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Clark JM. New chemistries for the control of human head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis: A mini-review. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 181:105013. [PMID: 35082036 PMCID: PMC8795694 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.105013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pediculus lice represent one of the longest and most prevalent parasitic infestations of humans. Head lice are an economic and social concern whereas body lice pose a more serious public health threat. Significant progress has been made in the study of human lice over the last 10 years, allowing for new approaches in their control. An in vitro rearing system has made it possible to maintain insecticide-susceptible and -resistant reference strains, which allowed an in depth study of pediculicide resistance, including its underlying molecular mechanisms and the detection and monitoring of resistance. The generation of inbreed strains facilitated the efficient sequencing, assembly and annotation of the genomes and transcriptomes of both lice. The use of functional genomics and reverse genetics elucidated the genetics involved in the evolution of resistance and the discovery of novel target sites for the development of new pediculicides. In this review, four new effective pediculicide products, each with different mode of action and unique chemistries, will be presented. They have been found to be safe and selective, and control resistant lice. As such, they meet the criteria necessary to be used in rotations as a sustainable resistance management strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Clark
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01002, USA.
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2
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Bernigaud C, Fernando D, Lu H, Taylor S, Hartel G, Guillot J, Chosidow O, Fischer K. In vitro
ovicidal activity of current and under‐development scabicides: which treatments kill scabies eggs? Br J Dermatol 2019; 182:511-513. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.18517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Bernigaud
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Department Infectious Diseases Program QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Brisbane QLD Australia
- Dermatology Department AP‐HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor Université Paris‐Est Créteil France
- Research Group Dynamyc EA7380, Faculté de Médecine de Créteil Université Paris‐Est Créteil France
| | - D.D. Fernando
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Department Infectious Diseases Program QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Brisbane QLD Australia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science University of Peradeniya Peradeniya Sri Lanka
| | - H. Lu
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Department Infectious Diseases Program QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - S. Taylor
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Department Infectious Diseases Program QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - G. Hartel
- Statistics Unit QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - J. Guillot
- Research Group Dynamyc EA7380, Faculté de Médecine de Créteil Université Paris‐Est Créteil France
| | - O. Chosidow
- Dermatology Department AP‐HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor Université Paris‐Est Créteil France
| | - K. Fischer
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Department Infectious Diseases Program QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Brisbane QLD Australia
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Ashour DS. Ivermectin: From theory to clinical application. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2019; 54:134-142. [PMID: 31071469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 250 million people have been using ivermectin (IVM) annually to combat many parasitic diseases including filariasis, onchocerciasis, strongyloidiasis, scabies and pediculosis. Many clinical studies have proven its efficacy against these diseases and have reported the optimum dose and duration of treatment. Moreover, its antiparasitic range has increased to cover more parasitic infections, but it still requires further exploration, e.g. for trichinosis and myiasis. Furthermore, IVM showed high efficacy in killing vectors of disease-causing parasites such as mosquitoes, sandflies and tsetse flies. The World Health Organization (WHO) has managed many control programmes involving the use of IVM to achieve elimination of onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis and to reduce malaria transmission. However, IVM is not exempt from the possibility of resistance and, certainly, its intensive use has led to the emergence of resistance in some parasites. Recent research is investigating the possibility of novel drug delivery systems for IVM that increase its potential to treat a new range of diseases and to overcome the possibility of drug resistance. This review highlights the most common human uses of IVM, with special reference to the new and promising properties of IVM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia S Ashour
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
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Bowles VM, Hanegraaf S, Ahveninen T, Sidgiddi S, Allenby K, Alsop H. Effect of a New Head Lice Treatment, Abametapir Lotion, 0.74%, on Louse Eggs: A Randomized, Double-Blind Study. Glob Pediatr Health 2019; 6:2333794X19831295. [PMID: 30828591 PMCID: PMC6388454 DOI: 10.1177/2333794x19831295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Few head lice treatments have demonstrated effectiveness against louse eggs. Abametapir, a metalloproteinase inhibitor, is able to target metalloproteinases critical to egg hatching and louse development. In this double-blind, phase 2 study, 50 subjects aged ≥3 years with active head lice infestation were randomized to receive a single treatment of abametapir lotion, 0.74%, or vehicle (control), applied to scalp and hair for 10 minutes. Ovicidal efficacy was measured by recording the hatch rate of eggs collected from each subject's hair before and after treatment and incubated for 14 days. With abametapir, 100% of treated eggs remained unhatched compared with 64.0% for vehicle. Accounting for pretreatment hatch rates, the absolute reduction in egg hatching was 92.9% for abametapir versus 42.3% for vehicle (P < .0001). The most frequently reported adverse event was rash (16%). Abametapir lotion, 0.74%, demonstrated significant ovicidal activity against head lice eggs with a single application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vernon Morrison Bowles
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Hatchtech Pty Ltd, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Kent Allenby
- Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Inc., Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Hugh Alsop
- Hatchtech Pty Ltd, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Ullio-Gamboa G, Palma S, Benoit JP, Allemandi D, Picollo MI, Toloza AC. Ivermectin lipid-based nanocarriers as novel formulations against head lice. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:2111-2117. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5510-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bowles VM, Yoon KS, Barker SC, Tran C, Rhodes C, Clark MJ. Ovicidal Efficacy of Abametapir Against Eggs of Human Head and Body Lice (Anoplura: Pediculidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 54:167-172. [PMID: 28082644 PMCID: PMC5853637 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Studies were undertaken to determine the ovicidal efficacy of 5,5'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridyl (abametapir) against eggs of both human head and body lice. Head lice eggs of different ages (0-2, 3-5, and 6-8-d-old eggs) were exposed to varying concentrations of abametapir in isopropanol and concentration-dependent response relationships established based on egg hatch. One hundred percent of all abametapir-treated eggs failed to hatch at the 0.74 and 0.55% concentrations, whereas 100% of 6-8-d-old head louse eggs failed to hatch only at the 0.74% concentration. The LC50 value for abametapir varied, depending on the age of the head lice eggs, from ∼0.10% recorded for 0-2-d-old eggs and increasing to ∼0.15% for 6-8-d-old eggs. Abametapir was also evaluated once formulated into a lotion referred to as Xeglyze (0.74% abametapir) and serial dilutions made. Ovicidal efficacies were determined against head lice eggs 0-8-d-old. Results indicated 100% ovicidal activity at the 0.74, 0.55, 0.37, and 0.18% concentrations. Additional studies undertaken using body lice eggs also demonstrated that abametapir was 100% ovicidal against eggs of all ages when evaluated at a concentration of 0.37 and 0.55%. Given that ovicidal activity is a critical component of any effective treatment regime for louse control, the data presented in this study clearly demonstrate the ability of abametapir to inhibit hatching of both head and body louse eggs as assessed in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vernon M Bowles
- Hatchtech Pty Ltd Suite 201, 697 Burke Rd., Camberwell, Australia 3124
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Science, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia 3010
| | - Kyong Sup Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Sciences Program, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, IL 62026
| | - Stephen C Barker
- Parasitology Section, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, the University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Christopher Tran
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Morrill 1, N311B, University of Massachusetts, 639 N. Pleasant St., Amherst, MA 01003 (; ; )
| | - Christopher Rhodes
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Morrill 1, N311B, University of Massachusetts, 639 N. Pleasant St., Amherst, MA 01003 (; ; )
| | - Marshall J Clark
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Morrill 1, N311B, University of Massachusetts, 639 N. Pleasant St., Amherst, MA 01003 (; ; )
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Koch E, Clark JM, Cohen B, Meinking TL, Ryan WG, Stevenson A, Yetman R, Yoon KS. Management of Head Louse Infestations in the United States-A Literature Review. Pediatr Dermatol 2016; 33:466-72. [PMID: 27595869 DOI: 10.1111/pde.12982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Head lice are a source of scalp irritation, social disruption, and loss of school time. Health care providers need authoritative information to help avoid the costs and risks of ineffective treatment. A review was completed to provide relevant information on infestation treatments available in the United States. Three major biomedical databases were searched from 1985, when current products were first available, to 2014, focusing on U.S. REPORTS A total of 579 references remained after duplicates were removed. A search of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration website and labels of approved products were reviewed. A marked decline in the effectiveness of permethrin and synergized pyrethrins was found, probably because of resistance arising from widespread and indiscriminate use, and the emergence of knockdown resistance mutations. The potential toxicity of lindane in the setting of readily available, safer, and more effective alternatives, should limit its use. Prescription products shown to be safe and effective with a single application, without nit combing, are topical ivermectin, malathion, and spinosad, whereas benzyl alcohol requires two applications. Home remedies such as mayonnaise, and essential oils, have not been demonstrated to be safe or effective, and may carry potential for severe adverse events. The high risk of failure of over-the-counter treatments in eliminating head louse infestations drives a need for health care provider recognition of the limitations of current treatments and for judicious use of treatments that remain effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Koch
- Division of Pediatric Dermatology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John Marshall Clark
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Bernard Cohen
- Division of Pediatric Dermatology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | | | - Robert Yetman
- University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas
| | - Kyong Sup Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Sciences Program, Southern Illinois University-Edwardsville, Edwardsville, Illinois
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Clark JM, Yoon KS, Kim JH, Lee SH, Pittendrigh BR. Utilization of the human louse genome to study insecticide resistance and innate immune response. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 120:125-132. [PMID: 25987230 PMCID: PMC4438269 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Since sequencing the human body louse genome, substantial advances have occurred in the utilization of the information gathered from louse genomes and transcriptomes. Comparatively, the body louse genome contains far fewer genes involved in environmental response, such as xenobiotic detoxification and innate immune response. Additionally, the body louse maintains a primary bacterial endosymbiont, Candidatus Riesia pediculicola, and a number of bacterial pathogens that it vectors, which have genomes that are also reduced in size. Thus, human louse genomes offer unique information and tools for use in advancing our understanding of coevolution among vectors, endosymbionts and pathogens. In this review, we summarize the current literature on the extent of pediculicide resistance, the availability of new pediculicides and information establishing this organism as an efficient model to study how xenobiotic metabolism, which is involved in insecticide resistance, is induced and how insects modify their innate immune response upon bacterial challenge resulting in enhanced vector competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Marshall Clark
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Kyong Sup Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Sciences Program, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, IL 62026, USA
| | - Ju Hyeon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Si Hyeock Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Barry R Pittendrigh
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, 61801, USA
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9
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Lex J. New drugs and devices from 2011 - 2012 that might change your practice. West J Emerg Med 2013; 14:619-28. [PMID: 24381683 PMCID: PMC3876306 DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2013.2.16210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To be honest, I thought this would be a lost cause. Even after skipping a New Drugs and Devices essay in 2012, I figured that I would have to search long and hard to find 10 new things that emergency practitioners needed to know about. Although there were no true blockbuster medications for emergency physicians, I nonetheless found 10 medicines that we probably should know, along with a new device that may change the way we work up patients with palpitations, and a clever new delivery system for subcutaneous epinephrine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Lex
- Temple University School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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10
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Deeks LS, Naunton M, Currie MJ, Bowden FJ. Topical Ivermectin 0.5% Lotion for Treatment of Head Lice. Ann Pharmacother 2013; 47:1161-7. [DOI: 10.1177/1060028013500645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, adverse effects, and place in therapy of a single application of topical ivermectin 0.5% lotion for head lice treatment. Data Sources: Literature was obtained by searching MEDLINE, PubMed, CINAHL, and Scopus (January 1980 to January 2013). Abstracts were searched for the terms ivermectin AND (head lice or pediculus or pediculosis), topical ivermectin, ivermectin lotion, ivermectin AND (pharmacology OR pharmacokinetics). The New Drug Application filed with the Food and Drug Administration and the product data sheets for ivermectin were obtained. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All English-language articles retrieved from the search were evaluated for relevance to the objective. Data Synthesis: The recommended first-line head lice treatments in the United States are permethrin 1% or pyrethrins, with malathion 0.5% lotion used as a second-line treatment. Significantly more of the 289 head lice–infested participants using topical ivermectin 0.5% lotion were lice-free at day 15 when compared with vehicle control (73.8% vs 17.6%; P < .001) in 2 studies. Although this rate is lower than other third-line treatments (eg, spinosad 0.9% or benzyl alcohol 5%), topical ivermectin 0.5% lotion is well tolerated (pruritus, the most common adverse event, 0.9%) and requires only a single application. Conclusions: Topical ivermectin 0.5% lotion kills head lice by increasing chloride in muscle cells, causing hyperpolarization and paralysis. Only 1 application is required; when the treated eggs hatch, the lice are not viable because they cannot feed as a result of pharyngeal muscle paralysis. Minimal systemic absorption occurs following topical application. Studies have demonstrated that topical ivermectin 0.5% is a safe and efficacious treatment for head lice. Although it has no documented resistance, there is limited clinical experience, it requires a prescription, and it is expensive. Therefore it should be reserved as a third-line treatment for head lice in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise S. Deeks
- University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
- Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Marian J. Currie
- Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australia
- The Australian National University Medical School, Canberra, Australia
| | - Francis J. Bowden
- Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australia
- The Australian National University Medical School, Canberra, Australia
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11
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Meinking TL, Mertz-Rivera K, Villar ME, Bell M. Assessment of the safety and efficacy of three concentrations of topical ivermectin lotion as a treatment for head lice infestation. Int J Dermatol 2013; 52:106-12. [PMID: 23278618 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2012.05629.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ivermectin is a broad-spectrum parasiticide in widespread systemic use, including as an off-label treatment for head lice infestation. The potential of the topical use of ivermectin as a treatment for head lice infestation was suggested by an in vitro report of a novel lotion formulation. OBJECTIVES This study investigated the relative effectiveness of three ivermectin lotion concentrations (0.15, 0.25, and 0.5%) compared with vehicle placebo in eliminating head lice infestation. METHODS In this randomized, blinded study, 78 head lice-infested subjects, aged 2-62 years, received a single, 10-minute application of product on day 1. Evaluations were completed at two and six hours post-application, and on days 2, 8 (±1), and 15 (+2). Safety was assessed according to the evaluations of trained observers and adverse event (AE) reports. Efficacy was assessed according to scalp and hair examinations. RESULTS Compared with placebo, all ivermectin concentrations resulted in the statistically significant (P ≤ 0.003) eradication of head lice through to day 15, with the highest level of eradication (73.7%) in subjects who received the 0.5% concentration. The severity of pruritus decreased from baseline in all treatment groups, including the placebo group, from six hours post-treatment to day 15, with the greatest reduction in the 0.5% concentration group. No ocular irritation was observed. All three ivermectin treatment strengths and vehicle were well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS A single application of a 0.5% concentration of this ivermectin lotion formulation shows promise as a safe and effective treatment for head lice infestation and the associated signs of pruritus.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence of resistance to treatment complicates the public health problem of head-louse infestations and drives the need for continuing development of new treatments. There are limited data on the activity of ivermectin as a topical lousicide. METHODS In two multisite, randomized, double-blind studies, we compared a single application of 0.5% ivermectin lotion with vehicle control for the elimination of infestations without nit combing in patients 6 months of age or older. A tube of topical ivermectin or vehicle control was dispensed on day 1, to be applied to dry hair, left for 10 minutes, then rinsed with water. The primary end point was the percentage of index patients (youngest household member with ≥3 live lice) in the intention-to-treat population who were louse-free 1 day after treatment (day 2) and remained so through days 8 and 15. RESULTS A total of 765 patients completed the studies. In the intention-to-treat population, significantly more patients receiving ivermectin than patients receiving vehicle control were louse-free on day 2 (94.9% vs. 31.3%), day 8 (85.2% vs. 20.8%), and day 15 (73.8% vs. 17.6%) (P<0.001 for each comparison). The frequency and severity of adverse events were similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS A single, 10-minute, at-home application of ivermectin was more effective than vehicle control in eliminating head-louse infestations at 1, 7, and 14 days after treatment. (Funded by Topaz Pharmaceuticals [now Sanofi Pasteur]; ClinicalTrials.gov numbers, NCT01066585 and NCT01068158.).
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Pariser
- Department of Dermatology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, USA
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Abstract
Glutamate-gated chloride channels (GluCls) are found only in protostome invertebrate phyla but are closely related to mammalian glycine receptors. They have a number of roles in these animals, controlling locomotion and feeding and mediating sensory inputs into behavior. In nematodes and arthropods, they are targeted by the macrocyclic lactone family of anthelmintics and pesticides, making the GluCls of considerable medical and economic importance. Recently, the three-dimensional structure of a GluCl was solved, the first for any eukaryotic ligand-gated anion channel, revealing a macrocyclic lactone-binding site between the channel domains of adjacent subunits. This minireview will highlight some unique features of the GluCls and illustrate their contribution to our knowledge of the entire Cys loop ligand-gated ion channel superfamily.
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14
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Cada DJ, Demaris K, Levien TL, Baker DE. Ivermectin 0.5% Topical Lotion. Hosp Pharm 2012. [DOI: 10.1310/hpj4709-721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Each month, subscribers to The Formulary Monograph Service receive 5 to 6 well-documented monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late phase 3 trials. The monographs are targeted to Pharmacy & Therapeutics Committees. Subscribers also receive monthly 1-page summary monographs on agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing in-services. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation/medication use evaluation (DUE/MUE) is also provided each month. With a subscription, the monographs are sent in print and are also available on-line. Monographs can be customized to meet the needs of a facility. Subscribers to The Formulary Monograph Service also receive access to a pharmacy bulletin board, The Formulary Information Exchange (The F.I.X.). All topics pertinent to clinical and hospital pharmacy are discussed on The F.I.X. A drug class review is now published monthly with The Formulary Monograph Service. Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. For more information about The Formulary Monograph Service or The F.I.X., call The Formulary at 800-322-4349. The September 2012 monograph topics are on mirabegron, lorca-serin, trastuzumab emtansine, canagliflozin, and lixivaptan. The DUE/MUE is on mirabegron.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kendra Demaris
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | | | - Danial E. Baker
- College of Pharmacy, Washington State University Spokane, PO Box 1495, Spokane, Washington 99210–1495
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