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Khwanket N, Tainchum K, Chareonviriyaphap T, Ngoen-Klan R, Noosidum A. Preferences for livestock bedding as a development substrate of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans L. (Diptera: Muscidae), and potential application of entomopathogenic nematodes for controlling stable fly larvae. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38783532 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans L. (Diptera: Muscidae), is a significant insect pest with global veterinary implications due to its capacity to both cause nuisance and transmit disease-causing pathogens to livestock. This study aimed to determine the livestock bedding preferred for use as a development substrate by S. calcitrans larvae and field-collected adults. The result showed that S. calcitrans larvae exhibited a preference (26.7%) for 7-day-old cow manure. Gravid females displayed a pronounced preference (55.0%) for fresh cow manure. As there were eight choices, indifference would result in 12.5% for each bedding substrate. Furthermore, the efficacy of four entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), namely Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poinar), Heterorhabditis indica Poinar, Karunakar & David (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae), Steinernema siamkayai Poinar, Karunakar & David and Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), against S. calcitrans larvae and the persistence after application to livestock bedding substrates were evaluated under laboratory conditions. In filter paper bioassays, all four EPNs caused 76.7%-100.0% mortality in the second instar larvae of S. calcitrans when applied at 50 and 100 infective juveniles (IJs)/cm2 within 5 days after exposure. For the third instar larvae of S. calcitrans, only H. indica induced high mortalities of 86.6% when applied at 100 IJs/cm2 within 5 days after exposure, while the other EPNs resulted in mortalities of less than 70%. The data further demonstrated that H. bacteriophora, H. indica and S. siamkayai remained present in the substrates linked to S. calcitrans larvae for as long as 7 days after the application of EPNs. This study demonstrates the potential of EPNs as a biologically based control agent against larvae of S. calcitrans, a serious pest and significant vector for various livestock animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyaporn Khwanket
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Agricultural Innovation and Management Division, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Krajana Tainchum
- Agricultural Innovation and Management Division, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | | | - Ratchadawan Ngoen-Klan
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Atirach Noosidum
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Taylor DB, Harrison K, Zhu JJ. Methods for Surveying Stable Fly Populations. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2020; 20:17. [PMID: 33135761 PMCID: PMC7751195 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Stable flies are among the most important pests of livestock throughout much of the world. Their painful bites induce costly behavioral and physiological stress responses and reduce productivity. Stable flies are anthropogenic and their population dynamics vary depending on agricultural and animal husbandry practices. Standardized sampling methods are needed to better identify the factors controlling stable fly populations, test novel control technologies, and determine optimal management strategies. The current study reviewed methods used for a long-term study of stable fly population dynamics in the central Great Plains. An additional study compared the relative size of flies sampled from the general population with that of flies sampled emerging from substrates associated with livestock production. Flies developing in livestock associated substrates are significantly larger than those in the general population indicating that other types of developmental sites are contributing significant numbers of flies to the general population. Because efforts to identify those sites have yet to be successful, we speculate that they may be sites with low densities of developing stable flies, but covering large areas such as croplands and grasslands. The stable fly surveillance methods discussed can be used and further improved for monitoring stable fly populations for research and management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Taylor
- USDA-ARS, Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, Lincoln, NE
| | - Kyle Harrison
- USDA-ARS, Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, Lincoln, NE
| | - Junwei J Zhu
- USDA-ARS, Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, Lincoln, NE
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Machtinger ET, Geden CJ. 11. Biological control with parasitoids. ECOLOGY AND CONTROL OF VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/978-90-8686-863-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erika T. Machtinger
- Penn State University, Department of Entomology, 501 ASI Building, University Park, State College, PA 16082, USA
| | - Christopher J. Geden
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, 1600 SW 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
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Jelvez Serra NS, Goulart HF, Triana MF, Dos Santos Tavares S, Almeida CIM, DA Costa JG, Santana AEG, Zhu JJ. Identification of stable fly attractant compounds in vinasse, a byproduct of sugarcane-ethanol distillation. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 31:381-391. [PMID: 28833391 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae), is a worldwide pest of livestock. Recent outbreaks of stable flies in sugarcane fields in Brazil have become a serious problem for livestock producers. Larvae and pupae found inside sugarcane stems after harvesting may indicate that stable flies use these stems as potential oviposition or larval development sites. Field observations suggest that outbreaks of stable flies are associated with the vinasse and filter cake derived from biomass distillation in sugarcane ethanol production that are used as fertilizers in sugarcane fields. Adult stable flies are attracted to vinasse, which appears to present an ideal larval development site. The primary goal of the present study is to demonstrate the role of vinasse in influencing the sensory physiological and behavioural responses of stable flies, and to identify its associated volatile attractant compounds. Both laboratory and field studies showed that vinasse is extremely attractive to adult stable flies. Chemical analyses of volatiles collected revealed a wide range of carboxylic acids, alcohols, phenols and aldehydes as potential attractant compounds. These newly identified attractants could be used to develop a tool for the attractant-baited mass trapping of stable flies in order to reduce infestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Jelvez Serra
- Biology Department, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Instituto de Quimica e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceio, Brazil
| | - H F Goulart
- Centro de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Rio-Largo, Brazil
| | - M F Triana
- Instituto de Quimica e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceio, Brazil
| | - S Dos Santos Tavares
- Instituto de Quimica e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceio, Brazil
| | - C I M Almeida
- Instituto de Quimica e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceio, Brazil
| | - J G DA Costa
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) Tabuleiros Costeiros, Rio Largo, Brazil
| | - A E G Santana
- Instituto de Quimica e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceio, Brazil
| | - J J Zhu
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Agrosystem Management Research Unit, Lincoln, NE, U.S.A
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Taylor DB, Friesen K, Zhu J. Precipitation and Temperature Effects on Stable Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Population Dynamics. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 46:434-439. [PMID: 28369413 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvx032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), populations relative to temperature and precipitation were evaluated in a 13-yr study in eastern Nebraska. During the course of the study, >1.7 million stable flies were collected on an array of 25 sticky traps. A log-normal model using degree-days with a 15 °C threshold and weekly lags 0-4 for temperature and 2-7 for precipitation provided the best fit with the observed data. The relationships of temperature and precipitation to stable fly trap catches were both curvilinear, with maxima at 6.6 degree-day-15 (≈22 °C) and 7.4 mm precipitation per day, respectively. The temperature and precipitation model accounted for 72% of the variance in seasonal trap catches.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Taylor
- USDA, ARS Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, Lincoln, NE (; ; )
| | - Kristina Friesen
- USDA, ARS Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, Lincoln, NE (; ; )
| | - Jerry Zhu
- USDA, ARS Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, Lincoln, NE (; ; )
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Kahana-Sutin E, Klement E, Lensky I, Gottlieb Y. High relative abundance of the stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans is associated with lumpy skin disease outbreaks in Israeli dairy farms. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 31:150-160. [PMID: 27976815 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The vector of lumpy skin disease (LSD), a viral disease affecting Bovidae, is currently unknown. To evaluate the possible vector of LSD virus (LSDV) under field conditions, a yearlong trapping of dipterans was conducted in dairy farms that had been affected by LSD, 1-2 years previously. This was done in order to calculate monthly relative abundances of each dipteran in each farm throughout the year. The relative abundances of Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) in the months parallel to the outbreaks (December and April) were significantly higher than those of other dipterans. A stable fly population model based on weather parameters for the affected area was used to validate these findings. Its results were significantly correlated with S. calcitrans abundance. This model, based on weather parameters during the epidemic years showed that S. calcitrans populations peaked in the months of LSD onset in the studied farms. These observations and model predictions revealed a lower abundance of stable flies during October and November, when LSD affected adjacent grazing beef herds. These findings therefore suggest that S. calcitrans is a potential vector of LSD in dairy farms and that another vector is probably involved in LSDV transmission in grazing herds. These findings should be followed up with vector competence studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kahana-Sutin
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - E Klement
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - I Lensky
- Department of Geography and Environment, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Y Gottlieb
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Taylor CE, Machtinger ET, Geden CJ, Kramer M. Manure Preferences and Postemergence Learning of Two Filth Fly Parasitoids, Spalangia cameroni and Muscidifurax raptor (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167893. [PMID: 27936090 PMCID: PMC5148001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficiency of host-seeking behavior is crucial to the reproductive performance of female parasitoids. Initially, parasitoids may use chemical information garnered from the microhabitat in which they emerge to locate hosts. Spalangia cameroni and Muscidifurax raptor are commercially available parasitoids of filth flies. Postemergence exposure to a specific manure may provide a way to increase parasitism in specific microhabitats found at livestock facilities upon release. In this study, female parasitoids of both species were exposed to equine manure, bovine manure, or clean pupae. Females from each emergence exposure were tested in a two-choice arena (house fly hosts in bovine manure versus clean pupae, equine manure versus clean pupae, and equine manure versus bovine manure) for progeny production. There was a detectable but small effect of postemergence exposure on S. cameroni, but it was not sufficient to reverse innate preferences. Females consistently produced more progeny in hosts found in any manure over clean pupae, and in equine manure over bovine manure. The effect of postemergence exposure on M. raptor was also detectable but small. Females produced equal numbers of progeny in bovine manure versus clean pupae, as opposed to preferring to oviposit in clean pupae as with all other treatments. Preferences by M. raptor were overall less marked than for S. cameroni; indeed most of the variability observed for this species did not result from the treatment design. Residual host mortality was also detectably altered by exposure in both species, but the effect was small. Thus, postemergence exposure did not consistently and effectively manipulate these parasitoids to producing progeny in different exposure manures, suggesting that microhabitat preferences are largely determined by other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E. Taylor
- Animal Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL United States of America
| | - Erika T. Machtinger
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Christopher J. Geden
- Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, USDA-ARS, Gainesville, FL United States of America
| | - Matthew Kramer
- Statistics Group, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD United States of America
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Machtinger ET, Leppla NC, Hogsette JA. House and Stable Fly Seasonal Abundance, Larval Development Substrates, and Natural Parasitism on Small Equine Farms in Florida. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 45:433-440. [PMID: 26902468 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-016-0376-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
House flies, Musca domestica Linnaeus, and stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), are common pests on horse farms. The successful use of pupal parasitoids for management of these pests requires knowledge of seasonal fluctuations and biology of the flies as well as natural parasitism levels. However, these dynamics have not been investigated on small equine farms. A 1-year field study began in July 2010, in north central Florida, to determine adult fly population levels and breeding areas on four small equine farms. Weekly surveillance showed that pest flies were present year-round, though there were differences in adult population levels among farms and seasons. Fly development was not confirmed on two of the four small farms, suggesting that subtle differences in husbandry may adversely affect the development of immature flies. In six substrates previously identified as the most common among the farms, stable fly puparia were found overwhelmingly in hay mixed with equine manure and house fly puparia were found in fresh pine shavings mixed with equine manure. Natural parasitism was minimal as expected, but greatest numbers of natural parasitoids collected were of the genus Spalangia. Differences in adult and immature fly numbers recovered emphasizes the need for farm owners to confirm on-site fly development prior to purchase and release of biological control agents. Additionally, due to the low natural parasitism levels and domination of parasitism by Spalangia cameroni, augmentative releases using this species may be the most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Machtinger
- Entomology and Nematology Dept, Univ of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Entomology and Nematology Dept, Univ of Florida, Charles Steinmetz Hall, 1881 Natural Area Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - N C Leppla
- Entomology and Nematology Dept, Univ of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - J A Hogsette
- USDA-ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Chiel E, Kuslitzky W. Diversity and Abundance of House Fly Pupal Parasitoids in Israel, with First Records of Two Spalangia Species. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 45:283-291. [PMID: 26637547 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvv180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Filth flies (Diptera: Muscidae), particularly the house fly, Musca domestica L., are global pests of livestock production. In this study, we characterized the fauna of house fly pupal parasitoids in Israel and identified factors affecting their diversity and abundance. The study, which included one round of sampling during the fall of 2013 and another round of sampling in the spring of 2014, encompassed 26 locations of common fly-breeding habitats: dairy, egg-laying, and goat farms throughout Israel. Nine parasitoid species were found: Spalangia cameroni Perkins, Spalangia endius Walker, Spalangia drosophilae Ashmead, Spalangia gemina Boucek, Spalangia nigroaenea Curtis, Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae Rondani, Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Sanders, Muscidifurax zaraptor Kogan & Legner (all Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), and Dirhinus giffardii Silvestri (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae). This is the first record of S. gemina from the Palearctic, as well as the first record of S. drosophilae from the Middle East. The composition and relative abundance of parasitoid species varied markedly among localities, climatic regions (Mediterranean vs. desert), habitat types (dairy vs. egg-laying vs. goat farm), and seasons. Overall, parasitoid richness in egg-laying farms was two- and sevenfold higher than in dairy and goat farms, respectively, and three times higher in Mediterranean than desert climate. The significance and implications of our results for inundative biological control programs of filth flies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elad Chiel
- Department of Biology and Environment, University of Haifa-Oranim, Tivon 36006, Israel , Corresponding author, e-mail: , and
| | - Wolf Kuslitzky
- Department of Zoology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
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Machtinger ET, Geden CJ. Comparison of the Olfactory Preferences of Four of Filth Fly Pupal Parasitoid Species (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) for Hosts in Equine and Bovine Manure. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 44:1417-24. [PMID: 26314022 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvv120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
House flies (Musca domestica L.) and stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans (L.)) (Diptera: Muscidae) are common pests in equine and cattle facilities. Pupal parasitoids, primarily in the genera Spalangia and Muscidifurax (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), can be purchased for biological control of these flies. However, little is known about the host-habitat preferences associated with host-seeking by these parasitoids. The preferences of two Spalangia and two Muscidifurax species to odors associated with house fly hosts in equine and bovine manure were investigated in the laboratory using a Y-tube olfactometer. Odor stimuli from manure without developing flies, third-instar house flies in manure, and fly host puparia in manure were evaluated. In choice tests, S. cameroni and S. endius were strongly attracted to odor associated with equine manure against clean air. Although S. cameroni was attracted to all bovine manure-containing treatments against clean air, S. endius was only attracted to the bovine manure with third-instar flies. There were no significant differences between the Spalangia species in odor responses. Neither Muscidifurax species were attracted to equine manure treatments and were only attracted to the bovine manure with puparia over clean air. In manure comparison studies, bovine treatments with developing flies were more attractive than the equivalent equine treatments to both Muscidifurax species The data suggest that coexistence between the competing pteromalid parasitoids might be promoted by different host-seeking behaviors. Additionally, manure preferences may indicate parasitoid suitability for releases on different livestock and equine facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Machtinger
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110620, Gainesville, FL, 32611.
| | - C J Geden
- USDA-ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, 1600 S. W. 23rd Dr., Gainesville, FL 32608
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Pugh DG, Hu XP, Blagburn B. Habronemiasis: Biology, Signs, and Diagnosis, and Treatment and Prevention of the Nematodes and Vector Flies. J Equine Vet Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Taylor DB, Friesen K, Zhu JJ. Spatial-temporal dynamics of stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae) trap catches in Eastern Nebraska. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2013; 42:524-531. [PMID: 23726061 DOI: 10.1603/en12258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Spatial and temporal relationships among catches of adult stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), on sticky traps in eastern Nebraska were evaluated. Twenty-five alsynite sticky traps were placed in a 5 by 5 grid with ≍1.6-km intervals in a mixed agricultural environment from 2003 to 2011. Denser grids of 45-90 traps were implemented for varying lengths of time during the course of the study. More than two million stable flies were collected over 9 yr. Seasonal abundances based upon total collections from the primary grid of 25 traps were bimodal most years with population peaks in June and September or October. Individual trap catches varied greatly, both spatially and temporally. Trap catches were spatially aggregated with autocorrelation extending to ≍2 km. Synchrony among trap catches declined linearly with respect to distance between traps and differences in seasonal distribution increased asymptotically relative to distance between traps. Proximity to confined livestock facilities increased catch and proportion of catch collected later in the season. Fifteen to 20 traps were adequate for estimating stable fly populations with the standard error of the mean equal to 30% of the mean for most of the stable fly season. Early and late in the season, when mean trap catches were low, between 100 and 135 traps would be needed to maintain that level of confidence. Seasonal collection distributions from permutations of subsets of the data with fewer than 24 traps differed significantly from those of the complete grid of 25 traps, indicating that 20 or more traps may be needed to evaluate the seasonal dynamics of a stable fly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Taylor
- USDA-ARS Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583, USA.
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Phasuk J, Prabaripai A, Chareonviriyaphap T. Seasonality and daily flight activity of stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae) on dairy farms in Saraburi Province, Thailand. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:17. [PMID: 23673316 PMCID: PMC3718520 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2013016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of seasonal abundance and flight activity patterns are required to design effective management programs for insect pests of humans and livestock. In this study, the seasonality and daily flight activity of Stomoxys species were observed on two dairy farms in Saraburi Province, Thailand. Data were assessed throughout 1 year using Vavoua traps from September 2010 to August 2011. A total of 2,520 individuals belonging to four species were collected. Most Stomoxys species peaked in September (rainy season) and gradually decreased in number toward February (dry season); a second peak occurred between March and April (hot season). Stomoxys calcitrans was caught throughout the year and was the most abundant species in this study. The total number of males and females of S. calcitrans differed significantly among seasons and time intervals. The weather parameters of relative humidity and light intensity were significantly correlated with S. calcitrans abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumnongjit Phasuk
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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