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Maretina M, Koroleva V, Shchugareva L, Glotov A, Kiselev A. The Relevance of Spinal Muscular Atrophy Biomarkers in the Treatment Era. Biomedicines 2024; 12:2486. [PMID: 39595052 PMCID: PMC11591959 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12112486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2024] [Revised: 10/22/2024] [Accepted: 10/28/2024] [Indexed: 11/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a severe neuromuscular disorder that currently has an approved treatment for all forms of the disease. Previously, biomarkers were primarily used for diagnostic purposes, such as detecting the presence of the disease or determining a specific clinical type of SMA. Currently, with the availability of therapy, biomarkers have become more valuable due to their potential for prognostic, predictive, and pharmacodynamic applications. This review describes the most promising physiological, functional, imaging and molecular biomarkers for SMA, derived from different patients' tissues. The review summarizes information about classical biomarkers that are already used in clinical practice as well as fresh findings on promising biomarkers that have been recently disclosed. It highlights the usefulness, limitations, and strengths of each potential biomarker, indicating the purposes for which each is best suited and when combining them may be most beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Maretina
- D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (M.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Valeria Koroleva
- Municipal Hospital for Children No. 1, 198205 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (V.K.); (L.S.)
| | - Lyudmila Shchugareva
- Municipal Hospital for Children No. 1, 198205 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (V.K.); (L.S.)
- Department of Pediatric Neuropathology and Neurosurgery, North-Western State Medical University Named After I.I. Mechnikov, 191015 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrey Glotov
- D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (M.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Anton Kiselev
- D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (M.M.); (A.G.)
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Ouyang S, Peng X, Huang W, Bai J, Wang H, Jin Y, Jiao H, Wei M, Ge X, Song F, Qu Y. Association among biomarkers, phenotypes, and motor milestones in Chinese patients with 5q spinal muscular atrophy types 1-3. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1382410. [PMID: 39286802 PMCID: PMC11404040 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1382410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Biomarkers can be used to assess the severity of spinal muscular atrophy (5q SMA; SMA). Despite their potential, the relationship between biomarkers and clinical outcomes in SMA remains underexplored. This study aimed to assess the association among biomarkers, phenotypes, and motor milestones in Chinese patients diagnosed with SMA. Methods We collected retrospective clinical and follow-up data of disease-modifying therapy (DMT)-naïve patients with SMA at our center from 2019 to 2021. Four biomarkers were included: survival motor neuron 2 (SMN2) copies, neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein (NAIP) copies, full-length SMN2 (fl-SMN2), and F-actin bundling protein plastin 3 (PLS3) transcript levels. Data were analyzed and stratified according to SMA subtype. Results Of the 123 patients, 30 were diagnosed with Type 1 (24.3%), 56 with Type 2 (45.5%), and 37 with Type 3 (30.1%). The mortality rate for Type 1 was 50%, with median survival times of 2 and 8 months for types 1a and 1b, respectively. All four biomarkers were correlated with disease severity. Notably, fl-SMN2 transcript levels increased with SMN2 copies and were higher in Type 2b than those in Type 2a (p = 0.028). Motor milestone deterioration was correlated with SMN2 copies, NAIP copies, and fl-SMN2 levels, while PLS3 levels were correlated with standing and walking function. Discussion Our findings suggest that SMN2 copies contribute to survival and that fl-SMN2 may serve as a valuable biomarker for phenotypic variability in SMA Type 2 subtypes. These insights can guide future research and clinical management of SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijia Ouyang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyin Peng
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Institute Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Wenchen Huang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Jinli Bai
- Department of Medical Genetics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Yuwei Jin
- Department of Medical Genetics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Jiao
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Institute Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Maoti Wei
- Center of Clinical Epidemiology, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiushan Ge
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Institute Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Song
- Department of Medical Genetics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Yujin Qu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
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Zhou Y, Jiang Y. Current Advances in Genetic Testing for Spinal Muscular Atrophy. Curr Genomics 2023; 24:273-286. [PMID: 38235355 PMCID: PMC10790334 DOI: 10.2174/0113892029273388231023072050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is one of the most common genetic disorders worldwide, and genetic testing plays a key role in its diagnosis and prevention. The last decade has seen a continuous flow of new methods for SMA genetic testing that, along with traditional approaches, have affected clinical practice patterns to some degree. Targeting different application scenarios and selecting the appropriate technique for genetic testing have become priorities for optimizing the clinical pathway for SMA. In this review, we summarize the latest technological innovations in genetic testing for SMA, including MassArray®, digital PCR (dPCR), next-generation sequencing (NGS), and third-generation sequencing (TGS). Implementation recommendations for rationally choosing different technical strategies in the tertiary prevention of SMA are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Zhou
- United Diagnostic and Research Center for Clinical Genetics, Women and Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, P.R. China
- Biobank, Women and Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, P.R. China
| | - Yu Jiang
- United Diagnostic and Research Center for Clinical Genetics, Women and Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, P.R. China
- Biobank, Women and Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, P.R. China
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Kordala AJ, Stoodley J, Ahlskog N, Hanifi M, Garcia Guerra A, Bhomra A, Lim WF, Murray LM, Talbot K, Hammond SM, Wood MJA, Rinaldi C. PRMT inhibitor promotes SMN2 exon 7 inclusion and synergizes with nusinersen to rescue SMA mice. EMBO Mol Med 2023; 15:e17683. [PMID: 37724723 PMCID: PMC10630883 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202317683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a leading genetic cause of infant mortality. The advent of approved treatments for this devastating condition has significantly changed SMA patients' life expectancy and quality of life. Nevertheless, these are not without limitations, and research efforts are underway to develop new approaches for improved and long-lasting benefits for patients. Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) are emerging as druggable epigenetic targets, with several small-molecule PRMT inhibitors already in clinical trials. From a screen of epigenetic molecules, we have identified MS023, a potent and selective type I PRMT inhibitor able to promote SMN2 exon 7 inclusion in preclinical SMA models. Treatment of SMA mice with MS023 results in amelioration of the disease phenotype, with strong synergistic amplification of the positive effect when delivered in combination with the antisense oligonucleotide nusinersen. Moreover, transcriptomic analysis revealed that MS023 treatment has minimal off-target effects, and the added benefit is mainly due to targeting neuroinflammation. Our study warrants further clinical investigation of PRMT inhibition both as a stand-alone and add-on therapy for SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna J Kordala
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine (IDRM)OxfordUK
| | - Jessica Stoodley
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine (IDRM)OxfordUK
| | - Nina Ahlskog
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine (IDRM)OxfordUK
| | | | - Antonio Garcia Guerra
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine (IDRM)OxfordUK
| | - Amarjit Bhomra
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine (IDRM)OxfordUK
| | - Wooi Fang Lim
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine (IDRM)OxfordUK
| | - Lyndsay M Murray
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Euan McDonald Centre for Motor Neuron Disease ResearchUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Kevin Talbot
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe HospitalUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience DiscoveryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | | | - Matthew JA Wood
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine (IDRM)OxfordUK
- MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular CentreOxfordUK
| | - Carlo Rinaldi
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine (IDRM)OxfordUK
- MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular CentreOxfordUK
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Glascock J, Darras BT, Crawford TO, Sumner CJ, Kolb SJ, DiDonato C, Elsheikh B, Howell K, Farwell W, Valente M, Petrillo M, Tingey J, Jarecki J. Identifying Biomarkers of Spinal Muscular Atrophy for Further Development. J Neuromuscul Dis 2023; 10:937-954. [PMID: 37458045 PMCID: PMC10578234 DOI: 10.3233/jnd-230054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is caused by bi-allelic, recessive mutations of the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene and reduced expression levels of the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein. Degeneration of alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord causes progressive skeletal muscle weakness. The wide range of disease severities, variable rates of decline, and heterogenous clinical responses to approved disease-modifying treatment remain poorly understood and limit the ability to optimize treatment for patients. Validation of a reliable biomarker(s) with the potential to support early diagnosis, inform disease prognosis and therapeutic suitability, and/or confirm response to treatment(s) represents a significant unmet need in SMA. OBJECTIVES The SMA Multidisciplinary Biomarkers Working Group, comprising 11 experts in a variety of relevant fields, sought to determine the most promising candidate biomarker currently available, determine key knowledge gaps, and recommend next steps toward validating that biomarker for SMA. METHODS The Working Group engaged in a modified Delphi process to answer questions about candidate SMA biomarkers. Members participated in six rounds of reiterative surveys that were designed to build upon previous discussions. RESULTS The Working Group reached a consensus that neurofilament (NF) is the candidate biomarker best poised for further development. Several important knowledge gaps were identified, and the next steps toward filling these gaps were proposed. CONCLUSIONS NF is a promising SMA biomarker with the potential for prognostic, predictive, and pharmacodynamic capabilities. The Working Group has identified needed information to continue efforts toward the validation of NF as a biomarker for SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Basil T. Darras
- Boston Children’s Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas O. Crawford
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Charlotte J. Sumner
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephen J. Kolb
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Pharmacology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Bakri Elsheikh
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kelly Howell
- Spinal Muscular Atrophy Foundation, Jackson, WY, USA
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Maretina MA, Valetdinova KR, Tsyganova NA, Egorova AA, Ovechkina VS, Schiöth HB, Zakian SM, Baranov VS, Kiselev AV. Identification of specific gene methylation patterns during motor neuron differentiation from spinal muscular atrophy patient-derived iPSC. Gene 2022; 811:146109. [PMID: 34871761 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.146109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy is a progressive motor neuron disorder caused by deletions or point mutations in the SMN1 gene. It is not known why motor neurons are particularly sensitive to a decrease in SMN protein levels and what factors besides SMN2 underlie the high clinical heterogeneity of the disease. Here we studied the methylation patterns of genes on sequential stages of motor neuron differentiation from induced pluripotent stem cells derived from the patients with SMA type I and II. The genes involved in the regulation of pluripotency, neural differentiation as well as those associated with spinal muscular atrophy development were included. The results show that the PAX6, HB9, CHAT, ARHGAP22, and SMN2 genes are differently methylated in cells derived from SMA patients compared to the cells of healthy individuals. This study clarifies the specificities of the disease pathogenesis and extends the knowledge of pathways involved in the SMA progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Maretina
- D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - K R Valetdinova
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novsibirsk, Russia
| | - N A Tsyganova
- D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - A A Egorova
- D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - V S Ovechkina
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novsibirsk, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - H B Schiöth
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, S-75124 Uppsala, Sweden; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - S M Zakian
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novsibirsk, Russia; Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 630055 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - V S Baranov
- D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - A V Kiselev
- D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
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Wang J, Bai J, OuYang S, Wang H, Jin Y, Peng X, Ge X, Jiao H, Zou J, He C, Xiao P, Song F, Qu Y. Antisense oligonucleotides targeting the SMN2 promoter region enhance SMN2 expression in spinal muscular atrophy cell lines and mouse model. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 31:1635-1650. [PMID: 34888619 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive neuromuscular disease caused by homozygous deletions or mutations in survival motor neuron gene 1 (SMN1). Currently, the primary therapeutic strategy for SMA is to increase the level of SMN via correcting SMN2 splicing (nusinersen and risdiplam). However, some patients with SMA do not respond to such treatments, thereby warranting a need to develop new therapeutic strategies. We have previously reported that SMN2 expression is epigenetically regulated by DNA methylation levels of the SMN2 promoter region. In the present study, we determined that methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) may bind to this critical promoter region (nt-167 to 43). Antisense oligonucleotides (ASO-P1 and ASO-P2) were designed to target the key methylation sites in the SMN2 promoter region, which enhanced the overall transcription and functional protein expression levels in the SMA cell lines. These results were similar to those observed in nusinersen-treated SMA cells. Moreover, a combined treatment of ASO-P1 and ASO-NUS in SMA cell lines further increases fl-SMN2 transcript and SMN protein levels. The delivery of ASO-P1 to the central nervous system of severe SMA mice corrected the molecular, pathological, and functional phenotypes of this disease and increased survival rates. Our findings suggest that the key methylation regions in the SMN2 promoter region may be a novel therapeutic target for SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, P.R. China
| | - Jinli Bai
- Department of Medical Genetics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, P.R. China
| | - Shijia OuYang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, P.R. China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, P.R. China
| | - Yuwei Jin
- Department of Medical Genetics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyin Peng
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Xiushan Ge
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Hui Jiao
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Jizhen Zou
- Department of pathology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Cai He
- Department of pathology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Ping Xiao
- Department of pathology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Fang Song
- Department of Medical Genetics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, P.R. China
| | - Yujin Qu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, P.R. China
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Pino MG, Rich KA, Kolb SJ. Update on Biomarkers in Spinal Muscular Atrophy. Biomark Insights 2021; 16:11772719211035643. [PMID: 34421296 PMCID: PMC8371741 DOI: 10.1177/11772719211035643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The availability of disease modifying therapies for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) has created an urgent need to identify clinically meaningful biomarkers. Biomarkers present a means to measure and evaluate neurological disease across time. Changes in biomarkers provide insight into disease progression and may reveal biologic, physiologic, or pharmacologic phenomena occurring prior to clinical detection. Efforts to identify biomarkers for SMA, a genetic motor neuron disease characterized by motor neuron degeneration and weakness, have culminated in a number of putative molecular and physiologic markers that evaluate biological media (eg, blood and cerebrospinal fluid [CSF]) or nervous system function. Such biomarkers include SMN2 copy number, SMN mRNA and protein levels, neurofilament proteins (NFs), plasma protein analytes, creatine kinase (CK) and creatinine (Crn), and various electrophysiology and imaging measures. SMN2 copy number inversely correlates with disease severity and is the best predictor of clinical outcome in untreated individuals. SMN mRNA and protein are commonly measured in the blood or CSF of patients receiving SMA therapies, particularly those aimed at increasing SMN protein expression, and provide insight into current disease state. NFs have proven to be robust prognostic, disease progression, and pharmacodynamic markers for SMA infants undergoing treatment, but less so for adolescents and adults. Select plasma proteins are altered in SMA individuals and may track response to therapy. CK and Crn from blood correlate with motor function and disease severity status and are useful for predicting which individuals will respond to therapy. Electrophysiology measures comprise the most reliable means for monitoring motor function throughout disease course and are sensitive enough to detect neuromuscular changes before overt clinical manifestation, making them robust predictive and pharmacodynamic biomarkers. Finally, magnetic resonance imaging and muscle ultrasonography are non-invasive techniques for studying muscle structure and physiology and are useful diagnostic tools, but cannot reliably track disease progression. Importantly, biomarkers can provide information about the underlying mechanisms of disease as well as reveal subclinical disease progression, allowing for more appropriate timing and dosing of therapy for individuals with SMA. Recent therapeutic advancements in SMA have shown promising results, though there is still a great need to identify and understand the impact of biomarkers in modulating disease onset and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan G Pino
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State
University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kelly A Rich
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State
University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Stephen J Kolb
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State
University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and
Pharmacology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH,
USA
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Abstract
Neuromuscular disorders are a heterogeneous group of conditions affecting the neuromuscular system. The aim of this article is to review the major epigenetic findings in motor neuron diseases and major hereditary muscular dystrophies. DNA methylation changes are observed in both hereditary and sporadic forms, and combining DNA methylation analysis with mutational screening holds the potential for better diagnostic and prognostic accuracy. Novel, less toxic and more selective epigenetic drugs are designed and tested in animal and cell culture models of neuromuscular disorders, and non-coding RNAs are being investigated as either disease biomarkers or targets of therapeutic approaches to restore gene expression levels. Overall, neuromuscular disorder epigenetic biomarkers have a strong potential for clinical applications in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Coppedè
- Department of Translational Research & of New Surgical & Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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10
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Smeriglio P, Langard P, Querin G, Biferi MG. The Identification of Novel Biomarkers Is Required to Improve Adult SMA Patient Stratification, Diagnosis and Treatment. J Pers Med 2020; 10:jpm10030075. [PMID: 32751151 PMCID: PMC7564782 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10030075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is currently classified into five different subtypes, from the most severe (type 0) to the mildest (type 4) depending on age at onset, best motor function achieved, and copy number of the SMN2 gene. The two recent approved treatments for SMA patients revolutionized their life quality and perspectives. However, upon treatment with Nusinersen, the most widely administered therapy up to date, a high degree of variability in therapeutic response was observed in adult SMA patients. These data, together with the lack of natural history information and the wide spectrum of disease phenotypes, suggest that further efforts are needed to develop precision medicine approaches for all SMA patients. Here, we compile the current methods for functional evaluation of adult SMA patients treated with Nusinersen. We also present an overview of the known molecular changes underpinning disease heterogeneity. We finally highlight the need for novel techniques, i.e., -omics approaches, to capture phenotypic differences and to understand the biological signature in order to revise the disease classification and device personalized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piera Smeriglio
- Centre of Research in Myology, Institute of Myology, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, 75013 Paris, France; (P.L.); (G.Q.)
- Correspondence: (P.S.); (M.G.B.)
| | - Paul Langard
- Centre of Research in Myology, Institute of Myology, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, 75013 Paris, France; (P.L.); (G.Q.)
| | - Giorgia Querin
- Centre of Research in Myology, Institute of Myology, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, 75013 Paris, France; (P.L.); (G.Q.)
- Association Institut de Myologie, Plateforme Essais Cliniques Adultes, 75013 Paris, France
- APHP, Service de Neuromyologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Maria Grazia Biferi
- Centre of Research in Myology, Institute of Myology, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, 75013 Paris, France; (P.L.); (G.Q.)
- Correspondence: (P.S.); (M.G.B.)
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11
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Kariyawasam DST, D'Silva A, Lin C, Ryan MM, Farrar MA. Biomarkers and the Development of a Personalized Medicine Approach in Spinal Muscular Atrophy. Front Neurol 2019; 10:898. [PMID: 31481927 PMCID: PMC6709682 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent unprecedented advances in treatment for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) enabled patients to access the first approved disease modifying therapy for the condition. There are however many uncertainties, regarding timing of treatment initiation, response to intervention, treatment effects and long-term outcomes, which are complicated by the evolving phenotypes seen in the post-treatment era for patients with SMA. Biomarkers of disease, with diagnostic, prognostic, predictive, and pharmacodynamic value are thus urgently required, to facilitate a wider understanding in this dynamic landscape. A spectrum of these candidate biomarkers, will be evaluated in this review, including genetic, epigenetic, proteomic, electrophysiological, and imaging measures. Of these, SMN2 appears to be the most significant modifier of phenotype to date, and its use in prognostication shows considerable clinical utility. Longitudinal studies in patients with SMA highlight an emerging role of circulatory markers such as neurofilament, in tracking disease progression and response to treatment. Furthermore, neurophysiological biomarkers such as CMAP and MUNE values show considerable promise in the real word setting, in following the dynamic response and output of the motor unit to therapeutic intervention. The specific value for these possible biomarkers across diagnosis, prognosis, prediction of treatment response, efficacy, and safety will be central to guide future patient-targeted treatments, the design of clinical trials, and understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of disease and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didu S T Kariyawasam
- Department of Neurology, Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Arlene D'Silva
- School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Cindy Lin
- Department of Neurophysiology, Brain and Mind Center, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Monique M Ryan
- Department of Neurology, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michelle A Farrar
- Department of Neurology, Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Saffari A, Kölker S, Hoffmann GF, Weiler M, Ziegler A. Novel challenges in spinal muscular atrophy - How to screen and whom to treat? Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2018; 6:197-205. [PMID: 30656198 PMCID: PMC6331314 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, disease‐modifying and life‐prolonging therapies for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) have been developed. However, patients are currently diagnosed with significant delay and therapies are often administered in advanced stages of motor neuron degeneration, showing limited effects. Methods to identify children in presymptomatic stages are currently evaluated in newborn screening programs. Yet, not all children develop symptoms shortly after birth raising the question whom to treat and when to initiate therapy. Finally, monitoring disease progression becomes essential to individualize management. Here, we review the literature on screening approaches, strategies to predict disease severity, and biomarkers to monitor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Saffari
- Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Medicine Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine University Hospital Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
| | - Stefan Kölker
- Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Medicine Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine University Hospital Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
| | - Georg F Hoffmann
- Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Medicine Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine University Hospital Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
| | - Markus Weiler
- Department of Neurology University Hospital Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
| | - Andreas Ziegler
- Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Medicine Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine University Hospital Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
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Maretina M, Egorova A, Baranov V, Kiselev A. DYNC1H1 gene methylation correlates with severity of spinal muscular atrophy. Ann Hum Genet 2018; 83:73-81. [PMID: 30246859 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Methylation profiles of CpG islands within the SLC23A2, CDK2AP1, and DYNC1H1 genes and their association with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) severity were studied. High clinical heterogeneity of SMA suggests the existence of different factors modifying SMA phenotype with gene methylation as a plausible one. The genes picked up in our earlier genome-wide methylation studies of SMA patients demonstrated obvious differences in their methylation patterns, thus suggesting the likely involvement of their protein products in SMA development. Significantly decreased methylation of CpG islands within exon 37 of the DYNC1H1 gene was observed in patients with a severe SMA manifestation (type I) compared to mildly affected SMA patients (types III-IV). This finding provides new information on peculiarities of methylation in clinically different types of SMA patients and gives a clue for identification of new SMA modifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Maretina
- Laboratory of Prenatal Diagnostics of Inherited Diseases, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna Egorova
- Laboratory of Prenatal Diagnostics of Inherited Diseases, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladislav Baranov
- Laboratory of Prenatal Diagnostics of Inherited Diseases, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anton Kiselev
- Laboratory of Prenatal Diagnostics of Inherited Diseases, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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Maretina MA, Zheleznyakova GY, Lanko KM, Egorova AA, Baranov VS, Kiselev AV. Molecular Factors Involved in Spinal Muscular Atrophy Pathways as Possible Disease-modifying Candidates. Curr Genomics 2018; 19:339-355. [PMID: 30065610 PMCID: PMC6030859 DOI: 10.2174/1389202919666180101154916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a neuromuscular disorder caused by mutations in the SMN1 gene. Being a monogenic disease, it is characterized by high clinical heterogeneity. Variations in penetrance and severity of symptoms, as well as clinical discrepancies between affected family members can result from modifier genes influence on disease manifestation. SMN2 gene copy number is known to be the main phenotype modifier and there is growing evidence of additional factors contributing to SMA severity. Potential modifiers of spinal muscular atrophy can be found among the wide variety of different factors, such as multiple proteins interacting with SMN or promoting motor neuron survival, epigenetic modifications, transcriptional or splicing factors influencing SMN2 expression. Study of these factors enables to reveal mechanisms underlying SMA pathology and can have pronounced clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna A. Maretina
- D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Mendeleevskaya line, 3, Saint Petersburg199034, Russia
- Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, 199034Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Galina Y. Zheleznyakova
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristina M. Lanko
- Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology, Moskovsky prospect, 26, Saint Petersburg190013, Russia
| | - Anna A. Egorova
- D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Mendeleevskaya line, 3, Saint Petersburg199034, Russia
| | - Vladislav S. Baranov
- D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Mendeleevskaya line, 3, Saint Petersburg199034, Russia
- Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, 199034Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anton V. Kiselev
- D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Mendeleevskaya line, 3, Saint Petersburg199034, Russia
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Cao T, Rajasingh S, Samanta S, Dawn B, Bittel DC, Rajasingh J. Biology and clinical relevance of noncoding sno/scaRNAs. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2017; 28:81-90. [PMID: 28869095 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are a group of noncoding RNAs that perform various biological functions, including biochemical modifications of other RNAs, precursors of miRNA, splicing, and telomerase activity. The small Cajal body-associated RNAs (scaRNAs) are a subset of the snoRNA family and collect in the Cajal body where they perform their canonical function to biochemically modify spliceosomal RNAs prior to maturation. Failure of sno/scaRNAs have been implicated in pathology such as congenital heart anomalies, neuromuscular disorders, and various malignancies. Thus, understanding of sno/scaRNAs demonstrates the clinical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Cao
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kansas City, KS
| | - Sheeja Rajasingh
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kansas City, KS
| | - Saheli Samanta
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kansas City, KS
| | - Buddhadeb Dawn
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kansas City, KS
| | | | - Johnson Rajasingh
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kansas City, KS; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS.
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