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Emri E, Cappa O, Kelly C, Kortvely E, SanGiovanni JP, McKay BS, Bergen AA, Simpson DA, Lengyel I. Zinc Supplementation Induced Transcriptional Changes in Primary Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium: A Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Study to Understand Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Cells 2023; 12:773. [PMID: 36899910 PMCID: PMC10000409 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc supplementation has been shown to be beneficial to slow the progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). However, the molecular mechanism underpinning this benefit is not well understood. This study used single-cell RNA sequencing to identify transcriptomic changes induced by zinc supplementation. Human primary retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells could mature for up to 19 weeks. After 1 or 18 weeks in culture, we supplemented the culture medium with 125 µM added zinc for one week. RPE cells developed high transepithelial electrical resistance, extensive, but variable pigmentation, and deposited sub-RPE material similar to the hallmark lesions of AMD. Unsupervised cluster analysis of the combined transcriptome of the cells isolated after 2, 9, and 19 weeks in culture showed considerable heterogeneity. Clustering based on 234 pre-selected RPE-specific genes divided the cells into two distinct clusters, we defined as more and less differentiated cells. The proportion of more differentiated cells increased with time in culture, but appreciable numbers of cells remained less differentiated even at 19 weeks. Pseudotemporal ordering identified 537 genes that could be implicated in the dynamics of RPE cell differentiation (FDR < 0.05). Zinc treatment resulted in the differential expression of 281 of these genes (FDR < 0.05). These genes were associated with several biological pathways with modulation of ID1/ID3 transcriptional regulation. Overall, zinc had a multitude of effects on the RPE transcriptome, including several genes involved in pigmentation, complement regulation, mineralization, and cholesterol metabolism processes associated with AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Emri
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast BT97BL, UK
- Section Ophthalmogenetics, Department of Human Genetics, Queen Emma Centre for Precision Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Oisin Cappa
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast BT97BL, UK
| | - Caoimhe Kelly
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast BT97BL, UK
| | - Elod Kortvely
- Immunology, Infectious Diseases and Ophthalmology (I2O) Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - John Paul SanGiovanni
- Biosciences Research Laboratories, BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, 1230 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Brian S. McKay
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Arizona, 1656 E. Mabel Street, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Arthur A. Bergen
- Section Ophthalmogenetics, Department of Human Genetics, Queen Emma Centre for Precision Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN-KNAW), 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David A. Simpson
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast BT97BL, UK
| | - Imre Lengyel
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast BT97BL, UK
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2
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Ye D, Liu Y, Pan H, Feng Y, Lu X, Gan L, Wan J, Ye J. Insights into bone morphogenetic proteins in cardiovascular diseases. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1125642. [PMID: 36909186 PMCID: PMC9996008 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1125642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are secretory proteins belonging to the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily. These proteins play important roles in embryogenesis, bone morphogenesis, blood vessel remodeling and the development of various organs. In recent years, as research has progressed, BMPs have been found to be closely related to cardiovascular diseases, especially atherosclerosis, vascular calcification, cardiac remodeling, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). In this review, we summarized the potential roles and related mechanisms of the BMP family in the cardiovascular system and focused on atherosclerosis and PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yinghui Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Heng Pan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongqi Feng
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiyi Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liren Gan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Wan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
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3
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Liu Z, Tong T, Sun J, Wu W, Zhang J, Cui Z, Han M. Piezo1 in endothelial cells is involved in vitamin D-induced vascular calcification. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 638:140-146. [PMID: 36455360 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between the Piezo1 channel of vascular endothelial cells and vascular calcification is unknown. In this study, after subcutaneous injection of vitamin D for 10 consecutive days, the mice showed an increase in serum calcium, aortic calcium content, vascular tension and pulse wave velocity. Piezo1channel antagonist, GsMTx4 alleviated arteriosclerosis and decreased the aortic calcium content, while Piezo1 agonist Yoda1 produced opposite effect. In addition, activation of Piezo1 by Yoda1 impaired the function of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), as evidenced by further decreased production of NO, reduction in expression levels of eNOS, MMP-2, PCNA and VEGFA. When co-culture of HUVECs and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), activation of Piezo1 in HUVECs enhanced expression levels of calcification-related SOX9 and Runx2 genes, increased ALP activity and calcium deposition in VSMCs. We concluded that Piezo1 in endothelial cells is involved in the pathogenesis of vascular calcification. This study provides a new experimental basis for the prevention and treatment of vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Tong Tong
- Department of Spine Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Jinglei Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Wenting Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Jiali Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Ziyang Cui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Mei Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China.
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Exogenous BMP7 administration attenuated vascular calcification and improved bone disorders in chronic uremic rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 621:8-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.06.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Bouderlique E, Tang E, Zaworski J, Coudert A, Bazin D, Borondics F, Haymann JP, Leftheriotis G, Martin L, Daudon M, Letavernier E. Vitamin D and Calcium Supplementation Accelerate Vascular Calcification in a Model of Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042302. [PMID: 35216422 PMCID: PMC8878394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial calcification is a common feature of pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), a disease characterized by ABCC6 mutations, inducing a deficiency in pyrophosphate, a key inhibitor of calcium phosphate crystallization in arteries. METHODS we analyzed whether long-term exposure of Abcc6-/- mice (a murine model of PXE) to a mild vitamin D supplementation, with or without calcium, would impact the development of vascular calcification. Eight groups of mice (including Abcc6-/- and wild-type) received vitamin D supplementation every 2 weeks, a calcium-enriched diet alone (calcium in drinking water), both vitamin D supplementation and calcium-enriched diet, or a standard diet (controls) for 6 months. Aorta and kidney artery calcification was assessed by 3D-micro-computed tomography, Optical PhotoThermal IR (OPTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and Yasue staining. RESULTS at 6 months, although vitamin D and/or calcium did not significantly increase serum calcium levels, vitamin D and calcium supplementation significantly worsened aorta and renal artery calcification in Abcc6-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS vitamin D and/or calcium supplementation accelerate vascular calcification in a murine model of PXE. These results sound a warning regarding the use of these supplementations in PXE patients and, to a larger extent, patients with low systemic pyrophosphate levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Bouderlique
- UMR S 1155, Sorbonne Université, 75020 Paris, France; (E.B.); (E.T.); (J.Z.); (J.-P.H.); (M.D.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Sorbonne Université, 75020 Paris, France
| | - Ellie Tang
- UMR S 1155, Sorbonne Université, 75020 Paris, France; (E.B.); (E.T.); (J.Z.); (J.-P.H.); (M.D.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Sorbonne Université, 75020 Paris, France
| | - Jeremy Zaworski
- UMR S 1155, Sorbonne Université, 75020 Paris, France; (E.B.); (E.T.); (J.Z.); (J.-P.H.); (M.D.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Sorbonne Université, 75020 Paris, France
| | - Amélie Coudert
- UFR d’odontologie (Département des Sciences Biologiques), Université Paris Diderot BIOSCAR—INSERM U1132, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France;
| | - Dominique Bazin
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS UMR 8502, Université Paris Sud XI, 91405 Orsay, France;
| | - Ferenc Borondics
- Synchrotron Soleil, L’Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin–BP48, CEDEX, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;
| | - Jean-Philippe Haymann
- UMR S 1155, Sorbonne Université, 75020 Paris, France; (E.B.); (E.T.); (J.Z.); (J.-P.H.); (M.D.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Sorbonne Université, 75020 Paris, France
- Physiology Unit, AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, 75020 Paris, France
| | - Georges Leftheriotis
- Laboratory of Physiology and Molecular Medicine (LP2M), CNRS-UNS UMR 7370, University of Nice, 28 rue de Valombrose, CEDEX 2, 06107 Nice, France;
| | - Ludovic Martin
- MITOVASC Institute—UMR CNRS 6015 INSERM U1083 Angers University, 49100 Angers, France;
- PXE Consultation Center, MAGEC Reference Center, MAGEC Nord Center for Rare Skin Diseases, Angers University Hospital, 49100 Angers, France
| | - Michel Daudon
- UMR S 1155, Sorbonne Université, 75020 Paris, France; (E.B.); (E.T.); (J.Z.); (J.-P.H.); (M.D.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Sorbonne Université, 75020 Paris, France
- Physiology Unit, AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, 75020 Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Letavernier
- UMR S 1155, Sorbonne Université, 75020 Paris, France; (E.B.); (E.T.); (J.Z.); (J.-P.H.); (M.D.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Sorbonne Université, 75020 Paris, France
- Physiology Unit, AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, 75020 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
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Daoust L, Pilon G, Marette A. Perspective: Nutritional Strategies Targeting the Gut Microbiome to Mitigate COVID-19 Outcomes. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:1074-1086. [PMID: 33783468 PMCID: PMC8083677 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
More than a year has passed since the first reported case of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) infection in the city of Wuhan in China's Hubei Province. Until now, few antiviral medications (e.g., remdesivir) or drugs that target inflammatory complications associated with SARS-CoV2 infection have been considered safe by public health authorities. By the end of November 2020, this crisis had led to >1 million deaths and revealed the high susceptibility of people with pre-existing comorbidities (e.g., obesity, diabetes, coronary heart disease, hypertension) to suffer from a severe form of the disease. Elderly people have also been found to be highly susceptible to SARS-CoV2 infection and morbidity. Gastrointestinal manifestations and gut microbial alterations observed in SARS-CoV2-infected hospitalized patients have raised awareness of the potential role of intestinal mechanisms in increasing the severity of the disease. It is therefore critically important to find alternative or complementary approaches, not only to prevent or treat the disease, but also to reduce its growing societal and economic burden. In this review, we explore potential nutritional strategies that implicate the use of polyphenols, probiotics, vitamin D, and ω-3 fatty acids with a focus on the gut microbiome, and that could lead to concrete recommendations that are easily applicable to both vulnerable people with pre-existing metabolic comorbidities and the elderly, but also to the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Daoust
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Geneviève Pilon
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - André Marette
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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7
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Yao H, Sun Z, Zang G, Zhang L, Hou L, Shao C, Wang Z. Epidemiological Research Advances in Vascular Calcification in Diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2021; 2021:4461311. [PMID: 34631895 PMCID: PMC8500764 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4461311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification is the transformation of arterial wall mesenchymal cells, particularly smooth muscle cells (SMCs), into osteoblast phenotypes by various pathological factors. Additionally, vascular transformation mediates the abnormal deposition of calcium salts in the vascular wall, such as intimal and media calcification. Various pathological types have been described, such as calcification and valve calcification. The incidence of vascular calcification in patients with diabetes is much higher than that in nondiabetic patients, representing a critical cause of cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes. Because basic research on the clinical transformation of vascular calcification has yet to be conducted, this study systematically expounds on the risk factors for vascular calcification, vascular bed differences, sex differences, ethnic differences, diagnosis, severity assessments, and treatments to facilitate the identification of a new entry point for basic research and subsequent clinical transformation regarding vascular calcification and corresponding clinical evaluation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Yao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhen Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Guangyao Zang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lina Hou
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Chen Shao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhongqun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Platko K, Lebeau PF, Gyulay G, Lhoták Š, MacDonald ME, Pacher G, Hyun Byun J, Boivin FJ, Igdoura SA, Cutz JC, Bridgewater D, Ingram AJ, Krepinsky JC, Austin RC. TDAG51 (T-Cell Death-Associated Gene 51) Is a Key Modulator of Vascular Calcification and Osteogenic Transdifferentiation of Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:1664-1679. [PMID: 32434409 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease. Vascular calcification (VC) in the medial layer of the vessel wall is a unique and prominent feature in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease and is now recognized as an important predictor and independent risk factor for cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in these patients. VC in chronic kidney disease is triggered by the transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) into osteoblasts as a consequence of elevated circulating inorganic phosphate (Pi) levels, due to poor kidney function. The objective of our study was to investigate the role of TDAG51 (T-cell death-associated gene 51) in the development of medial VC. METHODS AND RESULTS Using primary mouse and human VSMCs, we found that TDAG51 is induced in VSMCs by Pi and is expressed in the medial layer of calcified human vessels. Furthermore, the transcriptional activity of RUNX2 (Runt-related transcription factor 2), a well-established driver of Pi-mediated VC, is reduced in TDAG51-/- VSMCs. To explain these observations, we identified that TDAG51-/- VSMCs express reduced levels of the type III sodium-dependent Pi transporter, Pit-1, a solute transporter, a solute transporter, a solute transporter responsible for cellular Pi uptake. Significantly, in response to hyperphosphatemia induced by vitamin D3, medial VC was attenuated in TDAG51-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS Our studies highlight TDAG51 as an important mediator of Pi-induced VC in VSMCs through the downregulation of Pit-1. As such, TDAG51 may represent a therapeutic target for the prevention of VC and cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khrystyna Platko
- From the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (K.P., P.F.L., G.G., Š.L., M.E.M., G.P., J.H.B., A.J.I., J.C.K., R.C.A.), McMaster University, and The Research Institute of St. Joseph's Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Paul F Lebeau
- From the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (K.P., P.F.L., G.G., Š.L., M.E.M., G.P., J.H.B., A.J.I., J.C.K., R.C.A.), McMaster University, and The Research Institute of St. Joseph's Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Gabriel Gyulay
- From the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (K.P., P.F.L., G.G., Š.L., M.E.M., G.P., J.H.B., A.J.I., J.C.K., R.C.A.), McMaster University, and The Research Institute of St. Joseph's Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Šárka Lhoták
- From the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (K.P., P.F.L., G.G., Š.L., M.E.M., G.P., J.H.B., A.J.I., J.C.K., R.C.A.), McMaster University, and The Research Institute of St. Joseph's Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Melissa E MacDonald
- From the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (K.P., P.F.L., G.G., Š.L., M.E.M., G.P., J.H.B., A.J.I., J.C.K., R.C.A.), McMaster University, and The Research Institute of St. Joseph's Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Giusepina Pacher
- From the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (K.P., P.F.L., G.G., Š.L., M.E.M., G.P., J.H.B., A.J.I., J.C.K., R.C.A.), McMaster University, and The Research Institute of St. Joseph's Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jae Hyun Byun
- From the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (K.P., P.F.L., G.G., Š.L., M.E.M., G.P., J.H.B., A.J.I., J.C.K., R.C.A.), McMaster University, and The Research Institute of St. Joseph's Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Felix J Boivin
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (F.J.B., S.A.I., D.B.), McMaster University Medical Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Suleiman A Igdoura
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (F.J.B., S.A.I., D.B.), McMaster University Medical Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Biology (S.A.I.), McMaster University Medical Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jean-Claude Cutz
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (J.-C.C.), McMaster University, and The Research Institute of St. Joseph's Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Darren Bridgewater
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (F.J.B., S.A.I., D.B.), McMaster University Medical Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Alistair J Ingram
- From the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (K.P., P.F.L., G.G., Š.L., M.E.M., G.P., J.H.B., A.J.I., J.C.K., R.C.A.), McMaster University, and The Research Institute of St. Joseph's Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Joan C Krepinsky
- From the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (K.P., P.F.L., G.G., Š.L., M.E.M., G.P., J.H.B., A.J.I., J.C.K., R.C.A.), McMaster University, and The Research Institute of St. Joseph's Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Richard C Austin
- From the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (K.P., P.F.L., G.G., Š.L., M.E.M., G.P., J.H.B., A.J.I., J.C.K., R.C.A.), McMaster University, and The Research Institute of St. Joseph's Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Abstract
Over the last decades, the association between vascular calcification (VC) and all-cause/cardiovascular mortality, especially in patients with high atherogenic status, such as those with diabetes and/or chronic kidney disease, has been repeatedly highlighted. For over a century, VC has been noted as a passive, degenerative, aging process without any treatment options. However, during the past decades, studies confirmed that mineralization of the arteries is an active, complex process, similar to bone genesis and formation. The main purpose of this review is to provide an update of the existing biomarkers of VC in serum and develop the various pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the calcification process, including the pivotal roles of matrix Gla protein, osteoprotegerin, bone morphogenetic proteins, fetuin-a, fibroblast growth-factor-23, osteocalcin, osteopontin, osteonectin, sclerostin, pyrophosphate, Smads, fibrillin-1 and carbonic anhydrase II.
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10
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Lee SJ, Lee IK, Jeon JH. Vascular Calcification-New Insights Into Its Mechanism. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082685. [PMID: 32294899 PMCID: PMC7216228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC), which is categorized by intimal and medial calcification, depending on the site(s) involved within the vessel, is closely related to cardiovascular disease. Specifically, medial calcification is prevalent in certain medical situations, including chronic kidney disease and diabetes. The past few decades have seen extensive research into VC, revealing that the mechanism of VC is not merely a consequence of a high-phosphorous and -calcium milieu, but also occurs via delicate and well-organized biologic processes, including an imbalance between osteochondrogenic signaling and anticalcific events. In addition to traditionally established osteogenic signaling, dysfunctional calcium homeostasis is prerequisite in the development of VC. Moreover, loss of defensive mechanisms, by microorganelle dysfunction, including hyper-fragmented mitochondria, mitochondrial oxidative stress, defective autophagy or mitophagy, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, may all contribute to VC. To facilitate the understanding of vascular calcification, across any number of bioscientific disciplines, we provide this review of a detailed updated molecular mechanism of VC. This encompasses a vascular smooth muscle phenotypic of osteogenic differentiation, and multiple signaling pathways of VC induction, including the roles of inflammation and cellular microorganelle genesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Joo Lee
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Korea;
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Leading-edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41404, Korea;
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Jae-Han Jeon
- Leading-edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41404, Korea;
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-(53)-200-3182; Fax: +82-(53)-200-3155
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Arterial Medial Calcification through Enhanced small Extracellular Vesicle Release in Smooth Muscle-Specific Asah1 Gene Knockout Mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1645. [PMID: 32015399 PMCID: PMC6997457 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58568-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial medial calcification (AMC) involves an increased small extracellular vesicle (sEV) secretion and apatite calcium precipitation in the arterial wall. The mechanisms mediating AMC remain poorly understood. In the present study, smooth muscle-specific acid ceramidase (Ac) gene knockout mice (Asah1fl/fl/SMCre) were used to demonstrate the role of lysosomal ceramide signaling pathway in AMC. Asah1fl/fl/SMCre mice were found to have more severe AMC in both aorta and coronary arteries compared to their littermates (Asah1fl/fl/SMwt and WT/WT mice) after receiving a high dose vitamin D. These mice also had pronounced upregulation of osteopontin and RUNX2 (osteogenic markers), CD63, AnX2 (sEV markers) and ALP expression (mineralization marker) in the arterial media. In cultured coronary arterial smooth muscle cells (CASMCs) from Asah1fl/fl/SMCre mice, high dose of Pi led to a significantly increased calcium deposition, phenotypic change and sEV secretion compared to WT CASMCs, which was associated with reduced lysosome-multivesicular body (MVB) interaction. Also, GW4869, sEV release inhibitor decreased sEV secretion and calcification in these cells. Lysosomal transient receptor potential mucolipin 1 (TRPML1) channels regulating lysosome interaction with MVBs were found remarkably inhibited in Asah1fl/fl/SMCre CASMCs as shown by GCaMP3 Ca2+ imaging and Port-a-Patch patch clamping of lysosomes. Lysosomal Ac in SMCs controls sEV release by regulating lysosomal TRPML1 channel activity and lysosome-MVB interaction, which importantly contributes to phenotypic transition and AMC.
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Aluganti Narasimhulu C, Singla DK. The Role of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 (BMP-7) in Inflammation in Heart Diseases. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020280. [PMID: 31979268 PMCID: PMC7073173 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein-7 is (BMP-7) is a potent anti-inflammatory growth factor belonging to the Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β) superfamily. It plays an important role in various biological processes, including embryogenesis, hematopoiesis, neurogenesis and skeletal morphogenesis. BMP-7 stimulates the target cells by binding to specific membrane-bound receptor BMPR 2 and transduces signals through mothers against decapentaplegic (Smads) and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. To date, rhBMP-7 has been used clinically to induce the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells bordering the bone fracture site into chondrocytes, osteoclasts, the formation of new bone via calcium deposition and to stimulate the repair of bone fracture. However, its use in cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and diabetic cardiomyopathy is currently being explored. More importantly, these cardiovascular diseases are associated with inflammation and infiltrated monocytes where BMP-7 has been demonstrated to be a key player in the differentiation of pro-inflammatory monocytes, or M1 macrophages, into anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages, which reduces developed cardiac dysfunction. Therefore, this review focuses on the molecular mechanisms of BMP-7 treatment in cardiovascular disease and its role as an anti-fibrotic, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory growth factor, which emphasizes its potential therapeutic significance in heart diseases.
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Park JE, Pichiah PBT, Cha YS. Vitamin D and Metabolic Diseases: Growing Roles of Vitamin D. J Obes Metab Syndr 2018; 27:223-232. [PMID: 31089567 PMCID: PMC6513299 DOI: 10.7570/jomes.2018.27.4.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D, a free sunshine vitamin available for mankind from nature, is capable to avert many health-related critical circumstances. Vitamin D is no more regarded as a nutrient involved in bone metabolism alone. The presence of vitamin D receptor in a number of tissues implies that vitamin D has various physiological roles apart from calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Low serum vitamin D has been found to be associated with various types of metabolic illness such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, cardiovascular diseases including hypertension. Various studies reported that vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency in linked with metabolic syndrome risk. This review focuses on various metabolic diseases and its relationship with serum vitamin D status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Eun Park
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - P B Tirupathi Pichiah
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Youn-Soo Cha
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
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Wang J, Zhou JJ, Robertson GR, Lee VW. Vitamin D in Vascular Calcification: A Double-Edged Sword? Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10050652. [PMID: 29786640 PMCID: PMC5986531 DOI: 10.3390/nu10050652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) as a manifestation of perturbed mineral balance, is associated with aging, diabetes and kidney dysfunction, as well as poorer patient outcomes. Due to the current limited understanding of the pathophysiology of vascular calcification, the development of effective preventative and therapeutic strategies remains a significant clinical challenge. Recent evidence suggests that traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as left ventricular hypertrophy and dyslipidaemia, fail to account for clinical observations of vascular calcification. Therefore, more complex underlying processes involving physiochemical changes to mineral balance, vascular remodelling and perturbed hormonal responses such as parathyroid hormone (PTH) and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) are likely to contribute to VC. In particular, VC resulting from modifications to calcium, phosphate and vitamin D homeostasis has been recently elucidated. Notably, deregulation of vitamin D metabolism, dietary calcium intake and renal mineral handling are associated with imbalances in systemic calcium and phosphate levels and endothelial cell dysfunction, which can modulate both bone and soft tissue calcification. This review addresses the current understanding of VC pathophysiology, with a focus on the pathogenic role of vitamin D that has provided new insights into the mechanisms of VC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Wang
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, Westmead Institute of Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
| | - Jimmy J Zhou
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, Westmead Institute of Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
| | | | - Vincent W Lee
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, Westmead Institute of Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
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Ruderman I, Holt SG, Hewitson TD, Smith ER, Toussaint ND. Current and potential therapeutic strategies for the management of vascular calcification in patients with chronic kidney disease including those on dialysis. Semin Dial 2018; 31:487-499. [PMID: 29733462 DOI: 10.1111/sdi.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Patients with CKD have accelerated vascular stiffening contributing significantly to excess cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Much of the arterial stiffening is thought to involve vascular calcification (VC), but the pathogenesis of this phenomenon is complex, resulting from a disruption of the balance between promoters and inhibitors of calcification in a uremic milieu, along with derangements in calcium and phosphate metabolic pathways. Management of traditional cardiovascular risk factors to reduce VC may be influential but has not been shown to significantly improve mortality. Control of mineral metabolism may potentially reduce the burden of VC, although using conventional approaches of restricting dietary phosphate, administering phosphate binders, and use of active vitamin D and calcimimetics, remains controversial because recommended biochemical targets are hard to achieve and clinical relevance hard to define. Increasing time on dialysis is perhaps another therapy with potential effectiveness in this area. Despite current treatments, cardiovascular morbidity and mortality remain high in this group. Novel therapies for addressing VC include magnesium and vitamin K supplementation, which are currently being investigated in large randomized control trials. Other therapeutic targets include crystallization inhibitors, ligand trap for activin receptors and BMP-7. This review summarizes current treatment strategies and therapeutic targets for the future management of VC in patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ruderman
- Department of Nephrology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medicine (RMH), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Stephen G Holt
- Department of Nephrology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medicine (RMH), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Tim D Hewitson
- Department of Nephrology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medicine (RMH), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Edward R Smith
- Department of Nephrology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medicine (RMH), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Nigel D Toussaint
- Department of Nephrology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medicine (RMH), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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Zhou J, Zhao Y. Osteoprotegerin Gene (OPG) Polymorphisms Associated with Peri-implantitis Susceptibility in a Chinese Han Population. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:4271-4276. [PMID: 27828936 PMCID: PMC5106242 DOI: 10.12659/msm.897592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to investigate the association between T950C (rs2073617) and G1181C (rs2073618) polymorphisms of the osteoprotegerin gene (OPG) and the susceptibility of peri-implantitis in the Chinese Han population. Material/Methods 110 patients with peri-implantitis and 116 healthy persons from the Chinese Han population were included in this study using a case-control design; rs2073617 and rs2073618 in OPG were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The linkage disequilibrium (LD) and haplotype analysis were performed with Haploview software. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) was assessed in the control group based on the genotype distributions of OPG polymorphisms. The genotype, allele, and haplotype distribution differences between the case and control groups were analyzed by chi-square test, and the relative risk of PD was expressed by odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Results The study results showed that people carrying the CC genotype of rs2073618 were more likely to have peri-implantitis than GG genotype carriers (OR=2.18, 95% CI=1.03–4.62, p=0.04). In addition, patients with the C allele had 1.47 times the risk of suffering from peri-implantitis (OR=1.47, 95% CI=1.01–2.13, p=0.04), but not rs2073617 polymorphism. The G-C haplotype frequency of rs2073618-rs2073617 in OPG was significantly correlated to the increased susceptibility of peri-implantitis (OR=2.27, 95% CI=1.20–4.30). Conclusions OPG rs2073618 polymorphism may be related to the risk of peri-implantitis, but not rs2073617. Moreover, haplotype is also a non-ignorable risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Yimin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
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Inhibitory Effect of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 in Retinal Pigment Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32182. [PMID: 27586653 PMCID: PMC5009382 DOI: 10.1038/srep32182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), a serious vision-threatening complication of retinal detachment (RD), is characterized by the formation of contractile fibrotic membranes, in which epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a major event. Recent studies suggest an important role of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) in the suppression of fibrosis. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of BMP4 in the pathological process of PVR, particularly in the EMT of RPE cells. We found that BMP4 and its receptors were co-labelled with cytokeratin and α-SMA positive cells within the PVR membrane. Moreover, the mRNA and protein expression levels of BMP4 were decreased whereas BMP4 receptors ALK2, ALK3 and ALK6 were increased during TGF-β-induced EMT in primary RPE cells. Exogenous BMP4 inhibited TGF-β-induced epithelial marker down-regulation, as well as mesenchymal marker up-regulation at both the mRNA and protein levels in RPE cells. In addition, BMP4 treatment attenuated the TGF-β-induced gel contraction, cell migration and Smad2/3 phosphorylation. However, knockdown of endogenous BMP4 stimulated changes in EMT markers. Our results confirm the hypothesis that BMP4 might inhibit TGF-β-mediated EMT in RPE cells via the Smad2/3 pathway and suppress contraction. This might represent a potential treatment for PVR.
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Ali IHA, Brazil DP. Bone morphogenetic proteins and their antagonists: current and emerging clinical uses. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 171:3620-32. [PMID: 24758361 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of the TGFβ superfamily of secreted cysteine knot proteins that includes TGFβ1, nodal, activins and inhibins. BMPs were first discovered by Urist in the 1960s when he showed that implantation of demineralized bone into intramuscular tissue of rabbits induced bone and cartilage formation. Since this seminal discovery, BMPs have also been shown to play key roles in several other biological processes, including limb, kidney, skin, hair and neuronal development, as well as maintaining vascular homeostasis. The multifunctional effects of BMPs make them attractive targets for the treatment of several pathologies, including bone disorders, kidney and lung fibrosis, and cancer. This review will summarize current knowledge on the BMP signalling pathway and critically evaluate the potential of recombinant BMPs as pharmacological agents for the treatment of bone repair and tissue fibrosis in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran H A Ali
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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Runx2 Expression in Smooth Muscle Cells Is Required for Arterial Medial Calcification in Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:1958-69. [PMID: 25987250 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Arterial medial calcification (AMC) is a hallmark of aging, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. Smooth muscle cell (SMC) transition to an osteogenic phenotype is a common feature of AMC, and is preceded by expression of runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), a master regulator of bone development. Whether SMC-specific Runx2 expression is required for osteogenic phenotype change and AMC remains unknown. We therefore created an improved targeting construct to generate mice with floxed Runx2 alleles (Runx2(f/f)) that do not produce truncated Runx2 proteins after Cre recombination, thereby preventing potential off-target effects. SMC-specific deletion using SM22-recombinase transgenic allele mice (Runx2(ΔSM)) led to viable mice with normal bone and arterial morphology. After vitamin D overload, arterial SMCs in Runx2(f/f) mice expressed Runx2, underwent osteogenic phenotype change, and developed severe AMC. In contrast, vitamin D-treated Runx2(ΔSM) mice had no Runx2 in blood vessels, maintained SMC phenotype, and did not develop AMC. Runx2 deletion did not affect serum calcium, phosphate, fibroblast growth factor-23, or alkaline phosphatase levels. In vitro, Runx2(f/f) SMCs calcified to a much greater extent than those derived from Runx2(ΔSM) mice. These data indicate a critical role of Runx2 in SMC osteogenic phenotype change and mineral deposition in a mouse model of AMC, suggesting that Runx2 and downstream osteogenic pathways in SMCs may be useful therapeutic targets for treating or preventing AMC in high-risk patients.
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Brazil DP, Church RH, Surae S, Godson C, Martin F. BMP signalling: agony and antagony in the family. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 25:249-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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A review of the effect of diet on cardiovascular calcification. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:8861-83. [PMID: 25906474 PMCID: PMC4425113 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16048861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular (CV) calcification is known as sub-clinical atherosclerosis and is recognised as a predictor of CV events and mortality. As yet there is no treatment for CV calcification and conventional CV risk factors are not consistently correlated, leaving clinicians uncertain as to optimum management for these patients. For this reason, a review of studies investigating diet and serum levels of macro- and micronutrients was carried out. Although there were few human studies of macronutrients, nevertheless transfats and simple sugars should be avoided, while long chain ω-3 fats from oily fish may be protective. Among the micronutrients, an intake of 800 μg/day calcium was beneficial in those without renal disease or hyperparathyroidism, while inorganic phosphorus from food preservatives and colas may induce calcification. A high intake of magnesium (≥380 mg/day) and phylloquinone (500 μg/day) proved protective, as did a serum 25(OH)D concentration of ≥75 nmol/L. Although oxidative damage appears to be a cause of CV calcification, the antioxidant vitamins proved to be largely ineffective, while supplementation of α-tocopherol may induce calcification. Nevertheless other antioxidant compounds (epigallocatechin gallate from green tea and resveratrol from red wine) were protective. Finally, a homocysteine concentration >12 µmol/L was predictive of CV calcification, although a plasma folate concentration of >39.4 nmol/L could both lower homocysteine and protect against calcification. In terms of a dietary programme, these recommendations indicate avoiding sugar and the transfats and preservatives found in processed foods and drinks and adopting a diet high in oily fish and vegetables. The micronutrients magnesium and vitamin K may be worthy of further investigation as a treatment option for CV calcification.
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Kang YH, Jin JS, Son SM. Long Term Effect of High Glucose and Phosphate Levels on the OPG/RANK/RANKL/TRAIL System in the Progression of Vascular Calcification in rat Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 19:111-8. [PMID: 25729272 PMCID: PMC4342730 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2015.19.2.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Osteoprotegerin (OPG), receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)/receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK) axis, and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) participate in vascular calcification process including atherosclerosis, but their contributions under high glucose (HG) and phosphate (HP) condition for a long-term period (more than 2 weeks) have not been fully determined. In this study, we evaluated the effects of HG and HP levels over 2 or 4 weeks on the progression of vascular calcification in rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Calcium deposition in VSMCs was increased in medium containing HG (30 mmol/L D-glucose) with β-glycerophosphate (β-GP, 12 mmol/L) after 2 weeks and increased further after 4 weeks. OPG mRNA and protein expressions were unchanged in HG group with or without β-GP after 2 weeks. However, after 4 weeks, OPG mRNA and protein expressions were significantly lower in HG group with β-GP. No significant expression changes were observed in RANKL, RANK, or TRAIL during the experiment. After 4 weeks of treatment in HG group containing β-GP and rhBMP-7, an inhibitor of vascular calcification, OPG expressions were maintained. Furthermore, mRNA expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), a marker of vascular mineralization, was lower in the presence of rhBMP-7. These results suggest that low OPG levels after long term HG and phosphate stimulation might reduce the binding of OPG to RANKL and TRAIL, and these changes could increase osteo-inductive VSMC differentiation, especially vascular mineralization reflected by increased ALP activity during vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ho Kang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 626-770, Korea. ; Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 626-770, Korea. ; Diabetes Center and Endocrine Clinic, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 626-770, Korea
| | - Jung Sook Jin
- Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 626-770, Korea
| | - Seok Man Son
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 626-770, Korea. ; Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 626-770, Korea. ; Diabetes Center and Endocrine Clinic, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 626-770, Korea
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Rodriguez M, Martinez-Moreno JM, Rodríguez-Ortiz ME, Muñoz-Castañeda JR, Almaden Y. Vitamin D and vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Blood Press Res 2011; 34:261-8. [PMID: 21691129 DOI: 10.1159/000326903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification is common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and contributes to the increased rate of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The mechanisms regulating vascular calcification are under investigation; it is accepted that vascular calcification is an active and complex process involving many factors that promote or inhibit calcification. Vascular smooth muscle cells undergo transformation into osteogenic cells. This transformation is being stimulated by high phosphate, and more recently the role of the calcium phosphate nanocrystals has gained attention. Experimental models of uremia and in vitro studies have shown that an excess of calcitriol accelerates vascular calcification. However, observational studies suggest that vitamin D provides a survival advantage for patients with CKD. Experimental work shows that for similar serum concentrations of calcium and phosphate paricalcitol produces less vascular calcification than calcitriol suggesting a differential effect at the cellular level. Important issues regarding the role of vitamin D compounds on vascular calcification will be commented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Rodriguez
- Unidad de Investigación, Servicio de Nefrología, Red in ren, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, Departamento de Medicina, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, Córdoba, España.
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Fleenor BS, Marshall KD, Durrant JR, Lesniewski LA, Seals DR. Arterial stiffening with ageing is associated with transforming growth factor-β1-related changes in adventitial collagen: reversal by aerobic exercise. J Physiol 2011; 588:3971-82. [PMID: 20807791 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2010.194753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that carotid artery stiffening with ageing is associated with transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-related increases in adventitial collagen and reductions in medial elastin, which would be reversed by voluntary aerobic exercise. Ex vivo carotid artery incremental stiffness was greater in old (29–32 months, n = 11) vs. young (4–7 months, n = 8) cage control B6D2F1 mice (8.84 ± 1.80 vs. 4.54 ± 1.18 AU, P < 0.05), and was associated with selective increases in collagen I and III and TGF-β1 protein expression in the adventitia (P < 0.05), related to an increase in smooth muscle α-actin (SMαA) (myofibroblast phenotype) (P < 0.05). In cultured adventitial fibroblasts, TGF-β1 induced increases in superoxide and collagen I protein (P < 0.05), which were inhibited by Tempol, a superoxide dismutase. Medial elastin was reduced with ageing, accompanied by decreases in the pro-synthetic elastin enzyme, lysyl oxidase, and increases in the elastin-degrading enzyme, matrix metalloproteinase 2. Fibronectin was unchanged with ageing, but there was a small increase in calcification (P < 0.05). Increased incremental stiffness in old mice was completely reversed (3.98 ± 0.34 AU, n = 5) by 10–14 weeks of modest voluntary wheel running (1.13 ± 0.29 km day−1), whereas greater voluntary wheel running (10.62 ± 0.49 km day−1) had no effect on young mice. The amelioration of carotid artery stiffness by wheel running in old mice was associated with reductions in collagen I and III and TGF-β1, partial reversal of the myofibroblast phenotype (reduced SMαA) and reduced calcification (all P < 0.05 vs. old controls), whereas elastin and its modulating enzymes were unaffected. Adventitial TGF-β1-related oxidative stress may play a key role in collagen deposition and large elastic artery stiffening with ageing and the efficacious effects of voluntary aerobic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley S Fleenor
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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