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Manrakhan A, Daneel JH, Serfontein L, Mauda E, Sutton GF, Hattingh V. Efficacy of an existing Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) cold disinfestation treatment schedule for Ceratitis cosyra. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 116:779-789. [PMID: 37030002 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toad063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of an existing cold disinfestation postharvest treatment targeting Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) in citrus was determined for the marula fly, Ceratitis cosyra (Walker). The cold tolerances of C. capitata and C. cosyra were first quantified in artificial diet at 3.5 °C at different exposure periods for up to 18 days. Ceratitis capitata was found to be more cold tolerant than C. cosyra. At 3.5 °C, the duration to achieve 99.9968% mortality was calculated to be 11.57 days for C. capitata and 9.10 days for C. cosyra. Under an existing C. capitata cold treatment schedule at 1 °C for 14 days, the conditions required for complete mortality of the third larval stage of C. cosyra in orange, Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. Valencia, were then determined. No survivors of C. cosyra in oranges were recorded beyond 11 days of cold treatment at 1 °C. The efficacy of this C. capitata treatment for disinfestation of C. cosyra was thereafter confirmed in large scale trials in Valencia oranges. In the large-scale trial at the lowest mean temperature of 1.19 °C for 14 days, there were no survivors from a total of 85 490 treated C. cosyra third instars in oranges. Since C. capitata was shown to be more cold tolerant than C. cosyra and a large scale test demonstrated at least 99.9965% efficacy after 14 days at 1.19 °C, compared with the established effective C. capitata cold treatment of 14 days at 1.11 °C, cold disinfestation treatments for C. capitata should be at least equally effective against C. cosyra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Manrakhan
- Citrus Research International, PO Box 28, Mbombela 1200, South Africa
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - John-Henry Daneel
- Citrus Research International, PO Box 28, Mbombela 1200, South Africa
| | - Leani Serfontein
- Citrus Research International, PO Box 28, Mbombela 1200, South Africa
| | - Evans Mauda
- Citrus Research International, PO Box 28, Mbombela 1200, South Africa
| | - Guy F Sutton
- Centre for Biological Control, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Vaughan Hattingh
- Citrus Research International, PO Box 28, Mbombela 1200, South Africa
- Department of Horticultural Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Manrakhan A, Daneel JH, Stephen PR, Hattingh V. Cold Tolerance of Immature Stages of Ceratitis capitata and Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 115:482-492. [PMID: 35024832 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) is a new fruit fly pest of some fruit types in the north and north eastern areas of South Africa. In order to determine whether existing cold disinfestation treatment schedules for an indigenous fruit fly pest: Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) would be effective for B. dorsalis, cold tolerances of four immature stages of the two species were compared. Studies were done in an artificial carrot-based larval diet. The developmental rates of the immature stages of the two species in the carrot-based larval diet were first determined at a constant temperature of 26°C. The developmental times for eggs and three larval stages were found to be similar for the two species. Incubation times of both species after egg inoculation were determined to be 0, 3, 4, and 6 d for obtaining egg, first larval, second larval, and third larval stages respectively for the cold treatment. At a test temperature of -0.6°C, mortality rates of C. capitata eggs, first instars, second instars, and third instars were lower than those of B. dorsalis. These results demonstrate that the current cold treatment schedules for disinfestation of C. capitata can be used as equally or more efficacious treatments for B. dorsalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Manrakhan
- Citrus Research International, PO Box 28, Nelspruit, 1200, South Africa
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - John-Henry Daneel
- Citrus Research International, PO Box 28, Nelspruit, 1200, South Africa
| | - Peter R Stephen
- Citrus Research International, PO Box 28, Nelspruit, 1200, South Africa
| | - Vaughan Hattingh
- Citrus Research International, PO Box 28, Nelspruit, 1200, South Africa
- Department of Horticultural Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Postharvest Disinfestation Treatments for False Codling Moth and Fruit Flies in Citrus from South Africa. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8030221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
South Africa is the 13th largest producer and second largest exporter of citrus fruit globally. The false codling moth, Thaumatotibia leucotreta, and the fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata, C. rosa and Bactrocera dorsalis, can potentially infest citrus fruit and therefore pose a phytosanitary risk for export markets. Consequently, a wide range of postharvest phytosanitary treatments for disinfestation of citrus fruit from these pests have been investigated. These include cold treatments, irradiation, fumigation, heat treatments, and combinations of some of these. Due to the potential phytotoxic effects of all these treatments, the use of a systems approach that depends on two or more independent measures for acceptable phytosanitary risk mitigation is a preferable option. To date, the only postharvest disinfestation treatments used commercially for T. leucotreta and fruit flies for South African citrus, are stand-alone cold treatments and partial cold treatments, as a component in a multi-tiered systems approach. Research on development of novel and improvement of existing postharvest measures continues as a high priority. This includes postharvest detection technologies, in addition to treatment technologies.
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Dias VS, Hallman GJ, Cardoso AAS, Hurtado NV, Rivera C, Maxwell F, Cáceres-Barrios CE, Vreysen MJB, Myers SW. Relative Tolerance of Three Morphotypes of the Anastrepha fraterculus Complex (Diptera: Tephritidae) to Cold Phytosanitary Treatment. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:1176-1182. [PMID: 32161970 PMCID: PMC7275689 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) complex is currently comprised of at least eight morphotypes, including several that are likely to be described as new species. It is critical to evaluate whether the morphotypes differ in tolerance to phytosanitary treatments. Temperatures from 0 to 3°C are used as a phytosanitary treatment for some commodities exported from the region and at risk of infestation by the A. fraterculus complex. Description of A. fraterculus morphotypes as new species could result in the annulation of phytosanitary treatment schedules for the new species. This study compared the relative cold tolerance of five populations from three morphotypes of the A. fraterculus complex: Andean, Peruvian, and Brazilian-1. Both a laboratory and wild strain of the Brazilian-1 morphotype were studied. Differences in mortality of third instars of the five A. fraterculus populations reared on nectarines were observed only with short treatment durations at temperatures ranging from 1.38 ± 0.04°C to 1.51 ± 0.08°C (mean ± SEM). Estimated times to achieve the LT99.99682 (probit 9) showed that Brazilian-1 wild, Brazilian-1 laboratory, and Cusco population were the most cold tolerant, followed by Andean and Peruvian, the least cold tolerant morphotype (i.e., Brazilian-1 wild = Brazilian-1 laboratory = Cusco population > Andean > Peruvian). These findings suggest that the current cold treatment schedules of 15 d at ≤ 1.11°C and 17 d at ≤ 1.67°C can be applied as cold treatments to any potential new species that may arise from the A. fraterculus complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa S Dias
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, IAEA, Wagramerstrasse 5, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Amanda A S Cardoso
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, IAEA, Wagramerstrasse 5, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nick V Hurtado
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, IAEA, Wagramerstrasse 5, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Camilo Rivera
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, IAEA, Wagramerstrasse 5, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Florence Maxwell
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, IAEA, Wagramerstrasse 5, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Carlos E Cáceres-Barrios
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, IAEA, Wagramerstrasse 5, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marc J B Vreysen
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, IAEA, Wagramerstrasse 5, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Scott W Myers
- USDA, APHIS, PPQ, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, Otis Laboratory 1398 W. Truck Road., Buzzards Bay, MA
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The Effects of a Cold Disinfestation on Bactrocera dorsalis Survival and Navel Orange Quality. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10120452. [PMID: 31847197 PMCID: PMC6955761 DOI: 10.3390/insects10120452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck is an important economic product in South China, but the presence of quarantine pests in this product proposes the potential threat to international trade security. To find a proper phytosanitary cold treatment for Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), commonly called oriental fruit fly, one of the most serious quarantine insects in navel orange, eggs in petri dish and larvae in navel orange fruits were exposed to a 1.7 °C cold chamber for 0–11 days to compare the tolerance to cold treatment. The 2nd instar larva (4 days) is the most tolerant stage, and the estimated time for 99.9968% mortality at the 95% confidence level is 11.3 (9.5, 14.6) days. Then 15 days was selected as the target time for the confirmatory tests, resulting in no survivors from 37,792 treated larvae with the efficacy of 99.9921% mortality at the 95% confidence level. The quality assessments were conducted to compare the effect on the navel orange fruit between cold treatment and the conventional cold storage. Results indicated that the cold treatment did not negatively affect the fruit quality. Therefore, this cold treatment showed potential as a commercial quarantine treatment for navel orange in international trade.
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Gu X, Zhao Y, Su Y, Wu J, Wang Z, Hu J, Liu L, Zhao Z, Hoffmann AA, Chen B, Li Z. A transcriptional and functional analysis of heat hardening in two invasive fruit fly species, Bactrocera dorsalis and Bactrocera correcta. Evol Appl 2019; 12:1147-1163. [PMID: 31293628 PMCID: PMC6597872 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many insects have the capacity to increase their resistance to high temperatures by undergoing heat hardening at nonlethal temperatures. Although this response is well established, its molecular underpinnings have only been investigated in a few species where it seems to relate at least partly to the expression of heat shock protein (Hsp) genes. Here, we studied the mechanism of hardening and associated transcription responses in larvae of two invasive fruit fly species in China, Bactrocera dorsalis and Bactrocera correcta. Both species showed hardening which increased resistance to 45°C, although the more widespread B. dorsalis hardened better at higher temperatures compared to B. correcta which hardened better at lower temperatures. Transcriptional analyses highlighted expression changes in a number of genes representing different biochemical pathways, but these changes and pathways were inconsistent between the two species. Overall B. dorsalis showed expression changes in more genes than B. correcta. Hsp genes tended to be upregulated at a hardening temperature of 38°C in both species, while at 35°C many Hsp genes tended to be upregulated in B. correcta but not B. dorsalis. One candidate gene (the small heat shock protein gene, Hsp23) with a particularly high level of upregulation was investigated functionally using RNA interference (RNAi). We found that RNAi may be more efficient in B. dorsalis, in which suppression of the expression of this gene removed the hardening response, whereas in B. correcta RNAi did not decrease the hardening response. The different patterns of gene expression in these two species at the two hardening temperatures highlight the diverse mechanisms underlying hardening even in closely related species. These results may provide target genes for future control efforts against such pest species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Gu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yun Su
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jiajiao Wu
- Guangdong Inspection and Quarantine Technology CenterGuangzhouChina
| | - Ziya Wang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Juntao Hu
- Redpath MuseumMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- Department of BiologyMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Lijun Liu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zihua Zhao
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Ary A. Hoffmann
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 InstituteUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Bing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Present address:
College of Life SciencesHebei UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Zhihong Li
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
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Hallman GJ, Wang L, Demirbas Uzel G, Cancio-Martinez E, Cáceres-Barrios CE, Myers SW, Vreysen MJB. Comparison of Populations of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) from Three Continents for Susceptibility to Cold Phytosanitary Treatment and Implications for Generic Cold Treatments. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:127-133. [PMID: 30346545 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is arguably the most significant and studied quarantine pest of fresh fruits. There is well over a century of research observations on its response to cold, first as it pertains to shipment of fruits using cold temperatures to preserve fruit quality and how that may aid the survival and distribution of the pest, and then the use of colder temperatures to kill the pest in fruit shipments. Cold tolerance at 1.1°C in three populations of C. capitata generally increased as the insect developed; therefore, the third instar is the most tolerant of the stages that are found in fruit. The three populations did not differ in cold tolerance, indicating that cold phytosanitary treatments against this pest can be harmonized regardless of country of origin of marketed fruit hosts. This study facilitated the approval of some cold treatment schedules for the International Plant Protection Convention treatment manual that were being held up by concerns of possible differences in cold tolerance among C. capitata populations from different countries and points toward the possibility of generic, broadly applicable phytosanitary cold treatments. Most larvae found alive after 9 d of cold treatment did not pupariate and fewer still emerged as adults, indicating that acute larval mortality need not always be the objective of a cold phytosanitary treatment to be efficacious in preventing the establishment of invasive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy J Hallman
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramerstrasse, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lincong Wang
- Animal and Plant Inspection and Quarantine Technical Center, Shenzhen Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau of People's Republic of China, China.1011 Fu Qiang Road, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Güler Demirbas Uzel
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramerstrasse, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elena Cancio-Martinez
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramerstrasse, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carlos E Cáceres-Barrios
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramerstrasse, Vienna, Austria
| | - Scott W Myers
- USDA, APHIS, PPQ, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, Otis Laboratory, 1398 W. Truck Road, Buzzards Bay, MA
| | - Marc J B Vreysen
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramerstrasse, Vienna, Austria
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Follett PA, Manoukis NC, Mackey B. Comparative Cold Tolerance in Ceratitis capitata and Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Diptera: Tephritidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 111:2632-2636. [PMID: 30085183 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cold tolerance studies were conducted with the egg and larval stages of Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) and melon fly, Zeugodacus (Bactrocera) cucurbitae (Coquillett) in Navel oranges to determine whether quarantine cold treatments approved for C. capitata might also be effective against Z. cucurbitae. Navel orange is a good host for C. capitata and a poor host for Z. cucurbitae, and therefore, artificial infestation of fruit was used to facilitate comparisons. Laboratory-reared eggs and larvae were inserted in the center of Navel oranges, placed in cold storage chambers at 1.5-2.0°C for 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, or 14 d, then removed, and evaluated for egg hatch or larval survival. Time-response data were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models, probit analysis, and visual inspection of survivorship graphs. C. capitata eggs were significantly more cold tolerant than Z. cucurbitae eggs, and Z. cucurbitae larvae were generally more cold tolerant than C. capitata larvae. C. capitata eggs and Z. cucurbitae second instar larvae were the most cold-tolerant life stages, and they were not significantly different from each other. Results suggest that cold treatment at ≤1.5°C for a minimum of 14 d would be sufficient to achieve disinfestation of C. capitata and Z. cucurbitae. The inherent cold tolerance in Z. cucurbitae is equal to or higher than that of C. capitata, and therefore, cold treatment protocols developed for C. capitata may not always be effective against Z. cucurbitae.
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Kim MJ, Kim JS, Jeong JS, Choi DS, Park J, Kim I. Phytosanitary Cold Treatment of Spotted-Wing Drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in 'Campbell Early' Grape. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 111:1638-1643. [PMID: 29850850 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The effects of cold storage temperature and exposure duration on different developmental stages of spotted-wing drosophila (SWD) Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) on 'Campbell Early' grapes were examined to establish a phytosanitary control method. The immature stages (eggs, larvae and pupae) of SWD were all dead after a 6-d cold treatment at 1°C and 8-d cold treatment at 1.5 and 2°C. Probit-9 estimated a fourfold increase in cold treatment duration to achieve 99.9968% mortality, compared with the observed mortality. Efficacy tests using pupae, which were the most cold-tolerant stage, confirmed the validity of the selected temperature and exposure durations. Based on these results, 1°C, which requires a shorter exposure for complete mortality, was selected for the test in conditions that mimic those of grape exportation. Six-day cold treatments at 1°C produced 99.57%, mortality in different replicates, although the surviving pupae died later. Conversely, the 8- and 10-d treatments at 1°C showed 100% mortality, suggesting that these treatments can provide quarantine security against infestations of SWD on exported Campbell Early grapes, although an additional experiment with an increased sample size is required for further reliable conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jee Kim
- College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Seok Kim
- College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Seong Jeong
- College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Deuk-Soo Choi
- Department of Plant Quarantine, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Park
- Department of Ecological Monitoring and Assessment, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Iksoo Kim
- College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Dohino T, Hallman GJ, Grout TG, Clarke AR, Follett PA, Cugala DR, Minh Tu D, Murdita W, Hernandez E, Pereira R, Myers SW. Phytosanitary Treatments Against Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae): Current Situation and Future Prospects. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 110:67-79. [PMID: 28028169 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tow247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is arguably the most important tephritid attacking fruits after Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae). In 2003 it was found in Africa and quickly spread to most of the sub-Saharan part of the continent, destroying fruits and creating regulatory barriers to their export. The insect is causing new nutritional and economic losses across Africa, as well as the losses it has caused for decades in infested areas of Asia, New Guinea, and Hawaii. This new panorama represents a challenge for fruit exportation from Africa. Phytosanitary treatments are required to export quarantined commodities out of infested areas to areas where the pest does not exist and could become established. This paper describes current phytosanitary treatments against B. dorsalis and their use throughout the world, the development of new treatments based on existing research, and recommendations for further research to provide phytosanitary solutions to the problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Dohino
- Yokohama Plant Protection Station, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Guy J Hallman
- Insect Pest Control Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Anthony R Clarke
- School of Earth, Environmental, and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Peter A Follett
- USDA-ARS, Daniel K. Inouye U. S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Hilo, HI, USA
| | - Domingos R Cugala
- Faculty of Agronomy and Forest Engineering, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Duong Minh Tu
- Plant Quarantine Diagnostic Center, Plant Protection Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Wayan Murdita
- Pest Forecasting Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Karawang, Indonesia
| | | | - Rui Pereira
- Insect Pest Control Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Scott W Myers
- USDA-APHIS Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, Otis Laboratory, Buzzards Bay, MA, USA
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Myers SW, Cancio-Martinez E, Hallman GJ, Fontenot EA, Vreysen MJB. Relative Tolerance of Six Bactrocera (Diptera: Tephritidae) Species to Phytosanitary Cold Treatment. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 109:2341-2347. [PMID: 27660425 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tow206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To compare relative cold treatment tolerance across the economically important tephritid fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae), Bactrocera carambolae Drew & Hancock, Bactrocera correcta (Bezzi), Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett), four populations of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), Bactrocera zonata (Saunders), and Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt), eggs (in vitro), and larvae (in infested fruit or on carrot diet) were cold treated at 2.0 ± 0.2 °C for selected durations. The study was performed to assess whether a single (i.e., generic) cold treatment could be developed that would control the entire group of fruit flies that were tested. Probit regression models showed that the hierarchy of cold resistance was third-instar larvae reared on carrot diet > third-instar larvae reared on orange > eggs test in vitro. Differences in mortality responses of third-instar larvae reared in oranges across populations of B. dorsalis were observed only at subefficacious levels of control. The majority of Bactrocera species responded the same at the high levels of control demanded of phytosanitary treatments, which indicated that cold treatments would be similarly effective across the species and populations tested. B. cucurbitae was found to be the most cold tolerant of all the species tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott W Myers
- USDA, APHIS, PPQ, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, Otis Laboratory, 1398 W. Truck Rd., Buzzards Bay, MA 02542
| | - Elena Cancio-Martinez
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, IAEA, Wagramerstrasse 5, A-1400 Vienna, Austria (; ; ; )
| | - Guy J Hallman
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, IAEA, Wagramerstrasse 5, A-1400 Vienna, Austria (; ; ; )
| | - Emily A Fontenot
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, IAEA, Wagramerstrasse 5, A-1400 Vienna, Austria (; ; ; )
| | - Marc J B Vreysen
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, IAEA, Wagramerstrasse 5, A-1400 Vienna, Austria (; ; ; )
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Towards integrated performance evaluation of future packaging for fresh produce in the cold chain. Trends Food Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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