1
|
Wietschel KA, Fechtner K, Antileo E, Abdurrahman G, Drechsler CA, Makuvise MK, Rose R, Voß M, Krumbholz A, Michalik S, Weiss S, Ulm L, Franikowski P, Fickenscher H, Bröker BM, Raafat D, Holtfreter S. Non-cross-reactive epitopes dominate the humoral immune response to COVID-19 vaccination - kinetics of plasma antibodies, plasmablasts and memory B cells. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1382911. [PMID: 38807606 PMCID: PMC11130424 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1382911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction COVID-19 vaccines are highly effective in inducing protective immunity. While the serum antibody response to COVID-19 vaccination has been studied in depth, our knowledge of the underlying plasmablast and memory B cell (Bmem) responses is still incomplete. Here, we determined the antibody and B cell response to COVID-19 vaccination in a naïve population and contrasted it with the response to a single influenza vaccination in a primed cohort. In addition, we analyzed the antibody and B cell responses against the four endemic human coronaviruses (HCoVs). Methods Measurement of specific plasma IgG antibodies was combined with functional analyses of antibody-secreting plasmablasts and Bmems. SARS-CoV-2- and HCoV-specific IgG antibodies were quantified with an in-house bead-based multiplexed immunoassay. Results The antibody and B cell responses to COVID-19 vaccination reflected the kinetics of a prime-boost immunization, characterized by a slow and moderate primary response and a faster and stronger secondary response. In contrast, the influenza vaccinees possessed robust immune memory for the vaccine antigens prior to vaccination, and the recall vaccination moderately boosted antibody production and Bmem responses. Antibody levels and Bmem responses waned several months after the 2nd COVID-19 vaccination, but were restored upon the 3rd vaccination. The COVID-19 vaccine-induced antibodies mainly targeted novel, non-cross-reactive S1 epitopes of the viral spike protein, while cross-reactive S2 epitopes were less immunogenic. Booster vaccination not only strongly enhanced neutralizing antibodies against an original SARS-CoV-2 strain, but also induced neutralizing antibodies against the Omicron BA.2 variant. We observed a 100% plasma antibody prevalence against the S1 subunits of HCoVs, which was not affected by vaccination. Discussion Overall, by complementing classical serology with a functional evaluation of plasmablasts and memory B cells we provide new insights into the specificity of COVID-19 vaccine-induced antibody and B cell responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kilian A. Wietschel
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kevin Fechtner
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Elmer Antileo
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Goran Abdurrahman
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Chiara A. Drechsler
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Ruben Rose
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Mathias Voß
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andi Krumbholz
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- Labor Dr. Krause und Kollegen MVZ GmbH, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stephan Michalik
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefan Weiss
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lena Ulm
- Friedrich Loeffler-Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Philipp Franikowski
- Institute for Educational Quality Improvement, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmut Fickenscher
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Barbara M. Bröker
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dina Raafat
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Silva Holtfreter
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Goodfellow L, van Leeuwen E, Eggo RM. COVID-19 inequalities in England: a mathematical modelling study of transmission risk and clinical vulnerability by socioeconomic status. BMC Med 2024; 22:162. [PMID: 38616257 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-024-03387-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in major inequalities in infection and disease burden between areas of varying socioeconomic deprivation in many countries, including England. Areas of higher deprivation tend to have a different population structure-generally younger-which can increase viral transmission due to higher contact rates in school-going children and working-age adults. Higher deprivation is also associated with a higher presence of chronic comorbidities, which were convincingly demonstrated to be risk factors for severe COVID-19 disease. These two major factors need to be combined to better understand and quantify their relative importance in the observed COVID-19 inequalities. METHODS We used UK Census data on health status and demography stratified by decile of the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD), which is a measure of socioeconomic deprivation. We calculated epidemiological impact using an age-stratified COVID-19 transmission model, which incorporated different contact patterns and clinical health profiles by decile. To separate the contribution of each factor, we considered a scenario where the clinical health profile of all deciles was at the level of the least deprived. We also considered the effectiveness of school closures and vaccination of over 65-year-olds in each decile. RESULTS In the modelled epidemics in urban areas, the most deprived decile experienced 9% more infections, 13% more clinical cases, and a 97% larger peak clinical size than the least deprived; we found similar inequalities in rural areas. Twenty-one per cent of clinical cases and 16% of deaths in England observed under the model assumptions would not occur if all deciles experienced the clinical health profile of the least deprived decile. We found that more deaths were prevented in more affluent areas during school closures and vaccination rollouts. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that both clinical and demographic factors synergise to generate health inequalities in COVID-19, that improving the clinical health profile of populations would increase health equity, and that some interventions can increase health inequalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Goodfellow
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC14 7HT, UK.
| | - Edwin van Leeuwen
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC14 7HT, UK
- Modelling and Economics Unit and NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Modelling and Health Economics, UK Health Security Agency, London, NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Rosalind M Eggo
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC14 7HT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jang H, Choudhury S, Yu Y, Sievers BL, Gelbart T, Singh H, Rawlings SA, Proal A, Tan GS, Qian Y, Smith D, Freire M. Persistent immune and clotting dysfunction detected in saliva and blood plasma after COVID-19. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17958. [PMID: 37483779 PMCID: PMC10362241 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing number of studies indicate that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with inflammatory sequelae, but molecular signatures governing the normal versus pathologic convalescence process have not been well-delineated. Here, we characterized global immune and proteome responses in matched plasma and saliva samples obtained from COVID-19 patients collected between 20 and 90 days after initial clinical symptoms resolved. Convalescent subjects showed robust total IgA and IgG responses and positive antibody correlations in saliva and plasma samples. Shotgun proteomics revealed persistent inflammatory patterns in convalescent samples including dysfunction of salivary innate immune cells, such as neutrophil markers (e.g., myeloperoxidase), and clotting factors in plasma (e.g., fibrinogen), with positive correlations to acute COVID-19 disease severity. Saliva samples were characterized by higher concentrations of IgA, and proteomics showed altered myeloid-derived pathways that correlated positively with SARS-CoV-2 IgA levels. Beyond plasma, our study positions saliva as a viable fluid to monitor normal and aberrant immune responses including vascular, inflammatory, and coagulation-related sequelae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyesun Jang
- Genomic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, and Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Yanbao Yu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA, 19716
| | - Benjamin L Sievers
- Genomic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, and Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Terri Gelbart
- Genomic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, and Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Harinder Singh
- Genomic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, and Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Stephen A Rawlings
- MMP Adult Infectious Disease, Maine Medical Center, South Portland, ME, 04106, USA
| | - Amy Proal
- PolyBio Research Foundation. Mercer Island, WA, USA
| | - Gene S Tan
- Genomic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, and Rockville, MD, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yu Qian
- Informatics, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, and Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Davey Smith
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marcelo Freire
- Genomic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, and Rockville, MD, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xu J, Ma C, Hua M, Li J, Xiang Z, Wu J. CNS and CNS diseases in relation to their immune system. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1063928. [PMID: 36466889 PMCID: PMC9708890 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1063928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system is the most important nervous system in vertebrates, which is responsible for transmitting information to the peripheral nervous system and controlling the body's activities. It mainly consists of the brain and spinal cord, which contains rich of neurons, the precision of the neural structures susceptible to damage from the outside world and from the internal factors of inflammation infection, leading to a series of central nervous system diseases, such as traumatic brain injury, nerve inflammation, etc., these diseases may cause irreversible damage on the central nervous or lead to subsequent chronic lesions. After disease or injury, the immune system of the central nervous system will play a role, releasing cytokines to recruit immune cells to enter, and the immune cells will differentiate according to the location and degree of the lesion, and become specific immune cells with different functions, recognize and phagocytose inflammatory factors, and repair the damaged neural structure. However, if the response of these immune cells is not suppressed, the overexpression of some genes can cause further damage to the central nervous system. There is a need to understand the molecular mechanisms by which these immune cells work, and this information may lead to immunotherapies that target certain diseases and avoid over-activation of immune cells. In this review, we summarized several immune cells that mainly play a role in the central nervous system and their roles, and also explained the response process of the immune system in the process of some common neurological diseases, which may provide new insights into the central nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhao Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Yangzhou University Jianhu Clinical College, Jianhu, China
| | - Canyu Ma
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Menglu Hua
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiarui Li
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ze Xiang
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
McCarthy MW. Original antigen sin and COVID-19: implications for seasonal vaccination. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2022; 22:1353-1358. [PMID: 36243027 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2022.2137402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Original antigenic sin describes the phenomenon in which immunity against pathogens or antigens is shaped by the host's first exposure to a related pathogen or antigen. AREAS COVERED When primary immunity is boosted not by the homologous but by a cross-reacting vaccine, the newly formed antibodies may react better with the primary antigen than with the antigen actually eliciting the response. This form of immune imprinting, which has been observed with influenza, dengue, human immunodeficiency virus, and other pathogens, has profound implications for the approach to seasonal vaccination against a variety of diseases, including COVID-19. EXPERT OPINION Public health agencies and regulatory bodies have consistently recommended repeated vaccination every few months as a way to protect against COVID-19. However, the risks and benefits of this approach requires scrutiny given the concern for original antigenic sin in response to SARS-CoV-2. This manuscript examines what is known about immune imprinting and looks ahead to explore how this phenomenon may impact seasonal vaccination against emerging SARS-CoV-2 subvariants such as BA.4, BA.5, and BA.5.1, which have been associated increased transmissibility due to enhanced immune escape.
Collapse
|