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Casamayor-Genescà A, Pla A, Oliver-Vila I, Pujals-Fonts N, Marín-Gallén S, Caminal M, Pujol-Autonell I, Carrascal J, Vives-Pi M, Garcia J, Vives J. Clinical-scale expansion of CD34 + cord blood cells amplifies committed progenitors and rapid scid repopulation cells. N Biotechnol 2016; 35:19-29. [PMID: 27810336 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Umbilical cord blood (UCB) transplantation is associated with long periods of aplastic anaemia. This undesirable situation is due to the low cell dose available per unit of UCB and the immaturity of its progenitors. To overcome this, we present a cell culture strategy aimed at the expansion of the CD34+ population and the generation of granulocyte lineage-committed progenitors. Two culture products were produced after either 6 or 14days of in vitro expansion, and their characteristics compared to non-expanded UCB CD34+ controls in terms of phenotype, colony-forming activity and multilineage repopulation potential in NOD-scid IL2Rγnull mice. Both expanded cell products maintained rapid SCID repopulation activity similar to the non-expanded control, but 14-day cultured cells showed impaired long term SCID repopulation activity. The process was successfully scaled up to clinically relevant doses of 89×106 CD34+ cells committed to the granulocytic lineage and 3.9×109 neutrophil precursors in different maturation stages. Cell yields and biological properties presented by the cell product obtained after 14days in culture were superior and therefore this is proposed as the preferred production setup in a new type of dual transplant strategy to reduce aplastic periods, producing a transient repopulation before the definitive engraftment of the non-cultured UCB unit. Importantly, human telomerase reverse transcriptase activity was undetectable, c-myc expression levels were low and no genetic abnormalities were found, as determined by G-banding karyotype, further confirming the safety of the expanded product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Casamayor-Genescà
- Divisió de Teràpies Avançades/XCELIA, Banc de Sang i Teixits, Edifici Dr. Frederic Duran i Jordà, Passeig Taulat, 116, 08005 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arnau Pla
- Divisió de Teràpies Avançades/XCELIA, Banc de Sang i Teixits, Edifici Dr. Frederic Duran i Jordà, Passeig Taulat, 116, 08005 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Oliver-Vila
- Divisió de Teràpies Avançades/XCELIA, Banc de Sang i Teixits, Edifici Dr. Frederic Duran i Jordà, Passeig Taulat, 116, 08005 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noèlia Pujals-Fonts
- Divisió de Teràpies Avançades/XCELIA, Banc de Sang i Teixits, Edifici Dr. Frederic Duran i Jordà, Passeig Taulat, 116, 08005 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sílvia Marín-Gallén
- Divisió de Teràpies Avançades/XCELIA, Banc de Sang i Teixits, Edifici Dr. Frederic Duran i Jordà, Passeig Taulat, 116, 08005 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Caminal
- Divisió de Teràpies Avançades/XCELIA, Banc de Sang i Teixits, Edifici Dr. Frederic Duran i Jordà, Passeig Taulat, 116, 08005 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irma Pujol-Autonell
- Immunology Department, Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol, Carretera Canyet s/n, Badalona, Spain
| | - Jorge Carrascal
- Immunology Department, Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol, Carretera Canyet s/n, Badalona, Spain
| | - Marta Vives-Pi
- Immunology Department, Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol, Carretera Canyet s/n, Badalona, Spain
| | - Joan Garcia
- Divisió de Teràpies Avançades/XCELIA, Banc de Sang i Teixits, Edifici Dr. Frederic Duran i Jordà, Passeig Taulat, 116, 08005 Barcelona, Spain; Chair of Transfusion Medicine and Cellular and Tissue Therapies, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Joaquim Vives
- Divisió de Teràpies Avançades/XCELIA, Banc de Sang i Teixits, Edifici Dr. Frederic Duran i Jordà, Passeig Taulat, 116, 08005 Barcelona, Spain.
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Vandevoorde C, Vral A, Vandekerckhove B, Philippé J, Thierens H. Radiation Sensitivity of Human CD34+Cells Versus Peripheral Blood T Lymphocytes of Newborns and Adults: DNA Repair and Mutagenic Effects. Radiat Res 2016; 185:580-90. [DOI: 10.1667/rr14109.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Magnusson M, Sierra MI, Sasidharan R, Prashad SL, Romero M, Saarikoski P, Van Handel B, Huang A, Li X, Mikkola HKA. Expansion on stromal cells preserves the undifferentiated state of human hematopoietic stem cells despite compromised reconstitution ability. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53912. [PMID: 23342037 PMCID: PMC3547050 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lack of HLA-matched hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) limits the number of patients with life-threatening blood disorders that can be treated by HSC transplantation. So far, insufficient understanding of the regulatory mechanisms governing human HSC has precluded the development of effective protocols for culturing HSC for therapeutic use and molecular studies. We defined a culture system using OP9M2 mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) stroma that protects human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC) from differentiation and apoptosis. In addition, it facilitates a dramatic expansion of multipotent progenitors that retain the immunophenotype (CD34+CD38-CD90+) characteristic of human HSPC and proliferative potential over several weeks in culture. In contrast, transplantable HSC could be maintained, but not significantly expanded, during 2-week culture. Temporal analysis of the transcriptome of the ex vivo expanded CD34+CD38-CD90+ cells documented remarkable stability of most transcriptional regulators known to govern the undifferentiated HSC state. Nevertheless, it revealed dynamic fluctuations in transcriptional programs that associate with HSC behavior and may compromise HSC function, such as dysregulation of PBX1 regulated genetic networks. This culture system serves now as a platform for modeling human multilineage hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell hierarchy and studying the complex regulation of HSC identity and function required for successful ex vivo expansion of transplantable HSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Magnusson
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Maria I. Sierra
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Rajkumar Sasidharan
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sacha L. Prashad
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Melissa Romero
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Pamela Saarikoski
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ben Van Handel
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Andy Huang
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Xinmin Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Hanna K. A. Mikkola
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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Csaszar E, Cohen S, Zandstra PW. Blood stem cell products: Toward sustainable benchmarks for clinical translation. Bioessays 2013; 35:201-10. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201200118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Elizalde C, Fernández-Rueda J, Salcedo JM, Dorronsoro A, Ferrin I, Jakobsson E, Trigueros C. Histone deacetylase 3 modulates the expansion of human hematopoietic stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:2581-91. [PMID: 22455388 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic changes are regarded as emerging major players for hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) biology. Although some histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, such as valproic acid (VA), induce differentiation and apoptosis in a variety of leukemic cells in vitro, they produce a favorable effect on the expansion of normal HSCs. In this study, we have identified the VA target HDAC3 as a negative regulator of umbilical cord blood HSC expansion. We demonstrate that knockdown of the transcript dramatically improves CD34+ cell expansion, which correlates with a higher potential to generate colony-forming units in functional assays. We show that this effect is mediated at the level of primitive hematopoietic cells and that it is not due to negative effects on specific cell commitment or alterations in the cell cycle. HDAC3 inhibition does not block commitment to the monocytic lineage and the maturation of monocyte precursors, which are the main inhibited pathways in the presence of VA. Therefore, our results identify HDAC3 as a promising target for therapies aiming to expand HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Elizalde
- Mesenchymal and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, Fundación Inbiomed, Paseo Mikeletegi, San Sebastián, Spain
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Holmes T, Yan F, Ko KH, Nordon R, Song E, O'Brien TA, Dolnikov A. Ex vivo expansion of cord blood progenitors impairs their short-term and long-term repopulating activity associated with transcriptional dysregulation of signalling networks. Cell Prolif 2012; 45:266-78. [PMID: 22429797 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2012.00813.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cord blood (CB) has been established to be an alternative source of haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HPC) for transplantation. The number of HPC per CB unit is limited, which results in engraftment delay. Ex vivo expansion of HPC improvement must overcome this. MATERIALS AND METHODS Flow cytometry was used to extensively phenotype HPC pre- and post-expansion and CFDA-SE staining was used to track cell divisions. The NSG mouse model was employed in transplantation studies to determine long and short term repopulation in human cells. Gene array analysis was used to evaluate signalling pathways regulated following ex vivo expansion of HPC. RESULTS expansion of CD34(+) HPC impaired their regenerative function. In this xenograft transplantation model we showed that repopulating activity of CB cells declined following expansion. Expanded HPC had delayed engraftment at early and late stages post-transplant. High resolution division tracking revealed that the cultured HPC had reduced expansion and self-renewal probability and increased differentiation rate compared to non-expanded cells. Gene expression analysis exposed significant modulation of a complex network of genes and pathways that normally maintain HPC proliferation and limit their differentiation. CONCLUSIONS The decline in short-term engraftment is consistent with the loss of rapid SCID repopulating ability r(SRA) by expanded CD34(+) CD38(+) cells recently reported. Our data raise concerns for future clinical applications of expanded HPC alone in transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Holmes
- Sydney Cord & Marrow Transplant Facility, Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Peled T, Shoham H, Aschengrau D, Yackoubov D, Frei G, Rosenheimer G N, Lerrer B, Cohen HY, Nagler A, Fibach E, Peled A. Nicotinamide, a SIRT1 inhibitor, inhibits differentiation and facilitates expansion of hematopoietic progenitor cells with enhanced bone marrow homing and engraftment. Exp Hematol 2011; 40:342-55.e1. [PMID: 22198152 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Strategies that increase homing to the bone marrow and engraftment efficacy of ex vivo expended CD34(+) cells are expected to enhance their clinical utility. Here we report that nicotinamide (NAM), a form of vitamin B-3, delayed differentiation and increased engraftment efficacy of cord blood-derived human CD34(+) cells cultured with cytokines. In the presence of NAM, the fraction of CD34(+)CD38(-) cells increased and the fraction of differentiated cells (CD14(+), CD11b(+), and CD11c(+)) decreased. CD34(+) cells cultured with NAM displayed increased migration toward stromal cell derived factor-1 and homed to the bone marrow with higher efficacy, thus contributing to their increased engraftment efficacy, which was maintained in competitive transplants with noncultured competitor cells. NAM is a known potent inhibitor of several classes of ribosylase enzymes that require NAD for their activity, as well as sirtuin (SIRT1), class III NAD(+)-dependent-histone-deacetylase. We demonstrated that EX-527, a specific inhibitor of SIRT1 catalytic activity, inhibited differentiation of CD34(+) cells similar to NAM, while specific inhibitors of NAD-ribosylase enzymes did not inhibit differentiation, suggesting that the NAM effect is SIRT1-specific. Our findings suggest a critical function of SIRT1 in the regulation of hematopoietic stem cell activity and imply the clinical utility of NAM for ex vivo expansion of functional CD34(+) cells.
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Xiao J, Han B, Wu YJ, Zhong YP, Sun WL. Ex vivo expansion and long-term hematopoietic reconstitution ability of sorted CD34+CD59+ cells from patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Int J Hematol 2010; 92:58-67. [PMID: 20577837 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-010-0628-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT) for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) remains difficult so far. To expand residual normal CD34(+)CD59(+) cells isolated from patients with PNH and observe the long-term hematopoietic reconstruction ability of the expanded cells both ex vivo and in vivo, CD34(+)CD59(+) cells from 13 PNH patients and CD34(+) cells from 11 normal controls were separated from bone marrow mononuclear cells first by immunomagnetic microbeads and then by flow cytometry autoclone sorting. The cells were then cultivated under different conditions. The long-term hematopoietic supporting ability of expanded CD34(+)CD59(+) cells was evaluated by long-term culture in semi-solid medium in vitro and long-term engraftment in irradiated severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice in vivo. The best combination of hematopoietic growth factors for ex vivo expansion was SCF + IL-3 + IL-6 + FL + Tpo + Epo. The most suitable time for harvest was on day 7. CD34(+)CD59(+) PNH cells retained strong colony-forming capacity even after expansion. The survival rate, complete blood cell count recovery on day 90, and human CD45 expression in different organs were similar between the irradiated SCID mice transplanted with expanded CD34(+)CD59(+) PNH cells and those with normal CD34(+) cells (P > 0.05) both in primary and secondary transplantation. These data provided a new potential way of managing PNH with ABMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Xiao
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academe of Medical Science, Beijing, China
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Serrano-Delgado VM, Novello-Garza B, Valdez-Martinez E. Ethical issues relating the the banking of umbilical cord blood in Mexico. BMC Med Ethics 2009; 10:12. [PMID: 19678958 PMCID: PMC2745420 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6939-10-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Umbilical cord banks are a central component, as umbilical cord tissue providers, in both medical treatment and scientific research with stem cells. But, whereas the creation of umbilical cord banks is seen as successful practice, it is perceived as a risky style of play by others. This article examines and discusses the ethical, medical and legal considerations that arise from the operation of umbilical cord banks in Mexico. DISCUSSION A number of experts have stated that the use of umbilical cord goes beyond the mere utilization of human tissues for the purpose of treatment. This tissue is also used in research studies: genetic studies, studies to evaluate the effectiveness of new antibiotics, studies to identify new proteins, etc. Meanwhile, others claim that the law and other norms for the functioning of cord banks are not consistent and are poorly defined. Some of these critics point out that the confidentiality of donor information is handled differently in different places. The fact that private cord banks offer their services as "biological insurance" in order to obtain informed consent by promising the parents that the tissue that will be stored insures the health of their child in the future raises the issue of whether the consent is freely given or given under coercion. Another consideration that must be made in relation to privately owned cord banks has to do with the ownership of the stored umbilical cord. SUMMARY Conflicts between moral principles and economic interests (non-moral principles) cause dilemmas in the clinical practice of umbilical cord blood storage and use especially in privately owned banks. This article presents a reflection and some of the guidelines that must be followed by umbilical cord banks in order to deal with these conflicts. This reflection is based on the fundamental notions of ethics and public health and seeks to be a contribution towards the improvement of umbilical cord banks' performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Moises Serrano-Delgado
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Hospital with Family Medicine # 13, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Barbara Novello-Garza
- Dirección de prestaciones médicas, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Mexico City, Mexico
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Lin H, De Stanchina E, Zhou XK, She Y, Hoang D, Cheung SW, Cassileth B, Cunningham-Rundles S. Maitake beta-glucan enhances umbilical cord blood stem cell transplantation in the NOD/SCID mouse. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2009; 234:342-53. [PMID: 19144872 DOI: 10.3181/0807-rm-226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Beta glucans are cell wall constituents of yeast, fungi and bacteria, as well as mushrooms and barley. Glucans are not expressed on mammalian cells and are recognized as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) by pattern recognition receptors (PRR). Beta glucans have potential activity as biological response modifiers for hematopoiesis and enhancement of bone marrow recovery after injury. We have reported that Maitake beta glucan (MBG) enhanced mouse bone marrow (BMC) and human umbilical cord blood (CB) cell granulocyte-monocyte colony forming unit (GM-CFU) activity in vitro and protected GM-CFU forming stem cells from doxorubicin (DOX) toxicity. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of MBG on expansion of phenotypically distinct subpopulations of progenitor and stem cells in CB from full-term infants cultured ex vivo and on homing and engraftment in vivo in the nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mouse. MBG promoted a greater expansion of CD34+CD33+CD38- human committed hematopoietic progenitor (HPC) cells compared to the conventional stem cell culture medium (P = 0.002 by ANOVA). CD34+CXCR4+CD38- early, uncommitted human hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) numbers showed a trend towards increase in response to MBG. The fate of CD34+ enriched CB cells after injection into the sublethally irradiated NOS/SCID mouse was evaluated after retrieval of xenografted human CB from marrow and spleen by flow cytometric analysis. Oral administration of MBG to recipient NOS/SCID mice led to enhanced homing at 3 days and engraftment at 6 days in mouse bone marrow (P = 0.002 and P = 0.0005, respectively) compared to control mice. More CD34+ human CB cells were also retrieved from mouse spleen in MBG treated mice at 6 days after transplantation. The studies suggest that MBG promotes hematopoiesis through effects on CD34+ progenitor cell expansion ex vivo and when given to the transplant recipient could enhance CD34+ precursor cell homing and support engraftment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Cornell University Weill Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Giassi LJ, Pearson T, Shultz LD, Laning J, Biber K, Kraus M, Woda BA, Schmidt MR, Woodland RT, Rossini AA, Greiner DL. Expanded CD34+ human umbilical cord blood cells generate multiple lymphohematopoietic lineages in NOD-scid IL2rgamma(null) mice. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2008; 233:997-1012. [PMID: 18653783 PMCID: PMC2757278 DOI: 10.3181/0802-rm-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Umbilical cord blood (UCB) is increasingly being used for human hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation in children but often requires pooling multiple cords to obtain sufficient numbers for transplantation in adults. To overcome this limitation, we have used an ex vivo two-week culture system to expand the number of hematopoietic CD34(+) cells in cord blood. To assess the in vivo function of these expanded CD34(+) cells, cultured human UCB containing 1 x 10(6) CD34(+) cells were transplanted into conditioned NOD-scid IL2rgamma(null) mice. The expanded CD34(+) cells displayed short- and long-term repopulating cell activity. The cultured human cells differentiated into myeloid, B-lymphoid, and erythroid lineages, but not T lymphocytes. Administration of human recombinant TNFalpha to recipient mice immediately prior to transplantation promoted human thymocyte and T-cell development. These T cells proliferated vigorously in response to TCR cross-linking by anti-CD3 antibody. Engrafted TNFalpha-treated mice generated antibodies in response to T-dependent and T-independent immunization, which was enhanced when mice were co-treated with the B cell cytokine BLyS. Ex vivo expanded CD34(+) human UCB cells have the capacity to generate multiple hematopoietic lineages and a functional human immune system upon transplantation into TNFalpha-treated NOD-scid IL2rgamma(null) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J. Giassi
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Todd Pearson
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | | | | | | | - Morey Kraus
- Viacell, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Bruce A. Woda
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655
| | - Madelyn R. Schmidt
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655
| | - Robert T. Woodland
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655
| | - Aldo A. Rossini
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Dale L. Greiner
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
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