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Weisbroth SH. The Use of Rabbits Used to Propagate Human Lice for Research. Comp Med 2024; 74:135-141. [PMID: 38449291 PMCID: PMC11267438 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-23-000073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The globally important human diseases of trench fever, epidemic typhus, and relapsing fever are vectored by the human louse Pediculus humanus humanus. Although these conditions are epidemically quiescent at present, they persist in socially dysfunctional situations of war, deprivation, and crowding. The taxonomically closely related head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis, does not respect economic or social status and is quite common in most countries. The 2 types of lice are now recognized as conspecific ecotypes of a single species. While the body louse has been adapted for propagation in the laboratory by feeding in vivo on live rabbits, a similar animal model has not been developed for the host-specific head louse. Accordingly, research for treatment and control of the head louse has largely been performed by using laboratory-reared body lice. This review describes methods for the propagation of body lice in the laboratory and outlines at least 4 areas of research that require sufficient numbers of aged body louse cohorts produced in rabbits for use in controlled studies: 1) pediculicide development and resistance, 2) immunity and vaccine potential, 3) endosymbiotic bacteria needed by lice for nutrition, and 4) lice as vectors of human disease. The review concludes with a discussion of several ethical issues involved with the standard method of using unsedated rabbits and recommends consideration of providing sedating anesthetics for rabbits used in louse feeding procedures.
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Booth W. Population genetics as a tool to understand invasion dynamics and insecticide resistance in indoor urban pest insects. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 62:101166. [PMID: 38253200 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2024.101166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Many indoor urban pest insects now show a near-global distribution. The reasons for this may be linked to their cryptic behaviors, which make unintentional transport likely, tied to their reliance on human-mediated dispersal that can result in spread over potentially long-distances. Additionally, numerous species exhibit an array of mechanisms that confer insecticide resistance. Using population genetics, it is possible to elucidate the genetic characteristics that define globally successful indoor urban pest insect species. Furthermore, this approach may be used to determine the frequency and distribution of insecticide resistance. Here, I review the recent literature that utilizes population genetic analyses in an effort to identify the characteristics that help explain the success of indoor urban pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren Booth
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1015 Life Science Circle, 215C Steger Hall, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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Ghalandari N, Edalatkhah Tatafi A, Mohammadnezhad G, Nasimi M, Esmaily H. Comparing the efficacy of three methods of permethrin application in pediculosis capitis: A randomized clinical trial. J Cosmet Dermatol 2023; 22:3065-3071. [PMID: 37218578 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediculosis capitis, also known as head lice, is a common problem that affects individuals of different socio-economic backgrounds. Permethrin is generally considered the first-line treatment option for head lice. AIMS The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the therapeutic effects of three different methods of permethrin treatment for head lice. METHOD A parallel, randomized clinical trial was conducted on 157 patients with head lice. The participants underwent eye examination and dry combing by a trained professional. The subjects were randomly divided into three groups and treated with one of the three methods of permethrin application: permethrin shampoo for 10 min, permethrin shampoo for 1 h, or permethrin cream for 10 min on a weekly basis for 3 weeks. RESULTS Of the 157 participants, 154 completed the study. The group treated with permethrin shampoo for 1 h had the shortest average time for eradication of lice at 1.226 ± 0.422 weeks, which was significantly lower than the other two groups. Additionally, the 1-h permethrin shampoo group had the lowest time for scalp itching of 2.15 ± 0.632 weeks, which was significantly lower than the other two groups. Moreover, the rate of lice eradication in the first week was significantly higher in the 1-h permethrin shampoo group. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that the use of 1% permethrin shampoo for 1 h is more effective in eradicating head lice within the first week of treatment and in relieving scalp itching during the second week.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasibeh Ghalandari
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aida Edalatkhah Tatafi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghader Mohammadnezhad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hadi Esmaily
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Imam Hossein medical center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Alsaady IM, Altwaim S, Gattan HS, Alghanmi M, Zawawi A, Ahmedah H, Wakid MH, Azhar EI. Prevalence of permethrin-resistant kdr mutation in head lice ( Pediculus humanus capitis) from elementary school students in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16273. [PMID: 37901472 PMCID: PMC10612490 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) are a major global concern, and there is growing evidence of an increase in head lice prevalence among Saudi schoolchildren. The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of an insecticidal resistance mutation in head lice collected from schoolchildren. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify a segment of the voltage-gated sodium channel gene subunit to assess the prevalence and distribution of the kdr T917I mutation in head lice. Subsequently, the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns revealed two genotypic forms: homozygous-susceptible (SS) and homozygous-resistant (RR). The results showed that 17 (37.80%) of the 45 samples were SS, whereas 28 (62.2%) were RR and T917I and L920F point mutations were found in the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of RR. Compared to other nations, the frequency of permethrin resistance mutation in the head louse population in Saudi Arabia was low. This study provides the first evidence of permethrin resistance mutation in human head lice in Saudi Arabia. The findings of this study will highlight the rising incidence of the kdr mutation in head lice in Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isra M. Alsaady
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Centrer, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah Altwaim
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Centrer, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hattan S. Gattan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Centrer, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maimonah Alghanmi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayat Zawawi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanadi Ahmedah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdul Aziz University, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed H. Wakid
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Centrer, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esam I. Azhar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Centrer, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Abbasi E, Daliri S, Yazdani Z, Mohseni S, Mohammadyan G, Seyed Hosseini SN, Haghighi RN. Evaluation of resistance of human head lice to pyrethroid insecticides: A meta-analysis study. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17219. [PMID: 37408932 PMCID: PMC10319209 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pediculosis is one of the most common annoying infections caused by parasitic lice in humans. Pyrethroids are one of the main insecticides used to treat this infection. But recently, due to the Resistance of lice to this group of insecticides, its insecticidal effects have been affected. The present study was conducted through a meta-analysis to investigate the prevalence of pyrethroid resistance against these insecticides worldwide. Methods This study was conducted as a meta-analysis of the prevalence of treatment resistance in human head lice against pyrethroid insecticides worldwide. Based on this, all articles published without a time limit until the end of June 2022 in PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science (ISI), Scopus, and Google Scholar databases were extracted and using random-effects meta-analysis model statistical methods in the meta-analysis, Cochrane, Index I2, and funnel plot were analyzed by STATA software. Results Twenty studies were included in the meta-analysis process. According to this, the prevalence of pyrethroid resistance insecticides in human head lice was estimated at 59% (CI95%: 50%-68%). Among pyrethroid insecticides, the highest prevalence of pyrethroid resistance against permethrin insecticide was 65%. Regarding the prevalence of Resistance by year, the prevalence before 2004 was estimated at 33%, but after 2015, this rate reached 82%. Also, the majority of pyrethroid resistance was estimated at 68% using genetic diagnosis methods and 43% using clinical diagnosis methods. Conclusion More than half of human head lice pyrethroid resistance insecticides. Based on this, it is recommended that before using this treatment method to treat human head lice Infestation, it should investigate the prevalence of pyrethroid resistance in that area, and if the majority of Resistance is high, alternative or combined treatment methods should be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Abbasi
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Dept. of Biology and Control of Disease Vectors, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Salman Daliri
- Research Clinical Research Development Unit, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Zahra Yazdani
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shokrollah Mohseni
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ghulamraza Mohammadyan
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Ghavami MB, Panahi S, Nabati SM, Ghanbari M, Taghiloo B. A comprehensive survey of permethrin resistance in human head louse populations from northwest Iran: ex vivo and molecular monitoring of knockdown resistance alleles. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:57. [PMID: 36747269 PMCID: PMC9903499 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05652-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Head louse infestation is an important public health problem, and expanding resistance to permethrin is a major challenge to its control. The mapping and detection of pyrethroid resistance are essential to the development of appropriate treatments and ensure the effectiveness of current measures. The aim of this study was to present the phenotypic and genotypic basis of permethrin resistance and identify knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations in head louse populations in northwestern Iran. METHODS Adult head lice were collected from 1059 infested girls in Ardebil, East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan and Zanjan Provinces, northwestern Iran. The toxicity of permethrin and the possible synergistic effect of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) on this toxicity were assessed using bioassays. Fragments of voltage-sensitive sodium channels (vssc) and cytochrome b (cytb) genes were amplified and analyzed for the detection of knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations and mitochondrial groups. Moreover, genotypes of the two hot spot regions of the vssc gene were determined by melting curve analysis of amplicons. RESULTS A total of 1450 adult head lice were collected during 2016-2021. Live lice were exposed to a dose of 1% permethrin for 12 h, and the median lethal time (LT50) and time to achieve 90% mortality (LT90) were determined to be 6 and 14.8 h, respectively. Topical application of 2 and 16 ng permethrin per louse resulted in 25% and 42.11% mortality, respectively. Pre-exposure of samples to 3% piperonyl butoxide had no synergistic effect on the effects of permethrin. Analysis of the 774-bp vssc gene fragment showed the presence of the M815I, T917I and L920F mutations, wild-type and T917I mutation, in 91.6%, 4.2% and 4.2% of samples, respectively. Investigation of the mitochondrial cytb gene demonstrated the predominance of clade B. The frequency of domain II segment 4 (S4)-S5 kdr genotypes in mitochondrial groups was identical, and heterozygotes were present in 93.5% of samples. A significant difference was detected in the frequency of domain IIS1-S3 kdr genotypes, and the frequency of resistant alleles and heterozygotes was higher in clade B than in clade A. CONCLUSIONS The presence of kdr mutations in the vssc gene and the non-synergist effect of PBO indicate that pyrethroid target site insensitivity is the main resistance mechanism. This phenomenon and the high frequency of resistant alleles necessitate that new pediculosis management programs be developed. Further studies need to be conducted to identify all factors contributing this resistance and to develop alternative pediculicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Bagher Ghavami
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Sanaz Panahi
- grid.469309.10000 0004 0612 8427Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Seyede Maede Nabati
- grid.469309.10000 0004 0612 8427Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghanbari
- grid.469309.10000 0004 0612 8427Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Behrooz Taghiloo
- grid.469309.10000 0004 0612 8427Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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Pyrethroid-linked resistance allelic mutations by molecular analysis in wild human head louse (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) populations from schoolgirls of South Iran. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2022; 18:e00252. [PMID: 35573893 PMCID: PMC9095884 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2022.e00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer, 1767 (Anoplura: Pediculidae), is one of the most frequent ectoparasites infesting Homo sapiens worldwide. Reduced sensitivity to treatment due to genetic mutations, in particular knockdown resistance (kdr) (or target site insensitivity) allele, has led to this infestation prevalence. Molecular characterization of this resistance has a crucial impact on selecting appropriate treatment protocol. The aim of this study was to investigate kdr gene mutations on voltage-sensitive sodium channel (VSSC) among wild head lice samples from Fars province, southern Iran. Methods Head lice were collected using plastic detection combs on girls enrolled in public schools from 10 counties in Fars province. The specimens were screened in 10 pools (each pool per county containing 35 specimens), with three pools (30%) being positive. Following species identification with valid entomological keys, 350 (68%) out of 514 randomly collected adult head lice were analyzed after their somatic genomic DNA extraction using Sinaclon kit. Samples were investigated by polymerase chain reactions (PCR), and the amplicon was subsequently sequenced. Results Sequence analysis showed that the sodium channel genes in the pooled ectoparasites had two intron and three exon regions. Single (L840F), double (I836L, E837K), and triple novel point mutations (V875L, Q876P, S879V); the last involving two concomitant allelic substitutions; were discovered in the second and third exon regions of head louse DNA on chromosome II from three (30%) counties. Other exon or intron regions remained non-mutated from the remaining seven counties. Conclusions The detection of six amino acid substitutions from 30% of examined head lice among infested schoolgirls reveal that mutants are minutely developing. These findings provide further incentive to recapitulate the legitimacy of current control measures and resolve dynamics of resistance in human head louse populations.
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Clark JM. New chemistries for the control of human head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis: A mini-review. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 181:105013. [PMID: 35082036 PMCID: PMC8795694 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.105013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pediculus lice represent one of the longest and most prevalent parasitic infestations of humans. Head lice are an economic and social concern whereas body lice pose a more serious public health threat. Significant progress has been made in the study of human lice over the last 10 years, allowing for new approaches in their control. An in vitro rearing system has made it possible to maintain insecticide-susceptible and -resistant reference strains, which allowed an in depth study of pediculicide resistance, including its underlying molecular mechanisms and the detection and monitoring of resistance. The generation of inbreed strains facilitated the efficient sequencing, assembly and annotation of the genomes and transcriptomes of both lice. The use of functional genomics and reverse genetics elucidated the genetics involved in the evolution of resistance and the discovery of novel target sites for the development of new pediculicides. In this review, four new effective pediculicide products, each with different mode of action and unique chemistries, will be presented. They have been found to be safe and selective, and control resistant lice. As such, they meet the criteria necessary to be used in rotations as a sustainable resistance management strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Clark
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01002, USA.
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Mohammadi J, Azizi K, Alipour H, Kalantari M, Bagheri M, Shahriari-Namadi M, Ebrahimi S, Moemenbellah-Fard MD. Frequency of pyrethroid resistance in human head louse treatment: systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasite 2021; 28:86. [PMID: 34935614 PMCID: PMC8693761 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2021083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) are one of the most common insects causing infestations in humans worldwide, and infestation is associated with adverse socio-economic and public health effects. The development of genetic insensitivity (e.g., target site insensitivity = knockdown resistance or kdr) to topical insecticides has impaired effective treatment. Therefore, this study was undertaken to review and meta-analyze the frequency of pyrethroid resistance in treated head louse populations from the beginning of 2000 to the end of June 2021 worldwide. In order to accomplish this, all English language articles published over this period were extracted and reviewed. Statistical analyses of data were performed using fixed and random effect model tests in meta-analysis, Cochrane, meta-regression and I2 index. A total of 24 articles from an initial sample size of 5033 were accepted into this systematic review. The mean frequency of pyrethroid resistance was estimated to be 76.9%. In collected resistant lice, 64.4% were homozygote and 30.3% were heterozygote resistant. Globally, four countries (Australia, England, Israel, and Turkey) have 100% kdr gene frequencies, likely resulting in the ineffectiveness of pyrethrin- and pyrethroid-based pediculicides. The highest resistance recorded in these studies was against permethrin. This study shows that pyrethroid resistance is found at relatively high frequencies in many countries. As a result, treatment with current insecticides may not be effective and is likely the cause of increased levels of infestations. It is recommended that resistance status be evaluated prior to insecticide treatment, to increase efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalal Mohammadi
- Department of Biology and Control of Disease Vectors, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences 71645 Shiraz Iran
| | - Kourosh Azizi
- Department of Biology and Control of Disease Vectors, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences 71645 Shiraz Iran
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences 71645 Shiraz Iran
| | - Hamzeh Alipour
- Department of Biology and Control of Disease Vectors, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences 71645 Shiraz Iran
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences 71645 Shiraz Iran
| | - Mohsen Kalantari
- Department of Biology and Control of Disease Vectors, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences 71645 Shiraz Iran
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences 71645 Shiraz Iran
| | - Masoumeh Bagheri
- Department of Biology and Control of Disease Vectors, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences 71645 Shiraz Iran
| | - Marzieh Shahriari-Namadi
- Department of Biology and Control of Disease Vectors, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences 71645 Shiraz Iran
| | | | - Mohammad D. Moemenbellah-Fard
- Department of Biology and Control of Disease Vectors, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences 71645 Shiraz Iran
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences 71645 Shiraz Iran
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Ghahvechi Khaligh F, Djadid ND, Farmani M, Asadi Saatlou Z, Frooziyan S, Abedi Astaneh F, Farnoosh F, Sofizadeh A, Naseri F, Adib D, Taheri M, Lalehzari E, Pashaei S, Soltanbeiglou S, Soltani A, Khooban H, Abbasi E, Aivazi AA, Saeedi S, Taghilou B, Jafari A, Dashti Khavidak K, Toloza AC, Gholizadeh S. Molecular Monitoring of Knockdown Resistance in Head Louse (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) Populations in Iran. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:2321-2329. [PMID: 34106252 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Knockdown resistance (kdr) is a common mechanism of insecticide resistance in head lice to the conventionally used pyrethroid pediculosis and can be the result of various amino acid substitutions within the voltage-sensitive sodium channel (VSSC). In this study, 54 sequences from varied specimens were investigated to monitor well-known resistance mutations and probable new mutations. The Pediculus humanus capitis de Geer specimens were collected from 13 provinces in Iran. The specimens were stored in 70% ethanol until DNA extraction and PCR amplification of ~900-bp fragment of VSSC. The sequences were analyzed using different bioinformatics software for the detection of well-known kdr substitutions and additional mutations potentially associated with kdr resistance in head lice. There were six new and an old (haplotype I) kdr haplotypes within the Iranian head louse population. K794E, F815I, and N818D amino acid substitutions were reported for the first time. The P813H mutation was the most prevalent amino acid substitution in eight provinces. Among 53 sequences, 26 (49%) were homozygous susceptible, and 27 (51%) were heterozygotes. Thus, 51% of the head lice collected in Iran harbored only the P813H allele. The exact test for the Hardy-Weinberg (H-W) equilibrium showed that genotype frequencies differed significantly from the expectation in East-Azerbaijan and Tehran provinces. Moreover, these populations had an inbreeding coefficient (Fis) <0, indicating the excess of heterozygotes. This observation suggests that the populations of head lice from Iran are currently under active selective pressure. For the rest of the populations, H-W equilibrium and the expectations were significantly in harmony. The results of the current study highlight molecular techniques in the accurate detection of resistance genotypes before their establishment within the head louse population. Accurate detection of resistant genotypes seems to be helpful in decision-making on lice control programs and resistance monitoring and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Ghahvechi Khaligh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute on Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Medical Entomology Department, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Navid Dinparast Djadid
- Malaria and Vector Research Group, National Insectarium, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Farmani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute on Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Medical Entomology Department, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Zahra Asadi Saatlou
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute on Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Medical Entomology Department, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Samira Frooziyan
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute on Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Medical Entomology Department, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Abedi Astaneh
- Department of Communicable Disease, Deputy of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Fariba Farnoosh
- Deputy of Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aioub Sofizadeh
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Firoozeh Naseri
- Medical Parasitology Department, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Delnia Adib
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute on Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Medical Entomology Department, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute on Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Medical Entomology Department, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Emran Lalehzari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute on Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Medical Entomology Department, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Shabnam Pashaei
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute on Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Medical Entomology Department, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Shadiyeh Soltanbeiglou
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute on Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Medical Entomology Department, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Aboozar Soltani
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Medical Entomology, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hassan Khooban
- Department of Communicable Disease, Deputy of Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Abbasi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute on Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Medical Entomology Department, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Ali-Ashraf Aivazi
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Samrand Saeedi
- Department of Communicable Disease, Deputy of Health, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Behrooz Taghilou
- Medical Entomology Department, School of Public Health, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Abbas Jafari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute on Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Department of Clinical Toxicology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Kamal Dashti Khavidak
- Medical Entomology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ariel C Toloza
- Centro de Investigaciones de Plagas e Insecticidas (CIPEIN-UNIDEF-WHO). Juan Bautista de La Salle 4397. Villa Martelli. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Saber Gholizadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute on Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Medical Entomology Department, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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11
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Woods AD, Porter CL, Feldman SR. Abametapir for the Treatment of Head Lice: A Drug Review. Ann Pharmacother 2021; 56:352-357. [PMID: 34157881 DOI: 10.1177/10600280211027968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article reviews the pharmacology, safety, efficacy, and clinical importance of abametapir 0.74% (Xeglyze) for the treatment of head lice. DATA SOURCES From 2020 to May 2021, a systematic review of the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases was conducted using the terms abametapir, Xeglyze, Ha44, and head lice. Bibliographies, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) drug package inserts, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched for further information. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION All relevant full-text articles in English were considered for inclusion, with a final article date range of 1999 to 2020. DATA SYNTHESIS Abametapir chelates heavy metal cations and inhibits metalloproteinases critical to louse ova development, hatching, and adult survival. In phase II, abametapir had direct ovicidal activity inhibiting 100% of treated louse eggs from hatching, compared with 64% in the vehicle-treated group. In two identical phase III clinical trials, subjects treated with a single 10-minute application of abametapir had greater treatment success compared with vehicle-treated subjects, with 81.1% success versus 50.9% in study 1 (P = 0.001) and 81.8% versus 47.2% in study 2 (P < 0.001). Abametapir was well tolerated, with only mild adverse effects. RELEVANCE TO PATIENT CARE AND CLINICAL PRACTICE Abametapir is a newly FDA-approved, single-application treatment for head lice in patients aged 6 months and older. This review highlights the safety and efficacy of abametapir in the treatment of head lice. CONCLUSIONS In the wake of increasing widespread resistance to first-line treatment options, abametapir offers a safe and effective new treatment option for head lice infestations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Steven R Feldman
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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12
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Sato E, Umezawa M, Miyajima A, Koishi N, Kanaya A, Yamanaka A, Fujimoto M, Ishii Y, Saito A, Inoue S, Mano Y, Suzuki T, Ozeki R, Ishii N, Komoda M. Efficacy and safety of a modified combination regimen of phenothrin and ivermectin lotion in patients with head lice in Tsukuba, Japan. JOURNAL OF CUTANEOUS IMMUNOLOGY AND ALLERGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cia2.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tokyo University of Science Noda‐shi Japan
| | - Masakazu Umezawa
- Department of Materials Science and Technology Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology Tokyo University of Science Katsushika‐ku Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyajima
- Department of Biopharmaceutics Meiji Pharmaceutical University Kiyose Japan
| | - Noriko Koishi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tokyo University of Science Noda‐shi Japan
| | - Arisa Kanaya
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tokyo University of Science Noda‐shi Japan
| | - Ayumi Yamanaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tokyo University of Science Noda‐shi Japan
| | - Manabu Fujimoto
- Department of Dermatology Faculty of Medicine University of Tsukuba Tsukuba‐shi Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Ishii
- Department of Dermatology Faculty of Medicine University of Tsukuba Tsukuba‐shi Japan
| | - Aki Saito
- Department of Dermatology Faculty of Medicine University of Tsukuba Tsukuba‐shi Japan
| | - Sae Inoue
- Department of Dermatology Faculty of Medicine University of Tsukuba Tsukuba‐shi Japan
| | - Yasunari Mano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tokyo University of Science Noda‐shi Japan
| | - Tatsunori Suzuki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tokyo University of Science Noda‐shi Japan
| | - Rie Ozeki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tokyo University of Science Noda‐shi Japan
| | | | - Masayo Komoda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tokyo University of Science Noda‐shi Japan
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13
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Brownell N, Sunantaraporn S, Phadungsaksawasdi K, Seatamanoch N, Kongdachalert S, Phumee A, Siriyasatien P. Presence of the knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations in the head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) collected from primary school children of Thailand. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008955. [PMID: 33326440 PMCID: PMC7743942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Human head lice are blood-sucking insects causing an infestation in humans called pediculosis capitis. The infestation is more prevalent in the school-aged population. Scalp itching, a common presenting symptom, results in scratching and sleep disturbance. The condition can lead to social stigmatization which can lead to loss of self-esteem. Currently, the mainstay of treatment for pediculosis is chemical insecticides such as permethrin. The extended use of permethrin worldwide leads to growing pediculicide resistance. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the presence of the knockdown resistance (kdr) mutation in head lice populations from six different localities of Thailand. A total of 260 head lice samples in this study were collected from 15 provinces in the 6 regions of Thailand. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify the α subunit of voltage-sensitive sodium channel (VSSC) gene, kdr mutation (C→T substitution). Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns and sequencing were used to identify the kdr T917I mutation and demonstrated three genotypic forms including homozygous susceptible (SS), heterozygous genotype (RS), and homozygous resistant (RR). Of 260 samples from this study, 156 (60.00%) were SS, 58 (22.31%) were RS, and 46 (17.69%) were RR. The overall frequency of the kdr T917I mutation was 0.31. Genotypes frequencies determination using the exact test of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium found that northern, central, northeastern, southern, and western region of Thailand differed from expectation. The five aforementioned localities had positive inbreeding coefficient value (Fis > 0) which indicated an excess of homozygotes. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of RS and RR showed T917I and L920F point mutations. In conclusion, this is the first study detecting permethrin resistance among human head lice from Thailand. PCR-RFLP is an easy technique to demonstrate the kdr mutation in head louse. The data obtained from this study would increase awareness of increasing of the kdr mutation in head louse in Thailand. Head louse infestation is still a common health problem worldwide. Permethrin is the first line treatment of choice for pediculosis. However, the increase of recurrent cases and treatment failure of pediculosis raises public health concerns about the growing resistance of permethrin among head lice populations. Early determination of the permethrin resistance status is crucial in order to choose the pediculicide of choice appropriately. Our study demonstrated that the PCR-RFLP is a beneficial technique for knockdown resistance detection of T917I point mutation in head lice because it was inexpensive, accurate, and reproducible. Ultimately, our study emphasized that prompt investigation for permethrin resistance should be taken into account in the context of recurrent or treatment failure cases of pediculosis and the alternative chemical pediculicides based on different mechanism of action should be considered under those particular circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narisa Brownell
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Vector Biology and Vector borne Disease Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sakone Sunantaraporn
- Vector Biology and Vector borne Disease Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kobpat Phadungsaksawasdi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Vector Biology and Vector borne Disease Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nirin Seatamanoch
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Vector Biology and Vector borne Disease Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Switt Kongdachalert
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Vector Biology and Vector borne Disease Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Atchara Phumee
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Padet Siriyasatien
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Vector Biology and Vector borne Disease Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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14
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Karakuş M, Atıcı T, Karabela ŞN, Baylan O, Limoncu ME, Balcıoğlu İC. Detection of permethrin resistance and phylogenetic clustering of turkish head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis; De Geer, 1767 populations. Acta Trop 2020; 204:105362. [PMID: 32006522 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Head lice infestation caused by Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer, 1767 is one of the most common public health problems. The relationship between humans and head lice dates back millions of years ago that differentiated into different phylogenetic clades. Treatment of head lice infestation usually based on insecticide-based products, which promotes the resistance in the head lice populations. In the present study, we aimed to screen the presence of permethrin resistance among collected P. h. capitis specimens in Turkey. Three mutation sites (T917I, L920F, and M815I) were screened using real-time PCR and resistance was identified by melt analysis. Of the studied specimens, resistance allele frequency (RAF) was found 0.98 for T917I, 0.99 for L920F, and 1.00 for M815I. The phylogenetic study revealed that Clade A and Clade B are present and overlap in Turkey. The present study is first to screen the resistance among Turkish head lice specimens. To not stimulate the pyrethroids resistance in head lice populations, early detection of resistance is crucial and will help the health professionals to choose suitable formula in the treatment. We suggest that the resistance status needs to be screened in randomly selected populations before any treatment application is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Karakuş
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Hamidiye Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, İstanbul, Turkey.
| | - Tuğçe Atıcı
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Şemsi Nur Karabela
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Orhan Baylan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Hamidiye Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Emin Limoncu
- Vocational School of Health Services, Manisa Celal Bayar University Manisa, Turkey
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15
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Hurst SK, Dotson JAW, Butterfield P, Corbett CF, Oneal G. Stigma resulting from head lice infestation: A concept analysis and implications for public health. Nurs Forum 2020; 55:252-258. [PMID: 31919854 DOI: 10.1111/nuf.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this concept analysis was to examine stigma in the context of head lice, illuminating its components and providing insights for the development of appropriate nursing interventions. BACKGROUND Stigma associated with the phenomenon of head lice management is pervasive, promulgating fear and influencing policy and treatment practices. Few studies have examined stigma in this context. METHOD The method followed was the Rodgers's evolutionary method. DATA SOURCES Health, education, and social sciences databases were searched and yielded 20 articles spanning 1996-2018 used to create a relevant literature review. RESULTS Stigma arising from head lice infestation is preceded by an actual or perceived case of head lice, negative perceptions of lice, negative perception of groups or persons with head lice, or being associated with a group or person of lesser status believed to be a carrier of head lice. Defining attributes include marks of infestation, negative and unfair beliefs, and shame. Consequences of stigma are economic costs, social costs, mistreatment, and overtreatment with pediculicides. CONCLUSION The concept of stigma in the context of head lice management is multifaceted. Further research is required to understand the magnitude of stigma as well as other factors associated with optimal treatment of children with head lice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila K Hurst
- College of Nursing, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | | | | | - Cynthia F Corbett
- College of Nursing, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Gail Oneal
- College of Nursing, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
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16
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Holleman JG, Robison GA, Bellovich IJ, Booth W. Knockdown Resistance-Associated Mutations Dominate Populations of the Common Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) Across the South Central United States. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:1678-1683. [PMID: 31245823 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite awareness of the mutations conferring insecticide resistance in the bed bug, Cimex lectularius L. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), within the United States few studies address the distribution and frequency of these. Within the United States, studies have focused on collections made along the East Coast and Midwest, documenting the occurrence of two mutations (V419L and L925I) within the voltage-gated sodium channel α-subunit gene shown to be associated with knockdown resistance (kdr) to pyrethroids. Here, the distribution and frequency of the V419L and L925I site variants is reported from infestations sampled within Oklahoma and its immediately adjacent states. Additionally, the presence of a mutation previously undocumented in the United States (I935F) is noted. While novel in the United States, this mutation has previously been reported in Australian and Old World populations. No infestations were found to harbor wild-type individuals, and hence susceptible, at each of the three sites. Instead, ~21% were found to possess the resistant mutation at the L925I site (haplotype B), ~77% had mutations at both the V419L and L925I sites (haplotype C), and 2% possessed the mutation at the L936F site (haplotype Ab). The high frequency of haplotype C corresponds to previous studies in the United States, and contrasts dramatically with those of the Old World and Australia. The data presented here provide insight into the contemporary occurrence of kdr-associated insecticide resistance in the South Central United States, a region for which data have previously been absent. These data suggest that New World and Old World/Australian infestations are likely to have originated from different origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey G Holleman
- Department of Biological Science, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Grant A Robison
- Department of Biological Science, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Ian J Bellovich
- Department of Biological Science, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Warren Booth
- Department of Biological Science, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA
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17
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Eremeeva ME, Warang SS, Anderson ML, Capps D, Zohdy S, Durden LA. Molecular Survey for Pathogens and Markers of Permethrin Resistance in Human Head Lice (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) from Madagascar. J Parasitol 2019. [DOI: 10.1645/18-146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marina E. Eremeeva
- Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, 501 Forest Drive, P.O. Box 8015, Statesboro, Georgia 30458
| | - Shamta S. Warang
- Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, 501 Forest Drive, P.O. Box 8015, Statesboro, Georgia 30458
| | - Matthew L. Anderson
- Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, 501 Forest Drive, P.O. Box 8015, Statesboro, Georgia 30458
| | - Danielle Capps
- Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, 501 Forest Drive, P.O. Box 8015, Statesboro, Georgia 30458
| | - Sarah Zohdy
- School of Forestry & Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | - Lance A. Durden
- College of Science and Mathematics, Georgia Southern University, P.O. Box 8042-1, Statesboro, Georgia 30458
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18
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Bowles VM, VanLuvanee LJ, Alsop H, Hazan L, Shepherd K, Sidgiddi S, Allenby K, Ahveninen T, Hanegraaf S. Clinical studies evaluating abametapir lotion, 0.74%, for the treatment of head louse infestation. Pediatr Dermatol 2018; 35:616-621. [PMID: 29999197 PMCID: PMC6175393 DOI: 10.1111/pde.13612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a need for better control of head louse infestations. Abametapir is an inhibitor of metalloproteinases critical for louse survival and egg development. The efficacy of abametapir lotion, 0.74%, was assessed for its ability to clear head louse infestations after a single application. METHODS Two randomized, double-blind, multicenter, vehicle-controlled studies were conducted in subjects aged 6 months and older to compare the effectiveness of abametapir lotion versus vehicle control for eliminating head louse infestations without nit combing. Abametapir lotion was applied to dry hair for 10 minutes on day 0 and then rinsed with water. The primary endpoint was the proportion of index subjects (youngest household member with ≥ 3 live lice at screening) in the intent-to-treat population who were louse free at all follow-up visits through day 14. Older household members with one or more live lice at screening were designated as nonindex subjects and treated as per the index subject within their household. RESULTS In the intent-to-treat population (index subjects, N = 216), 81.5% of subjects treated with abametapir lotion were louse free through day 14 after a single treatment, versus 49.1% with vehicle (P < 0.001). For the combined index and nonindex population (N = 704), 85.9% were louse free through day 14 in the abametapir group, versus 61.3% in the vehicle group (P < 0.001). The most frequently reported adverse events were erythema (4.0%), rash (3.2%), and skin burning sensation (2.6%). CONCLUSION Abametapir lotion, 0.74%, was effective at clearing active head louse infestations through day 14 in subjects aged 6 months and older. All adverse events (including one serious but unrelated to study drug) resolved uneventfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vernon M Bowles
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Hatchtech Pty Ltd, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | | | - Hugh Alsop
- Hatchtech Pty Ltd, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Lydie Hazan
- Axis Clinical Trials, Los Angeles, California
| | - Katie Shepherd
- LSRN Research/The Shepherd Institute for Lice Solutions, West Palm Beach, Florida
| | - Srinivas Sidgiddi
- Promius Pharma, a subsidiary of Dr. Reddy's Laboratories, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Kent Allenby
- Promius Pharma, a subsidiary of Dr. Reddy's Laboratories, Princeton, New Jersey
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19
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Cummings C, Finlay JC, MacDonald NE. Les infestations par les poux de tête : une mise à jour clinique. Paediatr Child Health 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/pch/pxx166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carl Cummings
- Société canadienne de pédiatrie, comité de la pédiatrie communautaire, Ottawa (Ontario)
| | - Jane C Finlay
- Société canadienne de pédiatrie, comité de la pédiatrie communautaire, Ottawa (Ontario)
| | - Noni E MacDonald
- Société canadienne de pédiatrie, comité de la pédiatrie communautaire, Ottawa (Ontario)
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20
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Cummings C, Finlay JC, MacDonald NE. Head lice infestations: A clinical update. Paediatr Child Health 2018; 23:e18-e24. [PMID: 29479286 DOI: 10.1093/pch/pxx165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) infestations are not a primary health hazard or a vector for disease, but they are a societal problem with substantial costs. Diagnosis of head lice infestation requires the detection of a living louse. Although pyrethrins and permethrin remain first-line treatments in Canada, isopropyl myristate/ST-cyclomethicone solution and dimeticone can be considered as second-line therapies when there is evidence of treatment failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Cummings
- Canadian Paediatric Society, Community Paediatrics Committee, Ottawa, Ontario
| | - Jane C Finlay
- Canadian Paediatric Society, Community Paediatrics Committee, Ottawa, Ontario
| | - Noni E MacDonald
- Canadian Paediatric Society, Community Paediatrics Committee, Ottawa, Ontario
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21
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Runjaic J, Bellovich IJ, Page CE, Brown CR, Booth W. No Detectable Insecticide Resistance in Swallow Bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) Following Long-Term Exposure to Naled (Dibrom 8). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 54:994-998. [PMID: 28399289 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The swallow bug, Oeciacus vicarius Horvath, is a hematophagous ectoparasite of the cliff swallow, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota Vieillot, and is closely related to bed bugs (Cimex spp.). Evolution of insecticide resistance has been documented for bed bugs but not studied in Oeciacus. For periods of 17 and 32 yr, two cliff swallow colonies in western Nebraska were treated during the summer breeding season using the organophosphate insecticide Dibrom. Despite continual treatments, O. vicarius has been observed frequently within these colonies. We evaluated the efficacy of Dibrom 8 on O. vicarius during the 2016 season at two treated colonies and four that had never experienced treatment. Dibrom 8 was found to be effective in 100% of trials, with immobilization within minutes and death within 72 h, for individuals from all colonies. In control treatments (water), individuals collected from treated colonies exhibited greater survival than individuals from untreated colonies, and those from active colonies (bugs fed) had greater survival than those from inactive colonies (bugs unfed). A residual effect was observed in both lab and field trials: 100% mortality occurred in the lab after exposure to filter paper substrates treated both 5 and 10 d earlier, and in the field, nests treated once early in the season had O. vicarius counts 43 d later that were <1% of those from untreated nests within the same colony. We hypothesize that the lack of resistance results from the limited potential for resistance allele fixation due to outbreeding and frequent immigration of insecticide-naïve individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Runjaic
- Department of Integrative Biology and School of Geosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620
| | - Ian J Bellovich
- Department of Biological Science, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104
| | - Catherine E Page
- Department of Biological Science, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104
| | - Charles R Brown
- Department of Biological Science, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104
| | - Warren Booth
- Department of Biological Science, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104
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22
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Eremeeva ME, Capps D, Winful EB, Warang SS, Braswell SE, Tokarevich NK, Bonilla DL, Durden LA. Molecular Markers of Pesticide Resistance and Pathogens in Human Head Lice (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) From Rural Georgia, USA. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 54:1067-1072. [PMID: 28399311 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjx039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Although the head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer, and body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus L., both have a worldwide distribution, the occurrence of head louse pediculosis appears to be more prevalent in modern societies despite systematic use of various pediculicides. This study tested head lice collected in rural Georgia and body lice collected in Russia for the prevalence of a kdr-biomarker that is associated with permethrin resistance. This study also screened lice for the presence of DNA from Bartonella quintana and Acinetobacter species. The kdr-permethrin resistance biomarker for the T917I mutation was detected by RFLP and PCR in 99.9% of head lice tested from Georgia, whereas only 2.9% of body lice from Russia tested positive for this kdr biomarker. DNA of B. quintana was detected in 10.3% of head lice from Georgia, whereas 84.8% of body lice from Russia tested positive. Acinetobacter DNA was detected in 80.8% (95% CI, 68-89%) of head lice from Georgia and all body lice from Russia tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina E Eremeeva
- Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30458
| | - Danielle Capps
- Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30458
| | - Emmanuel B Winful
- Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30458
| | - Shamta S Warang
- Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30458
| | - Sarah E Braswell
- Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30458
| | | | | | - Lance A Durden
- College of Science and Mathematics, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30458
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Bowles VM, Yoon KS, Barker SC, Tran C, Rhodes C, Clark MJ. Ovicidal Efficacy of Abametapir Against Eggs of Human Head and Body Lice (Anoplura: Pediculidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 54:167-172. [PMID: 28082644 PMCID: PMC5853637 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Studies were undertaken to determine the ovicidal efficacy of 5,5'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridyl (abametapir) against eggs of both human head and body lice. Head lice eggs of different ages (0-2, 3-5, and 6-8-d-old eggs) were exposed to varying concentrations of abametapir in isopropanol and concentration-dependent response relationships established based on egg hatch. One hundred percent of all abametapir-treated eggs failed to hatch at the 0.74 and 0.55% concentrations, whereas 100% of 6-8-d-old head louse eggs failed to hatch only at the 0.74% concentration. The LC50 value for abametapir varied, depending on the age of the head lice eggs, from ∼0.10% recorded for 0-2-d-old eggs and increasing to ∼0.15% for 6-8-d-old eggs. Abametapir was also evaluated once formulated into a lotion referred to as Xeglyze (0.74% abametapir) and serial dilutions made. Ovicidal efficacies were determined against head lice eggs 0-8-d-old. Results indicated 100% ovicidal activity at the 0.74, 0.55, 0.37, and 0.18% concentrations. Additional studies undertaken using body lice eggs also demonstrated that abametapir was 100% ovicidal against eggs of all ages when evaluated at a concentration of 0.37 and 0.55%. Given that ovicidal activity is a critical component of any effective treatment regime for louse control, the data presented in this study clearly demonstrate the ability of abametapir to inhibit hatching of both head and body louse eggs as assessed in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vernon M Bowles
- Hatchtech Pty Ltd Suite 201, 697 Burke Rd., Camberwell, Australia 3124
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Science, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia 3010
| | - Kyong Sup Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Sciences Program, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, IL 62026
| | - Stephen C Barker
- Parasitology Section, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, the University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Christopher Tran
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Morrill 1, N311B, University of Massachusetts, 639 N. Pleasant St., Amherst, MA 01003 (; ; )
| | - Christopher Rhodes
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Morrill 1, N311B, University of Massachusetts, 639 N. Pleasant St., Amherst, MA 01003 (; ; )
| | - Marshall J Clark
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Morrill 1, N311B, University of Massachusetts, 639 N. Pleasant St., Amherst, MA 01003 (; ; )
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Koch E, Clark JM, Cohen B, Meinking TL, Ryan WG, Stevenson A, Yetman R, Yoon KS. Management of Head Louse Infestations in the United States-A Literature Review. Pediatr Dermatol 2016; 33:466-72. [PMID: 27595869 DOI: 10.1111/pde.12982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Head lice are a source of scalp irritation, social disruption, and loss of school time. Health care providers need authoritative information to help avoid the costs and risks of ineffective treatment. A review was completed to provide relevant information on infestation treatments available in the United States. Three major biomedical databases were searched from 1985, when current products were first available, to 2014, focusing on U.S. REPORTS A total of 579 references remained after duplicates were removed. A search of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration website and labels of approved products were reviewed. A marked decline in the effectiveness of permethrin and synergized pyrethrins was found, probably because of resistance arising from widespread and indiscriminate use, and the emergence of knockdown resistance mutations. The potential toxicity of lindane in the setting of readily available, safer, and more effective alternatives, should limit its use. Prescription products shown to be safe and effective with a single application, without nit combing, are topical ivermectin, malathion, and spinosad, whereas benzyl alcohol requires two applications. Home remedies such as mayonnaise, and essential oils, have not been demonstrated to be safe or effective, and may carry potential for severe adverse events. The high risk of failure of over-the-counter treatments in eliminating head louse infestations drives a need for health care provider recognition of the limitations of current treatments and for judicious use of treatments that remain effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Koch
- Division of Pediatric Dermatology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John Marshall Clark
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Bernard Cohen
- Division of Pediatric Dermatology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | | | - Robert Yetman
- University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas
| | - Kyong Sup Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Sciences Program, Southern Illinois University-Edwardsville, Edwardsville, Illinois
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25
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Gellatly KJ, Krim S, Palenchar DJ, Shepherd K, Yoon KS, Rhodes CJ, Lee SH, Marshall Clark J. Expansion of the Knockdown Resistance Frequency Map for Human Head Lice (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) in the United States Using Quantitative Sequencing. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 53:653-659. [PMID: 27032417 PMCID: PMC4892812 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Pediculosis is a prevalent parasitic infestation of humans, which is increasing due, in part, to the selection of lice resistant to either the pyrethrins or pyrethroid insecticides by the knockdown resistance (kdr) mechanism. To determine the extent and magnitude of the kdr-type mutations responsible for this resistance, lice were collected from 138 collection sites in 48 U.S. states from 22 July 2013 to 11 May 2015 and analyzed by quantitative sequencing. Previously published data were used for comparisons of the changes in the frequency of the kdr-type mutations over time. Mean percent resistance allele frequency (mean % RAF) values across the three mutation loci were determined from each collection site. The overall mean % RAF (±SD) for all analyzed lice was 98.3 ± 10%. 132/138 sites (95.6%) had a mean % RAF of 100%, five sites (3.7%) had intermediate values, and only a single site had no mutations (0.0%). Forty-two states (88%) had a mean % RAF of 100%. The frequencies of kdr-type mutations did not differ regardless of the human population size that the lice were collected from, indicating a uniformly high level of resistant alleles. The loss of efficacy of the Nix formulation (Prestige Brand, Tarrytown, NY) from 1998 to 2013 was correlated to the increase in kdr-type mutations. These data provide a plausible reason for the decrease in the effectiveness of permethrin in the Nix formulation, which is the parallel increase of kdr-type mutations in lice over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Gellatly
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
- Current address: Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester, MA
| | - Sarah Krim
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 (; )
| | - Daniel J Palenchar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
- Current address: Nutrition Science Initiative (NuSI), San Diego, CA
| | - Katie Shepherd
- The Shepherd Institute for Lice Solutions, West Palm Beach, FL 33407
| | - Kyong Sup Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Sciences Program, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, IL 62026
| | - Christopher J Rhodes
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
- Current address: Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA
| | - Si Hyeock Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, South Korea
| | - J Marshall Clark
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 (; ),
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Kolber MR, Pierse M, Nickonchuk T. The louse is (no longer) in the house. CANADIAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN MEDECIN DE FAMILLE CANADIEN 2016; 62:322. [PMID: 27076544 PMCID: PMC4830656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Kolber
- Associate Professor in the Department of Family Medicine at the University of Alberta in Edmonton
| | - Michael Pierse
- Assistant Professor in the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Ottawa in Ontario
| | - Tony Nickonchuk
- Clinical Pharmacist and Site Lead for the Peace River Community Health Centre in Alberta
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Insecticide Resistance and Management Strategies in Urban Ecosystems. INSECTS 2016; 7:insects7010002. [PMID: 26751480 PMCID: PMC4808782 DOI: 10.3390/insects7010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The increased urbanization of a growing global population makes imperative the development of sustainable integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for urban pest control. This emphasizes pests that are closely associated with the health and wellbeing of humans and domesticated animals. Concurrently there are regulatory requirements enforced to minimize inadvertent exposures to insecticides in the urban environment. Development of insecticide resistance management (IRM) strategies in urban ecosystems involves understanding the status and mechanisms of insecticide resistance and reducing insecticide selection pressure by combining multiple chemical and non-chemical approaches. In this review, we will focus on the commonly used insecticides and molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying insecticide resistance in six major urban insect pests: house fly, German cockroach, mosquitoes, red flour beetle, bed bugs and head louse. We will also discuss several strategies that may prove promising for future urban IPM programs.
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Clark JM, Yoon KS, Kim JH, Lee SH, Pittendrigh BR. Utilization of the human louse genome to study insecticide resistance and innate immune response. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 120:125-132. [PMID: 25987230 PMCID: PMC4438269 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Since sequencing the human body louse genome, substantial advances have occurred in the utilization of the information gathered from louse genomes and transcriptomes. Comparatively, the body louse genome contains far fewer genes involved in environmental response, such as xenobiotic detoxification and innate immune response. Additionally, the body louse maintains a primary bacterial endosymbiont, Candidatus Riesia pediculicola, and a number of bacterial pathogens that it vectors, which have genomes that are also reduced in size. Thus, human louse genomes offer unique information and tools for use in advancing our understanding of coevolution among vectors, endosymbionts and pathogens. In this review, we summarize the current literature on the extent of pediculicide resistance, the availability of new pediculicides and information establishing this organism as an efficient model to study how xenobiotic metabolism, which is involved in insecticide resistance, is induced and how insects modify their innate immune response upon bacterial challenge resulting in enhanced vector competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Marshall Clark
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Kyong Sup Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Sciences Program, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, IL 62026, USA
| | - Ju Hyeon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Si Hyeock Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Barry R Pittendrigh
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, 61801, USA
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29
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Sutherland BJG, Poley JD, Igboeli OO, Jantzen JR, Fast MD, Koop BF, Jones SRM. Transcriptomic responses to emamectin benzoate in Pacific and Atlantic Canada salmon lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis with differing levels of drug resistance. Evol Appl 2014; 8:133-48. [PMID: 25685190 PMCID: PMC4319862 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmon lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis are an ecologically and economically important parasite of wild and farmed salmon. In Scotland, Norway, and Eastern Canada, L. salmonis have developed resistance to emamectin benzoate (EMB), one of the few parasiticides available for salmon lice. Drug resistance mechanisms can be complex, potentially differing among populations and involving multiple genes with additive effects (i.e., polygenic resistance). Indicators of resistance development may enable early detection and countermeasures to avoid the spread of resistance. Here, we collect sensitive Pacific L. salmonis and sensitive and resistant Atlantic L. salmonis from salmon farms, propagate in laboratory (F1), expose to EMB in bioassays, and evaluate either baseline (Atlantic only) or induced transcriptomic differences between populations. In all populations, induced responses were minor and a cellular stress response was not identified. Pacific lice did not upregulate any genes in response to EMB, but downregulated degradative enzymes and transport proteins at 50 ppb EMB. Baseline differences between sensitive and now resistant Atlantic lice were much greater than responses to exposures. All resistant lice overexpressed degradative enzymes, and resistant males, the most resistant group, overexpressed collagenases to the greatest extent. These results indicate an accumulation of baseline expression differences related to resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben J G Sutherland
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Department of Biology, University of Victoria Victoria, BC, Canada ; Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Département de biologie, Université Laval Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Jordan D Poley
- Hoplite Lab, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
| | - Okechukwu O Igboeli
- Hoplite Lab, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
| | - Johanna R Jantzen
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Department of Biology, University of Victoria Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Mark D Fast
- Hoplite Lab, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
| | - Ben F Koop
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Department of Biology, University of Victoria Victoria, BC, Canada
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