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Venkatesh K, Glenn H, Delaney A, Andersen CR, Sasson SC. Fire in the belly: A scoping review of the immunopathological mechanisms of acute pancreatitis. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1077414. [PMID: 36713404 PMCID: PMC9874226 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1077414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Acute pancreatitis (AP) is characterised by an inflammatory response that in its most severe form can cause a systemic dysregulated immune response and progression to acute multi-organ dysfunction. The pathobiology of the disease is unclear and as a result no targeted, disease-modifying therapies exist. We performed a scoping review of data pertaining to the human immunology of AP to summarise the current field and to identify future research opportunities. Methods A scoping review of all clinical studies of AP immunology was performed across multiple databases. Studies were included if they were human studies of AP with an immunological outcome or intervention. Results 205 studies met the inclusion criteria for the review. Severe AP is characterised by significant immune dysregulation compared to the milder form of the disease. Broadly, this immune dysfunction was categorised into: innate immune responses (including profound release of damage-associated molecular patterns and heightened activity of pattern recognition receptors), cytokine profile dysregulation (particularly IL-1, 6, 10 and TNF-α), lymphocyte abnormalities, paradoxical immunosuppression (including HLA-DR suppression and increased co-inhibitory molecule expression), and failure of the intestinal barrier function. Studies including interventions were also included. Several limitations in the existing literature have been identified; consolidation and consistency across studies is required if progress is to be made in our understanding of this disease. Conclusions AP, particularly the more severe spectrum of the disease, is characterised by a multifaceted immune response that drives tissue injury and contributes to the associated morbidity and mortality. Significant work is required to develop our understanding of the immunopathology of this disease if disease-modifying therapies are to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Venkatesh
- Malcolm Fisher Department of Intensive Care, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia,The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia,*Correspondence: Karthik Venkatesh,
| | - Hannah Glenn
- Malcolm Fisher Department of Intensive Care, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony Delaney
- Malcolm Fisher Department of Intensive Care, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia,Division of Critical Care, The George Institute for Global Health, Newtown, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher R. Andersen
- Malcolm Fisher Department of Intensive Care, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia,The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia,Division of Critical Care, The George Institute for Global Health, Newtown, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah C. Sasson
- The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia,Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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Yu Y, Wu Y, Yan HZ, Xia ZR, Wen W, Liu DY, Wan LH. Rosmarinic acid ameliorates acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury in mice via RACK1/TNF-α mediated antioxidant effect. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2021; 59:1286-1293. [PMID: 34517734 PMCID: PMC8451635 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2021.1974059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Rosmarinic acid (RA) dose-dependently ameliorates acetaminophen (APAP) induced hepatotoxicity in rats. However, whether RA hepatoprotective effect is by regulating RACK1 and its downstream signals is still unclear. OBJECTIVE This study explores the RA protective effect on APAP-induced ALI and its mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty Kunming mice 6-8 weeks old were randomly separated into six groups (n = 10) and pre-treated with normal saline, ammonium glycyrrhetate (AG) or RA (10, 20 or 40 mg/kg i.p./day) for two consecutive weeks. Then, APAP (300 mg/kg, i.g.) was administrated to induce ALI, except for the control. Serum alanine/aspartate aminotransferases (ALT and AST), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and histopathology were used to authenticate RA effect. The liver RACK1 and TNF-α were measured by western blot. RESULTS Compared with the APAP group, different dosages RA significantly decreased ALT (52.09 ± 7.98, 55.13 ± 10.19, 65.08 ± 27.61 U/L, p < 0.05), AST (114.78 ± 19.87, 115.29 ± 31.91, 101.78 ± 21.85 U/L, p < 0.05), MDA (2.37 ± 0.87, 2.13 ± 0.87, 1.86 ± 0.39 nmol/mg, p < 0.01) and increased SOD (306.178 ± 90.80, 459.21 ± 58.54, 444.01 ± 78.09 U/mg, p < 0.05). With increasing doses of RA, RACK1 and TNF-α expression decreased. Moreover, the RACK1 and TNF-α levels were positively correlated with MDA (r = 0.8453 and r = 0.9391, p < 0.01). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Our findings support RA as a hepatoprotective agent to improve APAP-induced ALI and the antioxidant effect mediated through RACK1/TNF-α pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yao Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Hao-zheng Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Zi-ru Xia
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Wen Wen
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Dan-yang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Li-hong Wan
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
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Bálint ER, Fűr G, Kiss L, Németh DI, Soós A, Hegyi P, Szakács Z, Tinusz B, Varjú P, Vincze Á, Erőss B, Czimmer J, Szepes Z, Varga G, Rakonczay Z. Assessment of the course of acute pancreatitis in the light of aetiology: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17936. [PMID: 33087766 PMCID: PMC7578029 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74943-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The main causes of acute pancreatitis (AP) are biliary disease, alcohol consumption, hypertriglyceridaemia (HTG) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the effects of these aetiological factors on the severity and outcome of AP. Pubmed and Embase were searched between 01/01/2012 and 31/05/2020. Included articles involved adult alcoholic, biliary, HTG- or post-ERCP AP (PAP) patients. Primary outcome was severity, secondary outcomes were organ failures, intensive care unit admission, recurrence rate, pancreatic necrosis, mortality, length of hospital stay, pseudocyst, fluid collection and systematic inflammatory response syndrome. Data were analysed from 127 eligible studies. The risk for non-mild (moderately severe and severe) condition was the highest in HTG-induced AP (HTG-AP) followed by alcoholic AP (AAP), biliary AP (BAP) and PAP. Recurrence rate was significantly lower among BAP vs. HTG-AP or AAP patients (OR = 2.69 and 2.98, 95% CI 1.55–4.65 and 2.22–4.01, respectively). Mortality rate was significantly greater in HTG-AP vs. AAP or BAP (OR = 1.72 and 1.50, 95% CI 1.04–2.84 and 0.96–2.35, respectively), pancreatic necrosis occurred more frequently in AAP than BAP patients (OR = 1.58, 95% CI 1.08–2.30). Overall, there is a potential association between aetiology and the development and course of AP. HTG-AP is associated with the highest number of complications. Furthermore, AAP is likely to be more severe than BAP or PAP. Greater emphasis should be placed on determining aetiology on admission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emese Réka Bálint
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Fűr
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Lóránd Kiss
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dávid István Németh
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Soós
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Clinical Medicine Doctoral School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Hegyi
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Momentum Translational Gastroenterology Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Szakács
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Benedek Tinusz
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Varjú
- First Department of Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Áron Vincze
- First Department of Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Bálint Erőss
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - József Czimmer
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Szepes
- First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Varga
- Department of Oral Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Rakonczay
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
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Yang X, Zhang X, Lin Z, Guo J, Yang X, Yao L, Wang H, Xue P, Xia Q. Chaiqin chengqi decoction alleviates severe acute pancreatitis associated acute kidney injury by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress and subsequent apoptosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 125:110024. [PMID: 32187959 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury (AKI), characterized by an increase of serum creatinine and urea, is a severe complication of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) with high mortality. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been considered as a key pathologic process in AKI. Chaiqin chengqi decoction (CQCQD) is an effective Chinese medicine formula for SAP treatment in China and has been used for many years. Our goal is to explore the role of CQCQD on ER stress of AKI in experimental SAP. MATERIALS & METHODS SAP was induced in rats by retrograde duct injection of 5% sodium taurocholate (NaTC, 1 ml/kg), sham operation (SO) rats simultaneously received saline infusion. Intraperitoneal injection of 4-PBA (50 mg/kg, once a day for three days before the surgery) or intragastric gavage of CQCQD (1 g/kg, 2 hourly × 3 after disease induction) was used to treat SAP rats. All animals were humanely sacrificed 12 h after disease induction. Histopathology scores of kidney and pancreas; serum biochemical indices and kidney protein levels of ER stress and apoptosis markers were assessed. Tubular epithelial cell line (HK-2) was treated either with TNF-α (10 ng/ml) or IL-6 (10 ng/ml) for 12 h plus either 4-PBA (0.1 M) or CQCQD (1 mg/ml) for in vitro study. Cell viability and markers of ER stress and apoptosis were measured. RESULTS Ductal perfusion of NaTC caused significant increases in serum lipase, amylase and pancreatic histopathology (inflammatory cell infiltration, interstitial edema, and acinar cell necrosis). Kidney histopathology (tubular dilation, brush border loss, little tubular necrosis, and cast formation), serum creatine and urea levels were raised when compared with the SO group. Moreover, apoptotic cell death markers (caspase-9, cleaved-caspase-3, and TUNEL) and kidney ER stress proteins (BIP, IRE1-α, XBP1s, and CHOP) were elevated after NaTC administration. 4-PBA and CQCQD significantly alleviated histopathological changes of kidney and pancreas, inflammatory cytokines, biochemical markers of AKI, ER stress proteins and apoptotic cell death markers. They also protected HK-2 cells from injury of TNF-α and IL-6, and alleviated both ER stress and apoptosis proteins in vitro. CONCLUSION CQCQD may alleviate SAP-related AKI by inhibiting ER stress-related apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Yang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37# Guoxue Street, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Xiaoxin Zhang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37# Guoxue Street, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Ziqi Lin
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37# Guoxue Street, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Jia Guo
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37# Guoxue Street, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Xinmin Yang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37# Guoxue Street, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Linbo Yao
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37# Guoxue Street, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Haoyang Wang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37# Guoxue Street, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Ping Xue
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37# Guoxue Street, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Qing Xia
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37# Guoxue Street, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Ullah H, Hou W, Dakshanamurthy S, Tang Q. Host targeted antiviral (HTA): functional inhibitor compounds of scaffold protein RACK1 inhibit herpes simplex virus proliferation. Oncotarget 2019; 10:3209-3226. [PMID: 31143369 PMCID: PMC6524932 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the small number of molecular targets in viruses and the rapid evolution of viral genes, it is very challenging to develop specific antiviral drugs. Viruses require host factors to translate their transcripts, and targeting the host factor(s) offers a unique opportunity to develop broad antiviral drugs. It is well documented that some viruses utilize a host protein, Receptor for Activated C Kinase 1 (RACK1), to translate their mRNAs using a viral mRNA secondary structure known as the Internal Ribosomal Entry Site (IRES). RACK1 is essential for the translation of many viruses including hepatitis C (HCV), polio, Drosophila C (DCV), Dengue, Cricket Paralysis (CrpV), and vaccinia viruses. In addition, HIV-1 and Herpes Simplex virus (HSV-1) are known to use IRES as well. Therefore, host RACK1 protein is an attractive target for developing broad antiviral drugs. Depletion of the host's RACK1 will potentially inhibit virus replication. This background study has led us to the development of novel antiviral therapeutics, such as RACK1 inhibitors. By utilizing the crystal structure of the RACK1A protein from the model plant Arabidopsis and using a structure based drug design method, dozens of small compounds were identified that could potentially bind to the experimentally determined functional site of the RACK1A protein. The SPR assays showed that the small compounds bound strongly to recombinant RACK1A protein. Here we provide evidence that the drugs show high efficacy in inhibition of HSV-1 proliferation in a HEp-2 cell line. The drug showed similar efficacy as the available anti-herpes drug acyclovir and showed supralinear effect when applied in a combinatorial manner. As an increasing number of viruses are reported to use host RACK1 proteins, and more than 100 diverse animals and plant disease-causing viruses are known to use IRES-based translation, these drugs can be established as host-targeted broad antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemayet Ullah
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Wangheng Hou
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Sivanesan Dakshanamurthy
- Department of Oncology, Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Qiyi Tang
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USA
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