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Jałowska M, Gornowicz-Porowska J, Bowszyc-Dmochowska M, Dmochowski M. Sacral Dimple, Conjunctiva, and Nipple as Less Obvious Pemphigus Vulgaris Locations around Natural Body Orifices: A Report of Three Cases. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11102855. [PMID: 35628981 PMCID: PMC9146475 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11102855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we present our own clinical-laboratory experience concerning three less obvious presentations of pemphigus vulgaris (PV) and discuss the pertinent literature. The involvement of the sacral dimple reported here for the first time, as well as the nipple and the eyes, could initially be misleading clinically. These less stereotypical localizations may occur due to the transition of different epithelia, each with varying levels of cadherin (desmoglein, desmocollin) and thus altered sensitivity to mechanical stress. The role of dermatologists who have experience in treating autoimmune blistering dermatoses is fundamental for identifying promptly the initial and exacerbating PV lesions in such unusual locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Jałowska
- Autoimmune Blistering Dermatoses Section, Department of Dermatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Justyna Gornowicz-Porowska
- Department and Division of Practical Cosmetology and Skin Diseases Prophylaxis, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Monika Bowszyc-Dmochowska
- Cutaneous Histopathology and Immunopathology Section, Department of Dermatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Marian Dmochowski
- Autoimmune Blistering Dermatoses Section, Department of Dermatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland;
- Correspondence:
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Correia P, Araújo P, Ribeiro C, Oliveira H, Pereira AR, Mateus N, de Freitas V, Brás NF, Gameiro P, Coelho P, Bessa LJ, Oliveira J, Fernandes I. Anthocyanin-Related Pigments: Natural Allies for Skin Health Maintenance and Protection. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10071038. [PMID: 34203482 PMCID: PMC8300807 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human skin is commonly described as a particularly dynamic and complex environment, with a physiological balance continuously orchestrated by numerous internal and external factors. Intrinsic aging, exposure to UV radiation and skin pathogens are some of the key players that account for dermatological alterations and ailments. In this regard, this study intended to explore the potential skin-health beneficial properties of a group of molecules belonging to the anthocyanin family: cyanidin- and malvidin-3-O-glucosides and some of their structurally related pigments, resulting in a library of compounds with different structural properties and color hues. The inclusion of both purified compounds and crude extracts provided some insights into their distinctive effects when tested as individual agents or as part of multicomponent mixtures. Overall, most of the compounds were found to reduce biofilm production by S. aureus and P. aeruginosa reference strains, exhibit UV-filter capacity, attenuate the production of reactive oxygen species in human skin keratinocytes and fibroblasts and also showed inhibitory activity of skin-degrading enzymes, in the absence of cytotoxic effects. Carboxypyranocyanidin-3-O-glucoside stood out for its global performance which, combined with its greater structural stability, makes this a particular interesting compound for potential incorporation in topical formulations. Results provide strong evidence of the skin protective effects of these pigments, supporting their further application for cosmeceutical purposes.
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Smits JPH, Niehues H, Rikken G, van Vlijmen-Willems IMJJ, van de Zande GWHJF, Zeeuwen PLJM, Schalkwijk J, van den Bogaard EH. Immortalized N/TERT keratinocytes as an alternative cell source in 3D human epidermal models. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11838. [PMID: 28928444 PMCID: PMC5605545 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12041-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The strong societal urge to reduce the use of experimental animals, and the biological differences between rodent and human skin, have led to the development of alternative models for healthy and diseased human skin. However, the limited availability of primary keratinocytes to generate such models hampers large-scale implementation of skin models in biomedical, toxicological, and pharmaceutical research. Immortalized cell lines may overcome these issues, however, few immortalized human keratinocyte cell lines are available and most do not form a fully stratified epithelium. In this study we compared two immortalized keratinocyte cell lines (N/TERT1, N/TERT2G) to human primary keratinocytes based on epidermal differentiation, response to inflammatory mediators, and the development of normal and inflammatory human epidermal equivalents (HEEs). Stratum corneum permeability, epidermal morphology, and expression of epidermal differentiation and host defence genes and proteins in N/TERT-HEE cultures was similar to that of primary human keratinocytes. We successfully generated N/TERT-HEEs with psoriasis or atopic dermatitis features and validated these models for drug-screening purposes. We conclude that the N/TERT keratinocyte cell lines are useful substitutes for primary human keratinocytes thereby providing a biologically relevant, unlimited cell source for in vitro studies on epidermal biology, inflammatory skin disease pathogenesis and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos P H Smits
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hanna Niehues
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs Rikken
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M J J van Vlijmen-Willems
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Guillaume W H J F van de Zande
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick L J M Zeeuwen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Schalkwijk
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen H van den Bogaard
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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HPV16-E2 protein modifies self-renewal and differentiation rate in progenitor cells of human immortalized keratinocytes. Virol J 2017; 14:65. [PMID: 28372578 PMCID: PMC5376701 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0736-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer is the fourth cause of death worldwide by cancer in women and is a disease associated to persistent infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly from two high-risk types HPV16 and 18. The virus initiates its replicative cycle infecting cells located in the basal layer of the epithelium, where a small population of epithelial stem cells is located performing important functions of renewal and maintenance of the tissue. Viral E2 gene is one of the first expressed after infection and plays relevant roles in the replicative cycle of the virus, modifying fundamental processes in the infected cells. Thus, the aim of the present study was to demonstrate the presence of hierarchic subpopulations in HaCaT cell line and evaluate the effect of HPV16-E2 expression, on their biological processes. METHODS HaCaT-HPV16-E2 cells were generated by transduction of HaCaT cell line with a lentiviral vector. The α6-integrin-CD71 expression profile was established by immunostaining and flow cytometric analysis. After sorting, cell subpopulations were analyzed in biological assays for self-renewal, clonogenicity and expression of stemness factors (RT-qPCR). RESULTS We identified in HaCaT cell line three different subpopulations that correspond to early differentiated cells (α6-integrindim), transitory amplifying cells (α6-integrinbri/CD71bri) and progenitor cells (α6-integrinbri/CD71dim). The last subpopulation showed stem cell characteristics, such as self-renewal ability, clonogenicity and expression of the well-known stem cell factors SOX2, OCT4 and NANOG, suggesting they are stem-like cells. Interestingly, the expression of HPV16-E2 in HaCaT cells changed its α6-integrin-CD71 immunophenotype modifying the relative abundance of the cell subpopulations, reducing significantly the percentage of α6-integrinbri/CD71dim cells. Moreover, the expression of the stem cell markers was also modified, increasing the expression of SOX2 and NANOG, but decreasing notably the expression of OCT4. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrated the presence of a small subpopulation with epithelial "progenitor cells" characteristics in the HaCaT cell line, and that HPV16-E2 expression on these cells induces early differentiation.
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Calenic B, Greabu M, Caruntu C, Tanase C, Battino M. Oral keratinocyte stem/progenitor cells: specific markers, molecular signaling pathways and potential uses. Periodontol 2000 2015; 69:68-82. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Investigation of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Keratinocytes as an In Vitro Research Model for Mechanical Stress Dynamic Response. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2014; 11:460-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-014-9565-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Villanueva-Toledo J, Ponciano-Gómez A, Ortiz-Sánchez E, Garrido E. Side populations from cervical-cancer-derived cell lines have stem-cell-like properties. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:1993-2004. [PMID: 24420854 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3047-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The target cells for the transforming mutations caused by high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection could be the stem cells of the uterine cervical epithelium, generating particular cancer stem cells (CSCs). The aim of this study was to identify and characterize the CSCs from cervical-cancer-derived cell lines. The ability of SiHa, CaLo, and C-33A cell lines to efflux Hoechst 33342 was evaluated by flow cytometry and cells from the corresponding side populations (SPs) and nonside populations (NSPs) were analyzed for their cell-cycle status (pyronin Y) and their mRNA levels of ABC transporter family members (with qPCR). Specific markers (α6-integrin(bri)/CD71(dim), CK17) of normal epithelial stem cells were evaluated by flow cytometry. The biological properties of these cells were analyzed, including their colony heterogeneity, repopulation, and anchorage-independent colony formation. We identified SPs (around 3 %) in the SiHa and CaLo cell lines, more than 70 % of which were in G0 phase and strongly expressed ABC transporters (predominantly ABCG2 and ABCB1). The SP from CaLo cells showed an α6-integrin(bri)/CD(dim) pattern, whereas the SP from the SiHa cells showed an α6-integrin(-)/CD(dim) pattern. Recultured cells from the SPs of both cell lines generated both SPs and NSPs, and had higher clonogenic potential to form mainly holoclones and greater colony-forming efficiency under anchorage-independent growth conditions than the cells from the NSPs or total cell populations. Interestingly, we identified no SP in the HPV-uninfected C-33A cell line, and it did not express ABCG2 or other members of the ABC transporters (ABCB1, ABCC1, or ABCA3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairo Villanueva-Toledo
- Laboratory of Research in Cancer Molecular and Cell Biology, Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, CP 07360, Mexico, DF, Mexico,
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Abstract
Lineage tracing involves labeling cells to track their subsequent behavior within the normal tissue environment. The advent of genetic lineage tracing and cell proliferation assays, together with high resolution three-dimensional (3D) imaging and quantitative methods to infer cell behavior from lineage-tracing data, has transformed our understanding of murine epidermal stem and progenitor cells. Here, we review recent insights that reveal how a progenitor cell population maintains interfollicular epidermis, whereas stem cells, quiescent under homeostatic conditions, are mobilized in response to wounding. We discuss progress in understanding how the various stem cell populations of the hair follicle sustain this complex and highly dynamic structure, and recent analysis of stem cells in sweat and sebaceous glands. The extent to which insights from mouse studies can be applied to human epidermis is also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P Alcolea
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom
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Gómez-Gómez Y, Organista-Nava J, Gariglio P. Deregulation of the miRNAs expression in cervical cancer: human papillomavirus implications. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:407052. [PMID: 24490161 PMCID: PMC3899709 DOI: 10.1155/2013/407052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non coding RNAs of 18-25 nucleotides in length. The temporal or short-lived expression of the miRNAs modulates gene expression post transcriptionally. Studies have revealed that miRNAs deregulation correlates and is involved with the initiation and progression of human tumors. Cervical cancer (CC) displays notably increased or decreased expression of a large number of cellular oncogenic or tumor suppressive miRNAs, respectively. However, understanding the potential role of miRNAs in CC is still limited. In CC, the high-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs) infection can affect the miRNAs expression through oncoprotein E6 and E7 that contribute to viral pathogenesis, although other viral proteins might also be involved. This deregulation in the miRNAs expression has an important role in the hallmarks of CC. Interestingly, the miRNA expression profile in CC can discriminate between normal and tumor tissue and the extraordinary stability of miRNAs makes it suitable to serve as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of cancer. In this review, we will summarize the role of the HR-HPVs in miRNA expression, the role of miRNAs in the hallmarks of CC, and the use of miRNAs as potential prognostic biomarkers in CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazmín Gómez-Gómez
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular (IFC), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 04510 México, DF, Mexico
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios, Avanzados, 07360 México, DF, Mexico
| | - Jorge Organista-Nava
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular (IFC), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 04510 México, DF, Mexico
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios, Avanzados, 07360 México, DF, Mexico
| | - Patricio Gariglio
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios, Avanzados, 07360 México, DF, Mexico
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Begum J, Day W, Henderson C, Purewal S, Cerveira J, Summers H, Rees P, Davies D, Filby A. A method for evaluating the use of fluorescent dyes to track proliferation in cell lines by dye dilution. Cytometry A 2013; 83:1085-95. [PMID: 24166880 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Labeling nonquiescent cells with carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-like dyes gives rise to a population width exceeding the threshold for resolving division peaks by flow cytometry. Width is a function of biological heterogeneity plus extrinsic and intrinsic error sources associated with the measurement process. Optimal cytometer performance minimizes extrinsic error, but reducing intrinsic error to the point of facilitating peak resolution requires careful fluorochrome selection and fluorescent cell sorting. In this study, we labeled the Jurkat and A549 cell lines with CFSE, CellTraceViolet (CTV), and eFluor 670 proliferation dye (EPD) to test if we could resolve division peaks in culture after reducing the labeled input widths by cell sorting. Reanalysis of the sorted populations to ascertain the level of reduction achieved always led to widths exceeding the gated limits due to the contribution of errors. Measuring detector-specific extrinsic error by sorting uniform fluorescent particles with similar spectral properties to the tracking dyes allowed us to determine the intrinsic error for each dye and cell type using a simple mathematical approach. We found that cell intrinsic error ultimately dictated whether we could resolve division peaks, and that as this increased, the required sort gate width to resolve any division peaks decreased to the point whereby issues with yield made A549 unsuitable for this approach. Finally, attempts to improve yields by setting two concurrent sort gates on the fluorescence distribution enriched for cells in different stages of the cell cycle that had nonequivalent proliferative properties in culture and thus should be practiced with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julfa Begum
- FACS Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London, WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
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Khan E, Shelton RM, Cooper PR, Hamburger J, Landini G. Architectural characterization of organotypic cultures of H400 and primary rat keratinocytes. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:3227-38. [PMID: 22733453 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2012] [Revised: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Organotypic epithelial structures can be cultured using primary or immortalized keratinocytes. However, there has been little detailed quantitative histological characterization of such cultures in comparison with normal mucosal architecture. The aim of this study is to identify morphological markers of tissue architecture that can be used to monitor tissue structure, maturation, and differentiation and to enable quantitative comparison of organotypic cultures (OCs) with normal oral mucosa. OCs of oral keratinocytes [immortalized H400 or primary rat keratinocytes (PRKs)] were generated using the three scaffolds of de-epidermalized dermis (DED), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and collagen gels for up to 14 days. Cultures and normal epithelium were analyzed immunohistochemically and by using the semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (sq-RT-PCR) for E-cadherin, desmoglein-3, plakophilin, involucrin, cytokeratins-1, -5, -6, -10, -13, and Ki67. The epithelial thickness of OCs was measured in stained sections using image processing. Histological analysis revealed that air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures generated stratified organotypic epithelial structures by 14-days. The final thickness of these cultures as well as the degree of maturation/stratification (including stratum corneum formation) varied significantly depending on the scaffold used. For certain scaffolds, the immunohistochemical profiles obtained recapitulated those of normal oral epithelium indicating comparable in vitro differentiation and proliferation. In conclusion, quantitative microscopy approaches enabled unbiased architectural characterization of OCs. The scaffold materials used in the present study (DED, collagen type-I and PET) differentially influenced cell behavior in OCs of oral epithelia. H400 and PRK OCs on DED at the ALI demonstrated similar characteristics in terms of gene expression and protein distribution to the normal tissue architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erum Khan
- The School of Dentistry, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, St Chad's Queensway Birmingham, B4 6NN, United Kingdom.
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Eckert RL, Adhikary G, Balasubramanian S, Rorke EA, Vemuri MC, Boucher SE, Bickenbach JR, Kerr C. Biochemistry of epidermal stem cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1830:2427-34. [PMID: 22820019 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidermis is an important protective barrier that is essential for maintenance of life. Maintaining this barrier requires continuous cell proliferation and differentiation. Moreover, these processes must be balanced to produce a normal epidermis. The stem cells of the epidermis reside in specific locations in the basal epidermis, hair follicle and sebaceous glands and these cells are responsible for replenishment of this tissue. SCOPE OF REVIEW A great deal of effort has gone into identifying protein epitopes that mark stem cells, in identifying stem cell niche locations, and in understanding how stem cell populations are related. We discuss these studies as they apply to understanding normal epidermal homeostasis and skin cancer. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS An assortment of stem cell markers have been identified that permit assignment of stem cells to specific regions of the epidermis, and progress has been made in understanding the role of these cells in normal epidermal homeostasis and in conditions of tissue stress. A key finding is the multiple stem cell populations exist in epidermis that give rise to different structures, and that multiple stem cell types may contribute to repair in damaged epidermis. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Understanding epidermal stem cell biology is likely to lead to important therapies for treating skin diseases and cancer, and will also contribute to our understanding of stem cells in other systems. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Biochemistry of Stem Cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Eckert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, USA.
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Tsang SM, Brown L, Gadmor H, Gammon L, Fortune F, Wheeler A, Wan H. Desmoglein 3 acting as an upstream regulator of Rho GTPases, Rac-1/Cdc42 in the regulation of actin organisation and dynamics. Exp Cell Res 2012; 318:2269-83. [PMID: 22796473 PMCID: PMC4022105 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Desmoglein 3 (Dsg3), a member of the desmoglein sub-family, serves as an adhesion molecule in desmosomes. Our previous study showed that overexpression of human Dsg3 in several epithelial lines induces formation of membrane protrusions, a phenotype suggestive of Rho GTPase activation. Here we examined the interaction between Dsg3 and actin in detail and showed that endogenous Dsg3 colocalises and interacts with actin, particularly the junctional actin in a Rac1-dependent manner. Ablation of Rac1 activity by dominant negative Rac1 mutant (N17Rac1) or the Rac1 specific inhibitor (NSC23766) directly disrupts the interaction between Dsg3 and actin. Assembly of the junctional actin at the cell borders is accompanied with enhanced levels of Dsg3, while inhibition of Dsg3 by RNAi results in profound changes in the organisation of actin cytoskeleton. In accordance, overexpression of Dsg3 results in a remarkable increase of Rac1 and Cdc42 activities and to a lesser extent, RhoA. The enhancements in Rho GTPases are accompanied by the pronounced actin-based membrane structures such as lamellipodia and filopodia, enhanced rate of actin turnover and cell polarisation. Together, our results reveal an important novel function for Dsg3 in promoting actin dynamics through regulating Rac1 and Cdc42 activation in epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu Man Tsang
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, London, UK
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Abstract
This is a chronicle of concepts in the field of epidermal stem cell biology and a historic look at their development over time. The past 25 years have seen the evolution of epidermal stem cell science, from first fundamental studies to a sophisticated science. The study of epithelial stem cell biology was aided by the ability to visualize the distribution of stem cells and their progeny through lineage analysis studies. The excellent progress we have made in understanding epidermal stem cell biology is discussed in this article. The challenges we still face in understanding epidermal stem cells include defining molecular markers for stem and progenitor sub-populations, determining the locations and contributions of the different stem cell niches, and mapping regulatory pathways of epidermal stem cell proliferation and differentiation. However, our rapidly evolving understanding of epidermal stem cells has many potential uses that promise to translate into improved patient therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Ghadially
- Department of Dermatology and Epithelial Section, UCSF Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, California 94121, USA.
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15
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Tsang SM, Brown L, Lin K, Liu L, Piper K, O'Toole EA, Grose R, Hart IR, Garrod DR, Fortune F, Wan H. Non-junctional human desmoglein 3 acts as an upstream regulator of Src in E-cadherin adhesion, a pathway possibly involved in the pathogenesis of pemphigus vulgaris. J Pathol 2012; 227:81-93. [DOI: 10.1002/path.3982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Mannan T, Jing S, Foroushania SH, Fortune F, Wan H. RNAi-mediated inhibition of the desmosomal cadherin (desmoglein 3) impairs epithelial cell proliferation. Cell Prolif 2011; 44:301-10. [PMID: 21702856 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2011.00765.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Desmoglein 3 (Dsg3) is a desmosomal adhesion protein expressed in basal and immediate suprabasal layers of skin. Importance of Dsg3 in cell-cell adhesion and maintenance of tissue integrity is illustrated by findings of keratinocyte dissociation in the autoimmune disease, pemphigus vulgaris, where autoantibodies target Dsg3 on keratinocyte surfaces and cause Dsg3 depletion from desmosomes. However, recognition of possible participation of involvement of Dsg3 in cell proliferation remains controversial. Currently, available evidence suggests that Dsg3 may have both anti- and pro-proliferative roles in keratinocytes. The aim of this study was to use RNA interference (RNAi) strategy to investigate effects of silencing Dsg3 in cell-cell adhesion and cell proliferation in two cell lines, HaCaT and MDCK. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cells were transfected with siRNA, and knockdown of Dsg3 was assessed by western blotting, fluorescence-activated cell sorting and confocal microscopy. Cell-cell adhesion was analysed using the hanging drop/fragmentation assay, and cell proliferation by colony forming efficiency, BrdU incorporation, cell counts and organotypic culture. RESULTS Silencing Dsg3 caused defects in cell-cell adhesion and concomitant reduction in cell proliferation in both HaCaT and MDCK cells. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that Dsg3 depletion by RNAi reduces cell proliferation, which is likely to be secondary to a defect in cell-cell adhesion, an essential function required for cell differentiation and morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mannan
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, UK
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Klein AM, Nikolaidou-Neokosmidou V, Doupé DP, Jones PH, Simons BD. Patterning as a signature of human epidermal stem cell regulation. J R Soc Interface 2011; 8:1815-24. [PMID: 21632613 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2011.0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how stem cells are regulated in adult tissues is a major challenge in cell biology. In the basal layer of human epidermis, clusters of almost quiescent stem cells are interspersed with proliferating and differentiating cells. Previous studies have shown that the proliferating cells follow a pattern of balanced stochastic cell fate. This behaviour enables them to maintain homeostasis, while stem cells remain confined to their quiescent clusters. Intriguingly, these clusters reappear spontaneously in culture, suggesting that they may play a functional role in stem cell auto-regulation. We propose a model of pattern formation that explains how clustering could regulate stem cell activity in homeostatic tissue through contact inhibition and stem cell aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allon M Klein
- Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, UK
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Patel V, Iglesias-Bartolome R, Siegele B, Marsh CA, Leelahavanichkul K, Molinolo AA, Gutkind JS. Cellular Systems for Studying Human Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 720:27-38. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0254-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Tsang SM, Liu L, Teh MT, Wheeler A, Grose R, Hart IR, Garrod DR, Fortune F, Wan H. Desmoglein 3, via an interaction with E-cadherin, is associated with activation of Src. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14211. [PMID: 21151980 PMCID: PMC2997060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Desmoglein 3 (Dsg3), a desmosomal adhesion protein, is expressed in basal and immediate suprabasal layers of skin and across the entire stratified squamous epithelium of oral mucosa. However, increasing evidence suggests that the role of Dsg3 may involve more than just cell-cell adhesion. Methodology/Principal Findings To determine possible additional roles of Dsg3 during epithelial cell adhesion we used overexpression of full-length human Dsg3 cDNA, and RNAi-mediated knockdown of this molecule in various epithelial cell types. Overexpression of Dsg3 resulted in a reduced level of E-cadherin but a colocalisation with the E-cadherin-catenin complex of the adherens junctions. Concomitantly these transfected cells exhibited marked migratory capacity and the formation of filopodial protrusions. These latter events are consistent with Src activation and, indeed, Src-specific inhibition reversed these phenotypes. Moreover Dsg3 knockdown, which also reversed the decreased level of E-cadherin, partially blocked Src phosphorylation. Conclusions/Significance Our data are consistent with the possibility that Dsg3, as an up-stream regulator of Src activity, helps regulate adherens junction formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu Man Tsang
- Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Li Liu
- Centre for Infectious Disease, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Muy-Teck Teh
- Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ann Wheeler
- Imaging Facility, Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Grose
- Centre for Tumor Biology, Institute of Cancer, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R. Hart
- Centre for Tumor Biology, Institute of Cancer, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - David R. Garrod
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farida Fortune
- Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hong Wan
- Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Gemenetzidis E, Elena Costea D, Parkinson EK, Waseem A, Wan H, Teh MT. Induction of human epithelial stem/progenitor expansion by FOXM1. Cancer Res 2010; 70:9515-26. [PMID: 21062979 PMCID: PMC3044465 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-2173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells are permanent residents of tissues and thought to be targets of cancer initiation. The frequent, and often early, upregulation of the FOXM1 transcription factor in the majority of human cancers suggests that it may participate in the initiation of human tumorigenesis. However, this hypothesis has not been tested. Herein, we show that targeting the ectopic expression of FOXM1 to the highly clonogenic cells of primary human keratinocytes with stem/progenitor cell properties, but not to differentiating cells, caused clonal expansion in vitro. We show, using a functional three-dimensional organotypic epithelial tissue regeneration system, that ectopic FOXM1 expression perturbed epithelial differentiation generating a hyperproliferative phenotype reminiscent of that seen in human epithelial hyperplasia. Furthermore, transcriptional expression analysis of a panel of 28 epithelial differentiation-specific genes reveals a role for FOXM1 in the suppression of epithelial differentiation. This study provides the first evidence that FOXM1 participates in an early oncogenic pathway that predisposes cells to tumorigenesis by expanding the stem/progenitor compartment and deregulating subsequent keratinocyte terminal differentiation. This finding reveals an important window of susceptibility to oncogenic signals in epithelial stem/progenitor cells prior to differentiation, and may provide a significant benefit to the design of cancer therapeutic interventions that target oncogenesis at its earliest incipient stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilios Gemenetzidis
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Turner Street, London E1 2AD, England, United Kingdom
| | - Daniela Elena Costea
- Section of Pathology, The Gade Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Eric K. Parkinson
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Turner Street, London E1 2AD, England, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmad Waseem
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Turner Street, London E1 2AD, England, United Kingdom
| | - Hong Wan
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Turner Street, London E1 2AD, England, United Kingdom
| | - Muy-Teck Teh
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Turner Street, London E1 2AD, England, United Kingdom
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Wells J, Dai X. Using siRNA knockdown in HaCaT cells to study transcriptional control of epidermal proliferation potential. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 585:107-125. [PMID: 19908000 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-380-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Compared to primary keratinocytes, HaCaT cells are easier to transfect and yet still maintain at least some features of normal epidermal proliferation and differentiation. This chapter describes methods used in our laboratory to maintain HaCaT cells in an undifferentiated state and to use the siRNA technology to efficiently deplete a gene product of interest from these cells. We also provide protocols on how to couple siRNA knockdown with a clonal assay to examine keratinocyte proliferation potential and a luciferase reporter assay to examine promoter regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Wells
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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Wells J, Lee B, Cai AQ, Karapetyan A, Lee WJ, Rugg E, Sinha S, Nie Q, Dai X. Ovol2 suppresses cell cycling and terminal differentiation of keratinocytes by directly repressing c-Myc and Notch1. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:29125-35. [PMID: 19700410 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.008847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovol2 belongs to the Ovo family of evolutionarily conserved zinc finger transcription factors that act downstream of key developmental signaling pathways including Wg/Wnt and BMP/TGF-beta. We previously reported Ovol2 expression in the basal layer of epidermis, where epidermal stem/progenitor cells reside. In this work, we use HaCaT human keratinocytes to investigate the cellular and molecular functions of Ovol2. We show that depletion of Ovol2 leads to transient cell expansion but a loss of cells with long term proliferation potential. Mathematical modeling and experimental findings suggest that both faster cycling and precocious withdrawal from the cell cycle underlie this phenotype. Ovol2 depletion also accelerates extracellular signal-induced terminal differentiation in two- and three-dimensional culture models. By chromatin immunoprecipitation, luciferase reporter, and functional rescue assays, we demonstrate that Ovol2 directly represses two critical downstream targets, c-Myc and Notch1, thereby suppressing keratinocyte transient proliferation and terminal differentiation, respectively. These findings shed light on how an epidermal cell maintains a proliferation-competent and differentiation-resistant state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Wells
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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Guo A, Jahoda CAB. An improved method of human keratinocyte culture from skin explants: cell expansion is linked to markers of activated progenitor cells. Exp Dermatol 2009; 18:720-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00900.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Guo P, Dong XY, Zhang X, Zhao KW, Sun X, Li Q, Dong JT. Pro-proliferative factor KLF5 becomes anti-proliferative in epithelial homeostasis upon signaling-mediated modification. J Biol Chem 2008; 284:6071-8. [PMID: 19056724 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m806270200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During epithelial homeostasis, stem cells divide to produce progenitor cells, which not only proliferate to generate the cell mass but also respond to cellular signaling to transition from a proliferative state to a differentiation state. Such a transition involves functional alterations of transcriptional factors, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Recent studies have implicated Kruppel-like factors (KLFs) including KLF5 in the renewal and maintenance of stem/progenitor cells. Here we demonstrate that the pro-proliferative factor KLF5 becomes anti-proliferative upon TGFbeta-mediated acetylation in an in vitro model of epithelial homeostasis. In the HaCaT epidermal cell line treated with or without TGFbeta, we found that KLF5 was not only essential for cell proliferation, it was also indispensable for TGFbeta-induced anti-proliferation in these cells. KLF5 inhibited the expression of p15 (CDKN2B), a cell cycle inhibitor, without TGFbeta, but became a coactivator in TGFbeta-induced p15 expression in the same cells. Mechanistically, TGFbeta recruited acetylase p300 to acetylate KLF5, and acetylation in turn altered the binding of KLF5 to p15 promoter, resulting in the reversal of KLF5 function. These studies not only demonstrate that a basic transcription factor can be both pro-proliferation and anti-proliferation in epithelial homeostasis, they also present a unique mechanism for how transcriptional regulation changes during the transition from proliferation to inhibition of proliferation. Furthermore, they establish KLF5 as an essential cofactor for TGFbeta signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Guo
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Strachan LR, Scalapino KJ, Lawrence HJ, Ghadially R. Rapid adhesion to collagen isolates murine keratinocytes with limited long-term repopulating ability in vivo despite high clonogenicity in vitro. Stem Cells 2007; 26:235-43. [PMID: 17932419 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A prevalent belief in epidermal biology is that stem cells are highly clonogenic; that is, they have the ability to produce many large colonies in vitro. However, it has been well-established in hematology, and recently suggested in epithelial biology, that short-term in vitro clonogenic assays may not be reliable predictors of long-term in vivo repopulating ability. Numerous groups have shown that rapid adhesion to collagen selects for highly clonogenic keratinocytes, but it has not been demonstrated whether this subpopulation is enriched in stem cells as defined by long-term repopulating ability in vivo. We found that although rapid adhesion to collagen (within 5 minutes) selected for cells with increased short-term colony forming ability in vitro, these cells were not enriched in long-term proliferative ability in vitro or in repopulating ability in vivo after 9 weeks. Conversely, keratinocytes that did not adhere to collagen (after 20 minutes) were less clonogenic in short-term assays but possessed equivalent long-term proliferative ability in vitro and superior long-term repopulating ability in vivo. Both the rapidly adherent cell and not rapidly adherent cell populations contained small, noncomplex basaloid cells, expressed integrin alpha2 (a collagen IV receptor), and expressed the putative epidermal stem cell phenotype integrin alpha6(hi)CD71(lo). Our results indicate that the superior short-term colony forming ability of collagen-adherent murine keratinocytes does not correlate with long-term repopulating ability in vitro or in vivo and that proliferation in vitro is not a reliable surrogate for stem cell behavior in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R Strachan
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94121, USA
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