1
|
El-Houseiny W, Arisha AH, Behairy A, Metwally MMM, Abdel-Warith AWA, Younis EM, Davies SJ, Hassan BA, Abd-Elhakim YM. The immunosuppressive, growth-hindering, hepatotoxic, and oxidative stress and immune related-gene expressions-altering effects of gibberellic acid in Oreochromis niloticus: A mitigation trial using alpha-lipoic acid. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 198:105725. [PMID: 38225080 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the effects of gibberellic acid (GBA) on growth, hemato-biochemical parameters related to liver functions, digestive enzymes, and immunological response in Oreochromis niloticus. Besides, the probable underlying mechanisms were explored by assessing antioxidant, apoptotic, and immune-related gene expression. Furthermore, the likelihood of restoration following alpha-lipoic acid (LIP) dietary supplementation was explored. The fish (average initial weight 30.75 ± 0.46) were equally classified into four groups: the control group, the LIP group (fed on a basal diet plus 600 mg/kg of LIP), the GBA group (exposed to 150 mg GBA/L), and the GBA + LIP group (exposed to 150 mg GBA/L and fed a diet containing LIP and GBA) for 60 days. The study findings showed that LIP supplementation significantly reduced GBA's harmful effects on survival rate, growth, feed intake, digestive enzymes, and antioxidant balance. Moreover, the GBA exposure significantly increased liver enzymes, stress markers, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels, all of which were effectively mitigated by the supplementation of LIP. Additionally, LIP addition to fish diets significantly minimized the histopathological alterations in the livers of GBA-treated fish, including fatty change, sharply clear cytoplasm with nuclear displacement to the cell periphery, single-cell necrosis, vascular congestion, and intralobular hemorrhages. The GBA-induced reduction in lysozyme activity, complement C3, and nitric oxide levels, together with the downregulation of antioxidant genes (cat and sod), was significantly restored by dietary LIP. Meanwhile, adding LIP to the GBA-exposed fish diets significantly corrected the aberrant expression of hsp70, caspase- 3, P53, pcna, tnf-a, and il-1β in O. niloticus liver. Conclusively, dietary LIP supplementation could mitigate the harmful effects of GBA exposure on fish growth and performance, physiological conditions, innate immunity, antioxidant capability, inflammatory response, and cell apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walaa El-Houseiny
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed H Arisha
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Amany Behairy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M M Metwally
- Department of Pathology and Clinical pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, King Salman international University, Ras sidr, Egypt.; Department of pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig university, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | | | - Elsayed M Younis
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Simon J Davies
- Aquaculture Nutrition Research Unit ANRU, Carna Research Station, Ryan Institute, College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, H91V8Y1 Galway, Ireland
| | - Bayan A Hassan
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Yasmina M Abd-Elhakim
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Maingi FM, Akutse KS, Ajene IJ, Omolo KM, Khamis FM. Immunological responses and gut microbial shifts in Phthorimaea absoluta exposed to Metarhizium anisopliae isolates under different temperature regimes. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1258662. [PMID: 38029135 PMCID: PMC10666277 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1258662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The invasive tomato leaf miner, Phthorimaea absoluta, is conventionally controlled through chemical insecticides. However, the rise of insecticide resistance has necessitated sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) have shown potential due to their ability to overcome resistance and have minimal impact on non-target organisms. Despite this potential, the precise physiological mechanisms by which EPF acts on insect pests remain poorly understood. To attain a comprehensive understanding of the complex physiological processes that drive the successful control of P. absoluta adults through EPF, we investigated the impacts of different Metarhizium anisopliae isolates (ICIPE 665, ICIPE 20, ICIPE 18) on the pest's survival, cellular immune responses, and gut microbiota under varying temperatures. The study unveiled that ICIPE 18 caused the highest mortality rate among P. absoluta moths, while ICIPE 20 exhibited the highest significant reduction in total hemocyte counts after 10 days at 25°C. Moreover, both isolates elicited notable shifts in P. absoluta's gut microbiota. Our findings revealed that ICIPE 18 and ICIPE 20 compromised the pest's defense and physiological functions, demonstrating their potential as biocontrol agents against P. absoluta in tomato production systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Muendo Maingi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Komivi Senyo Akutse
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
- Unit for Environment Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Inusa Jacob Ajene
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kevin Mbogo Omolo
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Diksha, Singh S, Mahajan E, Sohal SK. Growth inhibitory, immunosuppressive, cytotoxic, and genotoxic effects of γ-terpinene on Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Sci Rep 2023; 13:16472. [PMID: 37777624 PMCID: PMC10542352 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43499-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
γ-Terpinene, a monoterpene widely present in essential oils of many medicinal and aromatic plants with numerous biological properties, was evaluated for its insecticidal activity against melon fruit fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett). Different concentrations (5, 25, 125, 625, and 3125 ppm) of γ-terpinene along with control were fed to larvae of melon fly. The number of pupae formed and adults emerged declined significantly after treatment. Morphologically deformed adults and pupae were also observed. The developmental duration too prolonged in treated larvae. Food assimilated, mean relative growth rate, larval weight gain, and pupal weight also declined. In the larvae treated with LC30 and LC50 concentrations, there was a decline in the titers of phenoloxidase and total hemocyte count, and variations were observed in the differential hemocyte count, suggesting an immunosuppressive effect of γ-terpinene on melon fly. Both concentrations also led to an increase in the apoptotic and necrotic cells as well as decrease in the viable hemocytes in the circulating hemolymph of treated larvae. Comet parameters (tail length, % tail DNA, tail moment, and olive tail moment) of γ-terpinene fed larvae increased significantly. Given the observed effects of γ-terpinene on normal developmental and nutritional physiology, its immunosuppressive properties, and its potential for genome damage, it can be considered for incorporation into integrated pest management strategies for controlling Z. cucurbitae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diksha
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Sumit Singh
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Evani Mahajan
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Satwinder Kaur Sohal
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kaya S. Immunosuppressive effect of Plantago major on the innate immunity of Galleria mellonella. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15982. [PMID: 37753175 PMCID: PMC10519203 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Greater plantain (Plantago major), a medicinal plant species, is used in folk medicine for the treatment of various diseases in many countries of the world. Different studies have shown that the bioactive components contained in the plant have a dual effect. It was also reported that in vivo and in vitro studies showed different results. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of P. major extract on the hemocyte-mediated and humoral immune responses of the invertebrate model organism Galleria mellonella, which is widely used in immune studies. In the evaluation of these effects, total hemocyte count, encapsulation, melanization, phenoloxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, malondialdehyde and total protein parameters were evaluated. The results of the study showed that the total hemocyte count did not change, that the encapsulation responses decreased, that the melanization responses and phenoloxidase activity increased and that the superoxide dismutase activity decreased. As a result, it was determined that high doses of P. major had negative effects on cell-mediated immunity and antioxidant defence and positive effects on melanization. High doses and continuous use of P. major may have negative effects on living things.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serhat Kaya
- Department of Biology/Faculty of Science, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Diksha, Singh S, Mahajan E, Sohal SK. Immunomodulatory, cyto-genotoxic, and growth regulatory effects of nerolidol on melon fruit fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Toxicon 2023; 233:107248. [PMID: 37562702 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Insects have evolved a robust immune system consisting of humoral and cellular branches and their orchestrated response enables insect to defend against exogenous stressors. Exploration of underlying immune mechanisms of insect pest under allelochemical stress can give us new insights on insect pest management. In this study, nerolidol, a plant sesquiterpene was evaluated for its insecticidal, growth regulatory, immunomodulatory, and cyto-genotoxic effects against melon fruit fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett). First, second, and third instar larvae of Z. cucurbitae were fed on artificial diet containing different concentrations (5, 25, 125, 625, and 3125 ppm) of nerolidol. Results revealed a significant reduction in pupation and adult emergence as well as prolongation of developmental duration of treated larvae. Decline in growth indices showed remarkable growth inhibitory effects of nerolidol. Pupal weight and nutritional parameters viz. Larval weight gain, food assimilated, and mean relative growth rate declined after treatment. Immunological studies on second instar larvae depicted a drop in total hemocyte count and variations in proportions of plasmatocytes and granulocytes of LC30 and LC50 treated larvae. Phenoloxidase activity in nerolidol treated larvae initially increased but was suppressed after 72 h of treatment. The frequency of viable hemocytes decreased and that of apoptotic and necrotic hemocytes increased with both the lethal concentrations of nerolidol. Comet assay revealed a significant damage to DNA of hemocytes. The findings of the current study indicate that nerolidol exerts its insecticidal action through growth regulation, immunomodulation, and cyto-genotoxicity thus revealing its potential to be used as biopesticide against Z. cucurbitae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diksha
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Sumit Singh
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Evani Mahajan
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Satwinder Kaur Sohal
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gwokyalya R, Herren JK, Weldon CW, Khamis FM, Ndlela S, Mohamed SA. Differential immune responses in new and old fruit fly-parasitoid associations: Implications for their management. Front Physiol 2022; 13:945370. [PMID: 36091407 PMCID: PMC9458847 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.945370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), and marula fruit fly, Ceratitis cosyra (Walker), are major fruit-infesting tephritids across sub-Saharan Africa. Biological control of these pests using parasitic wasps has been widely adopted but with varying levels of success. Most studies investigating host-parasitoid models have focused on functional and evolutionary aspects leaving a knowledge gap about the physiological mechanisms underpinning the efficacy of parasitoids as biocontrol agents of tephritids. To better understand these physiological mechanisms, we investigated changes in the cellular immune responses of C. cosyra and B. dorsalis when exposed to the parasitic wasps, Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmaed) and Psyttalia cosyrae (Wilkinson). We found that B. dorsalis was more resistant to parasitisation, had a higher hemocyte count, and encapsulated more parasitoid eggs compared to C. cosyra, achieving up to 100% encapsulation when exposed to P. cosyrae. Exposing B. dorsalis to either parasitoid species induced the formation of a rare cell type, the giant multinucleated hemocyte, which was not observed in C. cosyra. Furthermore, compared to P. cosyrae-parasitized larvae, those of both host species parasitized by D. longicaudata had lower encapsulation rates, hemocyte counts and spreading abilities and yielded a higher number of parasitoid progeny with the highest parasitoid emergence (72.13%) recorded in C. cosyra. These results demonstrate that cellular immune responses are central to host-parasitoid interaction in tephritid fruit flies and further suggest that D. longicaudata presents greater potential as a biocontrol agent of B. dorsalis and C. cosyra in horticultural cropping systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rehemah Gwokyalya
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Rehemah Gwokyalya, , ; Samira Abuelgasim Mohamed,
| | - Jeremy K. Herren
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Christopher W. Weldon
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Fathiya M. Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Shepard Ndlela
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samira Abuelgasim Mohamed
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- *Correspondence: Rehemah Gwokyalya, , ; Samira Abuelgasim Mohamed,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Duman Erbaş E, Gwokyalya R, Altuntaş H, Kutrup B. Screening the immunotoxicity of different food preservative agents on the model organism Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae. Drug Chem Toxicol 2022:1-11. [PMID: 35758106 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2022.2091589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Immunotoxic effects of sodium benzoate (SB, E211), sodium nitrate (SNa, E251), and sodium nitrite (SNi, E250), a few of the most common food preservatives, on the model organism Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae were investigated in this study. The last instar larvae were used for all experimental analyses. For this purpose, median lethal doses of SB, SNa, and SNi were applied to the larvae by the force-feeding method. We found that force-feeding G. mellonella larvae with SB, SNa, and SNi significantly reduced the larval total hemocyte counts, prohemocyte, and granulocyte ratios but increased plasmatocyte, spherulocyte, and oenocyte ratios, as well as the hemocyte mitotic indices and micronucleus frequency. The spreading ability of hemocytes and hemocyte-mediated immune responses were lower in the SB, SNa-, and SNi-treated larval groups compared to controls. Apoptotic indices were higher in all larval groups treated with food preservatives, but increments in necrotic indices were only significantly higher in SNi-treated larvae compared to controls. Our research shows that SB, SNa, and SNi have immunotoxic and cytotoxic potential on G. mellonella larvae. Thus, we suggest that G. mellonella larvae can be used as preliminary in vivo models to screen the immunotoxic effects of food preservative agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emine Duman Erbaş
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Rehemah Gwokyalya
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Hülya Altuntaş
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Eskisehir Technical University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Bilal Kutrup
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Eskin A, Bozdoğan H. Effects of the copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) on Galleria mellonella hemocytes. Drug Chem Toxicol 2021; 45:1870-1880. [PMID: 33657947 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2021.1892948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, 38 nm-sized and flake-like-shaped CuO NPs (10, 50, 100, 150 μg/10 µl/larva) were force-fed to fourth instar (100 ± 20 mg) Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae under the laboratory conditions. The effects of CuO NPs on total hemocyte counts (THCs) and the frequency of viable, mitotic, apoptotic, necrotic, and micronucleated hemocyte indices were detected with the double-staining protocol by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stains. The total hemocyte counts (THCs) did not change significantly in G. mellonella larvae at all concentrations for 24 h and 72 h post-force-feeding treatment. The ratio of viable hemocytes decreased at 50, 100, 150 μg/10 µl concentrations in 24 h and 72 h when compared with untreated larvae. The increases in the percentage of mitotic and micronucleated hemocytes were statistically significant at 150 μg/10 µl in 24 h. The results showed that high concentrations (>10 μg/10 µl) of CuO NPs increased the percentage of apoptotic hemocytes in 24 h. 100 and 150 μg/10 µl of CuO NPs caused a significant increase in the percentage of necrotic hemocytes in 24 h. The decrease in the percentage of mitotic hemocytes at 10, 100 and 150 μg/10 µl in 72 h was statistically significant. Apoptotic hemocytes increased and were found to be higher at 100 and 150 μg/10 µl of CuO NPs in 72 h in comparison with the untreated larvae. Finally, we observed an increase in the percentage of necrotic hemocytes at 150 μg/10 µl in 72 h.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Eskin
- Department of Crop Animal Production, Avanos Vocational School, University of Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli, Nevşehir, Turkey
| | - Hakan Bozdoğan
- Department of Plant and Animal Production, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, University of Kırşehir Ahi Evran, Kırşehir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Senior NJ, Titball RW. Isolation and primary culture of Galleria mellonella hemocytes for infection studies. F1000Res 2021; 9:1392. [PMID: 33520196 PMCID: PMC7818094 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.27504.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Galleria mellonella larvae are increasingly used to study the mechanisms of virulence of microbial pathogens and to assess the efficacy of antimicrobials. The G. mellonella model can faithfully reproduce many aspects of microbial disease which are seen in mammals, and therefore allows a reduction in the use of mammals. The model is now being widely used by researchers in universities, research institutes and industry. An attraction of the model is the interaction between pathogen and host. Hemocytes are specialised phagocytic cells which resemble neutrophils in mammals and play a major role in the response of the larvae to infection. However, the detailed interactions of hemocytes with pathogens is poorly understood, and is complicated by the presence of different sub-populations of cells. We report here a method for the isolation of hemocytes from Galleria mellonella. A needle-stick injury of larvae, before harvesting, markedly increased the recovery of hemocytes in the hemolymph. The majority of the hemocytes recovered were granulocyte-like cells. The hemocytes survived for at least 7 days in culture at either 28°C or 37°C. Pre-treatment of larvae with antibiotics did not enhance the survival of the cultured hemocytes. Our studies highlight the importance of including sham injected, rather than un-injected, controls when the G. mellonella model is used to test antimicrobial compounds. Our method will now allow investigations of the interactions of microbial pathogens with insect hemocytes enhancing the value of G. mellonella as an alternative model to replace the use of mammals, and for studies on hemocyte biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J. Senior
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences - Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Richard W. Titball
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences - Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, EX4 4QD, UK,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Altuntaş H, Gwokyalya R, Bayram N. Immunotoxic effects of force-fed ethephon on model organism Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Drug Chem Toxicol 2021; 45:1761-1768. [PMID: 33461353 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2021.1873358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Incorporation of chemical substances like plant growth regulators in agricultural practices to boost production has become inevitable; thus, they have accumulated in the environment in tremendous amounts. However, due to their nonselective nature, they affect several components of the ecosystem like the invertebrates. In this study, therefore, the effects of force-fed Ethephon on the cellular mediated immune system of model insect G. mellonella larvae were investigated using the lethal doses LD25 and LD50 determined in a previous study. Our results indicated that treating G. mellonella larvae with ETF significantly reduces the number of circulating hemocytes and also reduces the number of live cells while increasing the apoptotic and necrotic cell ratios at all doses. Additionally, ETF increased the number of spherulocytes, oenocytes and prohemocytes as well as the mitotic indices while reducing the number of granulocytes in circulation but did not alter the number of plasmatocytes. Moreover, the in vivo encapsulation assays showed significant suppression of the encapsulation abilities of the ETF treated G. mellonella larval hemocytes at both ETF doses. The findings of the current study are indicative of the ecotoxic effects that may arise due to ETF and that its usage should be controlled or monitored as it poses major threats to several organisms and the ecosystem at large.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hülya Altuntaş
- Department of Biology, Eskisehir Technical University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Rehemah Gwokyalya
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nur Bayram
- Instıtute of Graduate Programs, Eskisehir Technical University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Senior NJ, Titball RW. Isolation and primary culture of Galleria mellonella hemocytes for infection studies. F1000Res 2020; 9:1392. [PMID: 33520196 PMCID: PMC7818094 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.27504.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Galleria mellonella larvae are increasingly used to study the mechanisms of virulence of microbial pathogens and to assess the efficacy of antimicrobials. The G. mellonella model can faithfully reproduce many aspects of microbial disease which are seen in mammals, and therefore allows a reduction in the use of mammals. The model is now being widely used by researchers in universities, research institutes and industry. An attraction of the model is the interaction between pathogen and host. Hemocytes are specialised phagocytic cells which resemble neutrophils in mammals and play a major role in the response of the larvae to infection. However, the detailed interactions of hemocytes with pathogens is poorly understood, and is complicated by the presence of different sub-populations of cells. We report here a method for the isolation of hemocytes from Galleria mellonella. A needle-stick injury of larvae, before harvesting, markedly increased the recovery of hemocytes in the hemolymph. The majority of the hemocytes recovered were granulocyte-like cells. The hemocytes survived for at least 7 days in culture at either 28°C or 37°C. Pre-treatment of larvae with antibiotics did not enhance the survival of the cultured hemocytes. Our studies highlight the importance of including sham injected, rather than un-injected, controls when the G. mellonella model is used to test antimicrobial compounds. Our method will now allow investigations of the interactions of microbial pathogens with insect hemocytes enhancing the value of G. mellonella as an alternative model to replace the use of mammals, and for studies on hemocyte biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J. Senior
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences - Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Richard W. Titball
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences - Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, EX4 4QD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Afraze Z, Sendi JJ, Karimi-Malati A, Zibaee A. Methanolic Extract of Winter Cherry Causes Morpho-Histological and Immunological Ailments in Mulberry Pyralid Glyphodes pyloalis. Front Physiol 2020; 11:908. [PMID: 32903720 PMCID: PMC7438863 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of Withania somnifera a medicinal plant seed extract was tested against lesser mulberry pyralid, a potential pest of mulberry. The mulberry leaves were used for silk production in rural areas of northern Iran. The extract was administered orally by leaf dipping method in two lower (5%W/V) and higher (15%W/V) dosages to third instar larvae (<24 h) for biological assays and to fifth instar larvae (<24 h) for Physiological studies. The results showed formation of larvoids (Ls), larval-pupal intermediates (LPIs), pupoids (Ps) and pupal-adult intermediates (PAIs). The results showed increased larval duration by 1.7 and 2 folds in 5 and 15% treatment, respectively. Fecundity of resultant adults was decreased by 1.2 and 1.3 in 5 and 15% treatment, respectively. Except approximate digestibility (AD) and consumption index (CI) all other feeding indices showed reduction. The feeding deterrence was prominent at 15% (87%) and 5% showing 48% deterrence. Our enzymatic and non-enzymatic assessments upon treatment showed reduction in key components, except detoxifying enzymes. However, the activity of an important enzyme involved in cuticle hardening and immunity called phenoloxidase was reduced. We also investigated the histology of midgut for further analysis and found drastic changes in main cellular elements. Immunological changes following treatment was noticeable in reduced Total Hemocyte Count but surprisingly increased Differential Hemocyte Count. However, the hemocytes structure was extremely damaged. The reduced number of eggs in treated but survived adults indicated reduced ovaries, with vacuolization both in trophocytes and oocytes. The key chemical compounds showed reductions particularly at 15%. The present results are concomitant with few earlier studies on this medicinal plant and deserve further studies particularly in deriving key chemicals that alter metamorphosis similar to insect growth regulators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Afraze
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Jalal J Sendi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.,Department of Silk Research, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Azadeh Karimi-Malati
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Arash Zibaee
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Guo Y, Wang W, Chen Y, Sun Y, Li Y, Guan F, Shen Q, Guo Y, Zhang W. Continuous gibberellin A3 exposure from weaning to sexual maturity induces ovarian granulosa cell apoptosis by activating Fas-mediated death receptor signaling pathways and changing methylation patterns on caspase-3 gene promoters. Toxicol Lett 2020; 319:175-186. [PMID: 31733319 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Information on the effects of gibberellic acid (gibberellin A3, GA3) on ovarian follicle development is limited. In our present study, 21-day-old female Wistar rats were exposed to GA3 by gavage (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg body weight, once per day) for eight weeks to evaluate the influence of GA3 on ovarian follicle development. After treatment, significant (P < 0.05) increases (to 40.17 % and 44.5 %, respectively) in atretic follicle proportions and significant decreases (to 19.49 % and 17.86 %, respectively) in corpus luteum proportions were observed in the 50 and 100 mg/kg treatment groups compared to the control group. Significant (P < 0.05) increases (to 31.3 % and 42.0 %, respectively) in follicle apoptosis were observed in the 50 and 100 mg/kg treatment groups by transmission electron microscopy and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays. Significantly increased expression of caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9 and Fas was observed by real-time PCR and Western blotting. Bisulfite sequencing PCR (BSP) revealed obviously decreased total methylation percentages of the caspase-3 promoter region in the two treatment groups. Real-time quantitative PCR also showed significantly decreased mRNA expression of DNA methyltransferase (Dnmt) 3a and Dnmt3b. Further in vitro studies showed that a DNA methylation inhibitor could enhance the GA3-induced increase in the mRNA expression of caspase-3. Overall, our present study indicates that GA3 administration from weaning until sexual maturity can affect ovarian follicle development by inducing apoptosis and suggests that signaling through the Fas-mediated apoptotic pathway may be an important underlying mechanism of this apoptosis. In addition, GA3-induced aberrant DNA methylation patterns might be partly responsible for upregulation of caspase-3 gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Guo
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China; Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Wenxiang Wang
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China; Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
| | - Yiqin Chen
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China; Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yuchen Li
- Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Fangyuan Guan
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Qi Shen
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yiruo Guo
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Wenchang Zhang
- Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Functional Characterization of Outer Membrane Proteins (OMPs) in Xenorhabdus nematophila and Photorhabdus luminescens through Insect Immune Defense Reactions. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10100352. [PMID: 31627300 PMCID: PMC6835289 DOI: 10.3390/insects10100352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Xenorhabdus nematophila and Photorhabdusluminescens are entomopathogenic bacterial symbionts that produce toxic proteins that can interfere with the immune system of insects. Herein, we show that outer membrane proteins (OMPs) could be involved as bacterial virulence factors. Purified totals OMPs of both bacterial species were injected into fifth instar larvae of Spodopteraexigua Hübner. Larvae were surveyed for cellular defenses fluctuations in total haemocyte counts (THC) and granulocyte percentage and for the humoral defenses protease, phospholipase A2 (PLA2), and phenoloxidase (PO) activities at specific time intervals. Changes in the expression of the three inducible antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), cecropin, attacin, and spodoptericin, were also measured. Larvae treated with OMPs of both bacterial species had more haemocytes than did the negative controls. OMPs of X. nematophila caused more haemocyte destruction than did the OMPs of P. luminescens. The OMPs of both bacterial species initially activated insect defensive enzymes post-injection, the degree of activation varying with enzyme type. The AMPs, attacin, cecropin, and spodoptericin were up-regulated by OMP injections compared with the normal larvae. The expression of these three AMPs was maximal at four hours post injection (hpi) with P. luminescens OMPs treatment. Expression of the three AMPs in X. nematophila treated insects was irregular and lower than in the P. luminescens OMPs treatment. These findings provide insights into the role of OMPs of entomopathogenic nematode bacterial symbionts in countering the physiological defenses of insects.
Collapse
|
15
|
Eskin A, Öztürk Ş, Körükçü M. Determination of the acute toxic effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) in total hemocytes counts of Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) with two different methods. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2019; 28:801-808. [PMID: 31317358 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-019-02078-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are now commonly used in many consumer products (detergents, antibacterial products, protective creams). The aim of the study is to determine the ecotoxicological effects of ZnO NPs on the survival and in the total hemocyte counts of Galleria mellonella L. 1758 (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) with two different methods (automated cell counter and hemocytometer). A toxicity test was performed to determine the lethal concentrations of ZnO NPs on larvae by force feeding method. After 24 h the treatment, LC50 was 6.03 μg/10 µl and LC99 was 12.86 μg/10 µl for force fed larvae according to probit assay. The NP that induced changes in the total hemocytes counts were counted by optical microscopy (larvae exposed to four different doses of ZnO NPs) and by automated cell counter. Analyses of total hemocyte counts of the insect were performed with four doses (0.5, 1, 2.5, 5 μg/10 µl) <LC50 at 24 h upon feeding larvae revealed that a number of hemocytes did not show significant changes in all treatments compared with control in the optical microscopy counting. The similar statistically insignificant counting results were also seen in the automated cell counting results. The percentage of the dead cells (10.01%) in the 5 μg/10 µl group was significantly higher than the control group (3.03%) and showed a statistically significant difference at 24 h in the optical microscopy count with trypan blue viability test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ata Eskin
- Avanos Vocational School, Crop Animal Production Department, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University, Avanos, Nevşehir, Turkey.
| | - Şahlan Öztürk
- Environmental Engineering Department, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University, Nevşehir, Turkey
| | - Murat Körükçü
- Avanos Vocational School, Crop Animal Production Department, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University, Avanos, Nevşehir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gwokyalya R, Altuntaş H. Boric acid-induced immunotoxicity and genotoxicity in model insect Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 101:e21588. [PMID: 31180585 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Boric acid (BA) is widely used in various industrial process and can be accessed to nontarget organisms. This study aimed to investigate the insecticidal effects of BA and its toxic activities with respect to immunologic and genotoxic effects using Galleria mellonella larvae as a model. BA concentrations (78.125-10,000 ppm) were administrated to the larvae using the feeding method. Concentration-dependent mortality was observed in all larval groups. Probit analysis revealed LC30 , LC50 , and LC70 values to be 112.4, 320.1, and 911.4 ppm, respectively. These concentrations were used in all bioassays. Drastic reductions in total hemocyte counts along with changes in differential hemocyte counts were observed following BA treatment. Cell viability assays showed dose-dependent reductions in viable cells and an increase in the necrotic and apoptotic ratios after BA treatment. However, mitotic indices of larval hemocytes did not change at all BA concentrations. The cytotoxic effect of BA led to a significant reduction in cellular immune responses such as encapsulation, melanization, and nodulation activities of treated larvae. While BA increased micronucleus ratios at the highest concentration, comet parameters indicating DNA damage increased in G. mellonella larval hemocytes at all concentrations. These report that BA suppresses the immune system of G. mellonella and also poses risks of genotoxicity at high concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rehemah Gwokyalya
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Eskisehir Technical University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Hülya Altuntaş
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Eskisehir Technical University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Darsouei R, Karimi J, Dunphy GB. The role of pilin protein of Xenorhabdus nematophila against immune defense reactions of insects. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 101:82-90. [PMID: 28716396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Xenorhabdus nematophila is a symbiotic bacterium of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser). It produces several toxic proteins which interfere with the immune system of insects. The current study shows that purified pilin protein could be a virulence trait of X. nematophila. The fifth instar larvae of Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) was injected with purified pilin. Changes in the cellular defenses in terms of total haemocyte counts and granulocyte percentage and humoral factors including total protease, phospholipase A2, and phenoloxidase activities (humoral defense) as well as the expression of the three main antimicrobial peptides attacin, cecropin, and spodoptericin were measured at specific times. The level of THC and granulocytes in larvae with different concentrations of pilin protein were less than the negative control. Also agglutination of haemocytes was observed 8-16h post-injection. The pilin protein activated phenoloxidase in the initial hour post-injection, by 2hpi, activity was stable. The activities of phospholipase A2 and protease activities reached maximum levels at 12 and 4hpi, respectively, and then decreased. The expressions of attacin, cecropin, and spodoptericin in larvae treated with pilin protein were up-regulated above that of the normal sample. The overexpression of cecropin was greater than the other antimicrobial protein mRNA transcripts. The spodoptericin expression had an irregular trend while expressions of attacin and cecropin reached maximum levels at 4hpi and then decreased. Generally, after the injection of pilin protein, the cellular and humoral immune system of S. exigua is activated but this toxin was able to inhibit them. This is the first report of the role of pilin protein when the bacterial symbiont of S. carpocapsae encounters the humoral defense of an insect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reyhaneh Darsouei
- Biocontrol and Insect Pathology Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, School of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Javad Karimi
- Biocontrol and Insect Pathology Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, School of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Gary B Dunphy
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, 21 111 Lakeshore Rd, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Alvarenga R, Moraes JC, Auad AM, Coelho M, Nascimento AM. Induction of resistance of corn plants to Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) by application of silicon and gibberellic acid. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2017; 107:527-533. [PMID: 28112063 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485316001176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of silicon application and administration of the phytohormone gibberellic acid on resistance of the corn plants to the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, and their vegetative characteristics. We evaluated larval and pupal duration, survival and biomass, and adult longevity, malformation and fecundity of S. frugiperda after feeding on plant matter treated with silicon and/or gibberellic acid. The feeding preference of FAW first-instar larvae, the total leaf area consumed by the insects, and the vegetative parameters of corn plants were also evaluated. No significant differences were observed in the measured parameters of larval and pupal stages of S. frugiperda in response to silicon or gibberellic acid. In adult stage insects, the number of eggs per female was significantly reduced in insects derived from larvae fed plants treated with silicon or gibberellic acid. In a non-preference test, 48 h after release, caterpillars preferred control untreated plants and consumed less matter from plants that had received hormonal treatment (gibberellic acid). Gibberellic acid also altered the vegetative characteristics of plants, by increasing their height, shoot fresh and dry mass, and silicon content. We conclude that gibberellic acid can alter the vegetative characteristics and silicon uptake of corn plants, leading to a reduction in their consumption by S. frugiperda larvae and a decrease in female insect oviposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Alvarenga
- Departamento de Entomologia,Lavras,Universidade Federal de Lavras,Minas Gerais,Brazil
| | - J C Moraes
- Departamento de Entomologia,Lavras,Universidade Federal de Lavras,Minas Gerais,Brazil
| | - A M Auad
- Laboratório de Entomologia,Embrapa - Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Gado de Leite,Juiz de Fora,Minas Gerais,Brazil
| | - M Coelho
- Departamento de Entomologia,Lavras,Universidade Federal de Lavras,Minas Gerais,Brazil
| | - A M Nascimento
- Departamento de Entomologia,Lavras,Universidade Federal de Lavras,Minas Gerais,Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Altuntaş H. Determination of Gibberellic Acid (GA3)-Induced Oxidative Stress in a Model Organism Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 44:100-105. [PMID: 26308811 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvu020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The plant growth regulator gibberellic acid (GA3) is known to negatively impact growth and development of insects. In this study, larvae of Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) were fed a diet with varying dosages of GA3 to investigate how antioxidant enzymes are influenced. Activity levels in last instars reared in laboratory at 25 ± 2°C, 60 ± 5% relative humidity, and a photoperiod of 12:12 (L:D) h were measured for superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and catalase (CAT). Treatment with GA3 in diet resulted in a remarkable increase in the activities of both SOD and GST at lower GA3 doses (50-1,000 ppm) with respect to control and higher doses. The activity of CAT in the hemolymph of last instars significantly increased at all doses when compared with that in the hemolymph of untreated larvae. This trend in the increase of CAT was not dose-wise, except for the significant increases at 2,000 and 5,000 ppm when compared with that of untreated and all treated groups. Consequently, our results showed that GA3 is effective at activating the antioxidant defense system of insects as a source of free radical and can be toxic for larvae in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, we suggest that the increase in the activity of GST, SOD, and CAT in larvae may indicate a physiological adaptability to compensate for GA3-induced stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Altuntaş
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Anadolu University, Eskişehir 26470, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Alvandi J, Karimi J, Dunphy G. Cellular reactions of the white grub larvae, Polyphylla adspersa, against entomopathogenic nematodes. NEMATOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1163/15685411-00002828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The haemocyte reactions of the white grub larvae Polyphylla adspersa to entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN), together with the host haemocyte types, have been studied. Six types of identified haemocytes included the prohaemocytes, granulocytes, plasmatocytes, oenocytoids, coagulocytes and spherulocytes. The granulocytes were the dominant (65.2%) haemocyte type followed by the plasmatocytes (22.1%). Both haemocyte types encapsulate EPN. White grub larvae and last larval stage of Galleria mellonella were individually infected with monoxenic Heterorhabditis bacteriophora or Steinernema glaseri. The maximum total haemocyte counts (THC) level of the white grub larvae against the nematode S. glaseri occurred at 12 h post-injection. In addition, by 8 h post-injection, the granulocyte and plasmatocyte levels decreased. The cell reactions of the grubs against H. bacteriophora in terms of THC and differential haemocyte counts and the encapsulation rate started earlier and were more pronounced than those against S. glaseri. The maximum percentage of the encapsulation observed in the white grub larvae against S. glaseri (27.3 ± 0.7%) and H. bacteriophora (36.5 ± 3.5%) occurred at 12 and 8 h post-injection, respectively. EPN-triggered encapsulation in P. adspersa larvae was more extensive than in G. mellonella larvae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamileh Alvandi
- Biocontrol and Insect Pathology Lab., Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Javad Karimi
- Biocontrol and Insect Pathology Lab., Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gary B. Dunphy
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Koodalingam A, Mullainadhan P, Arumugam M. Immuno-suppressive effects of aqueous extract of soapnut Sapindus emarginatus on the larvae and pupae of vector mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Acta Trop 2013; 126:249-55. [PMID: 23499862 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We recently reported the presence of potent anti-mosquito activity in aqueous kernel extract of the soapnut, Sapindus emarginatus, and demonstrated its impact on marker enzymes in larvae and pupae of the vector mosquito, Aedes aegypti. As a sequel to these findings, the present study elucidates immunotoxicity of this extract with respect to hemocyte-mediated cellular immune responses in fourth instar larvae and pupae as well as cuticular melanization reaction in the larvae of A. aegypti. The exposure of these two developmental stages of the mosquito to the soapnut extract at a lethal threshold concentration neither affected hemocyte viability tested up to 3h in vitro nor did it influence the hemocyte count. By contrast, exposure of the mosquito larvae and pupae to this extract significantly reduced the ability of their hemocytes to bind yeast cells, an important early event in the process of non-self recognition by immune cells. Consequently, the phagocytic activity of these hemocytes against yeast cells was also found to be adversely affected upon exposure of larvae and pupae to the extract. Besides, a perceptible initial delay in melanization reaction at the injured site of the cuticle in the extract-exposed larvae was observed. All these findings demonstrate, for the first time, the immuno-suppressive potential of a botanical biocide in the vector mosquito.
Collapse
|
22
|
King JG, Hillyer JF. Spatial and temporal in vivo analysis of circulating and sessile immune cells in mosquitoes: hemocyte mitosis following infection. BMC Biol 2013; 11:55. [PMID: 23631603 PMCID: PMC3660217 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-11-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mosquitoes respond to infection by mounting immune responses. The primary regulators of these immune responses are cells called hemocytes, which kill pathogens via phagocytosis and via the production of soluble antimicrobial factors. Mosquito hemocytes are circulated throughout the hemocoel (body cavity) by the swift flow of hemolymph (blood), and data show that some hemocytes also exist as sessile cells that are attached to tissues. The purpose of this study was to create a quantitative physical map of hemocyte distribution in the mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, and to describe the cellular immune response in an organismal context. Results Using correlative imaging methods we found that the number of hemocytes in a mosquito decreases with age, but that regardless of age, approximately 75% of the hemocytes occur in circulation and 25% occur as sessile cells. Infection induces an increase in the number of hemocytes, and tubulin and nuclear staining showed that this increase is primarily due to mitosis and, more specifically, autonomous cell division, by circulating granulocytes. The majority of sessile hemocytes are present on the abdominal wall, although significant numbers of hemocytes are also present in the thorax, head, and several of the appendages. Within the abdominal wall, the areas of highest hemocyte density are the periostial regions (regions surrounding the valves of the heart, or ostia), which are ideal locations for pathogen capture as these are areas of high hemolymph flow. Conclusions These data describe the spatial and temporal distribution of mosquito hemocytes, and map the cellular response to infection throughout the hemocoel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas G King
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B 35-1634, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|