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Lalyer CR, Sigsgaard L, Giese B. Ecological vulnerability analysis for suppression of Drosophila suzukii by gene drives. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Nignan C, Niang A, Maïga H, Sawadogo SP, Poda BS, Gnankine O, Dabiré KR, Tripet F, Diabaté A. Comparison of swarming, mating performance and longevity of males Anopheles coluzzii between individuals fed with different natural fruit juices in laboratory and semi-field conditions. Malar J 2020; 19:173. [PMID: 32375825 PMCID: PMC7201624 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03248-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is assumed that malaria vectors feed on locally available nectar sources to obtain energy. Sugar feeding is energetically critical for the Anopheles male swarming and mating activities. However, little is known about the impact of local nectar feeding on male physiological development and its consequences on male mosquito life traits in the malaria control context. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of local fruit juices on the life traits of males Anopheles coluzzii. Methods Swarming characteristics (number of males in swarm, number of mating pairs, and swarm duration) in semi-field conditions; mating rate and longevity in a laboratory setting were compared between males An. coluzzii fed exclusively with mango, papaya or banana juices. The trophic preference was investigated in semi-field conditions. Results The results of this study showed that in the laboratory, mosquitoes fed with papaya juices lived on average longer (10 days) than those fed with banana or mango juices (5 days) and had higher a mating rate (53%) than those fed with banana juice (40%). In the semi-field, the swarm size of mosquitoes fed with banana juice (85 males) was larger than that of mosquitoes fed with mango juice (60 males). The number of mating pairs formed from banana-fed male swarms (17 mating pairs) was higher than that formed from mango-fed male swarm (8 mating pairs). There was no difference in swarming duration between male treatments. Male mosquitoes had a preference for papaya and banana juices. Conclusions The results indicate that the origin of plant-derived feeding is an important factor in the survival and reproduction of mosquitoes. This calls for further investigations of chemical contents of nectars and their impact on the physiological development of mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Nignan
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. .,Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliqué/UFR‑SVT/Université Joseph KI - ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Abdoulaye Niang
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, UK
| | - Hamidou Maïga
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Bèwadéyir Serge Poda
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliqué/UFR‑SVT/Université Joseph KI - ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Olivier Gnankine
- Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliqué/UFR‑SVT/Université Joseph KI - ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Frédéric Tripet
- Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, UK
| | - Abdoulaye Diabaté
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
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Benedict MQ, Burt A, Capurro ML, De Barro P, Handler AM, Hayes KR, Marshall JM, Tabachnick WJ, Adelman ZN. Recommendations for Laboratory Containment and Management of Gene Drive Systems in Arthropods. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 18:2-13. [PMID: 29040058 PMCID: PMC5846571 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2017.2121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Versatile molecular tools for creating driving transgenes and other invasive genetic factors present regulatory, ethical, and environmental challenges that should be addressed to ensure their safe use. In this article, we discuss driving transgenes and invasive genetic factors that can potentially spread after their introduction into a small proportion of individuals in a population. The potential of invasive genetic factors to increase their number in natural populations presents challenges that require additional safety measures not provided by previous recommendations regarding accidental release of arthropods. In addition to providing physical containment, invasive genetic factors require greater attention to strain management, including their distribution and identity confirmation. In this study, we focus on insects containing such factors with recommendations for investigators who are creating them, institutional biosafety committees charged with ensuring safety, funding agencies providing support, those managing insectaries handling these materials who are responsible for containment, and other persons who will be receiving insects-transgenic or not-from these facilities. We give specific examples of efforts to modify mosquitoes for mosquito-borne disease control, but similar considerations are relevant to other arthropods that are important to human health, the environment, and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Q Benedict
- 1 Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Austin Burt
- 2 Life Sciences, Imperial College London , Ascot, United Kingdom
| | - Margareth L Capurro
- 3 Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo, Brazil
- 4 National Institute of Science and Technology in Molecular Entomology , National Council of Scientific and Technological Development (INCT-EM/CNPq), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Alfred M Handler
- 6 USDA-ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology , Gainesville, Florida
| | | | - John M Marshall
- 8 Divisions of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California , Berkeley, California
| | - Walter J Tabachnick
- 9 Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida , Vero Beach, Florida
| | - Zach N Adelman
- 10 Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
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Near-Infrared Spectroscopy, a Rapid Method for Predicting the Age of Male and Female Wild-Type and Wolbachia Infected Aedes aegypti. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005040. [PMID: 27768689 PMCID: PMC5074478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Estimating the age distribution of mosquito populations is crucial for assessing their capacity to transmit disease and for evaluating the efficacy of available vector control programs. This study reports on the capacity of the near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technique to rapidly predict the ages of the principal dengue and Zika vector, Aedes aegypti. The age of wild-type males and females, and males and females infected with wMel and wMelPop strains of Wolbachia pipientis were characterized using this method. Calibrations were developed using spectra collected from their heads and thoraces using partial least squares (PLS) regression. A highly significant correlation was found between the true and predicted ages of mosquitoes. The coefficients of determination for wild-type females and males across all age groups were R2 = 0.84 and 0.78, respectively. The coefficients of determination for the age of wMel and wMelPop infected females were 0.71 and 0.80, respectively (P< 0.001 in both instances). The age of wild-type female Ae. aegypti could be identified as < or ≥ 8 days old with an accuracy of 91% (N = 501), whereas female Ae. aegypti infected with wMel and wMelPop were differentiated into the two age groups with an accuracy of 83% (N = 284) and 78% (N = 229), respectively. Our results also indicate NIRS can distinguish between young and old male wild-type, wMel and wMelPop infected Ae. aegypti with accuracies of 87% (N = 253), 83% (N = 277) and 78% (N = 234), respectively. We have demonstrated the potential of NIRS as a predictor of the age of female and male wild-type and Wolbachia infected Ae. aegypti mosquitoes under laboratory conditions. After field validation, the tool has the potential to offer a cheap and rapid alternative for surveillance of dengue and Zika vector control programs.
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Tabachnick WJ. Climate Change and the Arboviruses: Lessons from the Evolution of the Dengue and Yellow Fever Viruses. Annu Rev Virol 2016; 3:125-145. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-110615-035630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Walter J. Tabachnick
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Vero Beach, Florida 32962;
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6
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Research Contributing to Improvements in Controlling Florida's Mosquitoes and Mosquito-borne Diseases. INSECTS 2016; 7:insects7040050. [PMID: 27690112 PMCID: PMC5198198 DOI: 10.3390/insects7040050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Research on mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases has contributed to improvements in providing effective, efficient, and environmentally proper mosquito control. Florida has benefitted from several research accomplishments that have increased the state’s mosquito control capabilities. Research with Florida’s mosquitoes has resulted in the development of ecologically sound management of mosquito impoundments on Florida’s east coast. This strategy, called Rotational Impoundment Management (RIM), has improved the ability to target the delivery of pesticides and has helped to reduce non-target effects and environmental damage. Research has led to the development of an arbovirus surveillance system which includes sentinel chicken surveillance, real time use of environmental contributing factors like meteorology and hydrology to target mosquito control, as well as public health efforts to mitigate disease outbreaks to areas with risk of disease. These research driven improvements have provided substantial benefits to all of Florida. More research is needed to meet the future challenges to reduce emerging pathogens like Zika virus and the consequences of environmental changes like global climate change that are likely to influence the effects of mosquito-borne pathogens on human health and well-being.
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Tabachnick WJ. Ecological effects on arbovirus-mosquito cycles of transmission. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 21:124-131. [PMID: 27693828 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mosquitoes transmit many viruses to a variety of hosts. Cycles of mosquito borne arbovirus transmission are the result of complex interactions between the mosquito, the arbovirus and the host that are influenced by genetic variations in a variety of traits in each that are all influenced by many environmental factors. R0, the basic reproduction number or mean number of individuals infected from a single infected individual, is a measure of mosquito borne arbovirus transmission. Understanding the causes for the distribution of R0 in any transmission cycle is a daunting challenge due to the lack of information on the genetic and environmental variances that influence R0. Information about the major factors influencing R0 for specific transmission cycles is essential to develop efficient and effective strategies to reduce transmission in different cycles and locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Tabachnick
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, IFAS, 200 9th St., SE, Vero Beach, FL, USA.
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8
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Tabachnick WJ. Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) Vector Competence for the Citrus Greening Pathogen 'Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus'. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 108:839-48. [PMID: 26470202 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tov038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing the vector competence of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama for 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus,' the pathogen causing citrus greening, is essential for understanding the epidemiology of this disease that is threatening the U.S. citrus industry. Vector competence studies have been difficult because of the biology of D. citri, the inability to culture the pathogen, and the available diagnostic methods used to detect the bacteria in plant and insect tissues. The methods employed in many studies of D. citri vector competence may have overestimated amounts of live 'Ca. L. asiaticus' in both plant and insect tissues, and it is possible that the amounts of phloem ingested by psyllids may not contain sufficient detectable pathogen using current diagnostic methods. As a result of the difficulty in characterizing D. citri vector competence, the several daunting challenges for providing D. citri that are unable to inoculate 'Ca. L. asiaticus', as a novel method to control greening are discussed. Suggestions to overcome some of these challenges are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Tabachnick
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida - IFAS, 200 9th St., SE, Vero Beach, FL 32962.
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9
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Pimenta PFP, Orfano AS, Bahia AC, Duarte APM, Ríos-Velásquez CM, Melo FF, Pessoa FAC, Oliveira GA, Campos KMM, Villegas LM, Rodrigues NB, Nacif-Pimenta R, Simões RC, Monteiro WM, Amino R, Traub-Cseko YM, Lima JBP, Barbosa MGV, Lacerda MVG, Tadei WP, Secundino NFC. An overview of malaria transmission from the perspective of Amazon Anopheles vectors. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 110:23-47. [PMID: 25742262 PMCID: PMC4371216 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760140266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the Americas, areas with a high risk of malaria transmission are mainly located in the Amazon Forest, which extends across nine countries. One keystone step to understanding the Plasmodium life cycle in Anopheles species from the Amazon Region is to obtain experimentally infected mosquito vectors. Several attempts to colonise Anopheles species have been conducted, but with only short-lived success or no success at all. In this review, we review the literature on malaria transmission from the perspective of its Amazon vectors. Currently, it is possible to develop experimental Plasmodium vivax infection of the colonised and field-captured vectors in laboratories located close to Amazonian endemic areas. We are also reviewing studies related to the immune response to P. vivax infection of Anopheles aquasalis, a coastal mosquito species. Finally, we discuss the importance of the modulation of Plasmodium infection by the vector microbiota and also consider the anopheline genomes. The establishment of experimental mosquito infections with Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium yoelii and Plasmodium berghei parasites that could provide interesting models for studying malaria in the Amazonian scenario is important. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the development of the parasites in New World vectors is crucial in order to better determine the interaction process and vectorial competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo FP Pimenta
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, MG,
Brasil
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM,
Brasil
| | | | - Ana C Bahia
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Ana PM Duarte
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, MG,
Brasil
| | | | - Fabrício F Melo
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, MG,
Brasil
| | | | | | - Keillen MM Campos
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM,
Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Rejane C Simões
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Wuelton M Monteiro
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM,
Brasil
| | - Rogerio Amino
- Unité de Biologie et Génétique du Paludisme, Institut Pasteur, Paris,
France
| | | | - José BP Lima
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM,
Brasil
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Maria GV Barbosa
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM,
Brasil
| | - Marcus VG Lacerda
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM,
Brasil
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane-Fiocruz, Manaus, AM, Brasil
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Ng'habi KR, Lee Y, Knols BGJ, Mwasheshi D, Lanzaro GC, Ferguson HM. Colonization of malaria vectors under semi-field conditions as a strategy for maintaining genetic and phenotypic similarity with wild populations. Malar J 2015; 14:10. [PMID: 25604997 PMCID: PMC4340333 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-014-0523-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria still accounts for an estimated 207 million cases and 627,000 deaths worldwide each year. One proposed approach to complement existing malaria control methods is the release of genetically-modified (GM) and/or sterile male mosquitoes. As opposed to laboratory colonization, this requires realistic semi field systems to produce males that can compete for females in nature. This study investigated whether the establishment of a colony of the vector Anopheles arabiensis under more natural semi-field conditions can maintain higher levels of genetic diversity than achieved by laboratory colonization using traditional methods. Methods Wild females of the African malaria vector An. arabiensis were collected from a village in southern Tanzania and used to establish new colonies under different conditions at the Ifakara Health Institute. Levels of genetic diversity and inbreeding were monitored in colonies of An. arabiensis that were simultaneously established in small cage colonies in the SFS and in a large semi-field (SFS) cage and compared with that observed in the original founder population. Phenotypic traits that determine their fitness (body size and energetic reserves) were measured at 10th generation and compared to founder wild population. Results In contrast to small cage colonies, the SFS population of An. arabiensis exhibited a higher degree of similarity to the founding field population through time in several ways: (i) the SFS colony maintained a significantly higher level of genetic variation than small cage colonies, (ii) the SFS colony had a lower degree of inbreeding than small cage colonies, and (iii) the mean and range of mosquito body size in the SFS colony was closer to that of the founding wild population than that of small cage colonies. Small cage colonies had significantly lower lipids and higher glycogen abundances than SFS and wild population. Conclusions Colonization of An. arabiensis under semi-field conditions was associated with the retention of a higher degree of genetic diversity, reduced inbreeding and greater phenotypic similarity to the founding wild population than observed in small cage colonies. Thus, mosquitoes from such semi-field populations are expected to provide more realistic representation of mosquito ecology and physiology than those from small cage colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kija R Ng'habi
- Ifakara Health Institute, Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara, Kilombero, Morogoro, United Republic of Tanzania.
| | - Yoosook Lee
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calfornia, Davis, USA.
| | - Bart G J Knols
- In2Care BV, Costerweg 5, 6702 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Dickson Mwasheshi
- Ifakara Health Institute, Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara, Kilombero, Morogoro, United Republic of Tanzania.
| | - Gregory C Lanzaro
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calfornia, Davis, USA.
| | - Heather M Ferguson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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Pitts RJ, Mozūraitis R, Gauvin-Bialecki A, Lempérière G. The roles of kairomones, synomones and pheromones in the chemically-mediated behaviour of male mosquitoes. Acta Trop 2014; 132 Suppl:S26-34. [PMID: 24055544 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of intensive study of the chemical ecology of female mosquitoes, relatively little is known about the chemical ecology of males. This short review summarizes the current state of knowledge of the chemicals that mediate male mosquito behaviour. Various trophic interactions including insect-plant, insect-host, and insect-insect responses are emphasized. The relevance of the chemical ecology of male mosquitoes in the context of vector control programmes is discussed.
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CIOTA ALEXANDERT, MATACCHIERO AMYC, KILPATRICK AMARM, KRAMER LAURAD. The effect of temperature on life history traits of Culex mosquitoes. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 51:55-62. [PMID: 24605453 PMCID: PMC3955846 DOI: 10.1603/me13003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Climatic changes forecasted in the coming years are likely to result in substantial alterations to the distributions and populations of vectors of arthropod-borne pathogens. Characterization of the effect of temperature shifts on the life history traits of specific vectors is needed to more accurately define how such changes could impact the epidemiological patterns of vector-borne disease. Here, we determined the effect of temperatures including 16, 20, 24, 28, and 32 degreeC on development time, immature survival, adult survival, mosquito size, blood feeding, and fecundity of both field and colonized populations of the Culex mosquitoes Culex pipiens L, Culex quinquefasciatus Say, and Culex restuans Theobald. Our results demonstrate that temperature significantly affects all of these traits, yet also that the extent of this effect is at times incongruent among temperatures, as well as being population and species-specific. Comparisons of colonized mosquitoes with field populations generally demonstrate decreased adult and immature survival, increased blood feeding and egg production, and significant variation in the effects of temperature, indicating that such colonies are not fully representative of natural populations. Results with field populations in general indicate that increases in temperature are likely to accelerate mosquito development, and that this effect is greater at temperatures below 24 degreeC, but also that temperature significantly increases mortality. Among field populations, Cx. restuans were most affected by temperature increases, with decreased longevity relative to other species and significant increases in adult and immature mortality measured with each incremental temperature increase. Despite the unique climates characteristic of the geographic ranges ofCx. quinquefasciatus and Cx. pipiens, evidence of significant species-specific adaptation to temperature ranges was not seen. Taken together, these results indicate that geographic region, as well as species and population differences, must be considered when measuring the effect of temperature on vector populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- ALEXANDER T. CIOTA
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 5668 State Farm Road, Slingerlands, NY 12159
| | - AMY C. MATACCHIERO
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 5668 State Farm Road, Slingerlands, NY 12159
| | - A. MARM KILPATRICK
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 1156 High Street, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
| | - LAURA D. KRAMER
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 5668 State Farm Road, Slingerlands, NY 12159
- School of Public Health, Department of Biomedical Sciences, SUNY, One University Place, Albany, NY 12201
- Corresponding author,
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Tabachnick WJ. Nature, nurture and evolution of intra-species variation in mosquito arbovirus transmission competence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:249-77. [PMID: 23343982 PMCID: PMC3564141 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10010249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes vary in their competence or ability to transmit arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses). Many arboviruses cause disease in humans and animals. Identifying the environmental and genetic causes of variation in mosquito competence for arboviruses is one of the great challenges in public health. Progress identifying genetic (nature) and environmental (nurture) factors influencing mosquito competence for arboviruses is reviewed. There is great complexity in the various traits that comprise mosquito competence. The complex interactions between environmental and genetic factors controlling these traits and the factors shaping variation in Nature are largely unknown. The norms of reaction of specific genes influencing competence, their distributions in natural populations and the effects of genetic polymorphism on phenotypic variation need to be determined. Mechanisms influencing competence are not likely due to natural selection because of the direct effects of the arbovirus on mosquito fitness. More likely the traits for mosquito competence for arboviruses are the effects of adaptations for other functions of these competence mechanisms. Determining these other functions is essential to understand the evolution and distributions of competence for arboviruses. This information is needed to assess risk from mosquito-borne disease, predict new mosquito-arbovirus systems, and provide novel strategies to mitigate mosquito-borne arbovirus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Tabachnick
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, IFAS, 200 9th St. SE, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA.
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Deitz KC, Reddy VP, Reddy MR, Satyanarayanah N, Lindsey MW, Overgaard HJ, Jawara M, Caccone A, Slotman MA. Limited usefulness of microsatellite markers from the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae when applied to the closely related species Anopheles melas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 103:585-93. [PMID: 22593601 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/ess025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Anopheles melas is a brackish water mosquito found in coastal West Africa where it is a dominant malaria vector locally. In order to facilitate genetic studies of this species, 45 microsatellite loci originally developed for Anopheles gambiae were sequenced in An. melas. Those that were suitable based on repeat number and flanking regions were examined in 2 natural populations from Equatorial Guinea. Only 15 loci were eventually deemed suitable as polymorphic markers in An. melas populations. These loci were screened in 4 populations from a wider geographic range. Heterozygosity estimates ranged from 0.18 to 0.79, and 2.5-15 average alleles were observed per locus, yielding 13 highly polymorphic markers and 2 loci with lower variability. To examine the usefulness of microsatellite markers when applied in a sibling species, the original An. gambiae specific markers were used to amplify 5 loci in An. melas. Null alleles were found for 1 An. gambiae marker. We discuss the pitfalls of using microsatellite loci across closely related species and conclude that in addition to the problem of null alleles associated with this practice, many loci may prove to be of very limited use as polymorphic markers even when used in a sibling species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Deitz
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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O'Connor CM, Haydon DT, Kao RR. An ecological and comparative perspective on the control of bovine tuberculosis in Great Britain and the Republic of Ireland. Prev Vet Med 2011; 104:185-97. [PMID: 22192362 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Disease ecology involves a systematic approach to understanding the interactions and evolution of host-pathogen systems at the population level, and is essential for developing a comprehensive understanding of the reasons for disease persistence and the most likely means of control. This systems or ecological approach is being increasingly recognised as a progressive method in disease control and is exploited in diverse fields ranging from obesity management in humans to the prevention of infectious disease in animal populations. In this review we discuss bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in Great Britain (GB) within a disease ecology context, and suggest how a comparative ecological perspective helps to reconcile apparent conflicts with the evidence on the effectiveness of badger culling to assist in the control of bTB in GB and the Republic of Ireland (ROI). Our examination shows that failure of past measures to control bTB and the disparity in outcomes of badger culling experiments are the result of a complex relationship amongst the agent, host and environment, i.e. the episystem, of bTB. Here, we stress the role of distinctive bTB episystems and badger culling trial design in the ambiguity and resulting controversy associated with badger culling in GB and ROI. We argue this episystem perspective on bTB control measures in cattle and badger populations provides a useful and informative perspective on the design and implementation of future bTB management in GB, particularly at a time when both scientific and lay communities are concerned about the ongoing epidemic, the cost of current control measures and the execution of future control procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M O'Connor
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute for Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Jarrett Building, 464 Bearsden Rd, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom.
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16
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Abstract
The whole-genome sequencing of mosquitoes has facilitated our understanding of fundamental biological processes at their basic molecular levels and holds potential for application to mosquito control and prevention of mosquito-borne disease transmission. Draft genome sequences are available for Anopheles gambiae, Aedes aegypti, and Culex quinquefasciatus. Collectively, these represent the major vectors of African malaria, dengue fever and yellow fever viruses, and lymphatic filariasis, respectively. Rapid advances in genome technologies have revealed detailed information on genome architecture as well as phenotype-specific transcriptomics and proteomics. These resources allow for detailed comparative analyses within and across populations as well as species. Next-generation sequencing technologies will likely promote a proliferation of genome sequences for additional mosquito species as well as for individual insects. Here we review the current status of genome research in mosquitoes and identify potential areas for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Severson
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA.
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Tabachnick WJ. Challenges in predicting climate and environmental effects on vector-borne disease episystems in a changing world. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 213:946-54. [PMID: 20190119 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.037564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Vector-borne pathogens cause enormous suffering to humans and animals. Many are expanding their range into new areas. Dengue, West Nile and Chikungunya have recently caused substantial human epidemics. Arthropod-borne animal diseases like Bluetongue, Rift Valley fever and African horse sickness pose substantial threats to livestock economies around the world. Climate change can impact the vector-borne disease epidemiology. Changes in climate will influence arthropod vectors, their life cycles and life histories, resulting in changes in both vector and pathogen distribution and changes in the ability of arthropods to transmit pathogens. Climate can affect the way pathogens interact with both the arthropod vector and the human or animal host. Predicting and mitigating the effects of future changes in the environment like climate change on the complex arthropod-pathogen-host epidemiological cycle requires understanding of a variety of complex mechanisms from the molecular to the population level. Although there has been substantial progress on many fronts the challenges to effectively understand and mitigate the impact of potential changes in the environment on vector-borne pathogens are formidable and at an early stage of development. The challenges will be explored using several arthropod-borne pathogen systems as illustration, and potential avenues to meet the challenges will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Tabachnick
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, IFAS, 200 9th Street, SE, Vero Beach, Florida, USA.
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18
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Lambrechts L, Knox TB, Wong J, Liebman KA, Albright RG, Stoddard ST. Shifting priorities in vector biology to improve control of vector-borne disease. Trop Med Int Health 2009; 14:1505-14. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02401.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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19
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Boëte C. Anopheles mosquitoes: not just flying malaria vectors... especially in the field. Trends Parasitol 2008; 25:53-5. [PMID: 19095498 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2008.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Revised: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The polymorphism of genes involved in the immunity of malaria vectors has been the subject of several recent studies with mosquitoes from natural populations. Most of the genes examined are known for their role against Plasmodium berghei and not necessarily for their role against Plasmodium falciparum. It seems, therefore, to be highly important not only to be cautious when linking natural selection with malaria epidemiology but also to consider the importance of other parasites and the environment on the mosquito genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Boëte
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Structure Gestion des Personnels, 44 bd de Dunkerque, 13572 Marseille, Cedex 02, France.
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20
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21
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Applications of mosquito ecology for successful insect transgenesis-based disease prevention programs. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008. [PMID: 18510022 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-78225-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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22
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Aliota MT, Fuchs JF, Mayhew GF, Chen CC, Christensen BM. Mosquito transcriptome changes and filarial worm resistance in Armigeres subalbatus. BMC Genomics 2007; 8:463. [PMID: 18088420 PMCID: PMC2234435 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Armigeres subalbatus is a natural vector of the filarial worm Brugia pahangi, but it rapidly and proficiently kills Brugia malayi microfilariae by melanotic encapsulation. Because B. malayi and B. pahangi are morphologically and biologically similar, the Armigeres-Brugia system serves as a valuable model for studying the resistance mechanisms in mosquito vectors. We have initiated transcriptome profiling studies in Ar. subalbatus to identify molecular components involved in B. malayi refractoriness. Results These initial studies assessed the transcriptional response of Ar. subalbatus to B. malayi at 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hrs after an infective blood feed. In this investigation, we initiated the first holistic study conducted on the anti-filarial worm immune response in order to effectively explore the functional roles of immune-response genes following a natural exposure to the parasite. Studies assessing the transcriptional response revealed the involvement of unknown and conserved unknowns, cytoskeletal and structural components, and stress and immune responsive factors. The data show that the anti-filarial worm immune response by Ar. subalbatus to be a highly complex, tissue-specific process involving varied effector responses working in concert with blood cell-mediated melanization. Conclusion This initial study provides a foundation and direction for future studies, which will more fully dissect the nature of the anti-filarial worm immune response in this mosquito-parasite system. The study also argues for continued studies with RNA generated from both hemocytes and whole bodies to fully expound the nature of the anti-filarial worm immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Aliota
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, 1656 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
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23
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Huho BJ, Ng'habi KR, Killeen GF, Nkwengulila G, Knols BGJ, Ferguson HM. Nature beats nurture: a case study of the physiological fitness of free-living and laboratory-reared male Anopheles gambiae s.l. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 210:2939-47. [PMID: 17690243 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.005033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory experimentation forms the basis for most of our knowledge of the biology of many organisms, in particular insects. However, the accuracy with which laboratory-derived estimates of insect life history and behaviour can predict their fitness and population dynamics in the wild is rarely validated. Such comparison is especially important in cases where laboratory-derived information is used to formulate and implement strategies for the genetic control of insects in nature. We have conducted a comparative study of the reproductive potential and life history of male Anopheles gambiae Gilies sensu lato mosquitoes from both standardized laboratory conditions and from natural field settings. We measured three indirect indicators of male mosquito fitness: energetic reserves, body size and survival, in a bid to determine whether the demographics and energetic limitations of wild males can be correctly predicted from their laboratory counterparts. Crucially, the body size and lipid reserves of wild males were substantially greater than those reared under standard laboratory conditions. We caution that the energetic limitations of insects as identified in the laboratory may underestimate their resilience in the wild, and discuss the implications of this phenomenon with respect to vector-borne disease control programmes based on genetic control of mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Huho
- Public Health Entomology Unit, Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre, PO Box 53, Off Mlabani Passage Ifakara, Tanzania.
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24
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Catteruccia F. Malaria vector control in the third millennium: progress and perspectives of molecular approaches. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2007; 63:634-40. [PMID: 17373671 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Remarkable progress has been made towards a deeper understanding of mosquito biology since the completion of the Anopheles gambiae Giles genome project. Combined with the development of efficient transgenic technologies for genetic modification of major vector species and the availability of powerful molecular, genetic and bioinformatics tools, this is allowing the identification of genes involved in mosquito biological functions crucial to malaria transmission, ranging from host-seeking behaviour and innate immunity to insecticide resistance. Moreover, population genetic studies are beginning to elucidate the complex structure of vector populations. Finally, novel methods for malaria control are emerging that are based on the use of genetically modified mosquitoes either to interrupt the journey of the Plasmodium parasite within its insect host or to suppress those mosquito species that function as vectors for parasite transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaminia Catteruccia
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Imperial College Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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25
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Chadee DD, Kittayapong P, Morrison AC, Tabachnick WJ. A Breakthrough for Global Public Health. Science 2007; 316:1703-4. [PMID: 17588917 DOI: 10.1126/science.1138904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dave D Chadee
- Department of Life Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad.
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26
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DIXIT RAJNIKANT, DIXIT SARITA, ROY UPAL, SHOUCHE YOGESHS, GAKHAR SURENDRA. Partial genomic organization of ribosomal protein S7 gene from malaria vector Anopheles stephensi. INSECT SCIENCE 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7917.2007.00131.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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27
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McElroy KL, Tsetsarkin KA, Vanlandingham DL, Higgs S. Role of the yellow fever virus structural protein genes in viral dissemination from the Aedes aegypti mosquito midgut. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:2993-3001. [PMID: 16963758 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Live-attenuated virus vaccines are key components in controlling arboviral diseases, but they must not disseminate in or be transmitted by mosquito vectors. Although the cycles in which many mosquito-borne viruses are transmitted are well understood, the role of viral genetics in these processes has not been fully elucidated. Yellow fever virus (YFV) is an important arbovirus and the prototype member of the family Flaviviridae. Here, YFV was used in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes as a model to investigate the genetic basis of infection and dissemination in mosquitoes. Viruses derived from infectious clones and chimeric viruses with defined sequential manipulations were used to investigate the influence of specific sequences within the membrane and envelope structural protein genes on dissemination of virus from the mosquito midgut. Substitution of domain III of the envelope protein from a midgut-restricted YFV into a wild-type YFV resulted in a marked decrease in virus dissemination, suggesting an important role for domain III in this process. However, synergism between elements within the flavivirus structural and non-structural protein genes may be necessary for efficient virus escape from the mosquito midgut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate L McElroy
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
| | - Konstantin A Tsetsarkin
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
| | - Dana L Vanlandingham
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
| | - Stephen Higgs
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
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28
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Huho BJ, Ng'habi KR, Killeen GF, Nkwengulila G, Knols BGJ, Ferguson HM. A reliable morphological method to assess the age of male Anopheles gambiae. Malar J 2006; 5:62. [PMID: 16872516 PMCID: PMC1570359 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-5-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2006] [Accepted: 07/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Release of genetically-modified (GM) or sterile male mosquitoes for malaria control is hampered by inability to assess the age and mating history of free-living male Anopheles. METHODS Age and mating-related changes in the reproductive system of male Anopheles gambiae were quantified and used to fit predictive statistical models. These models, based on numbers of spermatocysts, relative size of sperm reservoir and presence/absence of a clear area around the accessory gland, were evaluated using an independent sample of mosquitoes whose status was blinded during the experiment. RESULTS The number of spermatocysts in male testes decreased with age, and the relative size of their sperm reservoir increased. The presence of a clear area around accessory glands was also linked to age and mating status. A quantitative model was able to categorize males from the blind trial into age groups of young (< or = 4 days) and old (> 4 days) with an overall efficiency of 89%. Using the parameters of this model, a simple table was compiled that can be used to predict male age. In contrast, mating history could not be reliably assessed as virgins could not be distinguished from mated males. CONCLUSION Simple assessment of a few morphological traits which are easily collected in the field allows accurate age-grading of male An. gambiae. This simple, yet robust, model enables evaluation of demographic patterns and mortality in wild and released males in populations targeted by GM or sterile male-based control programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette J Huho
- Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre, PO Box 53, Off Mlabani Passage, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Department of Zoology and Marine Biology, University of Dar es Salaam, PO Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Kija R Ng'habi
- Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre, PO Box 53, Off Mlabani Passage, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Department of Zoology and Marine Biology, University of Dar es Salaam, PO Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Gerry F Killeen
- Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre, PO Box 53, Off Mlabani Passage, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Swiss Tropical Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel, C4-4002, Switzerland
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Gamba Nkwengulila
- Department of Zoology and Marine Biology, University of Dar es Salaam, PO Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Bart GJ Knols
- International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Agency's Laboratories Seibersdorf, Seibersdorf A-2444, Austria
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Heather M Ferguson
- Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre, PO Box 53, Off Mlabani Passage, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Lambrechts L, Chavatte JM, Snounou G, Koella JC. Environmental influence on the genetic basis of mosquito resistance to malaria parasites. Proc Biol Sci 2006; 273:1501-6. [PMID: 16777744 PMCID: PMC1560309 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2006.3483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic basis of a host's resistance to parasites has important epidemiological and evolutionary consequences. Understanding this genetic basis can be complicated by non-genetic factors, such as environmental quality, which may influence the expression of genetic resistance and profoundly alter patterns of disease and the host's response to selection. In particular, understanding the environmental influence on the genetic resistance of mosquitoes to malaria gives valuable knowledge concerning the use of malaria-resistant transgenic mosquitoes as a measure of malaria control. We made a step towards this understanding by challenging eight isofemale lines of the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi with the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii yoelii and by feeding the mosquitoes with different concentrations of glucose. The isofemale lines differed in infection loads (the numbers of oocysts), corroborating earlier studies showing a genetic basis of resistance. In contrast, the proportion of infected mosquitoes did not differ among lines, suggesting that the genetic component underlying infection load differs from the genetic component underlying infection rate. In addition, the mean infection load and, in particular, its heritable variation in mosquitoes depended on the concentration of glucose, which suggests that the environment affects the expression and the evolution of the mosquitoes' resistance in nature. We found no evidence of genotype-by-environment interactions, i.e. the lines responded similarly to environmental variation. Overall, these results indicate that environmental variation can significantly reduce the importance of genes in determining the resistance of mosquitoes to malaria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Lambrechts
- CNRS UMR 7103, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, Parasitologie Evolutive, CC 237, CP52, 7 quai St Bernard, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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30
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Tabachnick WJ. Laboratory containment practices for arthropod vectors of human and animal pathogens. Lab Anim (NY) 2006; 35:28-33. [PMID: 16505823 DOI: 10.1038/laban0306-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2006] [Accepted: 01/27/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Arthropod-borne pathogens have an impact on the health and well-being of humans and animals throughout the world. Research involving arthropod vectors of disease is often dependent on the ability to maintain the specific arthropod species in laboratory colonies. The author reviews current arthropod containment practices and discusses their importance from public health and ecological perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Tabachnick
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida-IFAS, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA.
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31
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Lehmann T, Dalton R, Kim EH, Dahl E, Diabate A, Dabire R, Dujardin JP. Genetic contribution to variation in larval development time, adult size, and longevity of starved adults of Anopheles gambiae. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2006; 6:410-6. [PMID: 16524787 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2006.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2005] [Revised: 01/26/2006] [Accepted: 01/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The variation in mosquito life-history traits such as adult size has been studied with respect to environmental factors, but the genetic contribution to such variation has received almost no consideration. Using a full-sib design of F1s produced by wild caught Anopheles gambiae (M molecular form) females, we estimated broad-sense heritability of larval developmental time, adult size (based on dry weight and wing length), and longevity of starved adults. These traits were correlated (at the phenotypic level) with each other in females and males (|r(p)|>0.5, P<0.001). Longevity of starved adults increased with adult size, and both traits (adult longevity and size) decreased with longer larval development. Genetic correlations were lower (|r(g)|>0.45, P<0.05) but provided consistent evidence against a trade off between adult size and larval development time predicting that a mosquito can develop faster into a smaller adult or be a larger adult by a longer development. Estimates of heritability of the three traits were moderate to high (range: 0.05-0.48) and statistically significant (P<0.05), indicating substantial genetic contribution to the phenotypic variation in these traits. These results suggest that adaptive differences are likely to be found in these traits between A. gambiae populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tovi Lehmann
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Chamblee, GA 30041, USA.
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Boëte C. Malaria parasites in mosquitoes: laboratory models, evolutionary temptation and the real world. Trends Parasitol 2005; 21:445-7. [PMID: 16099724 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2005.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2005] [Accepted: 08/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A recent study describing the effect of Plasmodium berghei infection on some Anopheles gambiae immune genes demonstrates that P. berghei is responsible for the upregulation of several genes involved in the immune response that affect parasitic development differently during the ookinete-to-oocyst developmental transition. It is important to question the relevance of such results, which are based on a laboratory model system, when discussing host-parasite interactions and, especially, the development of novel control strategies for malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Boëte
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Laboratoire Génétique et Evolution des Maladies Infectieuses, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501 34394, Montpellier Cedex 05, France.
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33
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Pledger DW, Coates CJ. Mutant Mos1 mariner transposons are hyperactive in Aedes aegypti. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2005; 35:1199-207. [PMID: 16102425 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2005.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2005] [Revised: 05/23/2005] [Accepted: 06/10/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of genetic strategies to control the spread of mosquito-borne diseases through the use of class II transposons has been hampered by suboptimal rates of transformation and the absence of post-integration mobility for all transposons evaluated to date. Two Mos1 mariner transposase mutants were produced by the site-directed mutagenesis of amino acids, E137 and E264, to K and R, respectively. The effects of these mutations on the transpositional activities of Mos1-derived transposon constructs were evaluated by interplasmid transposition assays in Escherichia coli and Aedes aegypti. The transpositional activities of two Mos1 transposons, one with imperfect wild type inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) and another that contained two perfectly matched 3' ITRs, were increased when the mutant transposases were supplied in trans in E. coli. The use of the perfect repeat transposon with wild type transposase did not result in an increase in transposition frequency in Ae. aegypti. However, an improvement in the integrity of the transposition process did occur, as evidenced by a lower rate of recombination events in which the transgene was transferred. An increase in the transpositional activity of the perfect repeat transposon was observed in the mosquito in the presence of either mutant transposase, and in the case of the E264R transposase, the observed increase in transposition frequency was also accompanied by a further improvement in the integrity of transposition. We discuss the possible contributions of these mutant residues to the transposition of the perfect repeat Mos1 transposon, the implications of these results with respect to the molecular evolution of Mos1, and the potential uses of the perfect repeat transposon and mutant transposases for the improvement of Mos1 mediated germ line transformation of Ae. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Pledger
- Department of Biology (MSC-158), Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
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Ng'habi KR, John B, Nkwengulila G, Knols BGJ, Killeen GF, Ferguson HM. Effect of larval crowding on mating competitiveness of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. Malar J 2005; 4:49. [PMID: 16197541 PMCID: PMC1260028 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-4-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2005] [Accepted: 09/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The success of sterile or transgenic Anopheles for malaria control depends on their mating competitiveness within wild populations. Current evidence suggests that transgenic mosquitoes have reduced fitness. One means of compensating for this fitness deficit would be to identify environmental conditions that increase their mating competitiveness, and incorporate them into laboratory rearing regimes. Methods Anopheles gambiae larvae were allocated to three crowding treatments with the same food input per larva. Emerged males were competed against one another for access to females, and their corresponding longevity and energetic reserves measured. Results Males from the low-crowding treatment were much more likely to acquire the first mating. They won the first female approximately 11 times more often than those from the high-crowding treatment (Odds ratio = 11.17) and four times more often than those from the medium-crowding treatment (Odds ratio = 3.51). However, there was no overall difference in the total number of matings acquired by males from different treatments (p = 0.08). The survival of males from the low crowding treatment was lower than those from other treatments. The body size and teneral reserves of adult males did not differ between crowding treatments, but larger males were more likely to acquire mates than small individuals. Conclusion Larval crowding and body size have strong, independent effects on the mating competitiveness of adult male An. gambiae. Thus manipulation of larval crowding during mass rearing could provide a simple technique for boosting the competitiveness of sterile or transgenic male mosquitoes prior to release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kija R Ng'habi
- Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre (IHRDC), P. O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
- University of Dar es Salaam, P. O. Box 35064 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Bernadette John
- Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre (IHRDC), P. O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
- University of Dar es Salaam, P. O. Box 35064 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Gamba Nkwengulila
- University of Dar es Salaam, P. O. Box 35064 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Bart GJ Knols
- International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Agency's Laboratories Seibersdorf, Seibersdorf A-2444, Austria
- Laboratory of Entomology. P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerry F Killeen
- Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre (IHRDC), P. O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Heather M Ferguson
- Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre (IHRDC), P. O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Laboratory of Entomology. P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce M Christensen
- Department of Animal Health and Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1656 Linden Drive, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1520, USA.
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