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Faiman R, Yaro AS, Dao A, Sanogo ZL, Diallo M, Samake D, Yossi O, Veru LM, Graber LC, Conte AR, Kouam C, Krajacich BJ, Lehmann T. Isotopic evidence that aestivation allows malaria mosquitoes to persist through the dry season in the Sahel. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:1687-1699. [PMID: 36216903 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01886-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Data suggest that the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles coluzzii persists during the dry season in the Sahel through a dormancy mechanism known as aestivation; however, the contribution of aestivation compared with alternative strategies such as migration is unknown. Here we marked larval Anopheles mosquitoes in two Sahelian villages in Mali using deuterium (2H) to assess the contribution of aestivation to persistence of mosquitoes through the seven-month dry season. After an initial enrichment period, 33% of An. coluzzii mosquitoes were strongly marked. Seven months following enrichment, multiple analysis methods supported the ongoing presence of marked mosquitoes, compatible with the prediction that the fraction of marked mosquitoes should remain stable throughout the dry season if local aestivation is occurring. The results suggest that aestivation is a major persistence mechanism of An. coluzzii in the Sahel, contributing at least 20% of the adults at the onset of rains. This persistence strategy could influence mosquito control and malaria elimination campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Faiman
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Alpha S Yaro
- Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC)/Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto-stomatology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Adama Dao
- Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC)/Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto-stomatology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Zana L Sanogo
- Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC)/Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto-stomatology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Moussa Diallo
- Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC)/Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto-stomatology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Djibril Samake
- Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC)/Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto-stomatology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Ousmane Yossi
- Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC)/Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto-stomatology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Laura M Veru
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Leland C Graber
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Abigail R Conte
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Cedric Kouam
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Tovi Lehmann
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA
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2
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Stuart JD, Hartman DA, Gray LI, Jones AA, Wickenkamp NR, Hirt C, Safira A, Regas AR, Kondash TM, Yates ML, Driga S, Snow CD, Kading RC. Mosquito tagging using DNA-barcoded nanoporous protein microcrystals. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac190. [PMID: 36714845 PMCID: PMC9802479 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Conventional mosquito marking technology for mark-release-recapture (MRR) is quite limited in terms of information capacity and efficacy. To overcome both challenges, we have engineered, lab-tested, and field-evaluated a new class of marker particles, in which synthetic, short DNA oligonucleotides (DNA barcodes) are adsorbed and protected within tough, crosslinked porous protein microcrystals. Mosquitoes self-mark through ingestion of microcrystals in their larval habitat. Barcoded microcrystals persist trans-stadially through mosquito development if ingested by larvae, do not significantly affect adult mosquito survivorship, and individual barcoded mosquitoes are detectable in pools of up to at least 20 mosquitoes. We have also demonstrated crystal persistence following adult mosquito ingestion. Barcode sequences can be recovered by qPCR and next-generation sequencing (NGS) without detectable amplification of native mosquito DNA. These DNA-laden protein microcrystals have the potential to radically increase the amount of information obtained from future MRR studies compared to previous studies employing conventional mosquito marking materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lyndsey I Gray
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Alec A Jones
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Natalie R Wickenkamp
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | | | - Aya Safira
- Present address: Just-Evotec Biologics, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - April R Regas
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Therese M Kondash
- Department of Environmental Health and Radiological Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA,H3 Environmental, Albuquerque, NM 87109 (current)
| | - Margaret L Yates
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Sergei Driga
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Christopher D Snow
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA,School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Rebekah C Kading
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: 176 CVID, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA. Tel: (970) 491-7833;
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3
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Effectiveness of a New Self-Marking Technique in Aedes aegypti under Laboratory Conditions. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13040379. [PMID: 35447821 PMCID: PMC9044741 DOI: 10.3390/insects13040379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the implementation of mosquito control strategy programs using Sterile Insect Technique and other rear and release strategies, knowledge on the dispersion, competitiveness and survival of mosquitos is considered essential. To assess these parameters, marking techniques are generally used to differentiate colony mosquitoes from wild ones. Most of the existing mosquito marking methods require numerous manipulations that can impact their quality. In this study, we have developed a self-marking technique that can reduce the damage associated with mosquito handling. The marking technique consisted of adding fluorescent powder (DayGlo: A-17-N Saturn yellow) directly to the surface water of the receptacle containing Aedes aegypti male pupae. Different quantities of powder were used, and marking efficacy, powder persistence and mosquito survival were assessed. The results show a mean marking rate of 98 ± 1.61%, and the probability of marking increased significantly (p < 0.001) with increasing concentrations of fluorescent powder. Fluorescent powder persisted up to 20 days and did not induce a negative effect on mosquito survival (χ2 = 5.3, df = 7, p = 0.63). In addition, powder transfer did not occur between marked and unmarked populations. This marking method significantly reduces human intervention and mosquito handling during the marking process, improving the quality of marked mosquitoes used to assess SIT programs.
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4
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Analysis of the invasion of a city by Aedes aegypti via mathematical models and Bayesian statistics. THEOR ECOL-NETH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12080-022-00528-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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5
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Faiman R, Krajacich BJ, Graber L, Dao A, Yaro AS, Yossi O, Sanogo ZL, Diallo M, Samaké D, Sylla D, Coulibaly M, Kone S, Goita S, Coulibaly MB, Muratova O, McCormack A, Gonçalves BP, Hume J, Duffy P, Lehmann T. A novel fluorescence and DNA combination for versatile, long-term marking of mosquitoes. Methods Ecol Evol 2021; 12:1008-1016. [PMID: 34249305 PMCID: PMC8252004 DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Current mark-release-recapture methodologies are limited in their ability to address complex problems in vector biology, such as studying multiple groups overlapping in space and time. Additionally, limited mark retention, reduced post-marking survival and the large effort in marking, collection and recapture all complicate effective insect tracking.We have developed and evaluated a marking method using a fluorescent dye (SmartWater®) combined with synthetic DNA tags to informatively and efficiently mark adult mosquitoes using an airbrush pump and nebulizer. Using a handheld UV flashlight, the fluorescent marking enabled quick and simple initial detection of recaptures in a field-ready and non-destructive approach that when combined with an extraction-free PCR on individual mosquito legs provides potentially unlimited marking information.This marking, first tested in the laboratory with Anopheles gambiae s.l. mosquitoes, did not affect survival (median ages 24-28 days, p-adj > 0.25), oviposition (median eggs/female of 28.8, 32.5, 33.3 for water, green, red dyes, respectively, p-adj > 0.44) or Plasmodium competence (mean oocysts 5.56-10.6, p-adj > 0.95). DNA and fluorescence had 100% retention up to 3 weeks (longest time point tested) with high intensity, indicating marks would persist longer.We describe a novel, simple, no/low-impact and long-lasting marking method that allows separation of multiple insect subpopulations by combining unlimited length and sequence variation in the synthetic DNA tags. This method can be readily deployed in the field for marking multiple groups of mosquitoes or other insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Faiman
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector ResearchNIAIDNIHRockvilleMDUSA
| | | | - Leland Graber
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector ResearchNIAIDNIHRockvilleMDUSA
| | - Adama Dao
- Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC)/Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto‐stomatologyUniversity of Sciences, Techniques and TechnologiesBamakoMali
| | - Alpha Seydou Yaro
- Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC)/Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto‐stomatologyUniversity of Sciences, Techniques and TechnologiesBamakoMali
| | - Ousmane Yossi
- Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC)/Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto‐stomatologyUniversity of Sciences, Techniques and TechnologiesBamakoMali
| | - Zana Lamissa Sanogo
- Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC)/Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto‐stomatologyUniversity of Sciences, Techniques and TechnologiesBamakoMali
| | - Moussa Diallo
- Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC)/Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto‐stomatologyUniversity of Sciences, Techniques and TechnologiesBamakoMali
| | - Djibril Samaké
- Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC)/Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto‐stomatologyUniversity of Sciences, Techniques and TechnologiesBamakoMali
| | - Daman Sylla
- Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC)/Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto‐stomatologyUniversity of Sciences, Techniques and TechnologiesBamakoMali
| | - Moribo Coulibaly
- Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC)/Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto‐stomatologyUniversity of Sciences, Techniques and TechnologiesBamakoMali
| | - Salif Kone
- Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC)/Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto‐stomatologyUniversity of Sciences, Techniques and TechnologiesBamakoMali
| | - Sekou Goita
- Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC)/Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto‐stomatologyUniversity of Sciences, Techniques and TechnologiesBamakoMali
| | - Mamadou B. Coulibaly
- Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC)/Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto‐stomatologyUniversity of Sciences, Techniques and TechnologiesBamakoMali
| | - Olga Muratova
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and VaccinologyNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Ashley McCormack
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and VaccinologyNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Bronner P. Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and VaccinologyNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Jennifer Hume
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and VaccinologyNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Patrick Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and VaccinologyNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Tovi Lehmann
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector ResearchNIAIDNIHRockvilleMDUSA
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6
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Porras MF, López-Londoño T, Rost J, Biddinger D, Calvin D, Rajotte EG. A Method for a Long-Term Marking of Spotted Lanternfly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) Using a Stable Isotope of Nitrogen. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:993-997. [PMID: 32533697 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Developing a lifelong marking method for Lycorma delicatula (White, 1845) is crucial to investigate ecological processes. Here we validate a marking method using stable isotope enrichment (15N) of host plants to track spotted lanternfly (SLF), an invasive species causing economic damage on grapes, hardwood forest and landscape tree species. To validate this method, we first determined the isotope dosage to be sprayed on the host plants and subsequently detected in SLF. Second, we examined whether 15N mark remains detectable from the nymphal to adult stage. We demonstrated that two stable isotope dosages applied to the host plants were assimilated by the insect and equally detectable in the exoskeleton, wings, and mature eggs ready to be oviposited. This safe and reliable method can be used to examine fundamental processes of the biology and ecology of SLF that range from dietary resources and resource allocation to food-web structure and dispersal patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitzy F Porras
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Tomás López-Londoño
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - John Rost
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
- Department of Horticulture, The Pennsylvania State University, Berks Campus, Reading PA
| | - David Biddinger
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Dennis Calvin
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Edwin G Rajotte
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
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7
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Dispersal of female and male Aedes aegypti from discarded container habitats using a stable isotope mark-capture study design in South Texas. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6803. [PMID: 32321946 PMCID: PMC7176680 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63670-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is the main vector of arboviral diseases such as dengue, chikungunya and Zika. A key feature for disease transmission modeling and vector control planning is adult mosquito dispersal. We studied Ae aegypti adult dispersal by conducting a mark-capture study of naturally occurring Ae. aegypti from discarded containers found along a canal that divided two residential communities in Donna, Texas, USA. Stable isotopes were used to enrich containers with either 13C or 15N. Adult mosquitoes were collected outdoors in the yards of households throughout the communities with BG Sentinel 2 traps during a 12-week period. Marked mosquito pools with stable isotopes were used to estimate the mean distance travelled using three different approaches (Net, Strip or Circular) and the probability of detecting an isotopically marked adult at different distances from the larval habitat of origin. We consistently observed, using the three approaches that male (Net: 220 m, Strip: 255 m, Circular: 250 m) Ae. aegypti dispersed further in comparison to gravid (Net: 135 m, Strip: 176 m, Circular: 189 m) and unfed females (Net: 192 m, Strip: 213 m, Circular: 198 m). We also observed that marked male capture probability slightly increased with distance, while, for both unfed and gravid females, such probability decreased with distance. Using a unique study design documenting adult dispersal from natural larval habitat, our results suggest that Ae. aegypti adults disperse longer distances than previously reported. These results may help guide local vector control authorities in their fight against Ae. aegypti and the diseases it transmits, suggesting coverage of 200 m for the use of insecticides and innovative vector control tools.
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8
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Culbert NJ, Kaiser M, Venter N, Vreysen MJB, Gilles JRL, Bouyer J. A standardised method of marking male mosquitoes with fluorescent dust. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:192. [PMID: 32293537 PMCID: PMC7158013 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04066-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prior to a major release campaign of sterile insects, including the sterile insect technique, male mosquitoes must be marked and released (small scale) to determine key parameters including wild population abundance, dispersal and survival. Marking insects has been routinely carried out for over 100 years; however, there is no gold standard regarding the marking of specific disease-transmitting mosquitoes including Anopheles arabiensis, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. The research presented offers a novel dusting technique and optimal dust colour and quantities, suitable for small-scale releases, such as mark-release-recapture studies. Methods We sought to establish a suitable dust colour and quantity for batches of 100 male An. arabiensis, that was visible both by eye and under UV light, long-lasting and did not negatively impact longevity. A set of lower dust weights were selected to conduct longevity experiments with both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus to underpin the optimal dust weight. A further study assessed the potential of marked male An. arabiensis to transfer their mark to undusted males and females. Results The longevity of male An. arabiensis marked with various dust colours was not significantly reduced when compared to unmarked controls. Furthermore, the chosen dust quantity (5 mg) did not negatively impact longevity (P = 0.717) and provided a long-lasting mark. Dust transfer was found to occur from marked An. arabiensis males to unmarked males and females when left in close proximity. However, this was only noticeable when examining individuals under a stereomicroscope and thus deemed negligible. Overall, male Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus displayed a greater sensitivity to dusting. Only the lowest dust weight (0.5 mg) did not significantly reduce longevity (P = 0.888) in Ae. aegypti, whilst the lowest two dust weights (0.5 and 0.75 mg) had no significant impact on longevity (P = 0.951 and 0.166, respectively) in Ae. albopictus. Conclusion We have devised a fast, inexpensive and simple marking method and provided recommended dust quantities for several major species of disease-causing mosquitoes. The novel technique provides an evenly distributed, long-lasting mark which is non-detrimental. Our results will be useful for future MRR studies, prior to a major release campaign.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J Culbert
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Seibersdorf, Vienna, Austria. .,Institute of Integrative Biology & The Centre for Genomic Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside, UK.
| | - Maria Kaiser
- Vector Control Reference Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nelius Venter
- Vector Control Reference Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Marc J B Vreysen
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Seibersdorf, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jeremie R L Gilles
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Seibersdorf, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jérémy Bouyer
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Seibersdorf, Vienna, Austria.,CIRAD, UMR ASTRE CIRAD-INRA, Animals, Health, Territories, Risks and Ecosystems, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398, Montpellier, France
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9
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Garcia-Luna SM, Juarez JG, Cabañas S, Tang W, Roark EB, Maupin CR, Badillo-Vargas IE, Hamer GL. Stable Isotope Marking of Laboratory-Reared Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 57:649-652. [PMID: 31751467 PMCID: PMC7044722 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of stable isotope enrichment to mark mosquitoes has provided a tool to study the biology of vector species. In this study, we evaluated isotopic marking of Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) in a laboratory setting. We determined the optimal dosage for marking adult Ae. aegypti mosquitoes with 13C and 15N. Additionally, Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were single and dually marked with 13C and 15N for up to 60 d postemergence without changes to adult body size or transgenerational marking. This report adds to the growing literature that explores the use of alternative marking methods for ecological and vector biology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose G Juarez
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Sofia Cabañas
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Wendy Tang
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - E Brendan Roark
- Stable Isotope Geosciences Facility, Department of Geography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Christopher R Maupin
- Stable Isotope Geosciences Facility, Department of Geography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Ismael E Badillo-Vargas
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Weslaco, TX
| | - Gabriel L Hamer
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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10
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Marcantonio M, Reyes T, Barker CM. Quantifying
Aedes aegypti
dispersal in space and time: a modeling approach. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Marcantonio
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis California 95616 USA
| | - Trinidad Reyes
- Madera Mosquito & Vector Control Madera California 93637 USA
| | - Christopher M. Barker
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis California 95616 USA
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11
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Laboratory evaluation of stable isotope labeling of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) for adult dispersal studies. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:411. [PMID: 31439006 PMCID: PMC6704667 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3671-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stable isotope labeling is a promising method for use in insect mark-capture and dispersal studies. Culicoides biting midges, which transmit several important animal pathogens, including bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV), are small flies that develop in various semi-aquatic habitats. Previous Culicoides dispersal studies have suffered from the limitations of other labeling techniques, and an inability to definitively connect collected adult midges to specific immature development sites. Results Adult C. sonorensis were successfully labeled with 13C and 15N stable isotopes as larvae developing in a semi-aquatic mud substrate in the laboratory. High and low-dose isotope treatments for both elements significantly enriched midges above the background isotope levels of unenriched controls. Enrichment had no effect on C. sonorensis survival, though a slight (~ 5 day) delay in emergence was observed, and there was no significant effect of pool size on 13C or 15N enrichment levels. Conclusions Stable isotope labeling is life-long, and does not interfere with natural insect behaviors. Stable isotope enrichment using 13C or 15N shows promise for Culicoides dispersal studies in the field. This method can be used to identify adult dispersal from larval source habitat where a midge developed. It may be possible to detect a single enriched midge in a pool of unenriched individuals, though further testing is needed to confirm the sensitivity of this method.
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12
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Faiman R, Dao A, YARO AS, Diallo M, Djibril S, Sanogo ZL, Ousmane Y, Sullivan M, Veru L, Krajacich BJ, Krishna A, Matthews J, France CAM, Hamer G, Hobson KA, Lehmann T. Marking mosquitoes in their natural larval sites using 2H-enriched water: a promising approach for tracking over extended temporal and spatial scales. Methods Ecol Evol 2019; 10:1274-1285. [PMID: 32855783 PMCID: PMC7449266 DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 1.Tracking mosquitoes using current methods of mark-release-recapture are limited to small spatial and temporal scales exposing major gaps in understanding long-range movements and extended survival. Novel approaches to track mosquitoes may yield fresh insights into their biology which improves intervention activities to reduce disease transmission.Stable isotope enrichment of natural mosquito breeding sites allows large-scale marking of wild mosquitoes absent human handling. Mosquito larvae that develop in 2H-enriched water are expected to be detectable for over four months using tissue mass-fraction 2H measurements, providing opportunities for long-term mark-capture studies on a large scale. APPROACH 2.A laboratory study followed by a field experiment of mosquito larval habitat 2H-enrichment was conducted in Mali, to evaluate potential labeling of wild mosquitoes. Twelve natural larval sites were enriched using [2H]-Deuterium-oxide (D2O, 99%). Enrichment level was maintained by supplementation following dilution by rains. Availability of 2H to mosquito larvae was enhanced by locally collected and cultured microorganisms (i.e. protozoa, algae and bacteria) reared in deuterated water, and provided as larval diet. Putative natural predators were removed from the larval sites and first instar larvae Anopheles gambiae s.l. larvae were added every other day. Emergence traps enabled collection of eclosing adults. Adult mosquitoes were kept at laboratory conditions for analysis of label attrition with age. RESULTS 3.Deuterium enrichment of wild mosquitoes above background levels (maximum = 143.1 ppm) became apparent 5-6 days after initial exposure, after which 2H values increased steadily until ~24 days later (to a mean of approx. 220 ppm). Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes showed significantly different 2H values (211 and 194.2 ppm respectively). Both genera exhibited exponential label attrition (e (-x)) amounting to 21.6% by day 30 post emergence, after which attrition rate continuously decreased. Males of both taxa exhibited a higher mean 2H value compared to females. CONCLUSIONS 4.Deuterium-oxide proved useful in marking mosquitoes in their natural larval sites and although costly, may prove valuable for studies of mosquitoes and other aquatic insects. Based on our field study, we provide a protocol for marking mosquito larval sites using deuterium-oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Faiman
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergies and Infectious Diseases, the National Institutes of Health. Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Adama Dao
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto-stomatology. Bamako, Mali
| | - Alpha Seydou YARO
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto-stomatology. Bamako, Mali
| | - Moussa Diallo
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto-stomatology. Bamako, Mali
| | - Samake Djibril
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto-stomatology. Bamako, Mali
| | - Zana Lamissa Sanogo
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto-stomatology. Bamako, Mali
| | - Yossi Ousmane
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto-stomatology. Bamako, Mali
| | - Margery Sullivan
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergies and Infectious Diseases, the National Institutes of Health. Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Laura Veru
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergies and Infectious Diseases, the National Institutes of Health. Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Benjamin J. Krajacich
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergies and Infectious Diseases, the National Institutes of Health. Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Asha Krishna
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergies and Infectious Diseases, the National Institutes of Health. Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Joy Matthews
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Stable Isotope Facility. Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Gabriel Hamer
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University. College Station, TX, USA
| | - Keith A. Hobson
- Department of Biology and Environment and Climate Change Canada, University of Western Ontario. London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tovi Lehmann
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergies and Infectious Diseases, the National Institutes of Health. Rockville, MD, USA
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Marcantonio M, Winokur OC, Barker CM. Revisiting Alkali Metals As a Tool to Characterize Patterns of Mosquito Dispersal and Oviposition. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10080220. [PMID: 31344901 PMCID: PMC6723755 DOI: 10.3390/insects10080220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mark-recapture methods constitute a set of classical ecological tools that are used to collect information on species dispersal and population size. These methods have advanced knowledge in disparate scientific fields, from conservation biology to pest control. Gathering information on the dispersal of mosquito species, such as Aedes aegypti, has become critical since the recognition of their role as vectors of pathogens. Here, we evaluate a method to mark mosquitoes that exploits the rare alkali metals rubidium (Rb) and caesium (Cs), which have been used previously to mark adult insects through feeding. We revised this method by adding Rb and Cs directly to water in which the immature stages of Ae. aegypti were allowed to develop. We then assessed the effect of Rb- and Cs-enriched water on fitness, survival and bioaccumulation in both adult females and their eggs. Results indicated that Cs had adverse effects on Ae. aegypti, even at low concentrations, whereas Rb at low concentrations had no measured effects on exposed individuals and accumulated at detectable levels in adult females. The method described here relies on passive uptake of Rb during immature stages, which has the benefit of avoiding handling or manipulation of the dispersive adults, which enables purer measurement of movement. Moreover, we demonstrated that Rb was transferred efficiently from the marked females to their eggs. To our knowledge, Rb is the only marker used for mosquitoes that has been shown to transfer vertically from females to eggs. The application of Rb rather than more traditional markers may therefore increase the quality (no impact on released individuals) and quantity (both adults and eggs are marked) of data collected during MR studies. The method we propose here can be used in combination with other markers, such as stable isotopes, in order to maximize the information collected during MR experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Marcantonio
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Olivia C Winokur
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Christopher M Barker
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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McMillan JR, Blakney RA, Mead DG, Coker SM, Morran LT, Waller LA, Kitron U, Vazquez-Prokopec GM. Larviciding Culex spp. (Diptera: Culicidae) Populations in Catch Basins and Its Impact on West Nile Virus Transmission in Urban Parks in Atlanta, GA. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:222-232. [PMID: 30295776 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjy174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In urban environments, road-side catch basins are common larval habitats of Culex spp. (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes and important targets of larval control in areas subject to West Nile virus (WNv) transmission. We quantified the impact of larviciding basins on Culex spp. populations and WNv infection prevalence by treating basins in and around urban parks in Atlanta, GA, using Mosquito Dunks and Bits (active ingredient, a.i., Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. isrealensis, Dunks-10.31%, Bits-2.86%) and Altosid 30-Day Briquets (a.i., S-methoprene 8.62%) in two separate seasons. Treatments were coupled with WNv surveillance using gravid traps and aspiration of adults resting in basins. Larviciding led to >90% reductions in Culex spp. larval and pupal collections (Dunks/Bits) and >90% pupal mortality (Briquets) in treated sites during treatment periods; however, we did not observe significant reductions in Culex spp. collections in gravid traps (general linear mixed-effects model [GLMM] result, P > 0.1) or in adults collected resting in basins (GLMM, P > 0.5). In addition, WNv infection prevalence in Culex spp. mosquitoes was similar between treated and untreated sites (GLMM, P > 0.05). Larval control remains important for controlling WNv in Atlanta; however, at the scale and frequency applied in our study, larval control alone may not lead to meaningful reductions in adult populations and WNv infection prevalence. A greater understanding of the annual dynamics of Culex spp. breeding and the importance of basins as Culex spp. larval habitats are needed to meaningfully affect WNv in cities such as Atlanta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R McMillan
- Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Daniel G Mead
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Sarah M Coker
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Levi T Morran
- Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Lance A Waller
- Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA
| | - Uriel Kitron
- Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Gonzalo M Vazquez-Prokopec
- Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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Botteon V, Costa MDLZ, Kovaleski A, Martinelli LA, Mastrangelo T. Can stable isotope markers be used to distinguish wild and mass-reared Anastrepha fraterculus flies? PLoS One 2019; 13:e0209921. [PMID: 30596760 PMCID: PMC6312238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The availability of accurate techniques to discriminate between marked laboratory-reared flies and unmarked wild flies captured in monitoring traps is essential for programs that integrate the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) to manage fruit flies. In this study, the feasibility of using a stable isotope marking technique for the South American fruit fly, Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann), was assessed. Wild flies were collected from apple orchards, which are a target of a SIT project in southern Brazil. To verify if adult flies could be labelled by the stable isotopes from larval diets, larvae were reared on two different C4-based diets and fruits in laboratory. To evaluate the influence of the two most common attractants applied to capture A. fraterculus (grape juice and CeraTrapTM) and the most common preservation method in fruit fly collections (ethanol), laboratory-reared flies were immersed in McPhail traps containing the respective treatments for two periods of time. Samples were analyzed in an elemental analyzer coupled to a Continuous Flow Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer (CF-IRMS) at CENA/USP. The δ13C signatures of flies reared on artificial diets differed significantly from the δ13C of flies whose larvae were reared on fruits and from wild flies. In contrast, the δ15N values were less conclusive and the technique could not rely solely on them. In all cases considered, the δ13C and δ15N signatures from males did not differ from females. Despite the alterations caused by the attractants tested and ethanol, laboratory-flies could be distinguished from the wild ones based on δ13C signatures. This is the first comprehensive study to demonstrate that it is possible to distinguish wild A. fraterculus from flies reared on larval diets containing C4 sugar. The first experimentally derived trophic discrimination factors were also obtained for this species. Thus, intrinsic isotope labelling can serve as a backup to conventional dye marking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Botteon
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA), Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Adalecio Kovaleski
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), Estação Experimental de Fruticultura de Clima Temperado, Vacaria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luiz Antonio Martinelli
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA), Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago Mastrangelo
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA), Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Spitzen J, Takken W. Keeping track of mosquitoes: a review of tools to track, record and analyse mosquito flight. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:123. [PMID: 29499744 PMCID: PMC5834890 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2735-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The health impact of mosquito-borne diseases causes a huge burden on human societies. Recent vector control campaigns have resulted in promising declines in incidence and prevalence of these diseases, notably malaria, but resistance to insecticides and drugs are on the rise, threatening to overturn these gains. Moreover, several vector-borne diseases have re-emerged, requiring prompt and effective response measures. To improve and properly implement vector control interventions, the behaviour of the vectors must be well understood with detailed examination of mosquito flight being an essential component. Current knowledge on mosquito behaviour across its life history is briefly presented, followed by an overview of recent developments in automated tracking techniques for detailed interpretation of mosquito behaviour. These techniques allow highly accurate recording and observation of mating, feeding and oviposition behaviour. Software programmes built with specific algorithms enable quantification of these behaviours. For example, the crucial role of heat on host landing and the multimodal integration of carbon dioxide (CO2) with other host cues, has been unravelled based on three-dimensional tracking of mosquito flight behaviour. Furthermore, the behavioural processes underlying house entry and subsequent host searching and finding can be better understood by analysis of detailed flight recordings. Further potential of these technologies to solve knowledge gaps is discussed. The use of tracking techniques can support or replace existing monitoring tools and provide insights on mosquito behaviour that can lead to innovative and more effective vector-control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Spitzen
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem Takken
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Use of rhodamine B to mark the body and seminal fluid of male Aedes aegypti for mark-release-recapture experiments and estimating efficacy of sterile male releases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005902. [PMID: 28957318 PMCID: PMC5634656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent interest in male-based sterile insect technique (SIT) and incompatible insect technique (IIT) to control Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus populations has revealed the need for an economical, rapid diagnostic tool for determining dispersion and mating success of sterilized males in the wild. Previous reports from other insects indicated rhodamine B, a thiol-reactive fluorescent dye, administered via sugar-feeding can be used to stain the body tissue and seminal fluid of insects. Here, we report on the adaptation of this technique for male Ae. aegypti to allow for rapid assessment of competitiveness (mating success) during field releases. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPLE FINDINGS Marking was achieved by feeding males on 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 or 0.8% rhodamine B (w/v) in 50% honey solutions during free flight. All concentrations produced >95% transfer to females and successful body marking after 4 days of feeding, with 0.4 and 0.8% solutions producing the longest-lasting body marking. Importantly, rhodamine B marking had no effect on male mating competitiveness and proof-of-principle field releases demonstrated successful transfer of marked seminal fluid to females under field conditions and recapture of marked males. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These results reveal rhodamine B to be a potentially useful evaluation method for male-based SIT/IIT control strategies as well as a viable body marking technique for male-based mark-release-recapture experiments without the negative side-effects of traditional marking methods. As a standalone method for use in mating competitiveness assays, rhodamine B marking is less expensive than PCR (e.g. paternity analysis) and stable isotope semen labelling methods and less time-consuming than female fertility assays used to assess competitiveness of sterilised males.
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Dispersal of male and female Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes using stable isotope enrichment. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005347. [PMID: 28135281 PMCID: PMC5300284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The dispersal patterns of mosquito vectors are important drivers of vector-borne infectious disease dynamics and understanding movement patterns is pivotal to devise successful intervention strategies. Here, we investigate the dispersal patterns of two globally important mosquito vectors, Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus, by marking naturally-occurring larvae with stable isotopes (13C or 15N). Marked individuals were captured with 32 CDC light trap, 32 gravid trap, and 16 BG Sentinel at different locations within two-kilometer radii of six larval habitats enriched with either 13C or 15N. In total, 720 trap nights from July to August 2013 yielded a total of 32,140 Cx. quinquefasciatus and 7,722 Ae. albopictus. Overall, 69 marked female mosquitoes and 24 marked male mosquitoes were captured throughout the study period. The distance that Cx. quinquefasciatus females traveled differed for host-seeking and oviposition-seeking traps, with females seeking oviposition sites traveling further than those seeking hosts. Our analysis suggests that 41% of Cx. quinquefasciatus females that were host-seeking occurred 1–2 kilometer from their respective natal site, while 59% remained within a kilometer of their natal site. In contrast, 59% of Cx. quinquefasciatus females that were seeking oviposition sites occurred between 1–2 kilometer away from their larval habitat, while 15% occurred > 2 kilometer away from their natal site. Our analysis estimated that approximately 100% of Ae. albopictus females remained within 1 km of their respective natal site, with 79% occurring within 250m. In addition, we found that male Ae. albopictus dispersed farther than females, suggesting male-biased dispersal in this Ae. albopictus population. This study provides important insights on the dispersal patterns of two globally relevant vector species, and will be important in planning next generation vector control strategies that mitigate mosquito-borne disease through sterile insect techniques, novel Wolbachia infection, and gene drive strategies. Resolving patterns of mosquito dispersal across landscapes is a critical step toward the development of effective control strategies that mitigate vector-borne disease transmission and its public health burden. Here, we used a recently developed technique involving the enrichment of aquatic larval habitat with stable isotopes to mark male and female mosquitoes of two important vector species, Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus. We show that the patterns of dispersal were fundamentally different between these urban vectors. Culex quinquefasciatus dispersed much further than Aedes albopictus. In addition, male Aedes albopictus dispersed further than female mosquitoes. Our study suggests that infectious disease agents transmitted by Culex quinquefasciatus will be more difficult to control locally than those transmitted by Aedes albopictus. Our results on sex-biased dispersal in Aedes albopictus have implications for next-generation vector control strategies that rely on the release of sterile or sterilizing males to control mosquito populations. Finally, our study continues to show the utility of the stable-isotope marking technique to study mosquito movement.
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Opiyo MA, Hamer GL, Lwetoijera DW, Auckland LD, Majambere S, Okumu FO. Using Stable Isotopes of Carbon and Nitrogen to Mark Wild Populations of Anopheles and Aedes Mosquitoes in South-Eastern Tanzania. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159067. [PMID: 27392083 PMCID: PMC4938253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marking wild mosquitoes is important for understanding their ecology, behaviours and role in disease transmission. Traditional insect marking techniques include using fluorescent dyes, protein labels, radioactive labels and tags, but such techniques have various limitations; notably low marker retention and inability to mark wild mosquitoes at source. Stable isotopes are gaining wide spread use for non-invasive marking of arthropods, permitting greater understanding of mosquito dispersal and responses to interventions. We describe here a simple technique for marking naturally-breeding malaria and dengue vectors using stable isotopes of nitrogen (15N) and carbon (13C), and describe potential field applications. METHODS We created man-made aquatic mosquito habitats and added either 15N-labelled potassium nitrate or 13C-labelled glucose, leaving non-adulterated habitats as controls. We then allowed wild mosquitoes to lay eggs in these habitats and monitored their development in situ. Pupae were collected promptly as they appeared and kept in netting cages. Emergent adults (in pools of ~4 mosquitoes/pool) and individually stored pupae were desiccated and analysed using Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS). FINDINGS Anopheles gambiae s.l and Aedes spp. from enriched 13C and enriched 15N larval habitats had significantly higher isotopic levels than controls (P = 0.005), and both isotopes produced sufficient distinction between marked and unmarked mosquitoes. Mean δ15N for enriched females and males were 275.6±65.1 and 248.0±54.6, while mean δ15N in controls were 2.1±0.1 and 3.9±1.7 respectively. Similarly, mean δ13C for enriched females and males were 36.08±5.28 and 38.5±6.86, compared to -4.3±0.2 and -7.9±3.6 in controls respectively. Mean δ15N and δ13C was significantly higher in any pool containing at least one enriched mosquito compared to pools with all unenriched mosquitoes, P<0.001. In all cases, there were variations in standardized isotopic ratios between mosquito species. CONCLUSION Enrichment of semi-natural mosquito larval habitats with stable isotopes of nitrogen and carbon resulted in effective marking of Anopheles and Aedes mosquitoes colonizing these habitats. This approach can significantly enhance studies on mosquito eco-physiology, dispersal, pathogen transmission and responses to control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercy A. Opiyo
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Gabriel L. Hamer
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dickson W. Lwetoijera
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Lisa D. Auckland
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Silas Majambere
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Innovative Vector Control Consortium, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Fredros O. Okumu
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Republic of South Africa
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Zhang C, Shi G, Zhao Y, Yan D, Li H, Liu H, Wiwatanaratanabutr I, Gong M. Evaluation of Isotope (32)P Method to Mark Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) in a Laboratory. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2016; 10:211-21. [PMID: 27308279 PMCID: PMC4906760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the current study was to develop a marking technique as an internal marker to mark post blood meal mosquitoes by using stable phosphate isotope (32)P and determine the optimal concentration of it. METHODS An isotonic physiological saline solution, containing different concentration of radioactive isotope (32)P-labeled disodium phosphate (Na2H(32)PO4) was injected into rabbits via the jugular vein in the laboratory. Emerged Cx. pipiens were marked after feeding on rabbit. At the same time, the labeled conditions of emerged Cx. pipiens were also measured by placing feces of No. 6 rabbit into containers with mosquito larvae and pupae inside. RESULTS According to the label condition of Cx. pipiens after taking blood and the effect of different dosage Na2H(32)PO4 on rabbit health, the optimal concentration of radioactive isotope was determined, that is, 0.1211 mCi/kg. By placing feces of No. 6 rabbit into containers with mosquito larvae and pupae inside, the emerged mosquitoes were also labeled. Therefore, feeding mosquitoes on the animal injected with radioactive Na2H(32)PO4 was more practical for detecting and tracing mosquitoes. CONCLUSION The method was less time-consuming, more sensitive and safer. This marking method will facilitate post-bloodmeal studies of mosquitoes and other blood-sucking insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongxing Zhang
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong, People’s Republic of China,Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong 271000, China
| | - Guihong Shi
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuqiang Zhao
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Yan
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huaiju Li
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Liu
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Itsanun Wiwatanaratanabutr
- Department of Plant Production Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand,Corresponding author: Dr Maoqing Gong, E-mail: , Dr Itsanun Wiwatanaratanabutr, E-mail:
| | - Maoqing Gong
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong, People’s Republic of China,Corresponding author: Dr Maoqing Gong, E-mail: , Dr Itsanun Wiwatanaratanabutr, E-mail:
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Kraus JM, Walters DM, Wesner JS, Stricker CA, Schmidt TS, Zuellig RE. Metamorphosis alters contaminants and chemical tracers in insects: implications for food webs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:10957-65. [PMID: 25136925 DOI: 10.1021/es502970b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Insects are integral to most freshwater and terrestrial food webs, but due to their accumulation of environmental pollutants they are also contaminant vectors that threaten reproduction, development, and survival of consumers. Metamorphosis from larvae to adult can cause large chemical changes in insects, altering contaminant concentrations and fractionation of chemical tracers used to establish contaminant biomagnification in food webs, but no framework exists for predicting and managing these effects. We analyzed data from 39 studies of 68 analytes (stable isotopes and contaminants), and found that metamorphosis effects varied greatly. δ(15)N, widely used to estimate relative trophic position in biomagnification studies, was enriched by ∼ 1‰ during metamorphosis, while δ(13)C used to estimate diet, was similar in larvae and adults. Metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were predominantly lost during metamorphosis leading to ∼ 2 to 125-fold higher larval concentrations and higher exposure risks for predators of larvae compared to predators of adults. In contrast, manufactured organic contaminants (such as polychlorinated biphenyls) were retained and concentrated in adults, causing up to ∼ 3-fold higher adult concentrations and higher exposure risks to predators of adult insects. Both food web studies and contaminant management and mitigation strategies need to consider how metamorphosis affects the movement of materials between habitats and ecosystems, with special regard for aquatic-terrestrial linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Kraus
- U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center, MS Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colorado 80225, United States
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Dispersal of adult culex mosquitoes in an urban west nile virus hotspot: a mark-capture study incorporating stable isotope enrichment of natural larval habitats. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2768. [PMID: 24676212 PMCID: PMC3967984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dispersal is a critical life history behavior for mosquitoes and is important for the spread of mosquito-borne disease. We implemented the first stable isotope mark-capture study to measure mosquito dispersal, focusing on Culex pipiens in southwest suburban Chicago, Illinois, a hotspot of West Nile virus (WNV) transmission. We enriched nine catch basins in 2010 and 2011 with 15N-potassium nitrate and detected dispersal of enriched adult females emerging from these catch basins using CDC light and gravid traps to distances as far as 3 km. We detected 12 isotopically enriched pools of mosquitoes out of 2,442 tested during the two years and calculated a mean dispersal distance of 1.15 km and maximum flight range of 2.48 km. According to a logistic distribution function, 90% of the female Culex mosquitoes stayed within 3 km of their larval habitat, which corresponds with the distance-limited genetic variation of WNV observed in this study region. This study provides new insights on the dispersal of the most important vector of WNV in the eastern United States and demonstrates the utility of stable isotope enrichment for studying the biology of mosquitoes in other disease systems. The distance and direction of adult mosquitoes movement on the landscape are important processes in the spread of mosquito-borne diseases, and are critical to understand to the development of effective intervention programs. Here we present a novel approach to study adult mosquito dispersal by using stable isotope enrichment of natural larval habitats. We apply this technique in a focal hotspot of West Nile virus (WNV) transmission in suburban, Chicago, USA to measure dispersal of Culex spp. mosquitoes. We enriched larval mosquitoes in residential catch basins using 15N-potassium nitrate and captured adult mosquitoes in traps surrounding these catch basins. Of 10,817 adult female Culex mosquitoes trapped and tested for stable isotopes, 12 individuals were enriched with 15N, indicating they originated from the catch basins receiving stable isotope amendments. The mean dispersal distance was 1.15 km and maximum flight range was 2.48 km. Ninety percent of the female Culex mosquitoes stayed within 3 km of their larval habitat, which corresponds with the distance-limited genetic variation of WNV observed in this study region. This study provides new insights on the dispersal of the most important vector of WNV in the eastern United States and demonstrates the utility of stable isotope enrichment for studying the biology of mosquitoes in other disease systems.
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Dickens BL, Brant HL. Effects of marking methods and fluorescent dusts on Aedes aegypti survival. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:65. [PMID: 24520937 PMCID: PMC3937048 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tracking the movement of mosquitoes and understanding dispersal dynamics is essential for the control and prevention of vector-borne diseases. A variety of marking techniques have been used, including dusts and dyes. Methods In this study, Aedes aegypti were marked using fluorescent dusts (‘DayGlo’: A-19 Horizon Blue & A-13-N Rocket Red; ‘Brian Clegg’: pink, blue & red), fluorescent paints (‘Brian Clegg’: blue, red & yellow) and metallic gold dust (‘Brian Clegg’). Dusting methods were those previously used in mark-release-recapture experiments, including application with a bulb duster, creation of a dust storm or shaking in a bag. Results Results showed marking mosquitoes using a dust storm allowed relatively high survival, compared to unmarked controls (Males: χ2 = 3.24, df = 4, p = 0.07; Females: χ2 = 3.24, df = 4, p = 0.04), and high marking efficiency. Using a bulb duster showed high survival in male mosquitoes (χ2 = 12.59, df = 4, p < 0.000), but low survival in female mosquitoes during the first 15 days of the study (χ2 = 5.17, df = 4, p < 0.05). The bulb duster also had the lowest marking efficiency compared to other dry marking techniques. The bag method showed low survival in males during the first 15 days of the study (χ2 = 5.77, df = 4, p < 0.05). Applying paints had an overall negative impact on survival for males (χ2 = 5.03, df = 3, p < 0.05), but not for females (χ2 = 0.19, df = 3, p = 0.661). Males dusted with DayGlo Horizon Blue dust, and females dusted with DayGlo Rocket Red dust, had the most significant reduction in survivorship in comparison to the control (Males: χ2 = 15.70, df = 6, p < 0.000; Females: χ2 = 24.47, df = 6, p < 0.000). Mosquitoes marked with Brian Clegg gold dust showed mortality rates similar to controls within male mosquitoes (χ2 = 0.18, df = 6, p = 0.674), but significantly lower in females (χ2 = 16.59, df = 6, p < 0.000). Conclusions This study showed that marking technique and colour can have a significant impact on the survival and marking coverage of a mosquito.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borame L Dickens
- Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 1NA, UK.
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Gilbreath TM, Kweka EJ, Afrane YA, Githeko AK, Yan G. Evaluating larval mosquito resource partitioning in western Kenya using stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen. Parasit Vectors 2013; 6:353. [PMID: 24330747 PMCID: PMC3866463 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In sub-Saharan Africa, malaria, transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito, remains one of the foremost public health concerns. Anopheles gambiae, the primary malaria vector in sub-Saharan Africa, is typically associated with ephemeral, sunlit habitats; however, An. gambiae larvae often share these habitats with other anophelines along with other disease-transmitting and benign mosquito species. Resource limitations within habitats can constrain larval density and development, and this drives competitive interactions among and between species. Methods We used naturally occurring stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen to identify resource partitioning among co-occurring larval species in microcosms and natural habitats in western Kenya. We used two and three source mixing models to estimate resource utilization (i.e. bacteria, algae, organic matter) by larvae. Results Laboratory experiments revealed larval δ13C and δ15N composition to reflect the food sources they were reared on. Resource partitioning was demonstrated between An. gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus larvae sharing the same microcosms. Differences in larval δ13C and δ15N content was also evident in natural habitats, and Anopheles species were consistently more enriched in δ13C when compared to culicine larvae. Conclusions These observations demonstrate inter-specific resource partitioning between Cx. quinquefasciatus and An. gambiae larvae in natural habitats in western Kenya. This information may be translated into opportunities for targeted larval control efforts by limiting specific larval food resources, or through bio-control utilizing competitors at the same trophic level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Guiyun Yan
- Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Thomas CJ, Cross DE, Bøgh C. Landscape movements of Anopheles gambiae malaria vector mosquitoes in rural Gambia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68679. [PMID: 23874719 PMCID: PMC3715529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For malaria control in Africa it is crucial to characterise the dispersal of its most efficient vector, Anopheles gambiae, in order to target interventions and assess their impact spatially. Our study is, we believe, the first to present a statistical model of dispersal probability against distance from breeding habitat to human settlements for this important disease vector. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We undertook post-hoc analyses of mosquito catches made in The Gambia to derive statistical dispersal functions for An. gambiae sensu lato collected in 48 villages at varying distances to alluvial larval habitat along the River Gambia. The proportion dispersing declined exponentially with distance, and we estimated that 90% of movements were within 1.7 km. Although a 'heavy-tailed' distribution is considered biologically more plausible due to active dispersal by mosquitoes seeking blood meals, there was no statistical basis for choosing it over a negative exponential distribution. Using a simple random walk model with daily survival and movements previously recorded in Burkina Faso, we were able to reproduce the dispersal probabilities observed in The Gambia. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our results provide an important quantification of the probability of An. gambiae s.l. dispersal in a rural African setting typical of many parts of the continent. However, dispersal will be landscape specific and in order to generalise to other spatial configurations of habitat and hosts it will be necessary to produce tractable models of mosquito movements for operational use. We show that simple random walk models have potential. Consequently, there is a pressing need for new empirical studies of An. gambiae survival and movements in different settings to drive this development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Thomas
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Wales, United Kingdom.
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Verhulst NO, Loonen JACM, Takken W. Advances in methods for colour marking of mosquitoes. Parasit Vectors 2013; 6:200. [PMID: 23835091 PMCID: PMC3708792 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Different techniques are available for colour marking insects and each technique may be suitable for different insect species. Mosquitoes can be marked to determine population size, distribution and flight distance or distinguish closely related species. In this study, two methods of colour marking mosquitoes were described in detail and the impact of both methods on the survival and host-seeking behaviour of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto was investigated. Methods Mosquitoes were marked in groups with fluorescent powder or fluorescent dye. The powder was applied by creating a cloud of powder in a paper cup and the dye was applied with an airbrush. The effect of marking on the survival of mosquitoes of different age groups was tested under controlled conditions. The effect of marking on the host seeking response of the mosquitoes was tested in an olfactometer with human and cow odour as baits. Results No effect of either of the marking methods was found on the survival of mosquitoes that were treated 1 or 3 days after emergence, however, the survival of mosquitoes treated 5 or 9 days after emergence was significantly reduced. The host-seeking response of mosquitoes to human or cow odour was tested in a dual-port olfactometer and was not found to be affected by treatment with fluorescent powder or dye. Conclusions Both methods are suitable for colour marking large groups of mosquitoes. Marking with fluorescent powder, however, is preferred because the method is simpler, visible without a UV light and no specific materials are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels O Verhulst
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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