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Elkins BH, Portilla M, Allen KC, Little NS, Mullen RM, Paulk RT, Read QD. Sublethal effects of a commercial Bt product and Bt cotton flowers on the bollworm (Helicoverpa zea) with impacts to predation from a lady beetle (Hippodamia convergens). PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302941. [PMID: 38709777 PMCID: PMC11073675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Insecticidal Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) toxins produced by transgenic cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants have become an essential component of cotton pest management. Bt toxins are the primary management tool in transgenic cotton for lepidopteran pests, the most important of which is the bollworm (Helicoverpa zea Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the United States (U.S.). However, bollworm larvae that survive after consuming Bt toxins may experience sublethal effects, which could alter interactions with other organisms, such as natural enemies. Experiments were conducted to evaluate how sublethal effects of a commercial Bt product (Dipel) incorporated into artificial diet and from Bt cotton flowers impact predation from the convergent lady beetle (Hippodamia convergens Guérin-Méneville) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), common in cotton fields of the mid-southern U.S. Sublethal effects were detected through reduced weight and slower development in bollworm larvae which fed on Dipel incorporated into artificial diet, Bollgard II, and Bollgard 3 cotton flowers. Sublethal effects from proteins incorporated into artificial diet were found to significantly alter predation from third instar lady beetle larvae. Predation of bollworm larvae also increased significantly after feeding for three days on a diet incorporated with Bt proteins. These results suggest that the changes in larval weight and development induced by Bt can be used to help predict consumption of bollworm larvae by the convergent lady beetle. These findings are essential to understanding the potential level of biological control in Bt cotton where lepidopteran larvae experience sublethal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake H. Elkins
- Southern Insect Management Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Stoneville, MS, United States of America
| | - Maribel Portilla
- Southern Insect Management Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Stoneville, MS, United States of America
| | - Kerry Clint Allen
- Southern Insect Management Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Stoneville, MS, United States of America
| | - Nathan S. Little
- Southern Insect Management Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Stoneville, MS, United States of America
| | - Regina M. Mullen
- Southern Insect Management Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Stoneville, MS, United States of America
| | - Ryan T. Paulk
- Southern Insect Management Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Stoneville, MS, United States of America
| | - Quentin D. Read
- Southeast Area, USDA-ARS, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
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2
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Matioli TF, de Bastos Pazini J, da Silva MR, Santana EDR, Yamamoto PT. Sublethal and Transgenerational Effects of Reduced-Risk Insecticides on Macrolophus basicornis (Hemiptera: Miridae). NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 53:383-390. [PMID: 38228816 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-023-01115-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Reduced-risk insecticides and mirid predators have been used to control Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in tomato crops. However, even when causing low mortality to the beneficial insects, these products might cause side effects. This study investigated the sublethal and transgenerational effects of buprofezin, cyantraniliprole, and spiromesifen on Macrolophus basicornis (Stal) (Hemiptera: Miridae). After 72 h of exposure of third-instar nymphs and adults to residues on tomato leaves, adult couples were formed and kept in cages with residue-free tomato leaves. The leaves were changed every 48 h and the offspring were assessed in 6 different periods. Body size was assessed by measuring the hind-tibia length of adults (F0) from exposed nymphs and in three different offspring groups. None of the insecticide residues caused a reduction on offspring populations or affected the body size of adults in generation F0. Regardless, buprofezin and spiromesifen reduced the tibia length of adults (F1) from exposed nymphs assayed in the third mating period. Cyantraniliprole did not affect any parameter and could be recommended for control of B. tabaci in association with M. basicornis releases. This study may contribute to future field assays of the compatibility of these insecticides with M. basicornis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Fagundes Matioli
- Dept of Entomology and Acarology, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, Univ of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Juliano de Bastos Pazini
- Dept of Entomology and Acarology, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, Univ of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Rosa da Silva
- Dept of Entomology and Acarology, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, Univ of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emile Dayara Rabelo Santana
- Dept of Entomology and Acarology, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, Univ of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro Takao Yamamoto
- Dept of Entomology and Acarology, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, Univ of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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3
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Hamze R, Nuvoli MT, Pirino C, Ruiu L. Compatibility of the bacterial entomopathogen Pseudomonas protegens with the natural predator Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). J Invertebr Pathol 2022; 194:107828. [PMID: 36087780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2022.107828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The susceptibility of the green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea to the soil-dwelling bacterial entomopathogen Pseudomonas protegens CHA0 was investigated in this study. Laboratory bioassays were conducted on larval instars exposed to different bacterial concentrations by both direct feeding and indirectly by offering a pre-treated insect prey. Potential toxicity was assessed through dose-response bioassays, while possible sublethal effects were evaluated on immature development time and the reproductive performance (fecundity) of adults emerging from treated juveniles. As a result, no significant effects were observed on larval survival and development in a comparison between treated and untreated (control) groups. No significant impact on adult emergence and no detrimental effects on female fecundity were detected. Everything considered, the use of P. protegens in the agroecosystem appears to be compatible with chrysopids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim Hamze
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Tiziana Nuvoli
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Carolina Pirino
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Luca Ruiu
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
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4
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García-Ruiz E, Cobos G, Sánchez-Ramos I, Pascual S, Chueca MC, Escorial MC, Santín-Montanyá I, Loureiro Í, González-Núñez M. Dynamics of canopy-dwelling arthropods under different weed management options, including glyphosate, in conventional and genetically modified insect-resistant maize. INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:1121-1138. [PMID: 32458593 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of genetically modified varieties tolerant to herbicides (HT varieties) and resistant to insects (Bt varieties) in combination with application of a broad-spectrum herbicide such as glyphosate could be an effective option for the simultaneous control of weeds and pests in maize. Nevertheless, the possible impact of these tools on nontarget arthropods still needs to be evaluated. In a field study in central Spain, potential changes in populations of canopy-dwelling arthropods in Bt maize under different weed management options, including glyphosate application, were investigated. Canopy-dwelling arthropods were sampled by visual inspection and yellow sticky traps. The Bt variety had no effect on any group of studied arthropods, except for the expected case of corn borers-the target pests of Bt maize. Regarding the effects of herbicide regimes, the only observed difference was a lower abundance of Cicadellidae and Mymaridae on yellow sticky traps in plots not treated with pre-emergence herbicides. This effect was especially pronounced in a treatment involving two glyphosate applications. The decrease in Cicadellidae and Mymaridae populations was associated with a higher density of weeds in plots, which may have hindered colonization of the crop by leafhoppers. These differences, however, were only significant in the last year of the study. The low likelihood of the use of glyphosate- and herbicide-tolerant varieties for weed control triggering important effects on the nontarget arthropod fauna of the maize canopy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban García-Ruiz
- Plant Protection Department, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Cobos
- Plant Protection Department, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ismael Sánchez-Ramos
- Plant Protection Department, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Pascual
- Plant Protection Department, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Cristina Chueca
- Plant Protection Department, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Concepción Escorial
- Plant Protection Department, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Santín-Montanyá
- Plant Protection Department, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Íñigo Loureiro
- Plant Protection Department, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel González-Núñez
- Plant Protection Department, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
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Singh D, Samiksha, Thayil SM, Sohal SK, Kesavan AK. Exploration of insecticidal potential of Cry protein purified from Bacillus thuringiensis VIID1. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 174:362-369. [PMID: 33493564 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Insect pests are a threat to agriculture as they cause a loss of 15-22% to economically important crops every year. Bacillus thuringiensis produces parasporal crystal inclusions that have insecticidal 'Cry' proteins which are toxic to insect larvae of the order Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Diptera, etc. In the present study, 40 different soil samples from Amritsar and its surrounding areas were selected for isolation of B. thuringiensis. The rod shaped, gram-positive bacterial isolates were further analyzed for characteristic crystal formation using phase contrast and scanning electron microscopy. 6 Bacillus samples containing cry genes were identified using the universal primers for cry genes, of which one isolate exhibited a protein band of ~95 kDa. This protein was purified using a Sephadex G-75 column. The insecticidal assays conducted with purified Cry protein on insect larvae of lepidopteran and dipteran orders viz. Spodoptera litura, Galleria malonella, Bactrocera cucurbitae and Culex pipens revealed considerable detrimental effects. A significant increase in larval mortality was observed for the larvae of all insects in a concentration dependent manner when treated with Cry protein purified from B. thuringenisis VIID1. The purified Cry protein did not have any significant effect on honey bee larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drishtant Singh
- Molecular Microbiology Lab, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Samiksha
- Insect Physiology Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Seema Madhumal Thayil
- Molecular Microbiology Lab, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Satwinder Kaur Sohal
- Insect Physiology Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Anup Kumar Kesavan
- Molecular Microbiology Lab, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India.
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6
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Ruiu L, Lazzeri AM, Nuvoli MT, Floris I, Satta A. Safety evaluation of the entomopathogenic bacterium Brevibacillus laterosporus for the green lacewing Chrysoperla agilis (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). J Invertebr Pathol 2020; 169:107281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2019.107281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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7
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Dai P, Wang M, Geng L, Yan Z, Yang Y, Guo L, Ma S, Diao Q. The effect of Bt Cry9Ee toxin on honey bee brood and adults reared in vitro, Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 181:381-387. [PMID: 31212186 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The effects of Bt Cry9Ee toxin on honey bee, Apis mellifera L., survival, developmental rate, larval weight, pollen consumption, and midgut bacterial diversity were tested in the laboratory. Honey bee larvae and adults were reared in vitro and fed a diet that contained Cry9Ee toxin at 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/L. Cry9Ee toxin 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mg/L in diet used in this study may represent a value closer to field relevance and the highest concentration is unlikely to be encountered in the field and thus represent a worst case scenario. The dependent variables were compared for groups of honey bees feeding on treated diet and those feeding on negative control (no addition of a test substance), solvent control (0.01 mM Na2CO3), and positive control diet (dimethoate 45 mg/L). Bt Cry9Ee toxin did not affect survival or larval weight, and the result was great confidence in accepting the null hypothesis by power analysis. The effect on development rates and pollen consumption were the inconclusive results because the post-hoc power was less than 0.8. Furthermore, the midgut bacterial structure and compositions were determined using high-throughput sequencing targeting the V3-V4 regions of the 16S rDNA. All core honey bee intestinal bacterial class such as γ-Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, α-Proteobacteria, Bacilli, β-Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidia were detected, and no significant changes were found in the species diversity and richness between Cry9Ee treatments and laboratory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingli Dai
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
| | - Mengyue Wang
- Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Lili Geng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhenxiong Yan
- Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Lin Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shilong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China; College of Bee Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Qingyun Diao
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
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Pott A, Otto M, Schulz R. Impact of genetically modified organisms on aquatic environments: Review of available data for the risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 635:687-698. [PMID: 29680759 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The aquatic environment is strongly connected to the surrounding agricultural landscapes, which regularly serve as sources of stressors such as agrochemicals. Genetically modified crops, which are cultivated on a large scale in many countries, may also act as stressors. Despite the commercial use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) for over 20years, their impact on the aquatic environment came into focus only 10years ago. We present the status quo of the available scientific data in order to provide an input for informed aquatic risk assessment of GMOs. We could identify only 39 publications, including 84 studies, dealing with GMOs in the aquatic environment, and our analysis shows substantial knowledge gaps. The available information is restricted to a small number of crop plants, traits, events, and test organisms. The analysis of effect studies reveals that only a narrow range of organisms has been tested and that studies on combinatorial actions of stressors are virtually absent. The analysis of fate studies shows that many aspects, such as the fate of leached toxins, degradation of plant material, and distribution of crop residues in the aquatic habitat, are insufficiently investigated. Together with these research needs, we identify standardization of test methods as an issue of high priority, both for research and risk assessment needed for GMO regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Pott
- Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN), Konstantinstrasse 110, 53179 Bonn, Germany; Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, 76829 Landau, Germany.
| | - Mathias Otto
- Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN), Konstantinstrasse 110, 53179 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ralf Schulz
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, 76829 Landau, Germany
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Ndolo DO, Songa JM, Lövei GL. Tri-Trophic Impacts of Bt-Transgenic Maize on Parasitoid Size and Fluctuating Asymmetry in Native vs. Novel Host-Parasitoid Interactions in East Africa. INSECTS 2018; 9:insects9020038. [PMID: 29584706 PMCID: PMC6023282 DOI: 10.3390/insects9020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Environmental stress can affect trait size and cause an increase in the fluctuating asymmetry (FA) of bilateral morphological traits in many animals. For insect parasitoids, feeding of hosts on transgenic maize, expressing a Bacillus thuringiensis toxin gene is a potential environmental stressor. We compared the size of antennae, forewings, and tibia, as well as their FA values, in two parasitoids developed on two East African host species feeding on non-transgenic vs. transgenic maize. The two lepidopteran stem-borer hosts were the native Sesamia calamistis Hampson (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and a recent invader, Chilo partellus Swinhoe (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). The two braconid parasitoids were the native, gregarious larval endoparasitoid Cotesia sesamiae and the recently introduced Cotesia flavipes. Both parasitoids attacked both hosts, creating evolutionarily old vs. novel interactions. Transient feeding of hosts on transgenic maize had various effects on FA, depending on trait as well as the host and parasitoid species. These effects were usually stronger in evolutionarily novel host–parasitoid associations than in the older, native ones. These parameters have capacity to more sensitively indicate the effects of potential stressors and merit further consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis O Ndolo
- Biotechnology Centre, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 14733-00800 Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Josephine M Songa
- Biotechnology Centre, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 14733-00800 Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Gábor L Lövei
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg Research Centre, DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark.
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Bt cotton producing Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab does not harm two parasitoids, Cotesia marginiventris and Copidosoma floridanum. Sci Rep 2018; 8:307. [PMID: 29321488 PMCID: PMC5762887 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18620-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) is an important lepidopteran pest on many vegetable and greenhouse crops, and some field crops. Although there are no commercial transgenic Bt vegetable or greenhouse crops, T. ni is a target of Bollgard II cotton, which produces Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab. We expand on previous work that examined the effect of Bt crops on parasitoids using Bt-resistant lepidopteran populations as hosts. Cry1Ac/Cry2Ab-resistant T. ni larvae were used to eliminate host quality effects and to evaluate the direct effects of Bt cotton on the parasitoids Copidosoma floridanum (Ashmead) and Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson). These tri-trophic studies confirm that Bt cotton had no significant impact on development, success of parasitism, survival and adult longevity of C. marginiventris when using Bt-resistant T. ni fed on Bt cotton. Similarly, this Bt cotton had no significant impact on the development, mummy weight and the number of progeny produced by C. floridanum. Our studies verified that lyophilized Bt crop tissue maintained its insecticidal bioactivity when incorporated into an artificial diet, demonstrating that hosts and parasitoids were exposed to active Cry proteins. The egg-larval parasitoid C. floridanum, or similar species that consume their entire host, should be considered useful surrogates in risk assessment of Bt crops to non-target arthropods.
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11
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Latham JR, Love M, Hilbeck A. The distinct properties of natural and GM cry insecticidal proteins. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2017; 33:62-96. [PMID: 28901209 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2017.1357295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The Cry toxins are a family of crystal-forming proteins produced by the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis. Their mode of action is thought to be to create pores that disrupt the gut epithelial membranes of juvenile insects. These pores allow pathogen entry into the hemocoel, thereby killing the insect. Genes encoding a spectrum of Cry toxins, including Cry mutants, Cry chimaeras and other Cry derivatives, are used commercially to enhance insect resistance in genetically modified (GM) crops. In most countries of the world, such GM crops are regulated and must be assessed for human and environmental safety. However, such risk assessments often do not test the GM crop or its tissues directly. Instead, assessments rely primarily on historical information from naturally occurring Cry proteins and on data collected on Cry proteins (called 'surrogates') purified from laboratory strains of bacteria engineered to express Cry protein. However, neither surrogates nor naturally occurring Cry proteins are identical to the proteins to which humans or other nontarget organisms are exposed by the production and consumption of GM plants. To-date there has been no systematic survey of these differences. This review fills this knowledge gap with respect to the most commonly grown GM Cry-containing crops approved for international use. Having described the specific differences between natural, surrogate and GM Cry proteins this review assesses these differences for their potential to undermine the reliability of risk assessments. Lastly, we make specific recommendations for improving risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Angelika Hilbeck
- c Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Institute of Integrative Biology , Universitätstrasse , Zurich , Switzerland
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12
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Martins-Salles S, Machado V, Massochin-Pinto L, Fiuza LM. Genetically modified soybean expressing insecticidal protein (Cry1Ac): Management risk and perspectives. Facets (Ott) 2017. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2017-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A Bt soybean has been recently developed, thus, efficiently regulating the populations of major lepidopteran pests. However, in other cases, these benefits have been reduced or lost because of the rapid evolution of pest resistance to the Bt toxins in transgenic crops. When pest populations are exposed to Bt crops and to refuges (non- Bt plants), the evolution of resistance is governed by the fitness of resistant individuals relative to susceptible individuals for both the presence and absence of Bt toxins. One major ecological concern regarding the biosafety of Bt crops on the environment is their potential effects on non-target organisms, especially predators and parasitoids that play an important role in pest control. This information is important for supporting insect resistance management (IRM) programs and for improving agricultural practices in a crop production system with Bt plants. Before the use of Bt plants for insect pest control in Brazil is adopted, IRM programs should be established to ensure the sustainability of this technology for integrated pest management (IPM). This review presents data on Bt soybean and lepidopteran pests as well as on the importance of natural enemies as a form of biological control, and applications for IPM and IRM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Martins-Salles
- PPG Biology, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS), Avenida Unisinos, 950, São Leopoldo, RS 93022-750, Brazil
| | - Vilmar Machado
- Pós graduação em biotecnologia, Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina—UNOESC, R. Antônio Pinto, 21—Alvorada, Videira, SC 89560-000, Brazil
| | - Laura Massochin-Pinto
- Institute of Technology in Food for Health—itt-Nutrifor, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Av. Unisinos, 950, Cristo Rei, São Leopoldo, RS CEP 93.022-000, Brazil
| | - Lidia M. Fiuza
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Toxicology; EEA—Instituto Rio Grandense do Arroz, Avenida José Bonifácio de Cavalho Bernardes, 1494, Cachoeirinha, RS CEP 94930-030, Brazil
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Naegeli H, Birch AN, Casacuberta J, De Schrijver A, Gralak MA, Guerche P, Jones H, Manachini B, Messéan A, Nielsen EE, Nogué F, Robaglia C, Rostoks N, Sweet J, Tebbe C, Visioli F, Wal JM, Álvarez F, Ardizzone M, Devos Y, Fernández-Dumont A. Annual post-market environmental monitoring (PMEM) report on the cultivation of genetically modified maize MON 810 in 2015 from Monsanto Europe S.A. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04805. [PMID: 32625494 PMCID: PMC7009850 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms of the European Food Safety Authority (GMO Panel) assessed the annual post-market environmental monitoring (PMEM) report for the 2015 growing season of the Cry1Ab-expressing maize event MON 810 provided by Monsanto Europe S.A. The GMO Panel concludes that the insect resistance monitoring data submitted to EFSA do not indicate a decrease in susceptibility of field Iberian populations of corn borers to the Cry1Ab protein during the 2015 season. However, since the methodology for insect resistance monitoring remained unchanged compared to previous PMEM reports, the GMO Panel reiterates its previous recommendations on resistance monitoring to provide sufficient detection sensitivity. Although the farmer alert system to report complaints about product performance could complement the information obtained from the laboratory bioassays, the GMO Panel is currently not in a position to appraise its usefulness, and therefore encourages the consent holder to provide more information on this complementary resistance monitoring tool. The data on general surveillance (GS) do not indicate any unanticipated adverse effects on human and animal health or the environment arising from the cultivation of maize MON 810. The GMO Panel reiterates its previous recommendations on the analysis of farmer questionnaires, and advises the consent holder to provide more detailed information on the conducting and reporting of the literature search in future annual PMEM reports. Moreover, the GMO Panel encourages relevant parties to continue developing a methodological framework to use existing networks in the broader context of environmental monitoring. The GMO Panel concludes that the case-specific monitoring (CSM) and GS activities of maize MON 810 as carried out by the consent holder do not provide evidence that would invalidate previous GMO Panel evaluations on the safety of maize MON 810.
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Arpaia S, Birch ANE, Kiss J, van Loon JJA, Messéan A, Nuti M, Perry JN, Sweet JB, Tebbe CC. Assessing environmental impacts of genetically modified plants on non-target organisms: The relevance of in planta studies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 583:123-132. [PMID: 28095991 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In legal frameworks worldwide, genetically modified plants (GMPs) are subjected to pre-market environmental risk assessment (ERA) with the aim of identifying potential effects on the environment. In the European Union, the EFSA Guidance Document introduces the rationale that GMPs, as well as their newly produced metabolites, represent the potential stressor to be evaluated during ERA. As a consequence, during several phases of ERA for cultivation purposes, it is considered necessary to use whole plants or plant parts in experimental protocols. The importance of in planta studies as a strategy to address impacts of GMPs on non-target organisms is demonstrated, to evaluate both effects due to the intended modification in plant phenotype (e.g. expression of Cry proteins) and effects due to unintended modifications in plant phenotype resulting from the transformation process (e.g. due to somaclonal variations or pleiotropic effects). In planta tests are also necessary for GMPs in which newly expressed metabolites cannot easily be studied in vitro. This paper reviews the scientific literature supporting the choice of in planta studies as a fundamental tool in ERA of GMPs in cultivation dossiers; the evidence indicates they can realistically mimic the ecological relationships occurring in their receiving environments and provide important insights into the biology and sustainable management of GMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jozsef Kiss
- Plant Protection Institute, Szent Istvan University, Gödöllö, Hungary
| | - Joop J A van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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15
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Wang F, Dang C, Chang X, Tian J, Lu Z, Chen Y, Ye G. Variation among conventional cultivars could be used as a criterion for environmental safety assessment of Bt rice on nontarget arthropods. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41918. [PMID: 28167821 PMCID: PMC5294568 DOI: 10.1038/srep41918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The current difficulty facing risk evaluations of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crops on nontarget arthropods (NTAs) is the lack of criteria for determining what represents unacceptable risk. In this study, we investigated the biological parameters in the laboratory and field population abundance of Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) on two Bt rice lines and the non-Bt parent, together with 14 other conventional rice cultivars. Significant difference were found in nymphal duration and fecundity of N. lugens fed on Bt rice KMD2, as well as field population density on 12 October, compared with non-Bt parent. However, compared with the variation among conventional rice cultivars, the variation of each parameter between Bt rice and the non-Bt parent was much smaller, which can be easily seen from low-high bar graphs and also the coefficient of variation value (C.V). The variation among conventional cultivars is proposed to be used as a criterion for the safety assessment of Bt rice on NTAs, particularly when statistically significant differences in several parameters are found between Bt rice and its non-Bt parent. Coefficient of variation is suggested as a promising parameter for ecological risk judgement of IRGM rice on NTAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Cong Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xuefei Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Junce Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Zengbin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Gongyin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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16
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Then C, Bauer-Panskus A. Possible health impacts of Bt toxins and residues from spraying with complementary herbicides in genetically engineered soybeans and risk assessment as performed by the European Food Safety Authority EFSA. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EUROPE 2017; 29:1. [PMID: 28133586 PMCID: PMC5236067 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-016-0099-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MON89788 was the first genetically engineered soybean worldwide to express a Bt toxin. Under the brand name Intacta, Monsanto subsequently engineered a stacked trait soybean using MON89788 and MON87701-this stacked soybean expresses an insecticidal toxin and is, in addition, tolerant to glyphosate. After undergoing risk assessment by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), the stacked event was authorised for import into the EU in June 2012, including for use in food and feed. This review discusses the health risks associated with Bt toxins present in these genetically engineered plants and the residues left from spraying with the complementary herbicide. RESULTS We have compared the opinion published by EFSA [1] with findings from other publications in the scientific literature. It is evident that there are several issues that EFSA did not consider in detail and which will need further assessment: (1) There are potential combinatorial effects between plant components and other impact factors that might enhance toxicity. (2) It is known that Bt toxins have immunogenic properties; since soybeans naturally contain many allergens, these immunogenic properties raise specific questions. (3) Fully evaluated and reliable protocols for measuring the Bt concentration in the plants are needed, in addition to a comprehensive set of data on gene expression under varying environmental conditions. (4) Specific attention should be paid to the herbicide residues and their interaction with Bt toxins. CONCLUSIONS The case of the Intacta soybeans highlights several regulatory problems with Bt soybean plants in the EU. Moreover, many of the issues raised also concern other genetically engineered plants that express insecticidal proteins, or are engineered to be resistant to herbicides, or have those two types of traits combined in stacked events. It remains a matter of debate whether the standards currently applied by the risk assessor, EFSA, and the risk manager, the EU Commission, meet the standards for risk analysis defined in EU regulations such as 1829/2003 and Directive 2001/18. While this publication cannot provide a final conclusion, it allows the development of some robust hypotheses that should be investigated further before such plants can be considered to be safe for health and the environment. In general, the concept of comparative risk assessment needs some major revision. Priority should be given to developing more targeted approaches. As shown in the case of Intacta, these approaches should include: (i) systematic investigation of interactions between the plant genome and environmental stressors as well as their impact on gene expression and plant composition; (ii) detailed investigations of the toxicity of Bt toxins; (iii) assessment of combinatorial effects taking into account long-term effects and the residues from spraying with complementary herbicides; (iv) investigation into the impact on the immune and hormonal systems and (v) investigation of the impact on the intestinal microbiome after consumption. Further and in general, stacked events displaying a high degree of complexity due to possible interactions should not undergo a lower level of risk assessment than the parental plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Then
- Testbiotech, Institute for Independent Impact Assessment in Biotechnology, Frohschammerstr. 14, 80807 Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Bauer-Panskus
- Testbiotech, Institute for Independent Impact Assessment in Biotechnology, Frohschammerstr. 14, 80807 Munich, Germany
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17
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Lazebnik J, Arpaia S, Baldacchino F, Banzato P, Moliterni S, Vossen JH, van de Zande EM, van Loon JJA. Effects of a genetically modified potato on a non-target aphid are outweighed by cultivar differences. JOURNAL OF PEST SCIENCE 2017; 90:855-864. [PMID: 28572750 PMCID: PMC5429349 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-017-0831-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Insect-plant interactions may be unintentionally affected when introducing genetically modified (GM) crops into an agro-ecosystem. Our aim was to test the non-target effects of a late blight-resistant GM potato on Myzus persicae in greenhouse and climate room experiments and understand how position and number of R gene insertions can affect non-targets in GM events. We also aimed to compare results to baseline differences among three conventional potato varieties varying in resistance to late blight. Aphid development and survival were affected by some GM events in the first generation, though effects disappeared in the second generation. Effects were not dependent on the presence of a marker gene or the insertion of a second resistance gene. Positional effects of gene insertion influenced aphid performance on certain GM events. However, aphid fitness varied considerably more between conventional potato varieties than between Désirée and the GM events. Comparing different GM events to the non-transformed variety is relevant, since unintended effects of insertion can occur. Our protocols can be recommended for in planta risk assessments with aphids. Ecological perspective is gained by selecting several measured endpoints and by comparing the results with a baseline of conventional cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Lazebnik
- Wageningen University and Research, Entomology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Paolo Banzato
- Wageningen University and Research, Entomology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jack H. Vossen
- Wageningen University and Research, Plant Breeding, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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18
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Yao YS, Han P, Niu CY, Dong YC, Gao XW, Cui JJ, Desneux N. Transgenic Bt Cotton Does Not Disrupt the Top-Down Forces Regulating the Cotton Aphid in Central China. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166771. [PMID: 27870914 PMCID: PMC5117714 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Top-down force is referred to arthropod pest management delivered by the organisms from higher trophic levels. In the context of prevalent adoption of transgenic Bt crops that produce insecticidal Cry proteins derived from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), it still remains elusive whether the top-down forces are affected by the insect-resistant traits that introduced into the Bt crops. We explored how Bt cotton affect the strength of top-down forces via arthropod natural enemies in regulating a non-target pest species, the cotton aphid Aphis gossypii Glover, using a comparative approach (i.e. Bt cotton vs. conventional cotton) under field conditions. To determine top-down forces, we manipulated predation/parasitism exposure of the aphid to their natural enemies using exclusion cages. We found that the aphid population growth was strongly suppressed by the dominant natural enemies including Coccinellids, spiders and Aphidiines parasitoids. Coccinellids, spiders and the assemblage of other arthropod natural enemies (mainly lacewings and Hemipteran bugs) are similarly abundant in both plots, but with the parasitoid mummies less abundant in Bt cotton plots compared to the conventional cotton plots. However, the lower abundance of parasitoids in Bt cotton plots alone did not translate into differential top-down control on A. gossypii populations compared to conventional ones. Overall, the top-down forces were equally strong in both plots. We conclude that transgenic Bt cotton does not disrupt the top-down forces regulating the cotton aphid in central China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Sheng Yao
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,College of Plant Science, Tarim University, Alar, China
| | - Peng Han
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Chang-Ying Niu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong-Cheng Dong
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi-Wu Gao
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Jie Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research CAAS, Anyang, China
| | - Nicolas Desneux
- INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
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19
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Paula DP, Souza LMDE, Andow DA, Sousa AATCDE, Pires CSS, Sujii ER. Artificial tritrophic exposure system for environmental risk analysis on aphidophagous predators. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2016; 88:1569-75. [PMID: 27627070 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201620150883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated an artificial tritrophic exposure system for use in ecotoxicological evaluations of environmental stressors on aphidophagous predators. It consists of an acrylic tube with a Parafilm M sachet containing liquid aphid diet, into which can be added environmental stressors. Immature Cycloneda sanguinea, Harmonia axyridis and Chrysoperla externa, and adult H. axyridis were reared on Myzus persicae. Larval and pupal development and survival of all species and reproductive parameters of H. axyridis were similar to published results. The system provides a suitable tritrophic exposure route, enables ex-ante evaluation of stressors, and improves the accuracy of the assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora P Paula
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Parque Estação Biológica, Avenida W5 Norte (final), 70770-917 Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Lucas M DE Souza
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Parque Estação Biológica, Avenida W5 Norte (final), 70770-917 Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - David A Andow
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 219 Hodson Hall, 1980 Folwell Ave., St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Alex A T Cortês DE Sousa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Parque Estação Biológica, Avenida W5 Norte (final), 70770-917 Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Carmen S S Pires
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Parque Estação Biológica, Avenida W5 Norte (final), 70770-917 Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Edison R Sujii
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Parque Estação Biológica, Avenida W5 Norte (final), 70770-917 Brasília, DF, Brasil
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20
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Biocontrol of the oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata, by the tachinid fly Exorista civilis is synergized by Cry1Ab protoxin. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26873. [PMID: 27324469 PMCID: PMC4914922 DOI: 10.1038/srep26873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Tritrophic interactions between Mythimna separata, its tachinid parasite Exorista civilis and the Cry1Ab were examined. Although 6th instar M. separata mortality increased with increasing Cry1Ab concentration, some tolerance was evident. Likewise, parasitization by E. civilis resulted in only 18% host mortality. However, combination of Cry1Ab and E. civilis parasitization resulted in a significant Cry1Ab dose-dependent increase in mortality over that of either alone, including a 50–56% synergistic increase in efficacy at the two concentrations tested. Pupal weight, adult emergence and lifetime fecundity of M. separata derived from larvae surviving both agents were negatively affected. The ability of E. civilis to parasitize and subsequently develop on the host was not adversely influenced by Cry1Ab. Instead, pupation rate increased significantly among host larvae fed 3.125 μg/g Cry1Ab diet. Overall, our results demonstrate that use of Cry1Ab to control M. separata not only is compatible with the use of the tachinid parasitoid, but that the two methods can act synergistically to manage this destructive pest, provide support for the safety of transgenic Cry1Ab Bt plants in China. This example of two independent pest management strategies acting synergistically against a difficult pest offers a new perspective of broad significance in striving for agricultural sustainability.
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21
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Catarino R, Ceddia G, Areal F, Parisey N, Park J. Managing maize under pest species competition: Is
Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis)
maize the solution? Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Catarino
- Economic and Social Sciences Research DivisionSchool of Agriculture, Policy and DevelopmentUniversity of Reading Reading RG6 6AR UK
| | - Graziano Ceddia
- Public Governance and Sustainable DevelopmentModul University Vienna Austria
| | - Francisco Areal
- Economic and Social Sciences Research DivisionSchool of Agriculture, Policy and DevelopmentUniversity of Reading Reading RG6 6AR UK
| | - Nicolas Parisey
- Ecologie et Génétique des InsectesInstitut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des PlantesINRA Rennes France
| | - Julian Park
- Economic and Social Sciences Research DivisionSchool of Agriculture, Policy and DevelopmentUniversity of Reading Reading RG6 6AR UK
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22
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Dai PL, Jia HR, Geng LL, Diao QY. Bt Toxin Cry1Ie Causes No Negative Effects on Survival, Pollen Consumption, or Olfactory Learning in Worker Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 109:1028-1033. [PMID: 27122497 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tow088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The honey bee ( Apis mellifera L.) is a key nontarget insect in environmental risk assessments of insect-resistant genetically modified crops. In controlled laboratory conditions, we evaluated the potential effects of Cry1Ie toxin on survival, pollen consumption, and olfactory learning of young adult honey bees. We exposed worker bees to syrup containing 20, 200, or 20,000 ng/ml Cry1Ie toxin, and also exposed some bees to 48 ng/ml imidacloprid as a positive control for exposure to a sublethal concentration of a toxic product. Results suggested that Cry1Ie toxin carries no risk to survival, pollen consumption, or learning capabilities of young adult honey bees. However, during oral exposure to the imidacloprid treatments, honey bee learning behavior was affected and bees consumed significantly less pollen than the control and Cry1Ie groups.
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23
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Annual post‐market environmental monitoring (PMEM) report on the cultivation of genetically modified maize MON 810 in 2014 from Monsanto Europe S.A. EFSA J 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Campos RC, Hernández MIM. The Importance of Maize Management on Dung Beetle Communities in Atlantic Forest Fragments. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145000. [PMID: 26694874 PMCID: PMC4690589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Dung beetle community structures changes due to the effects of destruction, fragmentation, isolation and decrease in tropical forest area, and therefore are considered ecological indicators. In order to assess the influence of type of maize cultivated and associated maize management on dung beetle communities in Atlantic Forest fragments surrounded by conventional and transgenic maize were evaluated 40 Atlantic Forest fragments of different sizes, 20 surrounded by GM maize and 20 surrounded by conventional maize, in February 2013 and 2014 in Southern Brazil. After applying a sampling protocol in each fragment (10 pitfall traps baited with human feces or carrion exposed for 48 h), a total of 3454 individuals from 44 species were captured: 1142 individuals from 38 species in GM maize surrounded fragments, and 2312 from 42 species in conventional maize surrounded fragments. Differences in dung beetle communities were found between GM and conventional maize communities. As expected for fragmented areas, the covariance analysis showed a greater species richness in larger fragments under both conditions; however species richness was greater in fragments surrounded by conventional maize. Dung beetle structure in the forest fragments was explained by environmental variables, fragment area, spatial distance and also type of maize (transgenic or conventional) associated with maize management techniques. In Southern Brazil’s scenario, the use of GM maize combined with associated agricultural management may be accelerating the loss of diversity in Atlantic Forest areas, and consequently, important ecosystem services provided by dung beetles may be lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Calixto Campos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Malva Isabel Medina Hernández
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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25
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Paula DP, Souza LM, Andow DA. Sequestration and Transfer of Cry Entomotoxin to the Eggs of a Predaceous Ladybird Beetle. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144895. [PMID: 26661738 PMCID: PMC4682807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past 10 years, sequestration of Cry toxins and transfer to offspring has been indicated in three insect species in laboratory studies. This work directly demonstrates the sequestration and intergenerational transfer of Cry1F by the parents of the aphidophagous coccinellid predator, Harmonia axyridis, to its offspring. Recently emerged adults (10 individual couples/cage/treatment) were exposed during 20 days to aphids (100 Myzus persicae each day) that fed on a holidic diet containing 20 μg/mL Cry1F (and a control-group). Egg batches and neonate larvae were monitored daily, and counted and weighed for immunodetection of Cry1F by ELISA. At the end of the bioassay, the parents were weighed and analyzed by ELISA. Cry1F was detected in the offspring, both eggs and neonate larvae, of exposed H. axyridis adults. On average the neonate larvae had 60% of the Cry1F concentration of the eggs from the same egg batch. The Cry1F concentration in the adults was positively correlated with the concentration in their eggs. These three results provided independent evidence of transfer to offspring. No detrimental effects of Cry1F were observed on the age of first reproduction, total number of eggs laid per female, age-specific fecundity, egg development time, hatching rate, or fertility rate. The occurrence and generality of intergenerational transfer of Cry toxins should be investigated in the field to determine its potential ecological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora P. Paula
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Parque Estação Biológica, W5 Norte, P.O. Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770–917, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Lucas M. Souza
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Parque Estação Biológica, W5 Norte, P.O. Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770–917, Brazil
| | - David A. Andow
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 219 Hodson Hall, 1980 Folwell Ave., St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States of America
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The interaction of two-spotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch, with Cry protein production and predation by Amblyseius andersoni (Chant) in Cry1Ac/Cry2Ab cotton and Cry1F maize. Transgenic Res 2015; 25:33-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s11248-015-9917-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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27
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Catarino R, Ceddia G, Areal FJ, Park J. The impact of secondary pests on Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crops. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:601-12. [PMID: 25832330 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The intensification of agriculture and the development of synthetic insecticides enabled worldwide grain production to more than double in the last third of the 20th century. However, the heavy dependence and, in some cases, overuse of insecticides has been responsible for negative environmental and ecological impacts across the globe, such as a reduction in biodiversity, insect resistance to insecticides, negative effects on nontarget species (e.g. natural enemies) and the development of secondary pests. The use of recombinant DNA technology to develop genetically engineered insect-resistant crops could mitigate many of the negative side effects of insecticides. One such genetic alteration enables crops to express toxic crystalline (Cry) proteins from the soil bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Despite the widespread adoption of Bt crops, there are still a range of unanswered questions concerning longer term agro-ecosystem interactions. For instance, insect species that are not susceptible to the expressed toxin can develop into secondary pests and cause significant damage to the crop. Here, we review the main causes surrounding secondary pest dynamics in Bt crops and the impact of such outbreaks. Regardless of the causes, if nonsusceptible secondary pest populations exceed economic thresholds, insecticide spraying could become the immediate solution at farmers' disposal, and the sustainable use of this genetic modification technology may be in jeopardy. Based on the literature, recommendations for future research are outlined that will help to improve the knowledge of the possible long-term ecological trophic interactions of employing this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Catarino
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Graziano Ceddia
- Department of Public Governance and Sustainable Development, MODUL University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Francisco J Areal
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Julian Park
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, UK
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Cuhra M, Traavik T, Dando M, Primicerio R, Holderbaum DF, Bøhn T. Glyphosate-Residues in Roundup-Ready Soybean Impair Daphnia magna Life-Cycle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/jacen.2015.41003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Paula DP, Andow DA, Timbó RV, Sujii ER, Pires CSS, Fontes EMG. Uptake and transfer of a Bt toxin by a Lepidoptera to its eggs and effects on its offspring. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95422. [PMID: 24747962 PMCID: PMC3991689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on non-target effects of transgenic crop plants has focused primarily on bitrophic, tritrophic and indirect effects of entomotoxins from Bacillus thuringiensis, but little work has considered intergenerational transfer of Cry proteins. This work reports a lepidopteran (Chlosyne lacinia) taking up a Bt entomotoxin when exposed to sublethal or low concentrations, transferring the entomotoxin to eggs, and having adverse effects on the first filial generation (F1) offspring. Two bioassays were conducted using a sublethal concentration of toxin (100.0 ng/µl Cry1Ac) for adults and a concentration equal to the LC10 (2.0 ng/µl Cry1Ac) for larvae. Cry1Ac is the most common entomotoxin expressed in Bt cotton in Brazil. In the adult diet bioassay there was no adverse effect on the parental generation (P0) adults, but the F1 larvae had higher mortality and longer development time compared to F1 larvae of parents that did not ingest Cry1Ac. For the 3rd instar larvae, there was no measurable effect on the P0 larvae, pupae and adults, but the F1 larvae had higher mortality and longer development time. Using chemiluminescent Western Blot, Cry1Ac was detected in F1 eggs laid by P0 butterflies from both bioassays. Our study indicates that, at least for this species and these experimental conditions, a ∼65 kDa insecticidal protein can be taken up and transferred to descendants where it can increase mortality and development time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Pires Paula
- Department of Biological Control, Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - David A. Andow
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Renata Velozo Timbó
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Edison R. Sujii
- Department of Biological Control, Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Carmen S. S. Pires
- Department of Biological Control, Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Eliana M. G. Fontes
- Department of Biological Control, Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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Liu X, Chen M, Collins HL, Onstad DW, Roush RT, Zhang Q, Earle ED, Shelton AM. Natural enemies delay insect resistance to Bt crops. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90366. [PMID: 24595158 PMCID: PMC3940876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether development of resistance to a Bt crop in the presence of a natural enemy would be slower than without the natural enemy and whether biological control, in conjunction with a Bt crop, could effectively suppress the pest population. Additionally, we investigated whether insecticide-sprayed refuges of non-Bt crops would delay or accelerate resistance to the Bt crop. We used a system of Bt broccoli expressing Cry1Ac, a population of the pest Plutella xylostella with a low frequency of individuals resistant to Cry1Ac and the insecticide spinosad, and a natural enemy, Coleomegilla maculata, to conduct experiments over multiple generations. The results demonstrated that after 6 generations P. xylostella populations were very low in the treatment containing C. maculata and unsprayed non-Bt refuge plants. Furthermore, resistance to Bt plants evolved significantly slower in this treatment. In contrast, Bt plants with no refuge were completely defoliated in treatments without C. maculata after 4-5 generations. In the treatment containing sprayed non-Bt refuge plants and C. maculata, the P. xylostella population was low, although the speed of resistance selection to Cry1Ac was significantly increased. These data demonstrate that natural enemies can delay resistance to Bt plants and have significant implications for integrated pest management (IPM) with Bt crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Liu
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York, United States of America
| | - Mao Chen
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York, United States of America
| | - Hilda L. Collins
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York, United States of America
| | - David W. Onstad
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Richard T. Roush
- Melbourne School of Land and Environment, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Qingwen Zhang
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Elizabeth D. Earle
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Anthony M. Shelton
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York, United States of America
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Tian JC, Long LP, Wang XP, Naranjo SE, Romeis J, Hellmich RL, Wang P, Shelton AM. Using resistant prey demonstrates that Bt plants producing Cry1Ac, Cry2Ab, and Cry1F have no negative effects on Geocoris punctipes and Orius insidiosus. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 43:242-251. [PMID: 24472212 DOI: 10.1603/en13184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Geocoris punctipes (Say) and Orius insidiosus (Say) are generalist predators found in a wide range of crops, including cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.), where they provide important biological control services by feeding on an array of pests, including eggs and small larvae of caterpillars. A high percentage of cotton and maize in the United States and several other countries are transgenic cultivars that produce one or more of the insecticidal Cry proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt). Here we quantify effects of three Cry proteins on the life history of these predators over two generations when they are exposed to these Cry proteins indirectly through their prey. To eliminate the confounding prey quality effects that can be introduced by Bt-susceptible prey, we used Cry1Ac/Cry2Ab-resistant Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) and Cry1 F-resistant Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) in a series of tri-trophic studies. Survival, development, adult mass, fecundity, and fertility were similar when predators consumed larvae feeding on Cry1Ac/Cry2Ab cotton or Cry1 F maize compared with prey feeding on isogenic or near-isogenic cotton or maize. Repeated exposure of the same initial cohort over a second generation also resulted in no differences in life-history traits when feeding on non-Bt- or Bt-fed prey. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that predators were exposed to Bt Cry proteins from their prey and that these proteins became increasingly diluted as they moved up the food chain. Results show a clear lack of effect of three common and widespread Cry proteins on these two important predator species. The use of resistant insects to eliminate prey quality effects provides a robust and meaningful assessment of exposure and hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ce Tian
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station (NYSAES), 630 W. North St., Geneva, NY 14456, USA
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Mode of Action and Specificity of Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins in the Control of Caterpillars and Stink Bugs in Soybean Culture. ISRN MICROBIOLOGY 2014; 2014:135675. [PMID: 24575310 PMCID: PMC3918364 DOI: 10.1155/2014/135675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) produces delta-endotoxins that possess toxic properties and can be used as biopesticides, as well as a source of genes for the construction of transgenic plants resistant to insects. In Brazil, the introduction of Bt soybean with insecticidal properties to the velvetbean caterpillar, the main insect pest of soybean, has been seen a promising tool in the management of these agroecosystems. However, the increase in stink bug populations in this culture, in various regions of the country, which are not susceptible to the existing genetically modified plants, requires application of chemicals that damage the environment. Little is known about the actual toxicity of Bt to Hemiptera, since these insects present sucking mouthparts, which hamper toxicity assays with artificial diets containing toxins of this bacterium. In recent studies of cytotoxicity with the gut of different hemipterans, susceptibility in the mechanism of action of delta-endotoxins has been demonstrated, which can generate promising subsidies for the control of these insect pests in soybean. This paper aims to review the studies related to the selection, application and mode of action of Bt in the biological control of the major pest of soybean, Anticarsia gemmatalis, and an analysis of advances in research on the use of Bt for control hemipterans.
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Nicolia A, Manzo A, Veronesi F, Rosellini D. An overview of the last 10 years of genetically engineered crop safety research. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2013; 34:77-88. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2013.823595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Tian JC, Wang XP, Long LP, Romeis J, Naranjo SE, Hellmich RL, Shelton AM. Eliminating host-mediated effects demonstrates Bt maize producing Cry1F has no adverse effects on the parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris. Transgenic Res 2013; 23:257-64. [PMID: 24026808 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-013-9748-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is an important pest of maize in the United States and many tropical areas in the western hemisphere. In 2001, Herculex I(®) (Cry1F) maize was commercially planted in the United States to control Lepidoptera, including S. frugiperda. In 2006, a population of S. frugiperda was discovered in Puerto Rico that had evolved resistance to Cry1F maize in the field, making it the first well-documented case of an insect with field resistance to a plant producing protein from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Using this resistant population, we conducted tri-trophic studies with a natural enemy of S. frugiperda. By using resistant S. frugiperda, we were able to overcome possible prey-mediated effects and avoid concerns about potential differences in laboratory- or field-derived Bt resistance. We used the Cry1F-resistant S. frugiperda to evaluate effects of Cry1F on Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a larval endoparasitoid of S. frugiperda, over five generations. Our results clearly demonstrate that Cry1F maize does not affect development, parasitism, survivorship, sex ratio, longevity or fecundity of C. marginiventris when they parasitize Cry1F maize-fed S. frugiperda. Furthermore, the level of Cry1F protein in the leaves was strongly diluted when transferred from Bt maize to S. frugiperda and was not detected in larvae, cocoons or adults of C. marginiventris. Our results refute previous reports of C. marginiventris being harmed by Bt proteins and suggest that such results were caused by prey-mediated effects due to using Bt-susceptible lepidopteran hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ce Tian
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station (NYSAES), Geneva, NY, USA
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Hansen LS, Lövei GL, Székács A. Survival and development of a stored-product pest, Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), and its natural enemy, the parasitoid Lariophagus distinguendus (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), on transgenic Bt maize. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2013; 69:602-606. [PMID: 23044867 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of transgenic maize (Zea mays L.) containing a lepidopteran-specific Bt toxin on a stored-product pest, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, and its parasitoid, Lariophagus distinguendus Förster, was examined in the laboratory to test the impact of transgenic maize on stored-product pests and their biological control. RESULTS Weevils were not harmfully affected by transgenic Bt maize in their development characteristics (development time, body mass), and females emerging from transgenic maize kernels were larger. However, significantly fewer parasitoid females emerged from weevils that developed in transgenic kernels, although parasitoids did not develop more slowly and were not different in size or mass from their conspecifics emerging from hosts in non-transgenic maize kernels. CONCLUSION The emergence of female parasitoids was reduced in transgenic Bt maize, and this effect cannot be explained by the known lepidopteran-specific toxicity of Bt Cry1Ab toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise S Hansen
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, Slagelse, Denmark.
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Tian JC, Wang XP, Long LP, Romeis J, Naranjo SE, Hellmich RL, Wang P, Earle ED, Shelton AM. Bt crops producing Cry1Ac, Cry2Ab and Cry1F do not harm the green lacewing, Chrysoperla rufilabris. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60125. [PMID: 23544126 PMCID: PMC3609736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological control function provided by natural enemies is regarded as a protection goal that should not be harmed by the application of any new pest management tool. Plants producing Cry proteins from the bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), have become a major tactic for controlling pest Lepidoptera on cotton and maize and risk assessment studies are needed to ensure they do not harm important natural enemies. However, using Cry protein susceptible hosts as prey often compromises such studies. To avoid this problem we utilized pest Lepidoptera, cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni) and fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), that were resistant to Cry1Ac produced in Bt broccoli (T. ni), Cry1Ac/Cry2Ab produced in Bt cotton (T. ni), and Cry1F produced in Bt maize (S. frugiperda). Larvae of these species were fed Bt plants or non-Bt plants and then exposed to predaceous larvae of the green lacewing Chrysoperla rufilabris. Fitness parameters (larval survival, development time, fecundity and egg hatch) of C. rufilabris were assessed over two generations. There were no differences in any of the fitness parameters regardless if C. rufilabris consumed prey (T. ni or S. frugiperda) that had consumed Bt or non-Bt plants. Additional studies confirmed that the prey contained bioactive Cry proteins when they were consumed by the predator. These studies confirm that Cry1Ac, Cry2Ab and Cry1F do not pose a hazard to the important predator C. rufilabris. This study also demonstrates the power of using resistant hosts when assessing the risk of genetically modified plants on non-target organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ce Tian
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University/New York State Agricultural Experiment Station (NYSAES), Geneva, New York, United States of America
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Ping Wang
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University/New York State Agricultural Experiment Station (NYSAES), Geneva, New York, United States of America
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Li-Ping Long
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University/New York State Agricultural Experiment Station (NYSAES), Geneva, New York, United States of America
- Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jörg Romeis
- Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon Research Station ART, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Steven E. Naranjo
- USDA-ARS, Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Richard L. Hellmich
- USDA–ARS, Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit and Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University/New York State Agricultural Experiment Station (NYSAES), Geneva, New York, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth D. Earle
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Anthony M. Shelton
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University/New York State Agricultural Experiment Station (NYSAES), Geneva, New York, United States of America
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Tian JC, Collins HL, Romeis J, Naranjo SE, Hellmich RL, Shelton AM. Using field-evolved resistance to Cry1F maize in a lepidopteran pest to demonstrate no adverse effects of Cry1F on one of its major predators. Transgenic Res 2012; 21:1303-10. [PMID: 22373893 PMCID: PMC3505541 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-012-9604-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) represents the first documented case of field-evolved resistance to a genetically engineered crop expressing an insecticidal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). In this case it was Cry1F-expressing maize (Mycogen 2A517). The ladybird beetle, Coleomegilla maculata, is a common and abundant predator that suppresses pest populations in maize and many other cropping systems. Its larvae and adults are polyphagous, feeding on aphids, thrips, lepidopteran eggs and larvae, as well as plant tissues. Thus, C. maculata may be exposed to Bt proteins expressed in genetically engineered crops by several pathways. Using Cry1F-resistant S. frugiperda larvae as prey, we evaluated the potential impact of Cry1F-expressing maize on several fitness parameters of C. maculata over two generations. Using Cry1F resistant prey removed any potential prey-mediated effects. Duration of larval and pupal stages, adult weight and female fecundity of C. maculata were not different when they were fed resistant S. frugiperda larvae reared on either Bt or control maize leaves during both generations. ELISA and insect-sensitive bioassays showed C. maculata were exposed to bioactive Cry1F protein. The insecticidal protein had no effect on C. maculata larvae, even though larvae contained 20-32 ng of Cry1F/g by fresh weight. Over all, our results demonstrated that the Cry1F protein did not affect important fitness parameters of one of S. frugiperda's major predators and that Cry1F protein did not accumulate but was strongly diluted when transferred during trophic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ce Tian
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University/New York State Agricultural Experiment Station (NYSAES), 630 West North Street, Geneva, NY 14456 USA
| | - Hilda L. Collins
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University/New York State Agricultural Experiment Station (NYSAES), 630 West North Street, Geneva, NY 14456 USA
| | - Jörg Romeis
- Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon Research Station ART, Reckenholzstr. 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Steven E. Naranjo
- USDA-ARS, Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, 21881 North Cardon Lane, Maricopa, AZ 85138 USA
| | - Richard L. Hellmich
- Department of Entomology, USDA–ARS, Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, Iowa State University, 110 Genetics Laboratory c/o Insectary, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Anthony M. Shelton
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University/New York State Agricultural Experiment Station (NYSAES), 630 West North Street, Geneva, NY 14456 USA
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Scientific Opinion updating the risk assessment conclusions and risk management recommendations on the genetically modified insect resistant maize MON 810. EFSA J 2012. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.3017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Shelton AM, Naranjo SE, Romeis J, Hellmich RL. Errors in logic and statistics plague a meta-analysis (response to Andow and Lövei 2012). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2012; 41:1047-1049. [PMID: 23068159 DOI: 10.1603/en11238a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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40
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Andow DA, Lövei GL. Cry toxins in transgenic plants have direct effects on natural enemies in the laboratory. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2012; 41:1045-1047. [PMID: 23068158 DOI: 10.1603/en11238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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Article retraction. 'Life Table Studies of Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on Sugarcane,' by Hardev S. Sandhu, Gregg S. Nuessly, Susan E. Webb, Ronald H. Cherry, and Robert A. Gilbert, Environmental Entomology (2010) 39(6): 2025–2032. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2012; 41. [PMID: 23259179 DOI: 10.1603/022.041.0501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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Scientific Opinion on a request from the European Commission related to the safeguard clause notified by Greece on genetically modified maize MON 810 according to Article 23 of Directive 2001/18/EC. EFSA J 2012. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Dai PL, Zhou W, Zhang J, Cui HJ, Wang Q, Jiang WY, Sun JH, Wu YY, Zhou T. Field assessment of Bt cry1Ah corn pollen on the survival, development and behavior of Apis mellifera ligustica. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2012; 79:232-237. [PMID: 22364780 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Honeybees may be exposed to insecticidal proteins from transgenic plants via pollen. An assessment of the impact of such exposures on the honeybee is an essential part of the risk assessment process for transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis corn. A field trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of transgenic Bt cry1Ah corn on the honeybee Apis mellifera ligustica. Colonies of honeybees were moved to Bt or non-Bt corn fields during anthesis and then sampled to record their survival, development and behavior. No differences in immature stages, worker survival, bee body weight, hypopharyngeal gland weight, colony performance, foraging activity or olfactory learning abilities were detected between colonies that were placed in non-Bt corn fields and those placed in Bt corn fields. We conclude that cry1Ah corn carries no risk for the survival, development, colony performance or behavior of the honeybee A. mellifera ligustica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Li Dai
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100093, China; Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hong-Juan Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100093, China; Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Wei-Yu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ji-Hu Sun
- Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yan-Yan Wu
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100093, China; Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100093, China; Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100093, China.
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Raybould A. Can science justify regulatory decisions about the cultivation of transgenic crops? Transgenic Res 2012; 21:691-8. [PMID: 22476694 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-012-9613-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Results of scientific studies are sometimes claimed to provide scientific justification for regulatory decisions about the cultivation of certain transgenic crops. A decision may be scientifically justified if objective analysis shows that the decision is more likely than alternatives to lead to the achievement of specific policy objectives. If policy objectives are not defined operationally, as is often the case, scientific justification for decisions is not possible. The search for scientific justification for decisions leads to concentration on reducing scientific uncertainty about the behaviour of transgenic crops instead of reducing uncertainty about the objectives of policies that regulate their use. Focusing on reducing scientific uncertainty at the expense of clarifying policy objectives may have detrimental effects on scientists, science and society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Raybould
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG42 6EY, UK.
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Scientific Opinion updating the evaluation of the environmental risk assessment and risk management recommendations on insect resistant genetically modified maize 1507 for cultivation. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Scientific Opinion on application (EFSA-GMO-CZ-2008-54) for placing on the market of genetically modified insect resistant and herbicide tolerant maize MON 88017 for cultivation under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Monsanto. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Li K, Tian J, Wang Q, Chen Q, Chen M, Wang H, Zhou Y, Peng Y, Xiao J, Ye G. Application of a novel method PCR-ligase detection reaction for tracking predator-prey trophic links in insect-resistant GM rice ecosystem. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2011; 20:2090-2100. [PMID: 21915734 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-011-0789-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Insect-resistant genetically modified (IRGM) rice is on the verge of commercial release in China, however, its potential non-target effect on non-target insect natural enemies remains controversial. Tracking trophic interactions between predators and preys in IRGM rice ecosystem can provide new insights into better understanding of the ecological risks of IRGM rice. In the present study, a novel method based on ligase detection reaction (LDR), PCR-LDR was introduced to track 15 prey species in the gut of a predaceous spider Pirata subpiraticus, a dominant natural enemy in rice field. Our results indicated that PCR-LDR could provide high specificity and sensitivity in tracking prey-predator interactions in rice ecosystems. PCR-LDR could detect as little as 1,000 th of DNA mixture. Reliable detection of DNA samples of prey species using PCR-LDR could be significantly affected by digestion time and prey species. In the analysis of 200 field-collected P. subpiraticus and 105 field-collected Tetragnatha maxillosa individuals using PCR-LDR, prey remains were identified in 78.3 and 74.3% of the individuals, respectively, from which significant predation differences between the two spider species were observed. Predation behavior of the spider species was not significantly different between Bt and non-Bt control rice lines. These results indicated that PCR-LDR can be used as an important tool for ecological studies, especially on the interactions between predators and preys in IRGM rice or other similar ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
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Meissle M, Romeis J, Bigler F. Bt maize and integrated pest management--a European perspective. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2011; 67:1049-1058. [PMID: 21710684 DOI: 10.1002/ps.2221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis), the Mediterranean corn borer (Sesamia nonagrioides) and the western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) are the main arthropod pests in European maize production. Practised pest control includes chemical control, biological control and cultural control such as ploughing and crop rotation. A pest control option that is available since 1996 is maize varieties that are genetically engineered (GE) to produce insecticidal compounds. GE maize varieties available today express one or several genes from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) that target corn borers or corn rootworms. Incentives to growing Bt maize are simplified farm operations, high pest control efficiency, improved grain quality and ecological benefits. Limitations include the risk of resistance evolution in target pest populations, risk of secondary pest outbreaks and increased administration to comply with licence agreements. Growers willing to plant Bt maize in the European Union (EU) often face the problem that authorisation is denied. Only one Bt maize transformation event (MON810) is currently authorised for commercial cultivation, and some national authorities have banned cultivation. Spain is the only EU member state where Bt maize adoption levels are currently delivering farm income gains near full potential levels. In an integrated pest management (IPM) context, Bt maize can be regarded as a preventive (host plant resistance) or a responsive pest control measure. In any case, Bt maize is a highly specific tool that efficiently controls the main pests and allows combination with other preventive or responsive measures to solve other agricultural problems including those with secondary pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Meissle
- Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon Research Station ART, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Naranjo SE. Impacts of Bt transgenic cotton on integrated pest management. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:5842-51. [PMID: 20942488 DOI: 10.1021/jf102939c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic cotton that produced one or more insecticidal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) was planted on over 15 million hectares in 11 countries in 2009 and has contributed to a reduction of over 140 million kilograms of insecticide active ingredient between 1996 and 2008. As a highly selective form of host plant resistance, Bt cotton effectively controls a number of key lepidopteran pests and has become a cornerstone in overall integrated pest management (IPM). Bt cotton has led to large reductions in the abundance of targeted pests and benefited non-Bt cotton adopters and even producers of other crops affected by polyphagous target pests. Reductions in insecticide use have enhanced biological control, which has contributed to significant suppression of other key and sporadic pests in cotton. Although reductions in insecticide use in some regions have elevated the importance of several pest groups, most of these emerging problems can be effectively solved through an IPM approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Naranjo
- Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 21881 North Cardon Lane, Maricopa, Arizona 85138, USA.
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Gatehouse AMR, Ferry N, Edwards MG, Bell HA. Insect-resistant biotech crops and their impacts on beneficial arthropods. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2011; 366:1438-52. [PMID: 21444317 PMCID: PMC3081576 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With a projected population of 10 billion by 2050, an immediate priority for agriculture is to achieve increased crop yields in a sustainable and cost-effective way. The concept of using a transgenic approach was realized in the mid-1990s with the commercial introduction of genetically modified (GM) crops. By 2010, the global value of the seed alone was US $11.2 billion, with commercial biotech maize, soya bean grain and cotton valued at approximately US $150 billion. In recent years, it has become evident that insect-resistant crops expressing δ-endotoxin genes from Bacillus thuringiensis have made a significant beneficial impact on global agriculture, not least in terms of pest reduction and improved quality. However, because of the potential for pest populations to evolve resistance, and owing to lack of effective control of homopteran pests, alternative strategies are being developed. Some of these are based on Bacillus spp. or other insect pathogens, while others are based on the use of plant- and animal-derived genes. However, if such approaches are to play a useful role in crop protection, it is desirable that they do not have a negative impact on beneficial organisms at higher trophic levels thus affecting the functioning of the agro-ecosystem. This widely held concern over the ecological impacts of GM crops has led to the extensive examination of the potential effects of a range of transgene proteins on non-target and beneficial insects. The findings to date with respect to both commercial and experimental GM crops expressing anti-insect genes are discussed here, with particular emphasis on insect predators and parasitoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M R Gatehouse
- School of Biology, Institute for Research on Environment and Sustainability, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
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