalatkhah H, Arandian MH, Mirhendi H, Emami S, Jafari R, Saeidi Z, Jeddi-Tehrani M, Akhavan AA. Differential expression profiles of the salivary proteins SP15 and SP44 from Phlebotomus papatasi. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:357. [PMID: 27342811 PMCID: PMC4919860 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1633-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sand fly saliva has been shown to help parasite establishment and to induce immune responses in vertebrate hosts. In the current study, we investigated the pattern of expression of two Phlebotomus papatasi salivary transcripts in specific physiological and seasonal conditions at a hyperendemic area of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) in Iran. Methods Sand flies were collected during 2012–2013, and grouped according to physiological stages such as unfed, fed, semi-gravid, gravid, parous, nulliparous, infected or non-infected with Leishmania major and also based on the season in which they were collected. Quantitative Real-Time PCR was applied for assessment of the expression of two relevant salivary transcripts, PpSP15 and PpSP44, associated to protection from and exacerbation of ZCL, respectively. Results The expression of PpSP15 and PpSP44 transcripts was significantly up-regulated (1.74 and 1.4 folds, respectively) in blood fed compared to unfed flies. Among four groups of fed, unfed, semi-gravid and gravid flies, the lowest levels of PpSP15 and PpSP44 expression were observed in gravid flies. Additionally, the expression levels of both PpSP15 and PpSP44 transcripts in P. papatasi collected during summer were significantly up-regulated (3.7 and 4.4 folds, respectively) compared to spring collections. In addition, the PpSP15 transcript exhibited a significant up-regulation (P < 0.05) in non-infected flies compared to those infected with L. major. Conclusions This study contributes to our knowledge of the differential expression of salivary genes among different groups within a P. papatasi population under natural field conditions. Cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis are of public health importance in many parts of Iran and neighbouring countries where P. papatasi is the proven and dominant sand fly vector for ZCL, the most prevalent and endemic form of the disease in Iran. Therefore, the current study could be helpful in understanding the influence of salivary genes on Leishmania transmission by phlebotomine sand flies. Our findings demonstrate the differential expression of salivary transcripts under various physiological conditions potentially influencing the sand fly capacity for parasite transmission as well as the outcome of disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1633-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nasibeh Hosseini-Vasoukolaei
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Farah Idali
- Reproductive Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Khamesipour
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Yaghoobi-Ershadi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shaden Kamhawi
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Jesus G Valenzuela
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Haleh Edalatkhah
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Arandian
- Esfahan Health Research Station, National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Esfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Mirhendi
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Emami
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Jafari
- Esfahan Health Research Station, National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Esfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Saeidi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Jeddi-Tehrani
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amir Ahmad Akhavan
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Marzouki S, Kammoun-Rebai W, Bettaieb J, Abdeladhim M, Hadj Kacem S, Abdelkader R, Gritli S, Chemkhi J, Aslan H, Kamhawi S, Ben Salah A, Louzir H, Valenzuela JG, Ben Ahmed M. Validation of Recombinant Salivary Protein PpSP32 as a Suitable Marker of Human Exposure to Phlebotomus papatasi, the Vector of Leishmania major in Tunisia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003991. [PMID: 26368935 PMCID: PMC4569422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background During a blood meal, female sand flies, vectors of Leishmania parasites, inject saliva into the host skin. Sand fly saliva is composed of a large variety of components that exert different pharmacological activities facilitating the acquisition of blood by the insect. Importantly, proteins present in saliva are able to elicit the production of specific anti-saliva antibodies, which can be used as markers for exposure to vector bites. Serological tests using total sand fly salivary gland extracts are challenging due to the difficulty of obtaining reproducible salivary gland preparations. Previously, we demonstrated that PpSP32 is the immunodominant salivary antigen in humans exposed to Phlebotomus papatasi bites and established that humans exposed to P. perniciosus bites do not recognize it. Methodology/Principal Findings Herein, we have validated, in a large cohort of 522 individuals, the use of the Phlebotomus papatasi recombinant salivary protein PpSP32 (rPpSP32) as an alternative method for testing exposure to the bite of this sand fly. We also demonstrated that screening for total anti-rPpSP32 IgG antibodies is sufficient, being comparable in efficacy to the screening for IgG2, IgG4 and IgE antibodies against rPpSP32. Additionally, sera obtained from dogs immunized with saliva of P. perniciosus, a sympatric and widely distributed sand fly in Tunisia, did not recognize rPpSP32 demonstrating its suitability as a marker of exposure to P. papatasi saliva. Conclusions/Significance Our data indicate that rPpSP32 constitutes a useful epidemiological tool to monitor the spatial distribution of P. papatasi in a particular region, to direct control measures against zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis, to assess the efficiency of vector control interventions and perhaps to assess the risk of contracting the disease. Leishmaniasis results from an infection by Leishmania parasites that are transmitted through the bites of infected sand flies. This disease affects millions of people worldwide. Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis is widespread in Central Tunisia and constitutes an actual public health problem. Leishmania major, the etiological agent, is transmitted by the sand fly vector Phlebotomus papatasi. Saliva of sand flies contains several pharmacologically active components that play a key role in the acquisition of the blood meal and the establishment of the parasites, thus enhancing the infection. Some of these molecules are able to elicit the production of specific antibodies, which can be used as markers of exposure to the vector’s bite. Herein, using a large cohort of individuals, we have validated the use of P. papatasi recombinant salivary protein PpSP32 (rPpSP32) as an alternative method to standard entomological studies for testing exposure to the bite of this sand fly in humans. rPpSP32 represents a promising epidemiological tool to monitor the spatial distribution of P. papatasi, direct control measures against zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis, evaluate the efficiency of vector control interventions and potentially assess the risk of contracting the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soumaya Marzouki
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infection, LR11IPT02, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Wafa Kammoun-Rebai
- Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnologies and Biomolecules, LR11IPT06, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Jihene Bettaieb
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infection, LR11IPT02, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Maha Abdeladhim
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Saoussen Hadj Kacem
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infection, LR11IPT02, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Rania Abdelkader
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infection, LR11IPT02, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sami Gritli
- Department of Pathology, Charles Nicolle Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Jomaa Chemkhi
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology, LR11IPT04, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hamide Aslan
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shaden Kamhawi
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Afif Ben Salah
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infection, LR11IPT02, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hechmi Louzir
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infection, LR11IPT02, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Jesus G. Valenzuela
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Melika Ben Ahmed
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infection, LR11IPT02, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ramalho-Ortigão M, Coutinho-Abreu IV, Balbino VQ, Figueiredo CAS, Mukbel R, Dayem H, Hanafi HA, El-Hossary SS, Fawaz EEDY, Abo-Shehada M, Hoel DF, Stayback G, Wadsworth M, Shoue DA, Abrudan J, Lobo NF, Mahon AR, Emrich SJ, Kamhawi S, Collins FH, McDowell MA. Phlebotomus papatasi SP15: mRNA expression variability and amino acid sequence polymorphisms of field populations. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:298. [PMID: 26022221 PMCID: PMC4472253 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0914-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Phlebotomus papatasi salivary protein PpSP15 was shown to protect mice against Leishmania major, suggesting that incorporation of salivary molecules in multi-component vaccines may be a viable strategy for anti-Leishmania vaccines. Methods Here, we investigated PpSP15 predicted amino acid sequence variability and mRNA profile of P. papatasi field populations from the Middle East. In addition, predicted MHC class II T-cell epitopes were obtained and compared to areas of amino acid sequence variability within the secreted protein. Results The analysis of PpSP15 expression from field populations revealed significant intra- and interpopulation variation.. In spite of the variability detected for P. papatasi populations, common epitopes for MHC class II binding are still present and may potentially be used to boost the response against Le. major infections. Conclusions Conserved epitopes of PpSP15 could potentially be used in the development of a salivary gland antigen-based vaccine. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-015-0914-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Iliano V Coutinho-Abreu
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID-NIH, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
| | - Valdir Q Balbino
- Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
| | | | - Rami Mukbel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
| | - Hussan Dayem
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
| | - Hanafi A Hanafi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
| | - Shabaan S El-Hossary
- Vector Biology Research Program, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3 (NAMRU-3), Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Emad El-Din Y Fawaz
- Vector Biology Research Program, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3 (NAMRU-3), Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud Abo-Shehada
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
| | - David F Hoel
- Department of Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
| | - Gwen Stayback
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
| | - Mariha Wadsworth
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
| | - Douglas A Shoue
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
| | - Jenica Abrudan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA.
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
| | - Andrew R Mahon
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Detroit, MI, 48859, USA.
| | - Scott J Emrich
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA. .,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
| | - Shaden Kamhawi
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID-NIH, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
| | - Frank H Collins
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA. .,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
| | - Mary Ann McDowell
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
McDowell MA. Vector-transmitted disease vaccines: targeting salivary proteins in transmission (SPIT). Trends Parasitol 2015; 31:363-72. [PMID: 26003330 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
More than half the population of the world is at risk for morbidity and mortality from vector-transmitted diseases, and emerging vector-transmitted infections are threatening new populations. Rising insecticide resistance and lack of efficacious vaccines highlight the need for novel control measures. One such approach is targeting the vector-host interface by incorporating vector salivary proteins in anti-pathogen vaccines. Debate remains about whether vector saliva exposure exacerbates or protects against more severe clinical manifestations, induces immunity through natural exposure or extends to all vector species and associated pathogens. Nevertheless, exploiting this unique biology holds promise as a viable strategy for the development of vaccines against vector-transmitted diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann McDowell
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Araújo-Santos T, Prates DB, França-Costa J, Luz NF, Andrade BB, Miranda JC, Brodskyn CI, Barral A, Bozza PT, Borges VM. Prostaglandin E2/leukotriene B4 balance induced by Lutzomyia longipalpis saliva favors Leishmania infantum infection. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:601. [PMID: 25526785 PMCID: PMC4282730 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0601-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Eicosanoids and sand fly saliva have a critical role in the Leishmania infection. Here, we evaluated the effect of Lutzomyia longipalpis salivary gland sonicate (SGS) on neutrophil and monocyte recruitment and activation of eicosanoid production in a murine model of inflammation. Methods C57BL/6 mice were inoculated intraperitonealy with Lutzomyia longipalpis SGS or Leishmania infantum or both, followed by analyses of cell recruitment, parasite load and eicosanoid production. Results Intraperitoneal injection of Lutzomyia longipalpis SGS together with Leishmania infantum induced an early increased parasite viability in monocytes and neutrophils. L. longipalpis SGS increased prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), but reduced leukotriene B4 (LTB4) production ex vivo in peritoneal leukocytes. In addition, the pharmacological inhibition of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) with NS-398 decreased parasite viability inside macrophages during Leishmania infection in the presence of L. longipalpis SGS arguing that PGE2 production is associated with diminished parasite killing. Conclusions These findings indicate that L. longipalpis SGS is a critical factor driving immune evasion of Leishmania through modulation of PGE2/LTB4 axis, which may represent an important mechanism on establishment of the infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Théo Araújo-Santos
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA, Brazil. .,Present address: Center of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Western Bahia, Barreiras, BA, Brazil.
| | - Deboraci Brito Prates
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA, Brazil. .,Departamento de Biomorfologia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40110-100, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
| | - Jaqueline França-Costa
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA, Brazil. .,Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil.
| | - Nívea F Luz
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA, Brazil. .,Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil.
| | - Bruno B Andrade
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 20893, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - José Carlos Miranda
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA, Brazil.
| | - Claudia I Brodskyn
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA, Brazil. .,Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil. .,Institute for Investigation in Immunology, iii-INCT (National Institute of Science and Technology), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Aldina Barral
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA, Brazil. .,Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil. .,Institute for Investigation in Immunology, iii-INCT (National Institute of Science and Technology), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia T Bozza
- Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Valéria Matos Borges
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA, Brazil. .,Institute for Investigation in Immunology, iii-INCT (National Institute of Science and Technology), São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hai VV, Almeras L, Socolovschi C, Raoult D, Parola P, Pagès F. Monitoring human tick-borne disease risk and tick bite exposure in Europe: available tools and promising future methods. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2014; 5:607-19. [PMID: 25178542 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2014.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ticks are the main vector for infectious disease pathogens in both humans and animals, and tick-borne diseases are currently spreading throughout Europe. Various surveillance methods have been developed to estimate the burden and risk of tick-borne diseases and host exposure to tick bites. The ultimate aims of these approaches are to determine the risk level of a tick-borne disease in a given area, determine its health priority, identify the at-risk population and propose specific countermeasures or complementary studies as needed. The purpose of this review is to present the current methods for monitoring the circulation of tick-borne diseases and to highlight the use of salivary antigens as original and recently developed serological tools that could be useful for tick bite risk assessment and could improve the current surveillance methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinh Vu Hai
- Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, WHO Collaborative Center for Rickettsioses and Other Arthropod-Borne Bacterial Diseases, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France; Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Antenne Marseille, Unité de Parasitologie, URMITE UMR 6236, GSBdD de Marseille Aubagne, 111 Avenue de la Corse BP 40026, 13568 Marseille Cedex 02, France
| | - Lionel Almeras
- Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, WHO Collaborative Center for Rickettsioses and Other Arthropod-Borne Bacterial Diseases, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France; Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Antenne Marseille, Unité de Parasitologie, URMITE UMR 6236, GSBdD de Marseille Aubagne, 111 Avenue de la Corse BP 40026, 13568 Marseille Cedex 02, France
| | - Cristina Socolovschi
- Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, WHO Collaborative Center for Rickettsioses and Other Arthropod-Borne Bacterial Diseases, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, WHO Collaborative Center for Rickettsioses and Other Arthropod-Borne Bacterial Diseases, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - Philippe Parola
- Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, WHO Collaborative Center for Rickettsioses and Other Arthropod-Borne Bacterial Diseases, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France.
| | - Frédéric Pagès
- Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, WHO Collaborative Center for Rickettsioses and Other Arthropod-Borne Bacterial Diseases, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France; CIRE/ARS Océan Indien, 2 bis Avenue Georges Brassens CS 60050, 97408 Saint Denis Cedex 9, Reunion.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Geraci NS, Mukbel RM, Kemp MT, Wadsworth MN, Lesho E, Stayback GM, Champion MM, Bernard MA, Abo-Shehada M, Coutinho-Abreu IV, Ramalho-Ortigão M, Hanafi HA, Fawaz EY, El-Hossary SS, Wortmann G, Hoel DF, McDowell MA. Profiling of human acquired immunity against the salivary proteins of Phlebotomus papatasi reveals clusters of differential immunoreactivity. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 90:923-938. [PMID: 24615125 PMCID: PMC4015589 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Phlebotomus papatasi sand flies are among the primary vectors of Leishmania major parasites from Morocco to the Indian subcontinent and from southern Europe to central and eastern Africa. Antibody-based immunity to sand fly salivary gland proteins in human populations remains a complex contextual problem that is not yet fully understood. We profiled the immunoreactivities of plasma antibodies to sand fly salivary gland sonicates (SGSs) from 229 human blood donors residing in different regions of sand fly endemicity throughout Jordan and Egypt as well as 69 US military personnel, who were differentially exposed to P. papatasi bites and L. major infections in Iraq. Compared with plasma from control region donors, antibodies were significantly immunoreactive to five salivary proteins (12, 26, 30, 38, and 44 kDa) among Jordanian and Egyptian donors, with immunoglobulin G4 being the dominant anti-SGS isotype. US personnel were significantly immunoreactive to only two salivary proteins (38 and 14 kDa). Using k-means clustering, donors were segregated into four clusters distinguished by unique immunoreactivity profiles to varying combinations of the significantly immunogenic salivary proteins. SGS-induced cellular proliferation was diminished among donors residing in sand fly-endemic regions. These data provide a clearer picture of human immune responses to sand fly vector salivary constituents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mary Ann McDowell
- * Address correspondence to Mary Ann McDowell, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, 215 Galvin Life Sciences, Notre Dame, IN 46556. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Doucoure S, Cornelie S, Patramool S, Mouchet F, Demettre E, Seveno M, Dehecq JS, Rutee H, Herve JP, Favier F, Missé D, Gasque P, Remoue F. First screening of Aedes albopictus immunogenic salivary proteins. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 22:411-423. [PMID: 23714164 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Study of the human antibody (Ab) response to Aedes salivary proteins can provide new biomarkers to evaluate human exposure to vector bites. The identification of genus- and/or species-specific proteins is necessary to improve the accuracy of biomarkers. We analysed Aedes albopictus immunogenic salivary proteins by 2D immunoproteomic technology and compared the profiles according to human individual exposure to Ae. albopictus or Ae. aegypti bites. Strong antigenicity to Ae. albopictus salivary proteins was detected in all individuals whatever the nature of Aedes exposure. Amongst these antigenic proteins, 68% are involved in blood feeding, including D7 protein family, adenosine deaminase, serpin and apyrase. This study provides an insight into the repertoire of Ae. albopictus immunogenic salivary proteins for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Doucoure
- MIVEGEC: Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, , Universities of Montpellier 1 and 2., Montpellier, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Martín-Martín I, Molina R, Jiménez M. Identifying salivary antigens of Phlebotomus argentipes by a 2DE approach. Acta Trop 2013; 126:229-39. [PMID: 23422341 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the Indian subcontinent visceral leishmaniasis, also known as kala-azar, is caused by the protozoa Leishmania donovani and is transmitted to humans by the bite of infected female sand flies Phlebotomus argentipes in an anthroponotic cycle. Sand fly saliva is known to play an important role in host infection outcome after an infective bite. Immunogenicity of P. argentipes saliva has already been described. However, specific antigens that can contribute to these immunogenic properties are unknown. This work focuses on the identification of antigens present in P. argentipes saliva through the combination of two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) and Western blot (WB). Analysis of the salivary protein profile showed a gradual increase of the protein content in relation to the age of sand flies, reaching the complete salivary protein pattern at day five, which marked the minimum age for dissections. The 2DE revealed a reproducible protein profile that matched the classic monodimensional SDS-PAGE pattern (1DE). The resulting salivary proteomic map consisted of at least 30 spots located between 10 and 60 kDa. According to their isoelectric points, spots were mostly distributed around pH ranges: 5-6 and 9-10. In the proteomic maps, the presence of isoforms or posttranslational modifications was also highlighted since several spots were identified as the same protein. Analysis by in silico prediction programs located several potential glycosylation and phosphorylation sites in the aminoacidic sequences. On the other hand, pooled sera of immunized hamsters through the bite of uninfected sand flies showed elevated anti-saliva IgG levels. These sera permitted the detection of 4 protein bands and at least 20 protein spots in 1DE and 2DE respectively, followed by WB. The antigens were identified by MALDI-TOF, MALDI-TOF/TOF and de novo sequencing as D7-related proteins, PpSP15-like proteins, antigen 5-related proteins, apyrases, and several proteins without assigned protein family. Absence of cross-reactivity between P. argentipes and Phlebotomus perniciosus saliva antibodies determined by ELISA and WB was highlighted in this study, confirming that specific salivary antigens from different sand fly vectors need to be sought when designing vector-borne vaccines and markers for vector exposure assays.
Collapse
|
16
|
Soares BR, Souza APA, Prates DB, de Oliveira CI, Barral-Netto M, Miranda JC, Barral A. Seroconversion of sentinel chickens as a biomarker for monitoring exposure to visceral leishmaniasis. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2352. [PMID: 23912591 PMCID: PMC3733060 DOI: 10.1038/srep02352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania infantum chagasi causes visceral leishmaniasis (VL); it is transmitted by the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis that injects saliva and parasites into the host's skin during a blood meal. Chickens represent an important blood source for sand flies and their presence in the endemic area is often cited as a risk factor for VL transmission. However, the role of chickens in VL epidemiology has not been well defined. Here, we tested if chicken antibodies against Lu. longipalpis salivary gland sonicate (SGS) could be used as markers of exposure to sand fly bites. All naturally exposed chickens in a VL endemic area in Brazil developed anti-SGS IgY antibodies. Interestingly, Lu. longipalpis recombinant salivary proteins rLJM17 and rLJM11 were also able to detect anti-SGS IgY antibodies. Taken together, these results show that chickens can be used to monitor the presence of Lu. longipalpis in the peri-domiciliary area in VL endemic regions, when used as sentinel animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Ribeiro Soares
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) Salvador, Brazil; Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, 40296-710, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Ana Paula Almeida Souza
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) Salvador, Brazil; Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, 40296-710, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Deboraci Brito Prates
- Departamento de Biomorfologia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia; Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, 40.110-100, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Camila I. de Oliveira
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) Salvador, Brazil; Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, 40296-710, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Manoel Barral-Netto
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) Salvador, Brazil; Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, 40296-710, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia; Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, 40.110-100, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia (iii), Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT), Salvador, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Miranda
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) Salvador, Brazil; Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, 40296-710, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Aldina Barral
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) Salvador, Brazil; Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, 40296-710, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia; Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, 40.110-100, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia (iii), Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT), Salvador, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abdel-Badei NM, Khater EIM, Daba S, Shehata MG. Morphometrics and protein profiles of the salivary glands of Phlebotomus papatasi and Phlebotomus langeroni sand flies. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2012; 106:235-42. [PMID: 22341687 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sand fly salivary fluid contains numerous proteins that modulate host immune responses to infection and facilitate blood-feeding and establishing Leishmania infection. Salivary proteins are differentially expressed in adaptation to the host, the meal type and ecological factors. We report on the morphometrics and protein composition of salivary glands of colonised Phlebotomus papatasi and P. langeroni sand flies from Egypt. Female glands were dissected at day 1 (D1, unfed), day 2 (D2, sugar-fed), day 3 (D3, blood-fed) and day 7 (D7, blood-digested). The salivary glands are composed of two lobes: heterogeneous in P. papatasi and homogeneous in P. langeroni. Lobe sizes varied considerably with fly age and feeding state; D3 flies had the largest lobe sizes and protein content. The P. papatasi flies had larger lobes and higher protein content than the P. langeroni flies. The P. papatasi D1 flies had 15 protein bands that decreased in the D2, D3 and D7 flies to 10 bands in the Sinai flies and 9 bands in the Alexandria flies. All P. langeroni flies had 12 protein bands but with different intensities. The results reveal inter-specific variation between P. papatasi and P. langeroni, while no intra-specific variation between P. papatasi strains. These results increase our understanding of salivary gland protein composition and blood-feeding behaviour in Old World sand flies with implications for leishmaniasis epidemiology and control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noha M Abdel-Badei
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Egypt
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Brake DK, Pérez de León AA. Immunoregulation of bovine macrophages by factors in the salivary glands of Rhipicephalus microplus. Parasit Vectors 2012; 5:38. [PMID: 22333193 PMCID: PMC3320552 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alternative strategies are required to control the southern cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus, due to evolving resistance to commercially available acaricides. This invasive ectoparasite is a vector of economically important diseases of cattle such as bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis. An understanding of the biological intricacies underlying vector-host-pathogen interactions is required to innovate sustainable tick management strategies that can ultimately mitigate the impact of animal and zoonotic tick-borne diseases. Tick saliva contains molecules evolved to impair host innate and adaptive immune responses, which facilitates blood feeding and pathogen transmission. Antigen presenting cells are central to the development of robust T cell responses including Th1 and Th2 determination. In this study we examined changes in co-stimulatory molecule expression and cytokine response of bovine macrophages exposed to salivary gland extracts (SGE) obtained from 2-3 day fed, pathogen-free adult R. microplus. Methods Peripheral blood-derived macrophages were treated for 1 hr with 1, 5, or 10 μg/mL of SGE followed by 1, 6, 24 hr of 1 μg/mL of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Real-time PCR and cytokine ELISA were used to measure changes in co-stimulatory molecule expression and cytokine response. Results Changes were observed in co-stimulatory molecule expression of bovine macrophages in response to R. microplus SGE exposure. After 6 hrs, CD86, but not CD80, was preferentially up-regulated on bovine macrophages when treated with 1 μg/ml SGE and then LPS, but not SGE alone. At 24 hrs CD80, CD86, and CD69 expression was increased with LPS, but was inhibited by the addition of SGE. SGE also inhibited LPS induced upregulation of TNFα, IFNγ and IL-12 cytokines, but did not alter IL-4 or CD40 mRNA expression. Conclusions Molecules from the salivary glands of adult R. microplus showed bimodal concentration-, and time-dependent effects on differential up-regulation of CD86 in bovine macrophages activated by the TLR4-ligand, LPS. Up regulation of proinflammatory cytokines and IL-12, a Th1 promoting cytokine, were inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. The co-stimulatory molecules CD80, as well as the cell activation marker, CD69, were also suppressed in macrophages exposed to SGE. Continued investigation of the immunomodulatory factors will provide the knowledge base to research and develop therapeutic or prophylactic interventions targeting R. microplus-cattle interactions at the blood-feeding interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danett K Brake
- USDA-ARS Knipling, Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, Kerrville, TX 78028, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Coutinho-Abreu IV, Mukbel R, Hanafi HA, Fawaz EY, El-Hossary SS, Wadsworth M, Stayback G, Pitts DA, Abo-Shehada M, Hoel DF, Kamhawi S, Ramalho-Ortigão M, McDowell MA. Expression plasticity of Phlebotomus papatasi salivary gland genes in distinct ecotopes through the sand fly season. BMC Ecol 2011; 11:24. [PMID: 21985688 PMCID: PMC3209445 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6785-11-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sand fly saliva can drive the outcome of Leishmania infection in animal models, and salivary components have been postulated as vaccine candidates against leishmaniasis. In the sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi, natural sugar-sources modulate the activity of proteins involved in meal digestion, and possibly influence vectorial capacity. However, only a handful of studies have assessed the variability of salivary components in sand flies, focusing on the effects of environmental factors in natural habitats. In order to better understand such interactions, we compared the expression profiles of nine P. papatasi salivary gland genes of specimens inhabiting different ecological habitats in Egypt and Jordan and throughout the sand fly season in each habitat. RESULTS The majority of investigated genes were up-regulated in specimens from Swaymeh late in the season, when the availability of sugar sources is reduced due to water deprivation. On the other hand, these genes were not up-regulated in specimens collected from Aswan, an irrigated area less susceptible to drought effects. CONCLUSION Expression plasticity of genes involved with vectorial capacity in disease vectors may play an important epidemiological role in the establishment of diseases in natural habitats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iliano V Coutinho-Abreu
- The Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Fontaine A, Diouf I, Bakkali N, Missé D, Pagès F, Fusai T, Rogier C, Almeras L. Implication of haematophagous arthropod salivary proteins in host-vector interactions. Parasit Vectors 2011; 4:187. [PMID: 21951834 PMCID: PMC3197560 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The saliva of haematophagous arthropods contains an array of anti-haemostatic, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory molecules that contribute to the success of the blood meal. The saliva of haematophagous arthropods is also involved in the transmission and the establishment of pathogens in the host and in allergic responses. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of the pharmacological activity and immunogenic properties of the main salivary proteins characterised in various haematophagous arthropod species. The potential biological and epidemiological applications of these immunogenic salivary molecules will be discussed with an emphasis on their use as biomarkers of exposure to haematophagous arthropod bites or vaccine candidates that are liable to improve host protection against vector-borne diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albin Fontaine
- Unité de Parasitologie - UMR6236 - IFR48, Antenne Marseille de l'Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Le Pharo, BP 60109, 13 262 Marseille Cedex 07, France
| | - Ibrahima Diouf
- Unité de Parasitologie - UMR6236 - IFR48, Antenne Marseille de l'Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Le Pharo, BP 60109, 13 262 Marseille Cedex 07, France
| | - Nawal Bakkali
- Unité de Parasitologie - UMR6236 - IFR48, Antenne Marseille de l'Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Le Pharo, BP 60109, 13 262 Marseille Cedex 07, France
| | - Dorothée Missé
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Evolution des Maladies infectieuses, UMR 2724 CNRS/IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric Pagès
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Antenne Marseille de l'Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Le Pharo, BP 60109, 13 262 Marseille Cedex 07, France
| | - Thierry Fusai
- Unité de Parasitologie - UMR6236 - IFR48, Antenne Marseille de l'Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Le Pharo, BP 60109, 13 262 Marseille Cedex 07, France
| | - Christophe Rogier
- Unité de Parasitologie - UMR6236 - IFR48, Antenne Marseille de l'Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Le Pharo, BP 60109, 13 262 Marseille Cedex 07, France
- Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, B.P. 1274, Ambohitrakely, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Lionel Almeras
- Unité de Parasitologie - UMR6236 - IFR48, Antenne Marseille de l'Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Le Pharo, BP 60109, 13 262 Marseille Cedex 07, France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Brake DK, Wikel SK, Tidwell JP, Pérez de León AA. Rhipicephalus microplus salivary gland molecules induce differential CD86 expression in murine macrophages. Parasit Vectors 2010; 3:103. [PMID: 21054882 PMCID: PMC2993695 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-3-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tick parasitism is a major impediment for cattle production in many parts of the world. The southern cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, is an obligate hematophagous parasite of domestic and wild animals that serves as vector of infectious agents lethal to cattle. Tick saliva contains molecules evolved to modulate host innate and adaptive immune responses which facilitates blood feeding and pathogen transmission. Tick feeding promotes CD4 T cell polarization to a Th2 profile usually accompanied by down-regulation of Th1 cytokines through as yet undefined mechanisms. Co-stimulatory molecules on antigen presenting cells are central to development of T cell responses including Th1 and Th2 responses. Tick induced changes to antigen presenting cell signal transduction pathways are largely unknown. Here we document the ability of R. microplus salivary gland extracts (SGE) to effect differential CD86 expression. Results We examined changes in co-stimulatory molecule expression in murine RAW 264.7 cells in response to R. microplus SGE exposure in the presence of the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) ligand, LPS. After 24 hrs, CD86, but not CD80, was preferentially up-regulated on mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells when treated with SGE and then LPS, but not SGE alone. CD80 and CD40 expression was increased with LPS, but the addition of SGE did not alter expression. Higher concentrations of SGE were less effective at increasing CD86 RNA expression. The addition of mitogen or extracellular kinase (MEK) inhibitor, PD98059, significantly reduced the ability for SGE to induce CD86 expression, indicating activation of MEK is necessary for SGE induced up-regulation. Conclusions Molecules in SGE of R. microplus have a concentration-dependent effect on differential up-regulation of CD86 in a macrophage cell line activated by the TLR4 ligand, LPS. This CD86 up-regulation is at least partially dependent on the ERK1/2 pathway and may serve to promote Th2 polarization of the immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danett K Brake
- USDA-ARS Knipling-Bushland U,S, Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, 2700 Fredericksberg Rd, Kerrville, TX 78028, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Araújo-Santos T, Prates DB, Andrade BB, Nascimento DO, Clarêncio J, Entringer PF, Carneiro AB, Silva-Neto MAC, Miranda JC, Brodskyn CI, Barral A, Bozza PT, Borges VM. Lutzomyia longipalpis saliva triggers lipid body formation and prostaglandin E₂ production in murine macrophages. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4:e873. [PMID: 21072234 PMCID: PMC2970534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sand fly saliva contains molecules that modify the host's hemostasis and immune responses. Nevertheless, the role played by this saliva in the induction of key elements of inflammatory responses, such as lipid bodies (LB, also known as lipid droplets) and eicosanoids, has been poorly investigated. LBs are cytoplasmic organelles involved in arachidonic acid metabolism that form eicosanoids in response to inflammatory stimuli. In this study, we assessed the role of salivary gland sonicate (SGS) from Lutzomyia (L.) longipalpis, a Leishmania infantum chagasi vector, in the induction of LBs and eicosanoid production by macrophages in vitro and ex vivo. Methodology/Principal Findings Different doses of L. longipalpis SGS were injected into peritoneal cavities of C57BL/6 mice. SGS induced increased macrophage and neutrophil recruitment into the peritoneal cavity at different time points. Sand fly saliva enhanced PGE2 and LTB4 production by harvested peritoneal leukocytes after ex vivo stimulation with a calcium ionophore. At three and six hours post-injection, L. longipalpis SGS induced more intense LB staining in macrophages, but not in neutrophils, compared with mice injected with saline. Moreover, macrophages harvested by peritoneal lavage and stimulated with SGS in vitro presented a dose- and time-dependent increase in LB numbers, which was correlated with increased PGE2 production. Furthermore, COX-2 and PGE-synthase co-localized within the LBs induced by L. longipalpis saliva. PGE2 production by macrophages induced by SGS was abrogated by treatment with NS-398, a COX-2 inhibitor. Strikingly, SGS triggered ERK-1/2 and PKC-α phosphorylation, and blockage of the ERK-1/2 and PKC-α pathways inhibited the SGS effect on PGE2 production by macrophages. Conclusion In sum, our results show that L. longipalpis saliva induces lipid body formation and PGE2 production by macrophages ex vivo and in vitro via the ERK-1/2 and PKC-α signaling pathways. This study provides new insights regarding the pharmacological mechanisms whereby L. longipalpis saliva influences the early steps of the host's inflammatory response. After the injection of saliva into the host's skin by sand flies, a transient erythematous reaction is observed, which is related to an influx of inflammatory cells and the release of various molecules that actively facilitate the blood meal. It is important to understand the specific mechanisms by which sand fly saliva manipulates the host's inflammatory responses. Herein, we report that saliva from Lutzomyia (L.) longipalpis, a widespread Leishmania vector, induces early production of eicosanoids. Intense formation of intracellular organelles called lipid bodies (LBs) was noted within those cells that migrated to the site of saliva injection. In vitro and ex vivo, sand fly saliva was able to induce LB formation and PGE2 release by macrophages. Interestingly, PGE2 production induced by L. longipalpis saliva was dependent on intracellular mechanisms involving phosphorylation of signaling proteins such as PKC-α and ERK-1/2 and subsequent activation of cyclooxygenase-2. Thus, this study provides new insights into the pharmacological properties of sand fly saliva and opens new opportunities for intervening with the induction of the host's inflammatory pathways by L. longipalpis bites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Théo Araújo-Santos
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ-BA, Salvador, Brasil
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brasil
| | - Deboraci Brito Prates
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ-BA, Salvador, Brasil
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brasil
| | - Bruno Bezerril Andrade
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ-BA, Salvador, Brasil
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brasil
| | | | - Jorge Clarêncio
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ-BA, Salvador, Brasil
| | | | - Alan B. Carneiro
- Institutos de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Mário A. C. Silva-Neto
- Institutos de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | - Cláudia Ida Brodskyn
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ-BA, Salvador, Brasil
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brasil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT), São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Aldina Barral
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ-BA, Salvador, Brasil
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brasil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT), São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Patrícia T. Bozza
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Valéria Matos Borges
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ-BA, Salvador, Brasil
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brasil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT), São Paulo, Brasil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ecological immunology of bird-ectoparasite systems. Trends Parasitol 2010; 26:530-9. [PMID: 20599426 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ecological immunology is a rapidly expanding field of research that attempts to explain variation in immune function across individuals, populations and species. Birds and ectoparasitic arthropods have frequently been used in attempts to measure the cost of immune function in relation to adult condition, nestling growth and other life history challenges. Unfortunately, most studies in ecological immunology have relied on assays of general immunocompetence that are not connected to actual parasites. A summary of potential interactions between the avian immune system and ectoparasites is provided and methods that can be used to test ecological questions in the context of naturally occurring host-parasite interactions are proposed.
Collapse
|
24
|
Souza AP, Andrade BB, Aquino D, Entringer P, Miranda JC, Alcantara R, Ruiz D, Soto M, Teixeira CR, Valenzuela JG, de Oliveira CI, Brodskyn CI, Barral-Netto M, Barral A. Using recombinant proteins from Lutzomyia longipalpis saliva to estimate human vector exposure in visceral Leishmaniasis endemic areas. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4:e649. [PMID: 20351785 PMCID: PMC2843636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmania is transmitted by female sand flies and deposited together with saliva, which contains a vast repertoire of pharmacologically active molecules that contribute to the establishment of the infection. The exposure to vector saliva induces an immune response against its components that can be used as a marker of exposure to the vector. Performing large-scale serological studies to detect vector exposure has been limited by the difficulty in obtaining sand fly saliva. Here, we validate the use of two sand fly salivary recombinant proteins as markers for vector exposure. Methodology/principal findings ELISA was used to screen human sera, collected in an area endemic for visceral leishmaniasis, against the salivary gland sonicate (SGS) or two recombinant proteins (rLJM11 and rLJM17) from Lutzomyia longipalpis saliva. Antibody levels before and after SGS seroconversion (n = 26) were compared using the Wilcoxon signed rank paired test. Human sera from an area endemic for VL which recognize Lu. longipalpis saliva in ELISA also recognize a combination of rLJM17 and rLJM11. We then extended the analysis to include 40 sera from individuals who were seropositive and 40 seronegative to Lu. longipalpis SGS. Each recombinant protein was able to detect anti-saliva seroconversion, whereas the two proteins combined increased the detection significantly. Additionally, we evaluated the specificity of the anti-Lu. longipalpis response by testing 40 sera positive to Lutzomyia intermedia SGS, and very limited (2/40) cross-reactivity was observed. Receiver-operator characteristics (ROC) curve analysis was used to identify the effectiveness of these proteins for the prediction of anti-SGS positivity. These ROC curves evidenced the superior performance of rLJM17+rLJM11. Predicted threshold levels were confirmed for rLJM17+rLJM11 using a large panel of 1,077 serum samples. Conclusion Our results show the possibility of substituting Lu. longipalpis SGS for two recombinant proteins, LJM17 and LJM11, in order to probe for vector exposure in individuals residing in endemic areas. During the blood meal, female sand flies (insects that transmit the parasite Leishmania) inject saliva containing a large variety of molecules with different pharmacological activities that facilitate the acquisition of blood. These molecules can induce the production of anti-saliva antibodies, which can then be used as markers for insect (vector) biting or exposure. Epidemiological studies using sand fly salivary gland sonicate as antigens are hampered by the difficulty of obtaining large amounts of salivary glands. In the present study, we have investigated the use of two salivary recombinant proteins from the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis, considered the main vector of visceral leishmaniasis, as an alternative method for screening of exposure to the sand fly. We primarily tested the suitability of using the recombinant proteins to estimate positive anti-saliva ELISA test in small sets of serum samples. Further, we validated the assay in a large sample of 1,077 individuals from an epidemiological survey in a second area endemic for visceral leishmaniasis. Our findings indicate that these proteins represent a promising epidemiological tool that can aid in implementing control measures against leishmaniasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Souza
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (Fundação Oswaldo Cruz – FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Dorlene Aquino
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (Fundação Oswaldo Cruz – FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
- Departamento de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luis, Brazil
| | - Petter Entringer
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (Fundação Oswaldo Cruz – FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Miranda
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (Fundação Oswaldo Cruz – FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Ruan Alcantara
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (Fundação Oswaldo Cruz – FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Daniel Ruiz
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Soto
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clarissa R. Teixeira
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jesus G. Valenzuela
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Camila Indiani de Oliveira
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (Fundação Oswaldo Cruz – FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Ida Brodskyn
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (Fundação Oswaldo Cruz – FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manoel Barral-Netto
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (Fundação Oswaldo Cruz – FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aldina Barral
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (Fundação Oswaldo Cruz – FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT), São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|