1
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Devasia AJ, Chari A, Lancman G. Bispecific antibodies in the treatment of multiple myeloma. Blood Cancer J 2024; 14:158. [PMID: 39266530 PMCID: PMC11393350 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-024-01139-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The treatment paradigm in myeloma is constantly changing. Upfront use of monoclonal antibodies like daratumumab along with proteasome inhibitors (PI)s, and immune modulators (IMiD)s have significantly improved survival and outcomes, but also cause unique challenges at the time of relapse. Engaging immune T cells for tumour cell kill with chimeric antigenic T-cell (CAR T-cell) therapy and bispecific antibodies have become important therapeutic options in relapsed multiple myeloma. Bispecific antibodies are dual antigen targeting constructs that engage the T cells to plasma cells through various target antigens like B-cell membrane antigen (BCMA), G-protein-coupled receptor family C group 5 member D (GPRC5D), and Fc receptor-homolog 5 (FcRH5). These agents have proven to induce deep and durable responses in heavily pre-treated myeloma patients with a predictable safety profile and the ease of off-the-shelf availability. Significant research is ongoing to overcome resistance mechanisms like T cell exhaustion, target antigen mutation or loss and high disease burden. Various trials are also studying these agents as first line options in the newly diagnosed setting. These agents play an important role in the relapsed setting, and efforts are underway to optimize their sequencing in the myeloma treatment algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ajai Chari
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Guido Lancman
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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2
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Zeng L, Yang K, Wu Y, Yu G, Yan Y, Hao M, Song T, Li Y, Chen J, Sun L. Telitacicept: A novel horizon in targeting autoimmunity and rheumatic diseases. J Autoimmun 2024; 148:103291. [PMID: 39146891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2024.103291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
BLyS and APRIL have the capability to bind to B cells within the body, allowing these cells to evade elimination when they should naturally be removed. While BLyS primarily plays a role in B cell development and maturation, APRIL is linked to B cell activation and the secretion of antibodies. Thus, in theory, inhibiting BLyS or APRIL could diminish the population of aberrant B cells that contribute to SLE and reduce disease activity in patients. Telitacicept functions by binding to and neutralizing the activities of both BLyS and APRIL, thus hindering the maturation and survival of plasma cells and fully developed B cells. The design of telitacicept is distinctive; it is not a monoclonal antibody but a TACI-Fc fusion protein generated through recombinant DNA technology. This fusion involves merging gene segments of the TACI protein, which can target BLyS/APRIL simultaneously, with the Fc gene segment of the human IgG protein. The TACI-Fc fusion protein exhibits the combined characteristics of both proteins. Currently utilized for autoimmune disease treatment, telitacicept is undergoing clinical investigations globally to assess its efficacy in managing various autoimmune conditions. This review consolidates information on the mechanistic actions, dosing regimens, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety profile of telitacicept-a dual-targeted biological agent. It integrates findings from prior experiments and pharmacokinetic analyses in the treatment of RA and SLE, striving to offer a comprehensive overview of telitacicept's research advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuting Zeng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China.
| | - Kailin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China; Psychosomatic laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Daqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Daqing, China.
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Rheumatology, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ganpeng Yu
- People's Hospital of Ningxiang City, Ningxiang, China
| | - Yexing Yan
- Psychosomatic laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Daqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Daqing, China
| | - Moujia Hao
- Psychosomatic laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Daqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Daqing, China
| | - Tian Song
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuwei Li
- School of Mathematics and Computational Science, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Hunan, China
| | - Junpeng Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA; Psychosomatic laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Daqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Daqing, China; Tong Jiecheng Studio, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China.
| | - Lingyun Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China; Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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3
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Danielewicz H, Gurgul A, Dębińska A, Drabik-Chamerska A, Hirnle L, Boznański A. Cord blood methylation at TNFRSF17 is associated with early allergic phenotypes. Immunol Res 2024:10.1007/s12026-024-09524-2. [PMID: 39085570 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-024-09524-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Food allergy and eczema are the earliest allergic phenotypes in childhood. These diseases could be related to either IgE-mediated or non-IgE-mediated reactions to the allergen. TNFRSF17 is a key molecule in B cell maturation and is important in both types of responses.We conducted a study comparing the relative expression and the methylation status at the TNFRSF17 in regard to the child's early atopic sensitisation and allergic phenotypes.In the recruited population of 200 women and 174 children with available clinical data (physical examination by allergist and antigen-specific IgE measurements), 78 cord blood samples were included in the gene expression analysis (relative gene expression with GAPDH as reference by RT-PCR) and 96 samples with microarray DNA methylation data (whole genome methylation profile Infinium MethylationEPIC).The altered TNFRSF17 methylation pattern in the cord blood at both single cg04453550 and mean methylation at upstream of TNFRSF17 was observed in children who developed food allergy and/or eczema in early childhood. The change in methylation profile was mirrored by the relative expression. The profile of IgE sensitisation to food and/or inhalant allergens was not significantly associated with either methylation or expression of TNFRSF17.In conclusion, methylation at the upstream sites at TNFRSF17 in the cord blood at birth is associated with food allergy and eczema early in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Danielewicz
- 1st Clinical Department of Pediatrics, Allergology and Cardiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Ul. Chałubińskiego 2a, 50-368, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Artur Gurgul
- Center for Experimental and Innovative Medicine, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Rędzina 1C, 30-248, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Dębińska
- 1st Clinical Department of Pediatrics, Allergology and Cardiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Ul. Chałubińskiego 2a, 50-368, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Drabik-Chamerska
- 1st Clinical Department of Pediatrics, Allergology and Cardiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Ul. Chałubińskiego 2a, 50-368, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Lidia Hirnle
- 1st Clinical Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wroclaw Medical University, Ul. Chałubińskiego 5, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Boznański
- 1st Clinical Department of Pediatrics, Allergology and Cardiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Ul. Chałubińskiego 2a, 50-368, Wrocław, Poland
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4
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Fang J, Zhou F. BCMA-targeting chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy for relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma. Ann Hematol 2024; 103:1069-1083. [PMID: 37704875 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-023-05444-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Recently, many new therapies have improved the outcomes of patients with relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM). Nevertheless, recurrence is still unavoidable, and better treatment choices for RRMM are urgently needed. The clinical success of Chimera antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy in many hematological diseases, including leukemia and lymphoma, has drawn considerable attention to RRMM. As CAR T cell therapy continues to mature and challenge traditional therapies, it is gradually changing the treatment paradigm for MM patients. The B cell maturation antigen (BCMA), expressed in malignant plasma cells but not normal ones, is an ideal target for MM treatment, due to its high expression. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) has approved two BCMA-targeting CAR T cell products, idecabtagene vicleucel (Ide-cel) and ciltacabtagene autoleucel (Cilta-cel), for use in RRMM. In this review, we focus on data from RRMM patients involved in clinical trials of Ide-cel and Cilta-cel and discuss the present situation and future direction of CAR T cell therapy for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Fang
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Fuling Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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5
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Tawfik A, Kawaguchi T, Takahashi M, Setoh K, Yamaguchi I, Tabara Y, Van Steen K, Sakuntabhai A, Matsuda F. Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Sixteen Potential Genes Associated with the Successful Differentiation of Antibody-Secreting Cells through the Utilization of Unfolded Protein Response Mechanisms in Robust Responders to the Influenza Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:136. [PMID: 38400120 PMCID: PMC10892001 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The seasonal influenza vaccine remains one of the vital recommended infection control measures for the elderly with chronic illnesses. We investigated the immunogenicity of a single dose of influenza vaccine in 123 seronegative participants and classified them into four distinct groups, determined by the promptness of vaccine response, the longevity of humoral immunity, and the likelihood of exhibiting cross-reactivity. Subsequently, we used transcriptional profiling and differential gene expression analysis to identify potential genes directly associated with the robust response to the vaccine. The group of exemplary vaccine responders differentially expressed 16 genes, namely: MZB1, MYDGF, TXNDC5, TXNDC11, HSP90B1, FKBP11, PDIA5, PRDX4, CD38, SDC1, TNFRSF17, TNFRSF13B, PAX5, POU2AF1, IRF4, and XBP1. Our findings point out a list of expressed proteins that are related to B cell proliferation, unfolded protein response, and cellular haemostasis, as well as a linkage of these expressions to the survival of long-lived plasma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Tawfik
- Functional Genetics of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR2000, 75015 Paris, France;
- Pasteur International Unit at Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takahisa Kawaguchi
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan (I.Y.)
| | - Meiko Takahashi
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan (I.Y.)
| | - Kazuya Setoh
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan (I.Y.)
| | - Izumi Yamaguchi
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan (I.Y.)
| | - Yasuharu Tabara
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan (I.Y.)
| | - Kristel Van Steen
- BIO3—Laboratory for Systems Genetics, GIGA-R Medical Genomics, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- BIO3—Laboratory for Systems Genetics, GIGA-R Medical Genomics, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anavaj Sakuntabhai
- Pasteur International Unit at Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Ecology and Emergence of Arthropod-Borne Pathogens Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR2000, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Fumihiko Matsuda
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan (I.Y.)
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6
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Larson RC, Kann MC, Graham C, Mount CW, Castano AP, Lee WH, Bouffard AA, Takei HN, Almazan AJ, Scarfó I, Berger TR, Schmidts A, Frigault MJ, Gallagher KME, Maus MV. Anti-TACI single and dual-targeting CAR T cells overcome BCMA antigen loss in multiple myeloma. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7509. [PMID: 37980341 PMCID: PMC10657357 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43416-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cells directed to B cell maturation antigen (BCMA) mediate profound responses in patients with multiple myeloma, but most patients do not achieve long-term complete remissions. In addition, recent evidence suggests that high-affinity binding to BCMA can result in on-target, off-tumor activity in the basal ganglia and can lead to fatal Parkinsonian-like disease. Here we develop CAR T cells against multiple myeloma using a binder to targeting transmembrane activator and CAML interactor (TACI) in mono and dual-specific formats with anti-BCMA. These CARs have robust, antigen-specific activity in vitro and in vivo. We also show that TACI RNA expression is limited in the basal ganglia, which may circumvent some of the toxicities recently reported with BCMA CARs. Thus, single-targeting TACI CARs may have a safer toxicity profile, whereas dual-specific BCMA-TACI CAR T cells have potential to avoid the antigen escape that can occur with single-antigen targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Larson
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael C Kann
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charlotte Graham
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher W Mount
- Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ana P Castano
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Won-Ho Lee
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amanda A Bouffard
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hana N Takei
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Antonio J Almazan
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Irene Scarfó
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Trisha R Berger
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrea Schmidts
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew J Frigault
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathleen M E Gallagher
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marcela V Maus
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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7
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Ramezani F, Panahi Meymandi AR, Akbari B, Tamtaji OR, Mirzaei H, Brown CE, Mirzaei HR. Outsmarting trogocytosis to boost CAR NK/T cell therapy. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:183. [PMID: 37974170 PMCID: PMC10652537 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01894-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) NK and T cell therapy are promising immunotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of cancer. However, the efficacy of CAR NK/T cell therapy is often hindered by various factors, including the phenomenon of trogocytosis, which involves the bidirectional exchange of membrane fragments between cells. In this review, we explore the role of trogocytosis in CAR NK/T cell therapy and highlight potential strategies for its modulation to improve therapeutic efficacy. We provide an in-depth analysis of trogocytosis as it relates to the fate and function of NK and T cells, focusing on its effects on cell activation, cytotoxicity, and antigen presentation. We discuss how trogocytosis can mediate transient antigen loss on cancer cells, thereby negatively affecting the effector function of CAR NK/T cells. Additionally, we address the phenomenon of fratricide and trogocytosis-associated exhaustion, which can limit the persistence and effectiveness of CAR-expressing cells. Furthermore, we explore how trogocytosis can impact CAR NK/T cell functionality, including the acquisition of target molecules and the modulation of signaling pathways. To overcome the negative effects of trogocytosis on cellular immunotherapy, we propose innovative approaches to modulate trogocytosis and augment CAR NK/T cell therapy. These strategies encompass targeting trogocytosis-related molecules, engineering CAR NK/T cells to resist trogocytosis-induced exhaustion and leveraging trogocytosis to enhance the function of CAR-expressing cells. By overcoming the limitations imposed by trogocytosis, it may be possible to unleash the full potential of CAR NK/T therapy against cancer. The knowledge and strategies presented in this review will guide future research and development, leading to improved therapeutic outcomes in the field of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Ramezani
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Panahi Meymandi
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnia Akbari
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Reza Tamtaji
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Christine E Brown
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Hamid Reza Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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8
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Pham HTT, Magez S, Choi B, Baatar B, Jung J, Radwanska M. Neutrophil metalloproteinase driven spleen damage hampers infection control of trypanosomiasis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5418. [PMID: 37669943 PMCID: PMC10480172 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41089-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent blood transcriptomic analysis of rhodesiense sleeping sickness patients has revealed that neutrophil signature genes and activation markers constitute the top indicators of trypanosomiasis-associated inflammation. Here, we show that Trypanosoma brucei infection results in expansion and differentiation of four splenic neutrophil subpopulations, including Mki67+Birc5+Gfi1+Cebpe+ proliferation-competent precursors, two intermediate immature subpopulations and Cebpb+Spi1+Irf7+Mcl1+Csf3r+ inflammation reprogrammed mature neutrophils. Transcriptomic scRNA-seq profiling identified the largest immature subpopulation by Mmp8/9 positive tertiary granule markers. We confirmed the presence of both metalloproteinases in extracellular spleen homogenates and plasma. During infection, these enzymes digest extracellular matrix components in the absence of sufficient TIMP inhibitory activity, driving remodeling of the spleen follicular architecture. Neutrophil depletion prevents the occurrence of organ damage, resulting in increased plasma cell numbers and prolonged host survival. We conclude that trypanosomiasis-associated neutrophil activation is a major contributor to the destruction of the secondary lymphoid architecture, required for maintaining an efficient adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hien Thi Thu Pham
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Department of Environmental Technology, Food Technology and Molecular Biotechnology KR01, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefan Magez
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Department of Environmental Technology, Food Technology and Molecular Biotechnology KR01, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Boyoon Choi
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Department of Environmental Technology, Food Technology and Molecular Biotechnology KR01, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bolortsetseg Baatar
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Department of Environmental Technology, Food Technology and Molecular Biotechnology KR01, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Joohee Jung
- Duksung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Magdalena Radwanska
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Department of Environmental Technology, Food Technology and Molecular Biotechnology KR01, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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9
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Di Meo F, Iyer A, Akama K, Cheng R, Yu C, Cesarano A, Kurihara N, Tenshin H, Aljoufi A, Marino S, Soni RK, Roda J, Sissons J, Vu LP, Guzman M, Huang K, Laskowski T, Broxmeyer HE, Roodman DG, Perna F. A target discovery pipeline identified ILT3 as a target for immunotherapy of multiple myeloma. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101110. [PMID: 37467717 PMCID: PMC10394163 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable malignancy of plasma cells. To identify targets for MM immunotherapy, we develop an integrated pipeline based on mass spectrometry analysis of seven MM cell lines and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) from 900+ patients. Starting from 4,000+ candidates, we identify the most highly expressed cell surface proteins. We annotate candidate protein expression in many healthy tissues and validate the expression of promising targets in 30+ patient samples with relapsed/refractory MM, as well as in primary healthy hematopoietic stem cells and T cells by flow cytometry. Six candidates (ILT3, SEMA4A, CCR1, LRRC8D, FCRL3, IL12RB1) and B cell maturation antigen (BCMA) present the most favorable profile in malignant and healthy cells. We develop a bispecific T cell engager targeting ILT3 that shows potent killing effects in vitro and decreased tumor burden and prolonged mice survival in vivo, suggesting therapeutic relevance. Our study uncovers MM-associated antigens that hold great promise for immune-based therapies of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Di Meo
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Immunotherapy, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Keith Akama
- NGM Biopharmaceuticals, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rujin Cheng
- NGM Biopharmaceuticals, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christina Yu
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Annamaria Cesarano
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Immunotherapy, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Noriyoshi Kurihara
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Hirofumi Tenshin
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Arafat Aljoufi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Silvia Marino
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rajesh K Soni
- Proteomics and Macromolecular Crystallography Shared Resource, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julie Roda
- NGM Biopharmaceuticals, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Ly P Vu
- British Columbia Cancer Center, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Kun Huang
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Hal E Broxmeyer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - David G Roodman
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Fabiana Perna
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Immunotherapy, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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10
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Kilgour MK, Bastin DJ, Lee SH, Ardolino M, McComb S, Visram A. Advancements in CAR-NK therapy: lessons to be learned from CAR-T therapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1166038. [PMID: 37205115 PMCID: PMC10187144 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1166038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Advancements in chimeric antigen receptor engineered T-cell (CAR-T) therapy have revolutionized treatment for several cancer types over the past decade. Despite this success, obstacles including the high price tag, manufacturing complexity, and treatment-associated toxicities have limited the broad application of this therapy. Chimeric antigen receptor engineered natural killer cell (CAR-NK) therapy offers a potential opportunity for a simpler and more affordable "off-the-shelf" treatment, likely with fewer toxicities. Unlike CAR-T, CAR-NK therapies are still in early development, with few clinical trials yet reported. Given the challenges experienced through the development of CAR-T therapies, this review explores what lessons we can apply to build better CAR-NK therapies. In particular, we explore the importance of optimizing the immunochemical properties of the CAR construct, understanding factors leading to cell product persistence, enhancing trafficking of transferred cells to the tumor, ensuring the metabolic fitness of the transferred product, and strategies to avoid tumor escape through antigen loss. We also review trogocytosis, an important emerging challenge that likely equally applies to CAR-T and CAR-NK cells. Finally, we discuss how these limitations are already being addressed in CAR-NK therapies, and what future directions may be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa K. Kilgour
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Center for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Michele Ardolino
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Center for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Scott McComb
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Center for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Alissa Visram
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
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11
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Swan D, Murphy P, Glavey S, Quinn J. Bispecific Antibodies in Multiple Myeloma: Opportunities to Enhance Efficacy and Improve Safety. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15061819. [PMID: 36980705 PMCID: PMC10046900 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common haematological neoplasm of adults in the Western world. Overall survival has doubled since the advent of proteosome inhibitors (PIs), immunomodulatory agents (IMiDs), and monoclonal antibodies. However, patients with adverse cytogenetics or high-risk disease as determined by the Revised International Staging System (R-ISS) continue to have poorer outcomes, and triple-refractory patients have a median survival of less than 1 year. Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) commonly bind to a tumour epitope along with CD3 on T-cells, leading to T-cell activation and tumour cell killing. These treatments show great promise in MM patients, with the first agent, teclistamab, receiving regulatory approval in 2022. Their potential utility is hampered by the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment (TME), a hallmark of MM, which may limit efficacy, and by undesirable adverse events, including cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and infections, some of which may be fatal. In this review, we first consider the means of enhancing the efficacy of BsAbs in MM. These include combining BsAbs with other drugs that ameliorate the effect of the immunosuppressive TME, improving target availability, the use of BsAbs directed against multiple target antigens, and the optimal time in the treatment pathway to employ BsAbs. We then discuss methods to improve safety, focusing on reducing infection rates associated with treatment-induced hypogammaglobulinaemia, and decreasing the frequency and severity of CRS. BsAbs offer a highly-active therapeutic option in MM. Improving the efficacy and safety profiles of these agents may enable more patients to benefit from these novel therapies and improve outcomes for patients with high-risk disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn Swan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +353-1-809-3000
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12
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Zhang M, Gray F, Cushman I, Wurmser A, Chan H, Couto S, Wang M, Nakayama Y, Hagner P, Al-Masri H, Williams S, Hersey S. A Novel BCMA Immunohistochemistry Assay Reveals a Heterogenous and Dynamic BCMA Expression Profile in Multiple Myeloma. Mod Pathol 2023; 36:100050. [PMID: 36788077 DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2022.100050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) is a promising target for the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) because the expression of this protein is largely limited to B-cell sets, plasma cells, MM, and other B-cell malignancies. Early studies assessing BCMA protein expression and localization have used insufficiently qualified immunohistochemistry assays, which have reported broad ranges of BCMA expression. As a result, our understanding of BCMA tissue expression derived from these data is limited, specifically the prevalence of BCMA expression on the cell surface/membrane, which has mechanistic relevance to the antimyeloma activity of several novel biotherapeutics. Here, we report on the qualification and application of a novel anti-BCMA immunohistochemistry antibody, 805G12. This antibody shows robust detection of BCMA in formalin-fixed, decalcified bone marrow tissue and provides key insights into membrane BCMA expression. The clone 805G12, which was raised against an intracellular C-terminal domain peptide of membrane BCMA, exhibited increased sensitivity and superior specificity across healthy and diseased tissue compared with the frequently referenced commercial reagent AF193. The new clone also demonstrated a broad range of expression of BCMA in MM and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma specimens. Additionally, cross-reactivity with closely related tumor necrosis factor receptor family members was observed with AF193 but not with 805G12. Furthermore, via established 805G12 and other independent BCMA assays, it was concluded that proteolytic processing by γ-secretase contributes to the levels of BCMA localized to the plasma membrane. As BCMA-directed therapeutics emerge to address the need for more effective treatment in the relapsed or refractory MM disease setting, the implementation of a qualified assay would ensure that reliable and consistent data on BCMA surface expression are used to inform clinical trial decisions and patient responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Falon Gray
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey.
| | | | | | - Henry Chan
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Suzana Couto
- Formerly Celgene Corporation, a Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Maria Wang
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey
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13
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Ndacayisaba LJ, Rappard KE, Shishido SN, Setayesh SM, Tang G, Lin P, Matsumoto N, Hsu CJ, Nevarez R, Velasco CR, Naghdloo A, Yang E, Kelly K, Hicks J, Mason J, Orlowski RZ, Manasanch EE, Kuhn P. Characterization of BCMA Expression in Circulating Rare Single Cells of Patients with Plasma Cell Neoplasms. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13427. [PMID: 36362214 PMCID: PMC9658574 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA), a key regulator of B-cell proliferation and survival, is highly expressed in almost all cases of plasma cell neoplasms and B-lymphoproliferative malignancies. BCMA is a robust biomarker of plasma cells and a therapeutic target with substantial clinical significance. However, the expression of BCMA in circulating tumor cells of patients with hematological malignancies has not been validated for the detection of circulating plasma and B cells. The application of BCMA as a biomarker in single-cell detection and profiling of circulating tumor cells in patients' blood could enable early disease profiling and therapy response monitoring. Here, we report the development and validation of a slide-based immunofluorescence assay (i.e., CD138, BCMA, CD45, DAPI) for enrichment-free detection, quantification, and morphogenomic characterization of BCMA-expressing cells in patients (N = 9) with plasma cell neoplasms. Varying morphological subtypes of circulating BCMA-expressing cells were detected across the CD138(+/-) and CD45(+/-) compartments, representing candidate clonotypic post-germinal center B cells, plasmablasts, and both normal and malignant plasma cells. Genomic analysis by single-cell sequencing and correlation to clinical FISH cytogenetics provides validation, with data showing that patients across the different neoplastic states carry both normal and altered BCMA-expressing cells. Furthermore, altered cells harbor cytogenetic events detected by clinical FISH. The reported enrichment-free liquid biopsy approach has potential applications as a single-cell methodology for the early detection of BCMA+ B-lymphoid malignancies and in monitoring therapy response for patients undergoing anti-BCMA treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libere J. Ndacayisaba
- Convergent Science Institute in Cancer, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Programs in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Kate E. Rappard
- Convergent Science Institute in Cancer, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Stephanie N. Shishido
- Convergent Science Institute in Cancer, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Sonia M. Setayesh
- Convergent Science Institute in Cancer, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Guilin Tang
- Department of Hematopathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Pei Lin
- Department of Hematopathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nicholas Matsumoto
- Convergent Science Institute in Cancer, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ching-Ju Hsu
- Convergent Science Institute in Cancer, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Rafael Nevarez
- Convergent Science Institute in Cancer, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Carmen Ruiz Velasco
- Convergent Science Institute in Cancer, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Amin Naghdloo
- Convergent Science Institute in Cancer, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Eric Yang
- Convergent Science Institute in Cancer, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Kevin Kelly
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - James Hicks
- Convergent Science Institute in Cancer, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jeremy Mason
- Convergent Science Institute in Cancer, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Catherine & Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Robert Z. Orlowski
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Elisabet E. Manasanch
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Peter Kuhn
- Convergent Science Institute in Cancer, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Catherine & Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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14
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Guo R, Lu W, Zhang Y, Cao X, Jin X, Zhao M. Targeting BCMA to Treat Multiple Myeloma: Updates From the 2021 ASH Annual Meeting. Front Immunol 2022; 13:839097. [PMID: 35320942 PMCID: PMC8936073 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.839097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With the gradual improvement of treatment regimens, the survival time of multiple myeloma (MM) patients has been significantly prolonged. Even so, MM is still a nightmare with an inferior prognosis. B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) is highly expressed on the surface of malignant myeloma cells. For the past few years, significant progress has been made in various BCMA-targeted immunotherapies for treating patients with RRMM, including anti-BCMA mAbs, antibody-drug conjugates, bispecific T-cell engagers, and BCMA-targeted adoptive cell therapy like chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell. The 63rd annual meeting of the American Society of Hematology updated some information about the application of BCMA in MM. This review summarizes part of the related points presented at this conference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiting Guo
- First Center Clinic College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenyi Lu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- First Center Clinic College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinping Cao
- First Center Clinic College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Mingfeng Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
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15
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Nobari ST, Nojadeh JN, Talebi M. B-cell maturation antigen targeting strategies in multiple myeloma treatment, advantages and disadvantages. J Transl Med 2022; 20:82. [PMID: 35144648 PMCID: PMC8832753 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03285-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
B cell maturation antigen (BCMA), a transmembrane glycoprotein member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily 17 (TNFRSF17), highly expressed on the plasma cells of Multiple myeloma (MM) patients, as well as the normal population. BCMA is used as a biomarker for MM. Two members of the TNF superfamily proteins, including B-cell activating factor (BAFF) and A proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), are closely related to BCMA and play an important role in plasma cell survival and progression of MM. Despite the maximum specificity of the monoclonal antibody technologies, introducing the tumor-specific antigen(s) is not applicable for all malignancies, such as MM that there plenty of relatively specific antigens such as GPCR5D, MUC1, SLAMF7 and etc., but higher expression of BCMA on these cells in comparison with normal ones can be regarded as a relatively exclusive marker. Currently, different monoclonal antibody (mAb) technologies applied in anti-MM therapies such as daratuzumab, SAR650984, GSK2857916, and CAR-T cell therapies are some of these tools that are reviewed in the present manuscript. By the way, the structure, function, and signaling of the BCMA and related molecule(s) role in normal plasma cells and MM development, evaluated as well as the potential side effects of its targeting by different CAR-T cells generations. In conclusion, BCMA can be regarded as an ideal molecule to be targeted in immunotherapeutic methods, regarding lower potential systemic and local side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Teymouri Nobari
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Jafar Nouri Nojadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Talebi
- Department of Applied Cells Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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16
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Quazi S. An Overview of CAR T Cell Mediated B Cell Maturation Antigen Therapy. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA, MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2022; 22:e392-e404. [PMID: 34992008 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Multiple Myeloma (MM) is one of the incurable types of cancer in plasma cells. While immense progress has been made in the treatment of this malignancy, a large percentage of patients were unable to adapt to such therapy. Additionally, these therapies might be associated with significant diseases and are not always tolerated well in all patients. Since cancer in plasma cells has no cure, patients develop resistance to treatments, resulting in R/R MM (Refractory/Relapsed Multiple Myeloma). BCMA (B cell maturation antigen) is primarily produced on mature B cells. It's up-regulation and activation are associated with multiple myeloma in both murine and human models, indicating that this might be an effective therapeutic target for this type of malignancy. Additionally, BCMA's predictive value, association with effective clinical trials, and capacity to be utilized in previously difficult to observe patient populations, imply that it might be used as a biomarker for multiple myeloma. Numerous kinds of BCMA-targeting medicines have demonstrated antimyeloma efficacy in individuals with refractory/relapsed MM, including CAR T-cell (Chimeric antigen receptor T cell) treatments, ADCs (Antibody-drug conjugate s), bispecific antibody constructs. Among these medications, CART cell-mediated BCMA therapy has shown significant outcomes in multiple myeloma clinical trials. This review article outlines CAR T cell mediated BCMA medicines have the efficiency to change the therapeutic pattern for multiple myeloma significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Quazi
- GenLab Biosolutions Private Limited, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
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17
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Tremblay PG, Fortin C, Sirard MA. Gene cascade analysis in human granulosa tumor cells (KGN) following exposure to high levels of free fatty acids and insulin. J Ovarian Res 2021; 14:178. [PMID: 34930403 PMCID: PMC8690403 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-021-00934-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes are detrimental factors that compromise fertility and the success rates of medically assisted procreation procedures. During metabolic stress, adipose tissue is more likely to release free fatty acids (FFA) in the serum resulting in an increase of FFA levels not only in blood, but also in follicular fluid (FF). In humans, high concentrations of palmitic acid and stearic acid reduced granulosa cell survival and were associated with poor cumulus-oocyte complex (COC) morphology. Obesity and high levels of circulating FFA were also causatively linked to hampered insulin sensitivity in cells and compensatory hyperinsulinemia. To provide a global picture of the principal upstream signaling pathways and genomic mechanisms involved in this metabolic context, human granulosa-like tumor cells (KGN) were treated with a combination of palmitic acid, oleic acid, and stearic acid at the higher physiological concentrations found in the follicular fluid of women with a higher body mass index (BMI) (≥ 30.0 kg/m2). We also tested a high concentration of insulin alone and in combination with high concentrations of fatty acids. Transcription analysis by RNA-seq with a cut off for fold change of 1.5 and p-value 0.05 resulted in thousands of differentially expressed genes for each treatment. Using analysis software such as Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA), we were able to establish that high concentrations of FFA affected the expression of genes mainly related to glucose and insulin homoeostasis, fatty acid metabolism, as well as steroidogenesis and granulosa cell differentiation processes. The combination of insulin and high concentrations of FFA affected signaling pathways related to apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Taken together, our results provided new information on the mechanisms that might be involved in human granulosa cells exposed to high concentrations of FFA and insulin in the contexts of metabolism disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia G Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction, Développement et Santé Intergénérationnelle, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Chloé Fortin
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction, Développement et Santé Intergénérationnelle, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Marc-André Sirard
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction, Développement et Santé Intergénérationnelle, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
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18
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Nanomedicine for Immunotherapy Targeting Hematological Malignancies: Current Approaches and Perspective. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11112792. [PMID: 34835555 PMCID: PMC8619332 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Conventional chemotherapy has partial therapeutic effects against hematological malignancies and is correlated with serious side effects and great risk of relapse. Recently, immunotherapeutic drugs have provided encouraging results in the treatment of hematological malignancies. Several immunotherapeutic antibodies and cell therapeutics are in dynamic development such as immune checkpoint blockades and CAR-T treatment. However, numerous problems restrain the therapeutic effectiveness of tumor immunotherapy as an insufficient anti-tumor immune response, the interference of an immune-suppressive bone marrow, or tumoral milieu with the discharge of immunosuppressive components, access of myeloid-derived suppressor cells, monocyte intrusion, macrophage modifications, all factors facilitating the tumor to escape the anti-cancer immune response, finally reducing the efficiency of the immunotherapy. Nanotechnology can be employed to overcome each of these aspects, therefore having the possibility to successfully produce anti-cancer immune responses. Here, we review recent findings on the use of biomaterial-based nanoparticles in hematological malignancies immunotherapy. In the future, a deeper understanding of tumor immunology and of the implications of nanomedicine will allow nanoparticles to revolutionize tumor immunotherapy, and nanomedicine approaches will reveal their great potential for clinical translation.
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19
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Hosny M, Verkleij CPM, van der Schans J, Frerichs KA, Mutis T, Zweegman S, van de Donk NWCJ. Current State of the Art and Prospects of T Cell-Redirecting Bispecific Antibodies in Multiple Myeloma. J Clin Med 2021; 10:4593. [PMID: 34640611 PMCID: PMC8509238 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10194593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) patients eventually develop multi-drug-resistant disease with poor survival. Hence, the development of novel treatment strategies is of great importance. Recently, different classes of immunotherapeutic agents have shown great promise in heavily pre-treated MM, including T cell-redirecting bispecific antibodies (BsAbs). These BsAbs simultaneously interact with CD3 on effector T cells and a tumor-associated antigen on MM cells, resulting in redirection of T cells to MM cells. This leads to the formation of an immunologic synapse, the release of granzymes/perforins, and subsequent tumor cell lysis. Several ongoing phase 1 studies show substantial activity and a favorable toxicity profile with BCMA-, GPRC5D-, or FcRH5-targeting BsAbs in heavily pre-treated MM patients. Resistance mechanisms against BsAbs include tumor-related features, T cell characteristics, and impact of components of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Various clinical trials are currently evaluating combination therapy with a BsAb and another agent, such as a CD38-targeting antibody or an immunomodulatory drug (e.g., pomalidomide), to further improve response depth and duration. Additionally, the combination of two BsAbs, simultaneously targeting two different antigens to prevent antigen escape, is being explored in clinical studies. The evaluation of BsAbs in earlier lines of therapy, including newly diagnosed MM, is warranted, based on the efficacy of BsAbs in advanced MM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Niels W. C. J. van de Donk
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Hematology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.H.); (C.P.M.V.); (J.v.d.S.); (K.A.F.); (T.M.); (S.Z.)
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20
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Shin C, Kim SS, Jo YH. Extending traditional antibody therapies: Novel discoveries in immunotherapy and clinical applications. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2021; 22:166-179. [PMID: 34514097 PMCID: PMC8416972 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has been well regarded as one of the safer and antigen-specific anti-cancer treatments compared to first-generation chemotherapy. Since Coley's discovery, researchers focused on engineering novel antibody-based therapies. Including artificial and modified antibodies, such as antibody fragments, antibody-drug conjugates, and synthetic mimetics, the variety of immunotherapy has been rapidly expanding in the last few decades. Genetic and chemical modifications to monoclonal antibody have been brought into academia, in vivo trials, and clinical applications. Here, we have looked around antibodies overall. First, we elucidate the antibody structure and its cytotoxicity mechanisms. Second, types of therapeutic antibodies are presented. Additionally, there is a summarized list of US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapeutic antibodies and recent clinical trials. This review provides a comprehensive overview of both the general function of therapeutic antibodies and a few main variations in development, including recent advent with the proposed mechanism of actions, and we introduce types of therapeutic antibodies, clinical trials, and approved commercial immunotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Shin
- Chadwick International, Incheon 22002, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Soo Kim
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hwa Jo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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21
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Lancman G, Sastow DL, Cho HJ, Jagannath S, Madduri D, Parekh SS, Richard S, Richter J, Sanchez L, Chari A. Bispecific Antibodies in Multiple Myeloma: Present and Future. Blood Cancer Discov 2021; 2:423-433. [PMID: 34661161 PMCID: PMC8510808 DOI: 10.1158/2643-3230.bcd-21-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite many recent advances in therapy, there is still no plateau in overall survival curves in multiple myeloma. Bispecific antibodies are a novel immunotherapeutic approach designed to bind antigens on malignant plasma cells and cytotoxic immune effector cells. Early-phase clinical trials targeting B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA), GPRC5D, and FcRH5 have demonstrated a favorable safety profile, with mainly low-grade cytokine release syndrome, cytopenias, and infections. Although dose escalation is ongoing in several studies, early efficacy data show response rates in the most active dose cohorts between 61% and 83% with many deep responses; however, durability remains to be established. Further clinical trial data are eagerly anticipated. SIGNIFICANCE Overall survival of triple-class refractory multiple myeloma remains poor. Bispecific antibodies are a novel immunotherapeutic modality with a favorable safety profile and impressive preliminary efficacy in heavily treated patients. Although more data are needed, bispecifics will likely become an integral part of the multiple myeloma treatment paradigm in the near future. Studies in earlier lines of therapy and in combination with other active anti-multiple myeloma agents will help further define the role of bispecifics in multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Lancman
- Tisch Cancer Insitute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | - Hearn J Cho
- Tisch Cancer Insitute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Sundar Jagannath
- Tisch Cancer Insitute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Deepu Madduri
- Tisch Cancer Insitute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Samir S Parekh
- Tisch Cancer Insitute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Shambavi Richard
- Tisch Cancer Insitute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Joshua Richter
- Tisch Cancer Insitute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Larysa Sanchez
- Tisch Cancer Insitute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Ajai Chari
- Tisch Cancer Insitute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
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22
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Swan D, Routledge D, Harrison S. The evolving status of immunotherapies in multiple myeloma: the future role of bispecific antibodies. Br J Haematol 2021; 196:488-506. [PMID: 34472091 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Treatment outcomes in multiple myeloma (MM) have improved dramatically over the past 10 years. However, patients with high-risk disease such as those with Stage III disease by the Revised International Staging System, the presence of adverse cytogenetics, or who are refractory to proteosome inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs and monoclonal antibodies may have dismal outcomes. These patients represent an urgent ongoing need in MM. One of the hallmarks of MM is immune dysfunction and a tumour-permissive immune microenvironment. Ameliorating the immune-paresis could lead to improved outcomes. The role of immunotherapies has been growing at an exponential pace with numerous agents under development in clinical trials. In the present review, we provide an overview of immunotherapies in MM, focussing on bispecific antibodies (BsAbs). We review efficacy outcomes from the published clinical trials and consider the important safety aspects of these therapies, in particular the risk of cytokine-release syndrome and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome, and how these compare with patients receiving chimeric antigen receptor T cells. We discuss the MM epitopes being targeted by BsAbs, either in clinical or preclinical stages, and we consider where these therapies might best fit within the future ever-changing paradigm of MM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn Swan
- Department of Haematology, St James' Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Routledge
- Clinical Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Simon Harrison
- Clinical Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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Hammood M, Craig AW, Leyton JV. Impact of Endocytosis Mechanisms for the Receptors Targeted by the Currently Approved Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs)-A Necessity for Future ADC Research and Development. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14070674. [PMID: 34358100 PMCID: PMC8308841 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biologically-based therapies increasingly rely on the endocytic cycle of internalization and exocytosis of target receptors for cancer therapies. However, receptor trafficking pathways (endosomal sorting (recycling, lysosome localization) and lateral membrane movement) are often dysfunctional in cancer. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have revitalized the concept of targeted chemotherapy by coupling inhibitory antibodies to cytotoxic payloads. Significant advances in ADC technology and format, and target biology have hastened the FDA approval of nine ADCs (four since 2019). Although the links between aberrant endocytic machinery and cancer are emerging, the impact of dysregulated internalization processes of ADC targets and response rates or resistance have not been well studied. This is despite the reliance on ADC uptake and trafficking to lysosomes for linker cleavage and payload release. In this review, we describe what is known about all the target antigens for the currently approved ADCs. Specifically, internalization efficiency and relevant intracellular sorting activities are described for each receptor under normal processes, and when complexed to an ADC. In addition, we discuss aberrant endocytic processes that have been directly linked to preclinical ADC resistance mechanisms. The implications of endocytosis in regard to therapeutic effectiveness in the clinic are also described. Unexpectedly, information on endocytosis is scarce (absent for two receptors). Moreover, much of what is known about endocytosis is not in the context of receptor-ADC/antibody complexes. This review provides a deeper understanding of the pertinent principles of receptor endocytosis for the currently approved ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar Hammood
- Departément de Medécine Nucléaire et Radiobiologie, Faculté de Medécine et des Sciences de la Santé, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada;
| | - Andrew W. Craig
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada;
| | - Jeffrey V. Leyton
- Departément de Medécine Nucléaire et Radiobiologie, Faculté de Medécine et des Sciences de la Santé, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada;
- Centre d’Imagerie Moleculaire, Centre de Recherche, CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-819-346-1110
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24
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Danielewicz H, Gurgul A, Dębińska A, Myszczyszyn G, Szmatoła T, Myszkal A, Jasielczuk I, Drabik-Chamerska A, Hirnle L, Boznański A. Maternal atopy and offspring epigenome-wide methylation signature. Epigenetics 2021; 16:629-641. [PMID: 32902349 PMCID: PMC8143219 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2020.1814504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase in the prevalence of allergic diseases is believed to partially depend on environmental changes. DNA methylation is a major epigenetic mechanism, which is known to respond to environmental factors. A number of studies have revealed that patterns of DNA methylation may potentially predict allergic diseases.Here, we examined how maternal atopy is associated with methylation patterns in the cord blood of neonates.We conducted an epigenome-wide association study in a cohort of 96 mother-child pairs. Pregnant women aged not more than 35 years old, not currently smoking or exposed to environmental tobacco smoke, who did not report obesity before conception were considered eligible. They were further tested for atopy. Converted DNA from cord blood was analysed using Infinium MethylationEPIC; for statistical analysis, RnBeads software was applied. Gestational age and sex were included as covariates in the final analysis.83 DM sites were associated with maternal atopy. Within the top DM sites, there were CpG sites which mapped to genes SCD, ITM2C, NT5C3A and NPEPL1. Regional analysis revealed 25 tiling regions, 4 genes, 3 CpG islands and 5 gene promoters, (including PIGCP1, ADAM3A, ZSCAN12P1) associated with maternal atopy. Gene content analysis revealed pointwise enrichments in pathways related to purine-containing compound metabolism, the G1/S transition of the mitotic cell cycle, stem cell division and cellular glucose homoeostasis.These findings suggest that maternal atopy provides a unique intrauterine environment that may constitute the first environment in which exposure is associated with methylation patterns in newborn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Danielewicz
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, Allergy and Cardiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Artur Gurgul
- Center for Experimental and Innovative Medicine, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Dębińska
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, Allergy and Cardiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Myszczyszyn
- 1st Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Szmatoła
- Center for Experimental and Innovative Medicine, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Myszkal
- 1st Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Jan Mikulicz-Radecki in Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Igor Jasielczuk
- Center for Experimental and Innovative Medicine, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Drabik-Chamerska
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, Allergy and Cardiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Lidia Hirnle
- 1st Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Boznański
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, Allergy and Cardiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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25
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Tian Z, Liu M, Zhang Y, Wang X. Bispecific T cell engagers: an emerging therapy for management of hematologic malignancies. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:75. [PMID: 33941237 PMCID: PMC8091790 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01084-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Harnessing the power of immune cells, especially T cells, to enhance anti-tumor activities has become a promising strategy in clinical management of hematologic malignancies. The emerging bispecific antibodies (BsAbs), which recruit T cells to tumor cells, exemplified by bispecific T cell engagers (BiTEs), have facilitated the development of tumor immunotherapy. Here we discussed the advances and challenges in BiTE therapy developed for the treatment of hematologic malignancies. Blinatumomab, the first BiTE approved for the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), is appreciated for its high efficacy and safety. Recent studies have focused on improving the efficacy of BiTEs by optimizing treatment regimens and refining the molecular structures of BiTEs. A considerable number of bispecific T cell-recruiting antibodies which are potentially effective in hematologic malignancies have been derived from BiTEs. The elucidation of mechanisms of BiTE action and neonatal techniques used for the construction of BsAbs can improve the treatment of hematological malignancies. This review summarized the features of bispecific T cell-recruiting antibodies for the treatment of hematologic malignancies with special focus on preclinical experiments and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Tian
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated To Shandong University, Shandong First Medical University, No.324, Jingwu Road, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Lymphoma, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.,Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Ya Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China. .,Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated To Shandong University, Shandong First Medical University, No.324, Jingwu Road, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China. .,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China. .,Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Lymphoma, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China. .,Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 251006, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China. .,Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated To Shandong University, Shandong First Medical University, No.324, Jingwu Road, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China. .,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China. .,Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Lymphoma, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China. .,Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 251006, China.
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26
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Targeted Therapies for Multiple Myeloma. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11050334. [PMID: 33922567 PMCID: PMC8145732 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11050334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma continues to be a challenging disorder to treat despite improved therapies and the widespread use of proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory drugs. Although patient outcomes have improved, the disease continues to invariably relapse, and in the majority of cases, a cure remains elusive. In the last decade, there has been an explosion of novel drugs targeting cellular proteins essential for malignant plasma cell proliferation and survival. In this review, we focus on novel druggable targets leading to the development of monoclonal antibodies and cellular therapies against surface antigens (CD38, CD47, CD138, BCMA, SLAMF7, GPRC5D, FcRH5), inhibitors of epigenetic regulators such as histone deacetylase (HDAC), and agents targeting anti-apoptotic (BCL-2), ribosomal (eEF1A2) and nuclear export (XPO1) proteins.
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27
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Simón R, Díaz-Rosales P, Tafalla C. The Ancient Cytokine BAFF- and APRIL-like Molecule Regulates the Functionality of Teleost IgM + B Cells Similarly to BAFF and APRIL. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:1765-1775. [PMID: 33762323 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
TNF superfamily (TNFSF) members, such as BAFF and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), emerged in vertebrates as key regulators of B cell homeostasis and activation. Many cartilaginous and teleost fish contain an additional gene, designated as BAFF- and APRIL-like molecule (BALM), of unknown function and lost in tetrapods. In this study, we have performed a wide characterization of the functions of BALM on naive B cells for the first time, to our knowledge, in teleosts using rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) as a model. Similar to BAFF and APRIL, BALM increased the survival and promoted the proliferation of peripheral blood IgM+ B cells and cooperated with BCR cross-linking to increase the proliferation rate of IgM+ B cells. BALM also seemed to be a differentiating factor for trout IgM+ B cells, as it increased IgM secretion and increased cell size. Additionally, BALM appeared to increase the Ag-presenting properties of IgM+ B cells, augmenting MHC class II surface expression and upregulating the phagocytic capacity of these cells. Finally, the fact that there was no synergy between BALM and BAFF/APRIL in any of these functions strongly suggests that BALM signals through the same receptors as BAFF and APRIL to carry out its functions. This hypothesis was further supported in competitive BALM binding assays. The results presented provide relevant information for understanding how these TNFSF members cooperate in teleost fish to regulate B cell functionality, helping us to interpret the evolutionary relations between molecules of this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Simón
- Animal Health Research Center, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, Valdeolmos 28130, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Díaz-Rosales
- Animal Health Research Center, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, Valdeolmos 28130, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Tafalla
- Animal Health Research Center, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, Valdeolmos 28130, Madrid, Spain
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28
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Matson EM, Abyazi ML, Bell KA, Hayes KM, Maglione PJ. B Cell Dysregulation in Common Variable Immunodeficiency Interstitial Lung Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 11:622114. [PMID: 33613556 PMCID: PMC7892472 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.622114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most frequently diagnosed primary antibody deficiency. About half of CVID patients develop chronic non-infectious complications thought to be due to intrinsic immune dysregulation, including autoimmunity, gastrointestinal disease, and interstitial lung disease (ILD). Multiple studies have found ILD to be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in CVID. Yet, the precise mechanisms underlying this complication in CVID are poorly understood. CVID ILD is marked by profound pulmonary infiltration of both T and B cells as well as granulomatous inflammation in many cases. B cell depletive therapy, whether done as a monotherapy or in combination with another immunosuppressive agent, has become a standard of therapy for CVID ILD. However, CVID is a heterogeneous disorder, as is its lung pathology, and the precise patients that would benefit from B cell depletive therapy, when it should administered, and how long it should be repeated all remain gaps in our knowledge. Moreover, some have ILD recurrence after B cell depletive therapy and the relative importance of B cell biology remains incompletely defined. Developmental and functional abnormalities of B cell compartments observed in CVID ILD and related conditions suggest that imbalance of B cell signaling networks may promote lung disease. Included within these potential mechanisms of disease is B cell activating factor (BAFF), a cytokine that is upregulated by the interferon gamma (IFN-γ):STAT1 signaling axis to potently influence B cell activation and survival. B cell responses to BAFF are shaped by the divergent effects and expression patterns of its three receptors: BAFF receptor (BAFF-R), transmembrane activator and CAML interactor (TACI), and B cell maturation antigen (BCMA). Moreover, soluble forms of BAFF-R, TACI, and BCMA exist and may further influence the pathogenesis of ILD. Continued efforts to understand how dysregulated B cell biology promotes ILD development and progression will help close the gap in our understanding of how to best diagnose, define, and manage ILD in CVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik M Matson
- Pulmonary Center, Section of Pulmonary, Allergy, Sleep & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Miranda L Abyazi
- Pulmonary Center, Section of Pulmonary, Allergy, Sleep & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kayla A Bell
- Pulmonary Center, Section of Pulmonary, Allergy, Sleep & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kevin M Hayes
- Pulmonary Center, Section of Pulmonary, Allergy, Sleep & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Paul J Maglione
- Pulmonary Center, Section of Pulmonary, Allergy, Sleep & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
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29
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Dong Z, Liu Z, Dai H, Liu W, Feng Z, Zhao Q, Gao Y, Liu F, Zhang N, Dong X, Zhou X, Du J, Huang G, Tian X, Liu B. The Potential Role of Regulatory B Cells in Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:7638365. [PMID: 33426094 PMCID: PMC7772048 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7638365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory B cells (Breg) are widely regarded as immunomodulatory cells which play an immunosuppressive role. Breg inhibits pathological autoimmune response by secreting interleukin-10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and adenosine and through other ways to prevent T cells and other immune cells from expanding. Recent studies have shown that different inflammatory environments induce different types of Breg cells, and these different Breg cells have different functions. For example, Br1 cells can secrete IgG4 to block autoantigens. Idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) is an autoimmune disease in which the humoral immune response is dominant and the cellular immune response is impaired. However, only a handful of studies have been done on the role of Bregs in this regard. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the types and functions of Breg found in human body, as well as the abnormal pathological and immunological phenomena in IMN, and propose the hypothesis that Breg is activated in IMN patients and the proportion of Br1 can be increased. Our review aims at highlighting the correlation between Breg and IMN and proposes potential mechanisms, which can provide a new direction for the discovery of the pathogenesis of IMN, thus providing a new strategy for the prevention and early treatment of IMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaocheng Dong
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, North Third Ring Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, No. 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- Shandong First Medical University, No. 619 Changcheng Road, Tai'an City, Shandong 271016, China
| | - Haoran Dai
- Shunyi Branch, Beijing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Station East 5, Shunyi District, Beijing 101300, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, North Third Ring Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhendong Feng
- Beijing Chinese Medicine Hospital Pinggu Hospital, No. 6, Pingxiang Road, Pinggu District, Beijing 101200, China
| | - Qihan Zhao
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, No. 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
- Capital Medical University, No. 10, Xitoutiao, You'anmenwai, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, No. 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
- Capital Medical University, No. 10, Xitoutiao, You'anmenwai, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, North Third Ring Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, No. 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, No. 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
- Capital Medical University, No. 10, Xitoutiao, You'anmenwai, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xuan Dong
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, No. 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
- Capital Medical University, No. 10, Xitoutiao, You'anmenwai, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiaoshan Zhou
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, North Third Ring Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, No. 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Jieli Du
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, North Third Ring Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, No. 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Guangrui Huang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, North Third Ring Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xuefei Tian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Baoli Liu
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, No. 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
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30
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Iannazzo D, Ettari R, Giofrè S, Eid AH, Bitto A. Recent Advances in Nanotherapeutics for Multiple Myeloma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113144. [PMID: 33120945 PMCID: PMC7693822 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Nanotherapeutics are useful tools to improve the deliverability of drugs, especially anti-cancer drugs that need to target specific cells. Several approaches have been studied for multiple myeloma, considering that immune cells are not easy to target with the available drugs. These pharmacological agents are administered in various combinations using Thalidomide (or Lenalidomide, Pomalidomide), corticosteroids (Dexamethasone), proteasome inhibitors (Bortezomib, Carfilzomib, Ixazomib), deacetylase inhibitors (Panobinostat), and monoclonal antibodies (Elotuzumab, Daratumumab). As all drugs these agents might have serious side effects and in addition, the reliance on stochastic events to deliver drugs to tumors reduces their effectiveness either through rapid clearance from blood or inadequate concentration in cancer cells. To address these issues liposomes, micelles, polymeric nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, and carbon-based nanomaterials have been successfully tested in vivo and can be considered as useful tools to improve delivery of active pharmaceuticals that show poor bioavailability or poor internalization into myeloma cells. Abstract Anticancer therapies cannot be included in a one-size-fits-all scenario; it is imperative to adapt therapies to the tumor molecular profile and most importantly to develop target-specific therapeutics. Nanotherapeutics can combine molecular imaging with molecular therapy in order to provide the maximum benefit to patients in terms of disease prevention, identification, and treatment. Nanotechnology applied to therapy provides numerous advantages in diagnostics and in drug delivery, especially for those malignant cells that are difficult to target or for drugs with poor bioavailability, such as those used for multiple myeloma (MM). This review summarizes the recent advances in the development of nanoparticle-based systems for the treatment of MM, taking into account the methods used for their functionalization, biocompatibility, and anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Iannazzo
- Department of Engineering, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy;
| | - Roberta Ettari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Chemistry, University of Messina, 98165 Messina, Italy; (R.E.); (S.G.)
| | - Salvatore Giofrè
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Chemistry, University of Messina, 98165 Messina, Italy; (R.E.); (S.G.)
| | - Ali H. Eid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar;
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, 11-0236 Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Alessandra Bitto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Mikkilineni L, Kochenderfer JN. CAR T cell therapies for patients with multiple myeloma. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2020; 18:71-84. [PMID: 32978608 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-020-0427-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite several therapeutic advances over the past decade, multiple myeloma (MM) remains largely incurable, indicating a need for new treatment approaches. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy works by mechanisms distinct from those of other MM therapies and involves the modification of patient or donor T cells to target specific cell-surface antigens. B cell maturation antigen (BCMA) is expressed only on plasma cells, a small subset of B cells and MM cells, which makes it a suitable target antigen for such therapies. At the time of writing, data from >20 clinical trials involving anti-BCMA CAR T cells have demonstrated that patients with relapsed and/or refractory MM can achieve objective responses. These early investigations have been instrumental in demonstrating short-term safety and efficacy; however, most patients do not have disease remission lasting >18 months. Attempts to reduce or delay the onset of relapsed disease are underway and include identifying additional CAR T cell target antigens and methods of enhancing BCMA expression on MM cells. Engineering CAR T cells to enhance both the activity and safety of treatment continues to be a promising avenue for improvement. In this Review we summarize data from clinical trials that have been carried out to date, describe novel antigens that could be targeted in the future, and highlight potential future innovations that could enhance the efficacy and/or reduce the toxicities associated with CAR T cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekha Mikkilineni
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Yu B, Jiang T, Liu D. BCMA-targeted immunotherapy for multiple myeloma. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:125. [PMID: 32943087 PMCID: PMC7499842 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00962-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell maturation antigen (BCMA) is a novel treatment target for multiple myeloma (MM) due to its highly selective expression in malignant plasma cells (PCs). Multiple BCMA-targeted therapeutics, including antibody-drug conjugates (ADC), chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells, and bispecific T cell engagers (BiTE), have achieved remarkable clinical response in patients with relapsed and refractory MM. Belantamab mafodotin-blmf (GSK2857916), a BCMA-targeted ADC, has just been approved for highly refractory MM. In this article, we summarized the molecular and physiological properties of BCMA as well as BCMA-targeted immunotherapeutic agents in different stages of clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yu
- Department of Medicine, Lincoln Medical Center, Bronx, NY USA
| | - Tianbo Jiang
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY USA
| | - Delong Liu
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY USA
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Rational design of a trimeric APRIL-based CAR-binding domain enables efficient targeting of multiple myeloma. Blood Adv 2020; 3:3248-3260. [PMID: 31698455 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells (CARTs) have shown tremendous potential for the treatment of certain B-cell malignancies, including patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (MM). Targeting the B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) has produced the most promising results for CART therapy of MM to date, but not all remissions are sustained. Emergence of BCMA escape variants has been reported under the selective pressure of monospecific anti-BCMA CART treatment. Thus, there is a clinical need for continuous improvement of CART therapies for MM. Here, we show that a novel trimeric APRIL (a proliferation-inducing ligand)-based CAR efficiently targets both BCMA+ and BCMA- MM. Modeled after the natural ligand-receptor pair, APRIL-based CARs allow for bispecific targeting of the MM-associated antigens BCMA and transmembrane activator and CAML interactor (TACI). However, natural ligands as CAR antigen-binding domains may require further engineering to promote optimal binding and multimerization to adequately trigger T-cell activation. We found that using a trimeric rather than a monomeric APRIL format as the antigen-binding domain enhanced binding to BCMA and TACI and CART activity against MM in vitro and in vivo. Dual-specific, trimeric APRIL-based CAR are a promising therapeutic approach for MM with potential for preventing and treating BCMA escape.
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Shah N, Aiello J, Avigan DE, Berdeja JG, Borrello IM, Chari A, Cohen AD, Ganapathi K, Gray L, Green D, Krishnan A, Lin Y, Manasanch E, Munshi NC, Nooka AK, Rapoport AP, Smith EL, Vij R, Dhodapkar M. The Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer consensus statement on immunotherapy for the treatment of multiple myeloma. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:e000734. [PMID: 32661116 PMCID: PMC7359060 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-000734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Outcomes in multiple myeloma (MM) have improved dramatically in the last two decades with the advent of novel therapies including immunomodulatory agents (IMiDs), proteasome inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies. In recent years, immunotherapy for the treatment of MM has advanced rapidly, with the approval of new targeted agents and monoclonal antibodies directed against myeloma cell-surface antigens, as well as maturing data from late stage trials of chimeric antigen receptor CAR T cells. Therapies that engage the immune system to treat myeloma offer significant clinical benefits with durable responses and manageable toxicity profiles, however, the appropriate use of these immunotherapy agents can present unique challenges for practicing physicians. Therefore, the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer convened an expert panel, which met to consider the current role of approved and emerging immunotherapy agents in MM and provide guidance to the oncology community by developing consensus recommendations. As immunotherapy evolves as a therapeutic option for the treatment of MM, these guidelines will be updated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Shah
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jack Aiello
- Patient Empowerment Network, San Jose, California, USA
| | - David E Avigan
- Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jesus G Berdeja
- Department of Medicine, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ivan M Borrello
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center of Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ajai Chari
- Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adam D Cohen
- Department of Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Karthik Ganapathi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lissa Gray
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Damian Green
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Amrita Krishnan
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Judy and Bernard Briskin Multiple Myeloma Center for Clinical Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Yi Lin
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Elisabet Manasanch
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Nikhil C Munshi
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Disease Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ajay K Nooka
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Aaron P Rapoport
- University of Maryland Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric L Smith
- Myeloma Service and Cellular Therapeutics Center, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ravi Vij
- Division of Medical Oncology, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Madhav Dhodapkar
- School of Medicine, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Feng D, Sun J. Overview of anti-BCMA CAR-T immunotherapy for multiple myeloma and relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. Scand J Immunol 2020; 92:e12910. [PMID: 32471019 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a haematological malignancy caused by malignant proliferation of plasma cells in bone marrow. In recent years, MM patients are commonly treated with chemotherapy, autologous stem cell transplantation, protease inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs and monoclonal antibodies, however most patients eventually relapse. Therefore, more effective therapies are highly needed. Anti-BCMA CAR-T therapy, a novel and efficacious method for treating MM and relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM), has been designed and applied in clinics. The CAR-T can specifically recognize the targeted molecule B cell maturation antigen (BCMA) and kill MM cells expressing BCMA and several clinical trials have revealed high response rates in the therapy. Herein, we summarize the developments, the current design and clinical trials, the side effects of anti-BCMA CAR-T therapy and comparison of it with other CAR-T therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deming Feng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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Carrillo-Ballesteros FJ, Palafox-Sánchez CA, Franco-Topete RA, Muñoz-Valle JF, Orozco-Barocio G, Martínez-Bonilla GE, Gómez-López CE, Marín-Rosales M, López-Villalobos EF, Luquin S, Castañeda-Chávez A, Oregon-Romero E. Expression of BAFF and BAFF receptors in primary Sjögren's syndrome patients with ectopic germinal center-like structures. Clin Exp Med 2020; 20:615-626. [PMID: 32506205 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-020-00637-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
B cell-activating factor (BAFF) is an essential cytokine in primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) physiopathology. It has been reported that pSS patients develop germinal center-like (GC-like) structures in their minor salivary glands (MSGs). BAFF, BAFF-R, TACI, and BCMA expression was analyzed in MSGs from 29 subjects (nonspecific chronic sialadenitis and focal lymphocytic sialadenitis with the presence [pSS-GC(+)] or absence [pSS-GC(-)] of GC-like structures). Twenty-four percent of patients showed ectopic GC-like structures and a high focus score [p < 0.001 vs pSS-GC(-)]. BAFF serum levels (sBAFF) were high in pSS patients (p = 0.025 vs healthy subjects). However, the pSS-GC(-) group showed higher sBAFF levels than pSS-GC(+) patients. BAFF and BAFF-R glandular expression levels were higher in pSS-GC(+) patients, without significant differences compared to pSS-GC(-) patients. Soluble levels of BAFF correlated with anti-La/SSB antibodies and disease duration. Our results showed that BAFF could contribute to focal lymphocytic infiltration. The role of BAFF-binding receptors in MSGs is proposed as a mechanism for the possible establishment of ectopic GC-like structures and disease progression in some patients. In conclusion, this study supports previous evidence that considers the active BAFF system role in the pathogenesis of pSS and the need for strong biomarkers in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Carrillo-Ballesteros
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (IICB), Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Edificio Q, primer piso, 44340, Guadalajara, JAL, Mexico
| | - C A Palafox-Sánchez
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (IICB), Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Edificio Q, primer piso, 44340, Guadalajara, JAL, Mexico
| | - R A Franco-Topete
- Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, JAL, Mexico
| | - J F Muñoz-Valle
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (IICB), Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Edificio Q, primer piso, 44340, Guadalajara, JAL, Mexico
| | - G Orozco-Barocio
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital General de Occidente, Zapopan, JAL, Mexico
| | - G E Martínez-Bonilla
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara "Fray Antonio Alcalde", Guadalajara, JAL, Mexico
| | - C E Gómez-López
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara "Fray Antonio Alcalde", Guadalajara, JAL, Mexico
| | - M Marín-Rosales
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (IICB), Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Edificio Q, primer piso, 44340, Guadalajara, JAL, Mexico
| | - E F López-Villalobos
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (IICB), Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Edificio Q, primer piso, 44340, Guadalajara, JAL, Mexico
| | - S Luquin
- Laboratorio de Microscopia de Alta Resolución, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, JAL, Mexico
| | - A Castañeda-Chávez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, JAL, Mexico
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital General de Occidente, Zapopan, JAL, Mexico
| | - Edith Oregon-Romero
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (IICB), Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Edificio Q, primer piso, 44340, Guadalajara, JAL, Mexico.
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Topp MS, Duell J, Zugmaier G, Attal M, Moreau P, Langer C, Krönke J, Facon T, Salnikov AV, Lesley R, Beutner K, Kalabus J, Rasmussen E, Riemann K, Minella AC, Munzert G, Einsele H. Anti-B-Cell Maturation Antigen BiTE Molecule AMG 420 Induces Responses in Multiple Myeloma. J Clin Oncol 2020; 38:775-783. [PMID: 31895611 DOI: 10.1200/jco.19.02657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The anti-B-cell maturation antigen BiTE molecule AMG 420 was assessed in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this first-in-human study, up to 10 cycles of AMG 420 were given (4-week infusions/6-week cycles). Patients had progression after ≥ 2 lines of prior therapy and no extramedullary disease. Minimal residual disease (MRD) response was defined as < 1 tumor cell/104 bone marrow cells by flow cytometry. RESULTS Forty-two patients received AMG 420 at 0.2-800 μg/d. Median age was 65 years, and median disease duration was 5.2 years. Median exposure was 1 cycle (range, 1-10 cycles) and 7 cycles (range, 1-10 cycles) for responders. Patients discontinued for disease progression (n = 25), adverse events (AEs; n = 7), death (n = 4), completion of 10 cycles (n = 3), and consent withdrawal (n = 1). Two patients remain on treatment. There were 2 nontreatment-related deaths from AEs, influenza/aspergillosis and adenovirus-related hepatitis. Serious AEs (n = 20; 48%) included infections (n = 14) and polyneuropathy (n = 2); treatment-related serious AEs included 2 grade 3 polyneuropathies and 1 grade 3 edema. There were no grade ≥ 3 CNS toxicities or anti-AMG 420 antibodies. In this study, 800 μg/d was considered to not be tolerable because of 1 instance each of grade 3 cytokine release syndrome and grade 3 polyneuropathy, both of which resolved. The overall response rate was 31% (n = 13 of 42). At the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of 400 μg/d, the response rate was 70% (n = 7 of 10). Of these, five patients experienced MRD-negative complete responses, and 1 had a partial response, and 1 had a very good partial response; all 7 patients responded during the first cycle, and some responses lasted > 1 year. CONCLUSION In this study of AMG 420 in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma, the response rate was 70%, including 50% MRD-negative complete responses, at 400 μg/d, the MTD for this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max S Topp
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Duell
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Philippe Moreau
- Hematology Department, University Hospital Center of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | | | - Thierry Facon
- Regional University Hospital of Lille, Lille, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hermann Einsele
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Bae J, Parayath N, Ma W, Amiji M, Munshi N, Anderson KC. BCMA peptide-engineered nanoparticles enhance induction and function of antigen-specific CD8 + cytotoxic T lymphocytes against multiple myeloma: clinical applications. Leukemia 2020; 34:210-223. [PMID: 31427721 PMCID: PMC7297141 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-019-0540-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of these studies was to develop and characterize B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-specific peptide-encapsulated nanoparticle formulations to efficiently evoke BCMA-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) with poly-functional immune activities against multiple myeloma (MM). Heteroclitic BCMA72-80 [YLMFLLRKI] peptide-encapsulated liposome or poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles displayed uniform size distribution and increased peptide delivery to human dendritic cells, which enhanced induction of BCMA-specific CTL. Distinct from liposome-based nanoparticles, PLGA-based nanoparticles demonstrated a gradual increase in peptide uptake by antigen-presenting cells, and induced BCMA-specific CTL with higher anti-tumor activities (CD107a degranulation, CTL proliferation, and IFN-γ/IL-2/TNF-α production) against primary CD138+ tumor cells and MM cell lines. The improved functional activities were associated with increased Tetramer+/CD45RO+ memory CTL, CD28 upregulation on Tetramer+ CTL, and longer maintenance of central memory (CCR7+ CD45RO+) CTL, with the highest anti-MM activity and less differentiation into effector memory (CCR7- CD45RO+) CTL. These results provide the framework for therapeutic application of PLGA-based BCMA immunogenic peptide delivery system, rather than free peptide, to enhance the induction of BCMA-specific CTL with poly-functional Th1-specific anti-MM activities. These results demonstrate the potential clinical utility of PLGA nanotechnology-based cancer vaccine to enhance BCMA-targeted immunotherapy against myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jooeun Bae
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Neha Parayath
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Wenxue Ma
- University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Nikhil Munshi
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth C Anderson
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Maglione PJ, Ko HM, Tokuyama M, Gyimesi G, Soof C, Li M, Sanchez E, Chen H, Radigan L, Berenson J, Cunningham-Rundles C. Serum B-Cell Maturation Antigen (BCMA) Levels Differentiate Primary Antibody Deficiencies. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2020; 8:283-291.e1. [PMID: 31430592 PMCID: PMC6980522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2019.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary antibody deficiencies (PADs) are the most prevalent primary immunodeficiencies. More severe forms of PADs-common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) and X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA)-require immunoglobulin replacement therapy (IRT) and may have serious complications. Differentiating severe PAD from milder hypogammaglobulinemia not requiring IRT can involve prolonged evaluations and treatment discontinuation. Severe PAD is defined by plasma cell deficiency, but this requires a biopsy to establish. Serum B-cell maturation antigen (sBCMA) is elevated in multiple myeloma, but levels are reduced among patients with myeloma in remission who have hypogammaglobulinemia. OBJECTIVE To measure the sBCMA level in 165 subjects to determine whether it differentiates severe PAD-CVID and XLA-from less severe forms not requiring IRT and those without PAD. METHODS sBCMA, B cells, and tissue plasma cells were measured among subjects with and without PAD, and correlated to clinical and laboratory data. RESULTS Subjects with an IgG level of less than 600 mg/dL had reduced sBCMA levels compared with subjects with PAD with IgG levels of greater than or equal to 600 mg/dL and controls without PAD. sBCMA level was lower in patients with CVID and XLA compared with patients with IgA or IgG deficiency and controls. sBCMA level correlated with gastrointestinal plasma cells. sBCMA level of less than 15 ng/mL had 97% positive predictive value for CVID or XLA, whereas 25 ng/mL or more had an 88% negative predictive value. CONCLUSIONS sBCMA level is profoundly reduced in patients with severe PAD, including those with CVID and XLA and those with IgG levels of less than 600 mg/dL. sBCMA level measurement has potential to augment clinical evaluation of PAD. Prospective studies are needed to evaluate sBCMA for new PAD diagnosis and determine the necessity of IRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Maglione
- Section of Pulmonary, Allergy, Sleep & Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass; Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
| | - Huaibin M Ko
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Minami Tokuyama
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Gavin Gyimesi
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Camilia Soof
- Institute for Myeloma and Bone Cancer Research, West Hollywood, Calif; OncoTracker, West Hollywood, Calif
| | - Mingjie Li
- Institute for Myeloma and Bone Cancer Research, West Hollywood, Calif; OncoTracker, West Hollywood, Calif
| | - Eric Sanchez
- Institute for Myeloma and Bone Cancer Research, West Hollywood, Calif; OncoTracker, West Hollywood, Calif
| | - Haiming Chen
- Institute for Myeloma and Bone Cancer Research, West Hollywood, Calif; OncoTracker, West Hollywood, Calif
| | - Lin Radigan
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - James Berenson
- Institute for Myeloma and Bone Cancer Research, West Hollywood, Calif; OncoTracker, West Hollywood, Calif
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Jackson SW, Davidson A. BAFF inhibition in SLE-Is tolerance restored? Immunol Rev 2019; 292:102-119. [PMID: 31562657 PMCID: PMC6935406 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The B cell activating factor (BAFF) inhibitor, belimumab, is the first biologic drug approved for the treatment of SLE, and exhibits modest, but durable, efficacy in decreasing disease flares and organ damage. BAFF and its homolog APRIL are TNF-like cytokines that support the survival and differentiation of B cells at distinct developmental stages. BAFF is a crucial survival factor for transitional and mature B cells that acts as rheostat for the maturation of low-affinity autoreactive cells. In addition, BAFF augments innate B cell responses via complex interactions with the B cell receptor (BCR) and Toll like receptor (TLR) pathways. In this manner, BAFF impacts autoreactive B cell activation via extrafollicular pathways and fine tunes affinity selection within germinal centers (GC). Finally, BAFF and APRIL support plasma cell survival, with differential impacts on IgM- and IgG-producing populations. Therapeutically, BAFF and combined BAFF/APRIL inhibition delays disease onset in diverse murine lupus strains, although responsiveness to BAFF inhibition is model dependent, in keeping with heterogeneity in clinical responses to belimumab treatment in humans. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms whereby BAFF/APRIL signals promote autoreactive B cell activation, discuss whether altered selection accounts for therapeutic benefits of BAFF inhibition, and address whether new insights into BAFF/APRIL family complexity can be exploited to improve human lupus treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun W Jackson
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anne Davidson
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
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Nguyen DC, Joyner CJ, Sanz I, Lee FEH. Factors Affecting Early Antibody Secreting Cell Maturation Into Long-Lived Plasma Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2138. [PMID: 31572364 PMCID: PMC6749102 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody secreting cells (ASCs) are terminally differentiated cells of the humoral immune response and must adapt morphologically, transcriptionally, and metabolically to maintain high-rates of antibody (Ab) secretion. ASCs differentiate from activated B cells in lymph nodes and transiently circulate in the blood. Most of the circulating ASCs undergo apoptosis, but a small fraction of early ASCs migrate to the bone marrow (BM) and eventually mature into long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs). LLPC survival is controlled both intrinsically and extrinsically. Their differentiation and maintenance programs are governed by many intrinsic mechanisms involving anti-apoptosis, autophagy, and metabolism. The extrinsic factors involved in LLPC generation include BM stromal cells, cytokines, and chemokines, such as APRIL, IL-6, and CXCL12. In humans, the BM CD19−CD38hiCD138+ ASC subset is the main repository of LLPCs, and our recent development of an in vitro BM mimic provides essential tools to study environmental cues that support LLPC survival and the critical molecular mechanisms of maturation from early minted blood ASCs to LLPCs. In this review, we summarize the evidence of LLPC generation and maintenance and provide novel paradigms of LLPC maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doan C Nguyen
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Chester J Joyner
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Iñaki Sanz
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - F Eun-Hyung Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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42
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Giuliani N, Accardi F, Marchica V, Dalla Palma B, Storti P, Toscani D, Vicario E, Malavasi F. Novel targets for the treatment of relapsing multiple myeloma. Expert Rev Hematol 2019; 12:481-496. [PMID: 31125526 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2019.1624158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by the high tendency to relapse and develop drug resistance. Areas covered: This review focused on the main novel targets identified to design drugs for the treatment of relapsing MM patients. CD38 and SLAMF7 are the main surface molecules leading to the development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) recently approved for the treatment of relapsing MM patients. B cell maturation antigen (BCMA) is a suitable target for antibody-drug conjugates, bispecific T cell engager mAbs and Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T cells. Moreover, the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD)-1/PD-Ligand (PD-L1) expression profile by MM cells and their microenvironment and the use of immune checkpoints inhibitors in MM patients are reported. Finally, the role of histone deacetylase (HDAC), B cell lymphoma (BCL)-2 family proteins and the nuclear transport protein exportin 1 (XPO1) as novel targets are also underlined. The clinical results of the new inhibitors in relapsing MM patients are discussed. Expert opinion: CD38, SLAMF7, and BCMA are the main targets for different immunotherapeutic approaches. Selective inhibitors of HDAC6, BCL-2, and XPO1 are new promising compounds under clinical investigation in relapsing MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Giuliani
- a Department of Medicine and Surgery , University of Parma , Parma , Italy
| | - Fabrizio Accardi
- a Department of Medicine and Surgery , University of Parma , Parma , Italy
| | - Valentina Marchica
- a Department of Medicine and Surgery , University of Parma , Parma , Italy
| | | | - Paola Storti
- a Department of Medicine and Surgery , University of Parma , Parma , Italy
| | - Denise Toscani
- a Department of Medicine and Surgery , University of Parma , Parma , Italy
| | - Emanuela Vicario
- a Department of Medicine and Surgery , University of Parma , Parma , Italy
| | - Fabio Malavasi
- b Department of Medical Science , University of Turin , Turin , Italy
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Hu S, Wang R, Zhang M, Liu K, Tao J, Tai Y, Zhou W, Wang Q, Wei W. BAFF promotes T cell activation through the BAFF-BAFF-R-PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 114:108796. [PMID: 30921706 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
B-cell activating factor from the tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF) has revealed its critical role in B cell proliferation and survival, as well as the pathogenesis of T-cell mediated autoimmune disease. However, the effect and molecular mechanisms of BAFF on T cell physiological function have not been fully elucidated. In this study it was seen that BAFF can promote the vitality of purified T cells, increase the proportion of CD3+CD4+, CD4+CD25+, CD4+CD154+, and CD4+CD69+ subgroups and reduce the proportion of CD4+CD62L+ subgroups. Negating BAFF activity with Atacicept (TACI-Fc) reverses vitality and activation of T cells. Furthermore, immunofluorescence detection revealed that BAFF promotes the expression of BAFF receptor (BAFF-R) and transmembrane activator and CAML interactor (TACI) in T cells. Flow cytometry displayed that BAFF/BAFF-R activates the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway while the application of PI3K inhibitor (wortmannin) illuminated that BAFF induces T cell vitality and activation through the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. We conclude that BAFF is involved in not only the physiology of B cells, but also that of T cells. BAFF affects physiological T-cell activation through BAFF-R-mediated activation of the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway which mirrors one of the pathological mechanisms of T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Hu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Kangkang Liu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Juan Tao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yu Tai
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Weijie Zhou
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Qingtong Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China.
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China.
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44
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Bae J, Samur M, Richardson P, Munshi NC, Anderson KC. Selective targeting of multiple myeloma by B cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-specific central memory CD8 + cytotoxic T lymphocytes: immunotherapeutic application in vaccination and adoptive immunotherapy. Leukemia 2019; 33:2208-2226. [PMID: 30872779 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-019-0414-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To expand the breadth and extent of current multiple myeloma (MM)-specific immunotherapy, we have identified various antigens on CD138+ tumor cells from newly diagnosed MM patients (n = 616) and confirmed B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) as a key myeloma-associated antigen. The aim of this study is to target the BCMA, which promotes MM cell growth and survival, by generating BCMA-specific memory CD8+ CTL that mediate effective and long-lasting immunity against MM. Here we report the identification of novel engineered peptides specific to BCMA, BCMA72-80 (YLMFLLRKI), and BCMA54-62 (YILWTCLGL), which display improved affinity/stability to HLA-A2 compared to their native peptides and induce highly functional BCMA-specific CTL with increased activation (CD38, CD69) and co-stimulatory (CD40L, OX40, GITR) molecule expression. Importantly, the heteroclitic BCMA72-80 specific CTL demonstrated poly-functional Th1-specific immune activities [IFN-γ/IL-2/TNF-α production, proliferation, cytotoxicity] against MM, which were correlated with expansion of Tetramer+ and memory CD8+ CTL. Additionally, heteroclitic BCMA72-80 specific CTL treated with anti-OX40 (immune agonist) or anti-LAG-3 (checkpoint inhibitor) display increased immune function, mainly by central memory CTL. These results provide the framework for clinical application of heteroclitic BCMA72-80 peptide, alone and in combination with anti-LAG3 and/or anti-OX40 therapy, in vaccination and/or adoptive immunotherapeutic strategies to generate long-lasting anti-tumor immunity in patients with MM or other BCMA expressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jooeun Bae
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Mehmet Samur
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul Richardson
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nikhil C Munshi
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth C Anderson
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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45
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Trigos AS, Pearson RB, Papenfuss AT, Goode DL. Somatic mutations in early metazoan genes disrupt regulatory links between unicellular and multicellular genes in cancer. eLife 2019; 8:40947. [PMID: 30803482 DOI: 10.7554/elife.40947.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive transcriptional alterations are observed in cancer, many of which activate core biological processes established in unicellular organisms or suppress differentiation pathways formed in metazoans. Through rigorous, integrative analysis of genomics data from a range of solid tumors, we show many transcriptional changes in tumors are tied to mutations disrupting regulatory interactions between unicellular and multicellular genes within human gene regulatory networks (GRNs). Recurrent point mutations were enriched in regulator genes linking unicellular and multicellular subnetworks, while copy-number alterations affected downstream target genes in distinctly unicellular and multicellular regions of the GRN. Our results depict drivers of tumourigenesis as genes that created key regulatory links during the evolution of early multicellular life, whose dysfunction creates widespread dysregulation of primitive elements of the GRN. Several genes we identified as important in this process were associated with drug response, demonstrating the potential clinical value of our approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Trigos
- Computational Cancer Biology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Richard B Pearson
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Anthony T Papenfuss
- Computational Cancer Biology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Bioinformatics Division, The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | - David L Goode
- Computational Cancer Biology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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46
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Trigos AS, Pearson RB, Papenfuss AT, Goode DL. Somatic mutations in early metazoan genes disrupt regulatory links between unicellular and multicellular genes in cancer. eLife 2019; 8:40947. [PMID: 30803482 PMCID: PMC6402835 DOI: 10.7554/elife.40947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive transcriptional alterations are observed in cancer, many of which activate core biological processes established in unicellular organisms or suppress differentiation pathways formed in metazoans. Through rigorous, integrative analysis of genomics data from a range of solid tumors, we show many transcriptional changes in tumors are tied to mutations disrupting regulatory interactions between unicellular and multicellular genes within human gene regulatory networks (GRNs). Recurrent point mutations were enriched in regulator genes linking unicellular and multicellular subnetworks, while copy-number alterations affected downstream target genes in distinctly unicellular and multicellular regions of the GRN. Our results depict drivers of tumourigenesis as genes that created key regulatory links during the evolution of early multicellular life, whose dysfunction creates widespread dysregulation of primitive elements of the GRN. Several genes we identified as important in this process were associated with drug response, demonstrating the potential clinical value of our approach. Cancers arise when harmful changes happen in the genetic information of certain cells. These ‘mutations’ are different from person to person, but overall, they disrupt healthy cells in similar ways. In particular, cancer cells tend to lose features that help cells work together in the body. Researchers have suggested that cancers may emerge when cells stop being able to cooperate with each other as part of an organism. Our bodies still rely on old genes that were present in our earliest, single-cell ancestors. However, we also have newer genes that evolved when the organisms in our lineage started to have more than one cell. A complex network of signals exists to ensure that both sets of genes work together smoothly, and previous studies have suggested that cancers may appear when this delicate balance is disrupted. To address this question, Trigos et al. have now used a computational approach to analyse different types of tumours from over 9,000 patients. This showed that, in cancer, many mutations disrupt the genes that coordinate old and new genes. These mutations were usually small, punctual changes in the genetic sequence. However, large modifications, such as an entire gene being deleted or repeated, took place more often in the old or the new genes themselves. Therefore, different classes of mutations have specific roles when disrupting how old and new genes work in cancer. While certain genes highlighted during this analysis were already known to be associated with cancer, others were not – including genes present during the evolution of the earliest animals on Earth. Looking more closely into how these genes can cause disease may help us better understand and fight cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Trigos
- Computational Cancer Biology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Richard B Pearson
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Anthony T Papenfuss
- Computational Cancer Biology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Bioinformatics Division, The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | - David L Goode
- Computational Cancer Biology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Abstract
In this review, Boothby et al. summarize some salient advances toward elucidation of the molecular programming of the fate choices and function of B cells in the periphery. They also note unanswered questions that pertain to differences among subsets of B lymphocytes and plasma cells. Mature B lymphocytes are crucial components of adaptive immunity, a system essential for the evolutionary fitness of mammals. Adaptive lymphocyte function requires an initially naïve cell to proliferate extensively and its progeny to have the capacity to assume a variety of fates. These include either terminal differentiation (the long-lived plasma cell) or metastable transcriptional reprogramming (germinal center and memory B cells). In this review, we focus principally on the regulation of differentiation and functional diversification of the “B2” subset. An overview is combined with an account of more recent advances, including initial work on mechanisms that eliminate DNA methylation and potential links between intracellular metabolites and chromatin editing.
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48
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Role of humoral immunity against hepatitis B virus core antigen in the pathogenesis of acute liver failure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E11369-E11378. [PMID: 30420516 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1809028115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated acute liver failure (ALF) is a dramatic clinical syndrome leading to death or liver transplantation in 80% of cases. Due to the extremely rapid clinical course, the difficulties in obtaining liver specimens, and the lack of an animal model, the pathogenesis of ALF remains largely unknown. Here, we performed a comprehensive genetic and functional characterization of the virus and the host in liver tissue from HBV-associated ALF and compared the results with those of classic acute hepatitis B in chimpanzees. In contrast with acute hepatitis B, HBV strains detected in ALF livers displayed highly mutated HBV core antigen (HBcAg), associated with increased HBcAg expression ex vivo, which was independent of viral replication levels. Combined gene and miRNA expression profiling revealed a dominant B cell disease signature, with extensive intrahepatic production of IgM and IgG in germline configuration exclusively targeting HBcAg with subnanomolar affinities, and complement deposition. Thus, HBV ALF appears to be an anomalous T cell-independent, HBV core-driven B cell disease, which results from the rare and unfortunate encounter between a host with an unusual B cell response and an infecting virus with a highly mutated core antigen.
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Bishop GA, Stunz LL, Hostager BS. TRAF3 as a Multifaceted Regulator of B Lymphocyte Survival and Activation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2161. [PMID: 30319624 PMCID: PMC6165887 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptor protein TNF receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) serves as a powerful negative regulator in multiple aspects of B cell biology. Early in vitro studies in transformed cell lines suggested the potential of TRAF3 to inhibit signaling by its first identified binding receptor, CD40. However, because the canonical TRAF3 binding site on many receptors also mediates binding of other TRAFs, and whole-mouse TRAF3 deficiency is neonatally lethal, an accurate understanding of TRAF3's specific functions was delayed until conditional TRAF3-deficient mice were produced. Studies of B cell-specific TRAF3-deficient mice, complemented by investigations in normal and malignant mouse and human B cells, reveal that TRAF3 has powerful regulatory roles that are unique to this TRAF, as well as functions context-specific to the B cell. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of these roles and functions. These include inhibition of signaling by plasma membrane receptors, negative regulation of intracellular receptors, and restraint of cytoplasmic NF- κB pathways. TRAF3 is also now known to function as a resident nuclear protein, and to impact B cell metabolism. Through these and additional mechanisms TRAF3 exerts powerful restraint upon B cell survival and activation. It is thus perhaps not surprising that TRAF3 has been revealed as an important tumor suppressor in B cells. The many and varied functions of TRAF3 in B cells, and new directions to pursue in future studies, are summarized and discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail A. Bishop
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Laura L. Stunz
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Bruce S. Hostager
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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50
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Replacing mouse BAFF with human BAFF does not improve B-cell maturation in hematopoietic humanized mice. Blood Adv 2017; 1:2729-2741. [PMID: 29296925 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic humanized mice (hu-mice) have been developed to study the human immune system in an experimental in vivo model, and experiments to improve its performance are ongoing. Previous studies have suggested that the impaired maturation of human B cells observed in hu-mice might be in part due to inefficient interaction of the human B-cell-activating factor (hBAFF) receptor with mouse B-cell-activating factor (mBAFF), as this cytokine is an important homeostatic and differentiation factor for B lymphocytes both in mice and humans. To investigate this hypothesis, we created a genetically engineered mouse strain in which a complementary DNA (cDNA) encoding full-length hBAFF replaces the mBAFF-encoding gene. Expression of hBAFF in the endogenous mouse locus did not lead to higher numbers of mature and effector human B cells in hu-mice. Instead, B cells from hBAFF knock-in (hBAFFKI) hu-mice were in proportion more immature than those of hu-mice expressing mBAFF. Memory B cells, plasmablasts, and plasma cells were also significantly reduced, a phenotype that associated with diminished levels of immunoglobulin G and T-cell-independent antibody responses. Although the reasons for these findings are still unclear, our data suggest that the inefficient B-cell maturation in hu-mice is not due to suboptimal bioactivity of mBAFF on human B cells.
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