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Eram N, Sachan S, Singh J, Shreya, Dwivedi U, Das D, Rai G, Rajan M. Growth Factor Independence-1 (GFI-1) Gene Expression in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Lineage Differentiation in Low Birth Weight Newborns Compared With Normal Birth Weight Newborns at Term Pregnancy. Cureus 2023; 15:e50696. [PMID: 38239528 PMCID: PMC10796131 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.50696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Low birth weight (LBW), which is a risk factor for noncommunicable diseases throughout life, is a significant public health concern. In addition to regulating myeloid cell differentiation and proliferation, a transcriptional repressor identified as growth factor independence-1 (GFI-1) is essential for hematopoietic stem cell maintenance and self-renewal. The current study was designed to compare the expression of the GFI-1 gene in the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells in newborns with LBW and those with normal birth weight (NBW). Methods A prospective comparative analytical study was carried out from September 2019 to September 2021 after obtaining Institute Ethical Committee approval at a tertiary care center in north India. The GFI-1 gene expression levels in 50 cord blood samples from women with term gestation and LBW newborns (<2500 grams) were measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and compared to gene expression levels in 50 cord blood samples from women with term gestation and NBW newborns (≥2500 grams). The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS statistics software version 24.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Results The median GFI-1 expression in LBW newborns is 3.1, whereas among NBW newborns it is 9.39. The difference is significant (P <0.001). The level of GFI-1 gene expression in LBW newborns was correlated with their birth weight. The coefficient of correlation was found to be weakly positive (r = 0.223). The birth weight of NBW newborns was correlated to the level of expression of the GFI-1 gene, which was found to be positively correlated (r = 0.332). Conclusion The levels of the GFI-1 gene and newborn birth weight were compared in LBW infants, which were weakly positively correlated. The level of GFI-1 gene expression at birth was compared to the birth weight of NBW newborns, which was positively correlated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najma Eram
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, IND
| | - Shikha Sachan
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, IND
| | - Jigyasa Singh
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, IND
| | - Shreya
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, IND
| | - Utkarsh Dwivedi
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, IND
| | - Doli Das
- Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, IND
| | - Geeta Rai
- Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, IND
| | - Mamta Rajan
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, IND
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2
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Wang H, Guo M, Wei H, Chen Y. Targeting p53 pathways: mechanisms, structures, and advances in therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:92. [PMID: 36859359 PMCID: PMC9977964 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01347-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 146.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The TP53 tumor suppressor is the most frequently altered gene in human cancers, and has been a major focus of oncology research. The p53 protein is a transcription factor that can activate the expression of multiple target genes and plays critical roles in regulating cell cycle, apoptosis, and genomic stability, and is widely regarded as the "guardian of the genome". Accumulating evidence has shown that p53 also regulates cell metabolism, ferroptosis, tumor microenvironment, autophagy and so on, all of which contribute to tumor suppression. Mutations in TP53 not only impair its tumor suppressor function, but also confer oncogenic properties to p53 mutants. Since p53 is mutated and inactivated in most malignant tumors, it has been a very attractive target for developing new anti-cancer drugs. However, until recently, p53 was considered an "undruggable" target and little progress has been made with p53-targeted therapies. Here, we provide a systematic review of the diverse molecular mechanisms of the p53 signaling pathway and how TP53 mutations impact tumor progression. We also discuss key structural features of the p53 protein and its inactivation by oncogenic mutations. In addition, we review the efforts that have been made in p53-targeted therapies, and discuss the challenges that have been encountered in clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haolan Wang
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Ming Guo
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Hudie Wei
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
| | - Yongheng Chen
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
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Schirripa A, Sexl V, Kollmann K. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors in malignant hematopoiesis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:916682. [PMID: 36033505 PMCID: PMC9403899 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.916682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell-cycle is a tightly orchestrated process where sequential steps guarantee cellular growth linked to a correct DNA replication. The entire cell division is controlled by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). CDK activation is balanced by the activating cyclins and CDK inhibitors whose correct expression, accumulation and degradation schedule the time-flow through the cell cycle phases. Dysregulation of the cell cycle regulatory proteins causes the loss of a controlled cell division and is inevitably linked to neoplastic transformation. Due to their function as cell-cycle brakes, CDK inhibitors are considered as tumor suppressors. The CDK inhibitors p16INK4a and p15INK4b are among the most frequently altered genes in cancer, including hematopoietic malignancies. Aberrant cell cycle regulation in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) bears severe consequences on hematopoiesis and provokes hematological disorders with a broad array of symptoms. In this review, we focus on the importance and prevalence of deregulated CDK inhibitors in hematological malignancies.
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Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) regeneration is the remarkable process by which extremely rare, normally inactive cells of the bone marrow can replace an entire organ if called to do so by injury or harnessed by transplantation. HSC research is arguably the first quantitative single-cell science and the foundation of adult stem cell biology. Bone marrow transplant is the oldest and most refined technique of regenerative medicine. Here we review the intertwined history of the discovery of HSCs and bone marrow transplant, the molecular and cellular mechanisms of HSC self-renewal, and the use of HSCs and their derivatives for cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitch Biermann
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Tannishtha Reya
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
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5
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Gadd45 in Normal Hematopoiesis and Leukemia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1360:41-54. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-94804-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Chen J, Li G, Lian J, Ma N, Huang Z, Li J, Wen Z, Zhang W, Zhang Y. Slc20a1b is essential for hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell expansion in zebrafish. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2021; 64:2186-2201. [PMID: 33751369 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1878-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) are able to self-renew and can give rise to all blood lineages throughout their lifetime, yet the mechanisms regulating HSPC development have yet to be discovered. In this study, we characterized a hematopoiesis defective zebrafish mutant line named smu07, which was obtained from our previous forward genetic screening, and found the HSPC expansion deficiency in the mutant. Positional cloning identified that slc20a1b, which encodes a sodium phosphate cotransporter, contributed to the smu07 blood phenotype. Further analysis demonstrated that mutation of slc20a1b affects HSPC expansion through cell cycle arrest at G2/M phases in a cell-autonomous manner. Our study shows that slc20a1b is a vital regulator for HSPC proliferation in zebrafish early hematopoiesis and provides valuable insights into HSPC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiakui Chen
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Gaofei Li
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Junwei Lian
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ning Ma
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zhibin Huang
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jianchao Li
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zilong Wen
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenqing Zhang
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Yiyue Zhang
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Cell cycle arrest determines adult neural stem cell ontogeny by an embryonic Notch-nonoscillatory Hey1 module. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6562. [PMID: 34772946 PMCID: PMC8589987 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26605-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Quiescent neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult mouse brain are the source of neurogenesis that regulates innate and adaptive behaviors. Adult NSCs in the subventricular zone are derived from a subpopulation of embryonic neural stem-progenitor cells (NPCs) that is characterized by a slower cell cycle relative to the more abundant rapid cycling NPCs that build the brain. Yet, how slow cell cycle can cause the establishment of adult NSCs remains largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that Notch and an effector Hey1 form a module that is upregulated by cell cycle arrest in slowly dividing NPCs. In contrast to the oscillatory expression of the Notch effectors Hes1 and Hes5 in fast cycling progenitors, Hey1 displays a non-oscillatory stationary expression pattern and contributes to the long-term maintenance of NSCs. These findings reveal a novel division of labor in Notch effectors where cell cycle rate biases effector selection and cell fate. Adult neural stem cells are derived from an embryonic population of slowcycling progenitor cells, though how reduced cycling speed leads to establishment of the adult population has remained elusive. Here they show that non-oscillatory Notch-Hey signaling induced by slow-cycling contributes to long term maintenance of neural stem cells.
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CABLES1 Deficiency Impairs Quiescence and Stress Responses of Hematopoietic Stem Cells in Intrinsic and Extrinsic Manners. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 13:274-290. [PMID: 31327733 PMCID: PMC6700604 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow (BM) niche cells help to keep adult hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in a quiescent state via secreted factors and induction of cell-cycle inhibitors. Here, we demonstrate that the adapter protein CABLES1 is a key regulator of long-term hematopoietic homeostasis during stress and aging. Young mice lacking Cables1 displayed hyperproliferation of hematopoietic progenitor cells. This defect was cell intrinsic, since it was reproduced in BM transplantation assays using wild-type animals as recipients. Overexpression and short hairpin RNA-mediated depletion of CABLES1 protein resulted in p21Cip/waf up- and downregulation, respectively. Aged mice lacking Cables1 displayed abnormalities in peripheral blood cell counts accompanied by a significant reduction in HSC compartment, concomitant with an increased mobilization of progenitor cells. In addition, Cables1−/− mice displayed increased sensitivity to the chemotherapeutic agent 5-fluorouracil due to an abnormal microenvironment. Altogether, our findings uncover a key role for CABLES1 in HSC homeostasis and stress hematopoiesis. CABLES1 is expressed in immature hematopoietic progenitor cells and niche cells CABLES1 in an intrinsic negative cell-cycle regulator of hematopoietic progenitor cells CABLES1 regulates p21Cip/waf protein levels The abnormal stress responses of Cables1−/− HSC during aging are niche cell dependent
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9
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Chen Z, Amro EM, Becker F, Hölzer M, Rasa SMM, Njeru SN, Han B, Di Sanzo S, Chen Y, Tang D, Tao S, Haenold R, Groth M, Romanov VS, Kirkpatrick JM, Kraus JM, Kestler HA, Marz M, Ori A, Neri F, Morita Y, Rudolph KL. Cohesin-mediated NF-κB signaling limits hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal in aging and inflammation. J Exp Med 2019; 216:152-175. [PMID: 30530755 PMCID: PMC6314529 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Organism aging is characterized by increased inflammation and decreased stem cell function, yet the relationship between these factors remains incompletely understood. This study shows that aged hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) exhibit increased ground-stage NF-κB activity, which enhances their responsiveness to undergo differentiation and loss of self-renewal in response to inflammation. The study identifies Rad21/cohesin as a critical mediator of NF-κB signaling, which increases chromatin accessibility in the vicinity of NF-κB target genes in response to inflammation. Rad21 is required for normal differentiation, but limits self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) during aging and inflammation in an NF-κB-dependent manner. HSCs from aged mice fail to down-regulate Rad21/cohesin and inflammation/differentiation signals in the resolution phase of inflammation. Inhibition of cohesin/NF-κB reverts hypersensitivity of aged HSPCs to inflammation-induced differentiation and myeloid-biased HSCs with disrupted/reduced expression of Rad21/cohesin are increasingly selected during aging. Together, Rad21/cohesin-mediated NF-κB signaling limits HSPC function during aging and selects for cohesin-deficient HSCs with myeloid-skewed differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyang Chen
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Elias Moris Amro
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Friedrich Becker
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Hölzer
- RNA Bioinformatics and High-Throughput Analysis, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center (EVBC), Jena, Germany
| | | | | | - Bing Han
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Simone Di Sanzo
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Yulin Chen
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Duozhuang Tang
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Si Tao
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Ronny Haenold
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
- Matthias Schleiden Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Marco Groth
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Vasily S Romanov
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | | | - Johann M Kraus
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hans A Kestler
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Manja Marz
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
- RNA Bioinformatics and High-Throughput Analysis, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center (EVBC), Jena, Germany
| | - Alessandro Ori
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Francesco Neri
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Yohei Morita
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - K Lenhard Rudolph
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
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10
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Genetic and Epigenetic Control of CDKN1C Expression: Importance in Cell Commitment and Differentiation, Tissue Homeostasis and Human Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041055. [PMID: 29614816 PMCID: PMC5979523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The CDKN1C gene encodes the p57Kip2 protein which has been identified as the third member of the CIP/Kip family, also including p27Kip1 and p21Cip1. In analogy with these proteins, p57Kip2 is able to bind tightly and inhibit cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase complexes and, in turn, modulate cell division cycle progression. For a long time, the main function of p57Kip2 has been associated only to correct embryogenesis, since CDKN1C-ablated mice are not vital. Accordingly, it has been demonstrated that CDKN1C alterations cause three human hereditary syndromes, characterized by altered growth rate. Subsequently, the p57Kip2 role in several cell phenotypes has been clearly assessed as well as its down-regulation in human cancers. CDKN1C lies in a genetic locus, 11p15.5, characterized by a remarkable regional imprinting that results in the transcription of only the maternal allele. The control of CDKN1C transcription is also linked to additional mechanisms, including DNA methylation and specific histone methylation/acetylation. Finally, long non-coding RNAs and miRNAs appear to play important roles in controlling p57Kip2 levels. This review mostly represents an appraisal of the available data regarding the control of CDKN1C gene expression. In addition, the structure and function of p57Kip2 protein are briefly described and correlated to human physiology and diseases.
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11
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Velardi E, Tsai JJ, Radtke S, Cooper K, Argyropoulos KV, Jae-Hung S, Young LF, Lazrak A, Smith OM, Lieberman S, Kreines F, Shono Y, Wertheimer T, Jenq RR, Hanash AM, Narayan P, Lei Z, Moore MA, Kiem HP, van den Brink MR, Dudakov JA. Suppression of luteinizing hormone enhances HSC recovery after hematopoietic injury. Nat Med 2018; 24:239-246. [PMID: 29309056 PMCID: PMC5803436 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There is a substantial unmet clinical need for new strategies to protect the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) pool and regenerate hematopoiesis after radiation injury from either cancer therapy or accidental exposure. Increasing evidence suggests that sex hormones, beyond their role in promoting sexual dimorphism, regulate HSC self-renewal, differentiation, and proliferation. We and others have previously reported that sex-steroid ablation promotes bone marrow (BM) lymphopoiesis and HSC recovery in aged and immunodepleted mice. Here we found that a luteinizing hormone (LH)-releasing hormone antagonist (LHRH-Ant), currently in wide clinical use for sex-steroid inhibition, promoted hematopoietic recovery and mouse survival when administered 24 h after an otherwise-lethal dose of total-body irradiation (L-TBI). Unexpectedly, this protective effect was independent of sex steroids and instead relied on suppression of LH levels. Human and mouse long-term self-renewing HSCs (LT-HSCs) expressed high levels of the LH/choriogonadotropin receptor (LHCGR) and expanded ex vivo when stimulated with LH. In contrast, the suppression of LH after L-TBI inhibited entry of HSCs into the cell cycle, thus promoting HSC quiescence and protecting the cells from exhaustion. These findings reveal a role of LH in regulating HSC function and offer a new therapeutic approach for hematopoietic regeneration after hematopoietic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Velardi
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy 06122
| | - Jennifer J. Tsai
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division and Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98109
| | - Stefan Radtke
- Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA 98109
| | - Kirsten Cooper
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division and Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98109
| | - Kimon V. Argyropoulos
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Shieh Jae-Hung
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Lauren F. Young
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Amina Lazrak
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Odette M. Smith
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Sophie Lieberman
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Fabiana Kreines
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Yusuke Shono
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Tobias Wertheimer
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Robert R. Jenq
- Departments of Genomic Medicine and Stem Cell Transplantation Cellular Therapy, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | - Alan M. Hanash
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Prema Narayan
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, Illinois 62901
| | - Zhenmin Lei
- Department of OB/GYN & Women’s Health, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40292
| | - Malcolm A. Moore
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Hans-Peter Kiem
- Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA 98109
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195
| | - Marcel R.M. van den Brink
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021
| | - Jarrod A. Dudakov
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division and Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98109
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12
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Lee JM, Govindarajah V, Goddard B, Hinge A, Muench DE, Filippi MD, Aronow B, Cancelas JA, Salomonis N, Grimes HL, Reynaud D. Obesity alters the long-term fitness of the hematopoietic stem cell compartment through modulation of Gfi1 expression. J Exp Med 2017; 215:627-644. [PMID: 29282250 PMCID: PMC5789409 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20170690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lee et al. show that established obesity alters the composition and long-term fitness of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) compartment, in part through a Gfi1-dependent HSC regulatory program that is activated by the chronic oxidative stress associated with this condition. Obesity is a chronic organismal stress that disrupts multiple systemic and tissue-specific functions. In this study, we describe the impact of obesity on the activity of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) compartment. We show that obesity alters the composition of the HSC compartment and its activity in response to hematopoietic stress. The impact of obesity on HSC function is progressively acquired but persists after weight loss or transplantation into a normal environment. Mechanistically, we establish that the oxidative stress induced by obesity dysregulates the expression of the transcription factor Gfi1 and that increased Gfi1 expression is required for the abnormal HSC function induced by obesity. These results demonstrate that obesity produces durable changes in HSC function and phenotype and that elevation of Gfi1 expression in response to the oxidative environment is a key driver of the altered HSC properties observed in obesity. Altogether, these data provide phenotypic and mechanistic insight into durable hematopoietic dysregulations resulting from obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Mi Lee
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Vinothini Govindarajah
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Bryan Goddard
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Ashwini Hinge
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - David E Muench
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Marie-Dominique Filippi
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Bruce Aronow
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Jose A Cancelas
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.,Hoxworth Blood Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Nathan Salomonis
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - H Leighton Grimes
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Damien Reynaud
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
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Mohan A, Asakura A. CDK inhibitors for muscle stem cell differentiation and self-renewal. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 6:65-74. [PMID: 28713664 DOI: 10.7600/jpfsm.6.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration of muscle is undertaken by muscle stem cell populations named satellite cells which are normally quiescent or at the G0 phase of the cell cycle. However, upon signals from damaged muscle, satellite cells lose their quiescence, and enter the G1 cell cycle phase to expand the population of satellite cell progenies termed myogenic precursor cells (MPCs). Eventually, MPCs stop their cell cycle and undergo terminal differentiation to form skeletal muscle fibers. Some MPCs retract to quiescent satellite cells as a self-renewal process. Therefore, cell cycle regulation, consisting of satellite cell activation, proliferation, differentiation and self-renewal, is the key event of muscle regeneration. In this review, we summarize up-to-date progress on research about cell cycle regulation of myogenic progenitor cells and muscle stem cells during embryonic myogenesis and adult muscle regeneration, aging, exercise and muscle diseases including muscular dystrophy and muscle fiber atrophy, especially focusing on cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrudha Mohan
- Stem Cell Institute, Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota Medical School, 2001 6th Street SE, MTRF 4-220, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Atsushi Asakura
- Stem Cell Institute, Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota Medical School, 2001 6th Street SE, MTRF 4-220, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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14
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Barroca V, Lewandowski D, Jaracz-Ros A, Hardouin SN. Paternal Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (Igf2) Regulates Stem Cell Activity During Adulthood. EBioMedicine 2016; 15:150-162. [PMID: 28007480 PMCID: PMC5233811 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (IGF2) belongs to the IGF/Insulin pathway, a highly conserved evolutionarily network that regulates growth, aging and lifespan. Igf2 is highly expressed in the embryo and in cancer cells. During mouse development, Igf2 is expressed in all sites where hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) successively expand, then its expression drops at weaning and becomes undetectable when adult HSC have reached their niches in bones and start to self-renew. In the present study, we aim to discover the role of IGF2 during adulthood. We show that Igf2 is specifically expressed in adult HSC and we analyze HSC from adult mice deficient in Igf2 transcripts. We demonstrate that Igf2 deficiency avoids the age-related attrition of the HSC pool and that Igf2 is necessary for tissue homeostasis and regeneration. Our study reveals that the expression level of Igf2 is critical to maintain the balance between stem cell self-renewal and differentiation, presumably by regulating the interaction between HSC and their niche. Our data have major clinical interest for transplantation: understanding the changes in adult stem cells and their environments will improve the efficacy of regenerative medicine and impact health- and life-span. The imprinted gene Igf2 is expressed in adult tissue stem cells. Igf2 deficiency increases HSC (hematopoietic stem cells) self-renewal and avoids age-related attrition of the HSC pool. Igf2 deficiency decreases HSC differentiation and mobilization. Igf2 deficiency modifies the interaction between HSC and their environment.
IGF2 belongs to the IGF/Insulin family that regulates growth, aging and lifespan. This role is evolutionarily conserved from worms to mammals. IGF2 favors cell proliferation during embryonic development but its role in adulthood is unknown. To decipher its function we undertook a lifelong analysis of the consequences of Igf2 deficiency on hematopoiesis, in steady-state conditions and during bone marrow transplantation. We demonstrate that lowering Igf2 levels increases the pool of stem cells, without uncontrolled proliferation and migration of immature cells that would lead to cancer. This is a promising way to enhance the stem cells pool during aging that has major interest for transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilma Barroca
- INSERM UMR 967, 92265 Fontenay-aux-roses cedex, France; CEA/DSV/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-roses cedex, France; Université Paris-Diderot, Paris 7, 92265 Fontenay-aux-roses cedex, France; Université Paris-Sud, Paris 11, 92265 Fontenay-aux-roses cedex, France
| | - Daniel Lewandowski
- INSERM UMR 967, 92265 Fontenay-aux-roses cedex, France; CEA/DSV/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-roses cedex, France; Université Paris-Diderot, Paris 7, 92265 Fontenay-aux-roses cedex, France; Université Paris-Sud, Paris 11, 92265 Fontenay-aux-roses cedex, France
| | - Agnieszka Jaracz-Ros
- INSERM UMR 967, 92265 Fontenay-aux-roses cedex, France; CEA/DSV/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-roses cedex, France; Université Paris-Diderot, Paris 7, 92265 Fontenay-aux-roses cedex, France; Université Paris-Sud, Paris 11, 92265 Fontenay-aux-roses cedex, France
| | - Sylvie-Nathalie Hardouin
- INSERM UMR 967, 92265 Fontenay-aux-roses cedex, France; CEA/DSV/iRCM, 92265 Fontenay-aux-roses cedex, France; Université Paris-Diderot, Paris 7, 92265 Fontenay-aux-roses cedex, France; Université Paris-Sud, Paris 11, 92265 Fontenay-aux-roses cedex, France.
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15
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Mdm2 Phosphorylation Regulates Its Stability and Has Contrasting Effects on Oncogene and Radiation-Induced Tumorigenesis. Cell Rep 2016; 16:2618-2629. [PMID: 27568562 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ATM phosphorylation of Mdm2-S394 is required for robust p53 stabilization and activation in DNA-damaged cells. We have now utilized Mdm2(S394A) knockin mice to determine that phosphorylation of Mdm2-S394 regulates p53 activity and the DNA damage response in lymphatic tissues in vivo by modulating Mdm2 stability. Mdm2-S394 phosphorylation delays lymphomagenesis in Eμ-myc transgenic mice, and preventing Mdm2-S394 phosphorylation obviates the need for p53 mutation in Myc-driven tumorigenesis. However, irradiated Mdm2(S394A) mice also have increased hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell functions, and we observed decreased lymphomagenesis in sub-lethally irradiated Mdm2(S394A) mice. These findings document contrasting effects of ATM-Mdm2 signaling on p53 tumor suppression and reveal that destabilizing Mdm2 by promoting its phosphorylation by ATM would be effective in treating oncogene-induced malignancies, while inhibiting Mdm2-S394 phosphorylation during radiation exposure or chemotherapy would ameliorate bone marrow failure and prevent the development of secondary hematological malignancies.
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16
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Son MY, Deng CX, Hoeijmarkers JH, Rebel VI, Hasty P. A mechanism for 1,4-Benzoquinone-induced genotoxicity. Oncotarget 2016; 7:46433-46447. [PMID: 27340773 PMCID: PMC5216808 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzene is a common environmental toxin and its metabolite, 1-4-Benzoquinone (BQ) causes hematopoietic cancers like myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). BQ has not been comprehensively assessed for its impact on genome maintenance, limiting our understanding of the true health risks associated with benzene exposure and our ability to identify people with increased sensitivity to this genotoxin. Here we analyze the impact BQ exposure has on wild type and DNA repair-defective mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells and wild type human cells. We find that double strand break (DSB) repair and replication fork maintenance pathways including homologous recombination (HR) and Fanconi anemia (FA) suppress BQ toxicity. BQ-induced damage efficiently stalls replication forks, yet poorly induces ATR/DNA-PKCS responses. Furthermore, the pattern of BQ-induced γH2AX and 53BP1foci is consistent with the formation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1)-stabilized regressed replication forks. At a biochemical level, BQ inhibited topoisomerase 1 (topo1)-mediated DNA ligation and nicking in vitro; thus providing mechanism for the cellular phenotype. These data are consistent with a model that proposes BQ interferes with type I topoisomerase's ability to maintain replication fork restart and progression leading to chromosomal instability that has the potential to cause hematopoietic cancers like MDS and AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Young Son
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Institute of Biotechnology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Chu-Xia Deng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR China
| | - Jan H. Hoeijmarkers
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus MC, The Netherlands
| | - Vivienne I. Rebel
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- The Cancer Therapy Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- The Barshop Center of Aging, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Current address: BioAffinity, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Paul Hasty
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Institute of Biotechnology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- The Cancer Therapy Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- The Barshop Center of Aging, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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17
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Coppin E, De Grandis M, Pandolfi PP, Arcangeli ML, Aurrand-Lions M, Nunès JA. Dok1 and Dok2 Proteins Regulate Cell Cycle in Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:4110-21. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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18
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Hao S, Chen C, Cheng T. Cell cycle regulation of hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells. Int J Hematol 2016; 103:487-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-016-1984-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Belle JI, Petrov JC, Langlais D, Robert F, Cencic R, Shen S, Pelletier J, Gros P, Nijnik A. Repression of p53-target gene Bbc3/PUMA by MYSM1 is essential for the survival of hematopoietic multipotent progenitors and contributes to stem cell maintenance. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:759-75. [PMID: 26768662 PMCID: PMC4832099 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 is a central mediator of cellular stress responses, and its precise regulation is essential for the normal progression of hematopoiesis. MYSM1 is an epigenetic regulator essential for the maintenance of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) function, hematopoietic progenitor survival, and lymphocyte development. We recently demonstrated that all developmental and hematopoietic phenotypes of Mysm1 deficiency are p53-mediated and rescued in the Mysm1(-/-)p53(-/-) mouse model. However, the mechanisms triggering p53 activation in Mysm1(-/-) HSPCs, and the pathways downstream of p53 driving different aspects of the Mysm1(-/-) phenotype remain unknown. Here we show the transcriptional activation of p53 stress responses in Mysm1(-/-) HSPCs. Mechanistically, we find that the MYSM1 protein associates with p53 and colocalizes to promoters of classical p53-target genes Bbc3/PUMA (p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis) and Cdkn1a/p21. Furthermore, it antagonizes their p53-driven expression by modulating local histone modifications (H3K27ac and H3K4me3) and p53 recruitment. Using double-knockout mouse models, we establish that PUMA, but not p21, is an important mediator of p53-driven Mysm1(-/-) hematopoietic dysfunction. Specifically, Mysm1(-/-)Puma(-/-) mice show full rescue of multipotent progenitor (MPP) viability, partial rescue of HSC quiescence and function, but persistent lymphopenia. Through transcriptome analysis of Mysm1(-/-)Puma(-/-) MPPs, we demonstrate strong upregulation of other p53-induced mediators of apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest. The full viability of Mysm1(-/-)Puma(-/-) MPPs, despite strong upregulation of many other pro-apoptotic mediators, establishes PUMA as the essential non-redundant effector of p53-induced MPP apoptosis. Furthermore, we identify potential mediators of p53-dependent but PUMA-independent Mysm1(-/-)hematopoietic deficiency phenotypes. Overall, our study provides novel insight into the cell-type-specific roles of p53 and its downstream effectors in hematopoiesis using unique models of p53 hyperactivity induced by endogenous stress. We conclude that MYSM1 is a critical negative regulator of p53 transcriptional programs in hematopoiesis, and that its repression of Bbc3/PUMA expression is essential for MPP survival, and partly contributes to maintaining HSC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Belle
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - J C Petrov
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - D Langlais
- Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - F Robert
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - R Cencic
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - S Shen
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - J Pelletier
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,The Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - P Gros
- Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,The Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - A Nijnik
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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20
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Yamashita M, Nitta E, Suda T. Regulation of hematopoietic stem cell integrity through p53 and its related factors. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1370:45-54. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Yamashita
- Department of Cell Differentiation, The Sakaguchi Laboratory of Developmental Biology; School of Medicine, Keio University; Tokyo Japan
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Division of Hematology/Oncology; Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco; San Francisco California
| | - Eriko Nitta
- Department of Cell Differentiation, The Sakaguchi Laboratory of Developmental Biology; School of Medicine, Keio University; Tokyo Japan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine; Chiba University; Chiba Japan
| | - Toshio Suda
- Department of Cell Differentiation, The Sakaguchi Laboratory of Developmental Biology; School of Medicine, Keio University; Tokyo Japan
- Cancer Science Institute; National University of Singapore; Singapore
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences; Kumamoto University; Kumamoto Japan
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21
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Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms That Maintain Hematopoietic Stem Cell Function. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2016:5178965. [PMID: 26798358 PMCID: PMC4699043 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5178965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
All hematopoiesis cells develop from multipotent progenitor cells. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) have the ability to develop into all blood lineages but also maintain their stemness. Different molecular mechanisms have been identified that are crucial for regulating quiescence and self-renewal to maintain the stem cell pool and for inducing proliferation and lineage differentiation. The stem cell niche provides the microenvironment to keep HSC in a quiescent state. Furthermore, several transcription factors and epigenetic modifiers are involved in this process. These create modifications that regulate the cell fate in a more or less reversible and dynamic way and contribute to HSC homeostasis. In addition, HSC respond in a unique way to DNA damage. These mechanisms also contribute to the regulation of HSC function and are essential to ensure viability after DNA damage. How HSC maintain their quiescent stage during the entire life is still matter of ongoing research. Here we will focus on the molecular mechanisms that regulate HSC function.
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22
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Hommerding CJ, Childs BG, Baker DJ. The Role of Stem Cell Genomic Instability in Aging. CURRENT STEM CELL REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40778-015-0020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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23
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Mende N, Kuchen EE, Lesche M, Grinenko T, Kokkaliaris KD, Hanenberg H, Lindemann D, Dahl A, Platz A, Höfer T, Calegari F, Waskow C. CCND1-CDK4-mediated cell cycle progression provides a competitive advantage for human hematopoietic stem cells in vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:1171-83. [PMID: 26150472 PMCID: PMC4516798 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of stem cell properties is associated with reduced proliferation but it is unknown whether the transition kinetics through distinct cell cycle phases influences the function of HSCs. Mende et al examine the effects of increasing two cell cycle complexes CCND1–CDK4 and CCNE1–CDK2 on the transition kinetics of human HSCs and their maintenance and functional alterations in vivo. Maintenance of stem cell properties is associated with reduced proliferation. However, in mouse hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), loss of quiescence results in a wide range of phenotypes, ranging from functional failure to extensive self-renewal. It remains unknown whether the function of human HSCs is controlled by the kinetics of cell cycle progression. Using human HSCs and human progenitor cells (HSPCs), we report here that elevated levels of CCND1–CDK4 complexes promoted the transit from G0 to G1 and shortened the G1 cell cycle phase, resulting in protection from differentiation-inducing signals in vitro and increasing human leukocyte engraftment in vivo. Further, CCND1–CDK4 overexpression conferred a competitive advantage without impacting HSPC numbers. In contrast, accelerated cell cycle progression mediated by elevated levels of CCNE1–CDK2 led to the loss of functional HSPCs in vivo. Collectively, these data suggest that the transition kinetics through the early cell cycle phases are key regulators of human HSPC function and important for lifelong hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Mende
- Regeneration in Hematopoiesis and Animal Models in Hematopoiesis, Institute for Immunology, Institute of Virology, Center for Regenerative Therapies, Faculty of Medicine; Deep Sequencing Group SFB655, Biotechnology Center, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Erika E Kuchen
- Division of Theoretical Systems Biology, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany Bioquant Center, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mathias Lesche
- Regeneration in Hematopoiesis and Animal Models in Hematopoiesis, Institute for Immunology, Institute of Virology, Center for Regenerative Therapies, Faculty of Medicine; Deep Sequencing Group SFB655, Biotechnology Center, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Tatyana Grinenko
- Regeneration in Hematopoiesis and Animal Models in Hematopoiesis, Institute for Immunology, Institute of Virology, Center for Regenerative Therapies, Faculty of Medicine; Deep Sequencing Group SFB655, Biotechnology Center, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Helmut Hanenberg
- Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Dirk Lindemann
- Regeneration in Hematopoiesis and Animal Models in Hematopoiesis, Institute for Immunology, Institute of Virology, Center for Regenerative Therapies, Faculty of Medicine; Deep Sequencing Group SFB655, Biotechnology Center, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Dahl
- Regeneration in Hematopoiesis and Animal Models in Hematopoiesis, Institute for Immunology, Institute of Virology, Center for Regenerative Therapies, Faculty of Medicine; Deep Sequencing Group SFB655, Biotechnology Center, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Höfer
- Division of Theoretical Systems Biology, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany Bioquant Center, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Federico Calegari
- Regeneration in Hematopoiesis and Animal Models in Hematopoiesis, Institute for Immunology, Institute of Virology, Center for Regenerative Therapies, Faculty of Medicine; Deep Sequencing Group SFB655, Biotechnology Center, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Claudia Waskow
- Regeneration in Hematopoiesis and Animal Models in Hematopoiesis, Institute for Immunology, Institute of Virology, Center for Regenerative Therapies, Faculty of Medicine; Deep Sequencing Group SFB655, Biotechnology Center, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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24
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Hematopoietic stem cells: concepts, definitions, and the new reality. Blood 2015; 125:2605-13. [PMID: 25762175 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-12-570200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) research took hold in the 1950s with the demonstration that intravenously injected bone marrow cells can rescue irradiated mice from lethality by reestablishing blood cell production. Attempts to quantify the cells responsible led to the discovery of serially transplantable, donor-derived, macroscopic, multilineage colonies detectable on the spleen surface 1 to 2 weeks posttransplant. The concept of self-renewing multipotent HSCs was born, but accompanied by perplexing evidence of great variability in the outcomes of HSC self-renewal divisions. The next 60 years saw an explosion in the development and use of more refined tools for assessing the behavior of prospectively purified subsets of hematopoietic cells with blood cell-producing capacity. These developments have led to the formulation of increasingly complex hierarchical models of hematopoiesis and a growing list of intrinsic and extrinsic elements that regulate HSC cycling status, viability, self-renewal, and lineage outputs. More recent examination of these properties in individual, highly purified HSCs and analyses of their perpetuation in clonally generated progeny HSCs have now provided definitive evidence of linearly transmitted heterogeneity in HSC states. These results anticipate the need and use of emerging new technologies to establish models that will accommodate such pluralistic features of HSCs and their control mechanisms.
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25
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Nakamura-Ishizu A, Takizawa H, Suda T. The analysis, roles and regulation of quiescence in hematopoietic stem cells. Development 2015; 141:4656-66. [PMID: 25468935 DOI: 10.1242/dev.106575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis requires the presence of multipotent adult stem cells that are capable of efficient self-renewal and differentiation; some of these have been shown to exist in a dormant, or quiescent, cell cycle state. Such quiescence has been proposed as a fundamental property of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the adult bone marrow, acting to protect HSCs from functional exhaustion and cellular insults to enable lifelong hematopoietic cell production. Recent studies have demonstrated that HSC quiescence is regulated by a complex network of cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic factors. In addition, detailed single-cell analyses and novel imaging techniques have identified functional heterogeneity within quiescent HSC populations and have begun to delineate the topological organization of quiescent HSCs. Here, we review the current methods available to measure quiescence in HSCs and discuss the roles of HSC quiescence and the various mechanisms by which HSC quiescence is maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Nakamura-Ishizu
- Department of Cell Differentiation, The Sakaguchi Laboratory, Keio University, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive MD6, Centre for Translational Medicine, 117599 Singapore
| | - Hitoshi Takizawa
- Division of Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Toshio Suda
- Department of Cell Differentiation, The Sakaguchi Laboratory, Keio University, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive MD6, Centre for Translational Medicine, 117599 Singapore
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26
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Maintenance of leukemia-initiating cells is regulated by the CDK inhibitor Inca1. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115578. [PMID: 25525809 PMCID: PMC4272264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional differences between healthy progenitor and cancer initiating cells may provide unique opportunities for targeted therapy approaches. Hematopoietic stem cells are tightly controlled by a network of CDK inhibitors that govern proliferation and prevent stem cell exhaustion. Loss of Inca1 led to an increased number of short-term hematopoietic stem cells in older mice, but Inca1 seems largely dispensable for normal hematopoiesis. On the other hand, Inca1-deficiency enhanced cell cycling upon cytotoxic stress and accelerated bone marrow exhaustion. Moreover, AML1-ETO9a-induced proliferation was not sustained in Inca1-deficient cells in vivo. As a consequence, leukemia induction and leukemia maintenance were severely impaired in Inca1−/− bone marrow cells. The re-initiation of leukemia was also significantly inhibited in absence of Inca1−/− in MLL—AF9- and c-myc/BCL2-positive leukemia mouse models. These findings indicate distinct functional properties of Inca1 in normal hematopoietic cells compared to leukemia initiating cells. Such functional differences might be used to design specific therapy approaches in leukemia.
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27
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Hilpert M, Legrand C, Bluteau D, Balayn N, Betems A, Bluteau O, Villeval JL, Louache F, Gonin P, Debili N, Plo I, Vainchenker W, Gilles L, Raslova H. p19 INK4d controls hematopoietic stem cells in a cell-autonomous manner during genotoxic stress and through the microenvironment during aging. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 3:1085-102. [PMID: 25458892 PMCID: PMC4264042 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are characterized by the capacity for self-renewal and the ability to reconstitute the entire hematopoietic compartment. Thrombopoietin maintains adult HSCs in a quiescent state through the induction of cell cycle inhibitors p57Kip2 and p19INK4d. Using the p19INK4d−/− mouse model, we investigated the role of p19INK4d in basal and stress-induced hematopoiesis. We demonstrate that p19INK4d is involved in the regulation of HSC quiescence by inhibition of the G0/G1 cell cycle transition. Under genotoxic stress conditions, the absence of p19INK4d in HSCs leads to accelerated cell cycle exit, accumulation of DNA double-strand breaks, and apoptosis when cells progress to the S/G2-M stages of the cell cycle. Moreover, p19INK4d controls the HSC microenvironment through negative regulation of megakaryopoiesis. Deletion of p19INK4d results in megakaryocyte hyperproliferation and increased transforming growth factor β1 secretion. This leads to fibrosis in the bone marrow and spleen, followed by loss of HSCs during aging. p19INK4d regulates HSC quiescence through inhibition of the G0/G1 transition p19INK4d protects HSC from DNA damage and apoptosis during genotoxic stress Absence of p19INK4d leads to MK amplification, splenomegaly, and fibrosis development p19INK4d controls HSC pool through microenvironment
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Hilpert
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1009, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France; University Paris Sud, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, IFR54, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France; University Paris Diderot, 5 rue Thomas-Mann, 75205 Paris, France
| | - Céline Legrand
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1009, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France; University Paris Sud, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, IFR54, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Dominique Bluteau
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1009, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France; University Paris Sud, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, IFR54, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, 4-14 rue Ferrus, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Natalie Balayn
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1009, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France; University Paris Sud, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, IFR54, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Aline Betems
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1009, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France; University Paris Sud, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, IFR54, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Olivier Bluteau
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1009, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France; University Paris Sud, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, IFR54, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Jean-Luc Villeval
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1009, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France; University Paris Sud, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, IFR54, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Fawzia Louache
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1009, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France; University Paris Sud, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, IFR54, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Patrick Gonin
- University Paris Sud, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, IFR54, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Najet Debili
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1009, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France; University Paris Sud, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, IFR54, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Isabelle Plo
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1009, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France; University Paris Sud, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, IFR54, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - William Vainchenker
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1009, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France; University Paris Sud, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, IFR54, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Laure Gilles
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1009, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France; University Paris Sud, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, IFR54, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Hana Raslova
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1009, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France; University Paris Sud, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, IFR54, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France.
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Carrillo García C, Riedt T, Li J, Dotten M, Brossart P, Janzen V. Simultaneous deletion of p21Cip1/Waf1 and caspase-3 accelerates proliferation and partially rescues the differentiation defects of caspase-3 deficient hematopoietic stem cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109266. [PMID: 25286245 PMCID: PMC4186822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Specialized blood cells are generated through the entire life of an organism by differentiation of a small number of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). There are strictly regulated mechanisms assuring a constant and controlled production of mature blood cells. Although such mechanisms are not completely understood, some factors regulating cell cycle and differentiation have been identified. We have previously shown that Caspase-3 is an important regulator of HSC homeostasis and cytokine responsiveness. p21cip1/waf1 is a known cell cycle regulator, however its role in stem cell homeostasis seems to be limited. Several reports indicate interactions between p21cip1/waf1 and Caspase-3 in a cell type dependent manner. Here we studied the impact of simultaneous depletion of both factors on HSC homeostasis. Depletion of both Caspase-3 and p21cip1/waf1 resulted in an even more pronounced increase in the frequency of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. In addition, simultaneous deletion of both genes revealed a further increase of cell proliferation compared to single knock-outs and WT control mice, while apoptosis or self-renewal ability were not affected in any of the genotypes. Upon transplantation, p21cip1/waf1-/- bone marrow did not reveal significant alterations in engraftment of lethally irradiated mice, while Caspase-3 deficient HSPC displayed a significant reduction of blood cell production. However, when both p21cip1/waf1 and Caspase-3 were eliminated this differentiation defect caused by Caspase-3 deficiency was abrogated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Carrillo García
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tamara Riedt
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Manuela Dotten
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Brossart
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Viktor Janzen
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail:
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FHL2 regulates hematopoietic stem cell functions under stress conditions. Leukemia 2014; 29:615-24. [PMID: 25179730 PMCID: PMC4346553 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
FHL2, a member of the four and one half LIM domain protein family, is a critical transcriptional modulator. Here, we identify FHL2 as a critical regulator of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that is essential for maintaining HSC self-renewal under regenerative stress. We find that Fhl2 loss has limited effects on hematopoiesis under homeostatic conditions. In contrast, Fhl2-null chimeric mice reconstituted with Fhl2-null bone marrow cells developed abnormal hematopoiesis with significantly reduced numbers of HSCs, hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs), red blood cells and platelets as well as hemoglobin levels. In addition, HSCs displayed a significantly reduced self-renewal capacity and were skewed toward myeloid lineage differentiation. We find that Fhl2 loss reduces both HSC quiescence and survival in response to regenerative stress, probably as a consequence of Fhl2-loss-mediated down-regulation of cyclin dependent kinase (CDK)-inhibitors, including p21(Cip) and p27(Kip1). Interestingly, FHL2 is regulated under control of a tissue specific promoter in hematopoietic cells and it is down-regulated by DNA hypermethylation in the leukemia cell line and primary leukemia cells. Furthermore, we find that down-regulation of FHL2 frequently occurs in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients, raising a possibility that FHL2 down-regulation plays a role in the pathogenesis of myeloid malignancies.
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Perez-Campo FM, Costa G, Lie-a-Ling M, Stifani S, Kouskoff V, Lacaud G. MOZ-mediated repression of p16(INK) (4) (a) is critical for the self-renewal of neural and hematopoietic stem cells. Stem Cells 2014; 32:1591-601. [PMID: 24307508 PMCID: PMC4237135 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although inhibition of p16(INK4a) expression is critical to preserve the proliferative capacity of stem cells, the molecular mechanisms responsible for silencing p16(INK4a) expression remain poorly characterized. Here, we show that the histone acetyltransferase (HAT) monocytic leukemia zinc finger protein (MOZ) controls the proliferation of both hematopoietic and neural stem cells by modulating the transcriptional repression of p16(INK4a) . In the absence of the HAT activity of MOZ, expression of p16(INK4a) is upregulated in progenitor and stem cells, inducing an early entrance into replicative senescence. Genetic deletion of p16(INK4a) reverses the proliferative defect in both Moz(HAT) (-) (/) (-) hematopoietic and neural progenitors. Our results suggest a critical requirement for MOZ HAT activity to silence p16(INK4a) expression and to protect stem cells from early entrance into replicative senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flor M Perez-Campo
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of ManchesterManchester, United Kingdom
| | - Guilherme Costa
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of ManchesterManchester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Lie-a-Ling
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of ManchesterManchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Valerie Kouskoff
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Haematopoiesis Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of ManchesterManchester, United Kingdom
| | - Georges Lacaud
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of ManchesterManchester, United Kingdom
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31
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Bre1a, a histone H2B ubiquitin ligase, regulates the cell cycle and differentiation of neural precursor cells. J Neurosci 2014; 34:3067-78. [PMID: 24553946 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3832-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle regulation is crucial for the maintenance of stem cell populations in adult mammalian tissues. During development, the cell cycle length in neural stem cells increases, which could be associated with their capabilities for self-renewal. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate differentiation and cell cycle progression in embryonic neural stem cells remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated the function of Bre1a, a histone H2B ubiquitylation factor, which is expressed in most but not all of neural precursor cells (NPCs) in the developing mouse brain. We found that the knockdown of Bre1a in NPCs lengthened their cell cycle through the upregulation of p57(kip2) and the downregulation of Cdk2. In addition, the knockdown of Bre1a increased the expression of Hes5, an effector gene of Notch signaling, through the action of Fezf1 and Fezf2 genes and suppressed the differentiation of NPCs. Our data suggest that Bre1a could be a bifunctional gene that regulates both the differentiation status and cell cycle length of NPCs. We propose a novel model that the Bre1a-negative cells in the ventricular zone of early embryonic brains remain undifferentiated and are selected as self-renewing neural stem cells, which increase their cell cycle time during development.
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32
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Aiello FB, Graciotti L, Procopio AD, Keller JR, Durum SK. Stemness of T cells and the hematopoietic stem cells: fate, memory, niche, cytokines. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2013; 24:485-501. [PMID: 24231048 PMCID: PMC6390295 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are able to generate both cells that differentiate and cells that remain undifferentiated but potentially have the same developmental program. The prolonged duration of the protective immune memory for infectious diseases such as polio, small pox, and measles, suggested that memory T cells may have stem cell properties. Understanding the molecular basis for the life-long persistence of memory T cells may be useful to project targeted therapies for immune deficiencies and infectious diseases and to formulate vaccines. In the last decade evidence from different laboratories shows that memory T cells may share self-renewal pathways with bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells. In stem cells the intrinsic self-renewal activity, which depends on gene expression, is known to be modulated by extrinsic signals from the environment that may be tissue specific. These extrinsic signals for stemness of memory T cells include cytokines such as IL-7 and IL-15 and there are other cytokine signals for maintaining the cytokine signature (TH1, TH2, etc.) of memory T cells. Intrinsic and extrinsic pathways that might be common to bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells and memory T lymphocytes are discussed and related to self-renewal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca B Aiello
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66013 Chieti, Italy.
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Santos PM, Ding Y, Borghesi L. Cell-intrinsic in vivo requirement for the E47-p21 pathway in long-term hematopoietic stem cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 192:160-8. [PMID: 24259504 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Major regulators of long-term hematopoietic stem cell (LT-HSC) self-renewal and proliferation have been identified, but knowledge of their in vivo interaction in a linear pathway is lacking. In this study, we show a direct genetic link between the transcription factor E47 and the major cell cycle regulator p21 in controlling LT-HSC integrity in vivo under repopulation stress. Numerous studies have shown that E47 activates p21 transcription in hematopoietic subsets in vitro, and we now reveal the in vivo relevance of the E47-p21 pathway by reducing the gene dose of each factor individually (E47(het) or p21(het)) versus in tandem (E47(het)p21(het)). E47(het)p21(het) LT-HSCs and downstream short-term hematopoietic stem cells exhibit hyperproliferation and preferential susceptibility to mitotoxin compared to wild-type or single haploinsufficient controls. In serial adoptive transfers that rigorously challenge self-renewal, E47(het)p21(het) LT-HSCs dramatically and progressively decline, indicating the importance of cell-intrinsic E47-p21 in preserving LT-HSCs under stress. Transient numeric recovery of downstream short-term hematopoietic stem cells enabled the production of functionally competent myeloid but not lymphoid cells, as common lymphoid progenitors were decreased, and peripheral lymphocytes were virtually ablated. Thus, we demonstrate a developmental compartment-specific and lineage-specific requirement for the E47-p21 pathway in maintaining LT-HSCs, B cells, and T cells under hematopoietic repopulation stress in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M Santos
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
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Campaner S, Viale A, De Fazio S, Doni M, De Franco F, D'Artista L, Sardella D, Pelicci PG, Amati B. A non-redundant function of cyclin E1 in hematopoietic stem cells. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:3663-72. [PMID: 24091730 PMCID: PMC3903717 DOI: 10.4161/cc.26584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A precise balance between quiescence and proliferation is crucial for the lifelong function of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Cyclins E1 and E2 regulate exit from quiescence in fibroblasts, but their role in HSCs remains unknown. Here, we report a non-redundant role for cyclin E1 in mouse HSCs. A long-term culture-initiating cell (LTC-IC) assay indicated that the loss of cyclin E1, but not E2, compromised the colony-forming activity of primitive hematopoietic progenitors. Ccne1−/− mice showed normal hematopoiesis in vivo under homeostatic conditions but a severe impairment following myeloablative stress induced by 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Under these conditions, Ccne1−/− HSCs were less efficient in entering the cell cycle, resulting in decreased hematopoiesis and reduced survival of mutant mice upon weekly 5-FU treatment. The role of cyclin E1 in homeostatic conditions became apparent in aged mice, where HSC quiescence was increased in Ccne1−/− animals. On the other hand, loss of cyclin E1 provided HSCs with a competitive advantage in bone marrow serial transplantation assays, suggesting that a partial impairment of cell cycle entry may exert a protective role by preventing premature depletion of the HSC compartment. Our data support a role for cyclin E1 in controlling the exit from quiescence in HSCs. This activity, depending on the physiological context, can either jeopardize or protect the maintenance of hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Campaner
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT); Milan, Italy
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Pant V, Xiong S, Jackson JG, Post SM, Abbas HA, Quintás-Cardama A, Hamir AN, Lozano G. The p53-Mdm2 feedback loop protects against DNA damage by inhibiting p53 activity but is dispensable for p53 stability, development, and longevity. Genes Dev 2013; 27:1857-67. [PMID: 23973961 PMCID: PMC3778240 DOI: 10.1101/gad.227249.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The p53–Mdm2 feedback loop is thought to be critical for regulating stress-induced p53 activity and levels. Using a novel mouse model, Lozano and colleagues now show that the p53–Mdm2 negative feedback loop is not important in development or longevity but is important in response to DNA damage. Low-dose IR causes a hematopoietic stem cell failure in a Puma-dependent but not a p21-dependent manner. This study suggests that transient disruption of the p53–Mdm2 interaction could be a potential therapeutic strategy for targeting stem cells in hematological malignancies. The p53–Mdm2 feedback loop is perceived to be critical for regulating stress-induced p53 activity and levels. However, this has never been tested in vivo. Using a genetically engineered mouse with mutated p53 response elements in the Mdm2 P2 promoter, we show that feedback loop-deficient Mdm2P2/P2 mice are viable and aphenotypic and age normally. p53 degradation kinetics after DNA damage in radiosensitive tissues remains similar to wild-type controls. Nonetheless, DNA damage response is elevated in Mdm2P2/P2 mice. Enhanced p53-dependent apoptosis sensitizes hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), causing drastic myeloablation and lethality. These results suggest that while basal Mdm2 levels are sufficient to regulate p53 in most tissues under homeostatic conditions, the p53–Mdm2 feedback loop is critical for regulating p53 activity and sustaining HSC function after DNA damage. Therefore, transient disruption of p53–Mdm2 interaction could be explored as a potential adjuvant/therapeutic strategy for targeting stem cells in hematological malignancies.
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36
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Zhang J, Seet CS, Sun C, Li J, You D, Volk A, Breslin P, Li X, Wei W, Qian Z, Zeleznik-Le NJ, Zhang Z, Zhang J. p27kip1 maintains a subset of leukemia stem cells in the quiescent state in murine MLL-leukemia. Mol Oncol 2013; 7:1069-82. [PMID: 23988911 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MLL (mixed-lineage leukemia)-fusion genes induce the development of leukemia through deregulation of normal MLL target genes, such as HOXA9 and MEIS1. Both HOXA9 and MEIS1 are required for MLL-fusion gene-induced leukemogenesis. Co-expression of HOXA9 and MEIS1 induces acute myeloid leukemia (AML) similar to that seen in mice in which MLL-fusion genes are over-expressed. p27(kip1) (p27 hereafter), a negative regulator of the cell cycle, has also been defined as an MLL target, the expression of which is up-regulated in MLL leukemic cells (LCs). To investigate whether p27 plays a role in the pathogenesis of MLL-leukemia, we examined the effects of p27 deletion (p27(-/-)) on MLL-AF9 (MA9)-induced murine AML development. HOXA9/MEIS1 (H/M)-induced, p27 wild-type (p27(+/+)) and p27(-/-) AML were studied in parallel as controls. We found that LCs from both MA9-AML and H/M-AML can be separated into three fractions, a CD117(-)CD11b(hi) differentiated fraction as well as CD117(+)CD11b(hi) and CD117(+)CD11b(lo), two less differentiated fractions. The CD117(+)CD11b(lo) fraction, comprising only 1-3% of total LCs, expresses higher levels of early hematopoietic progenitor markers but lower levels of mature myeloid cell markers compared to other populations of LCs. p27 is expressed and is required for maintaining the quiescent and drug-resistant states of the CD117(+)CD11b(lo) fraction of MA9-LCs but not of H/M-LCs. p27 deletion significantly compromises the leukemogenic capacity of CD117(+)CD11b(lo) MA9-LCs by reducing the frequency of leukemic stem cells (LSCs) but does not do so in H/M-LCs. In addition, we found that p27 is highly expressed and required for cell cycle arrest in the CD117(-)CD11b(hi) fraction in both types of LCs. Furthermore, we found that c-Myc expression is required for maintaining LCs in an undifferentiated state independently of proliferation. We concluded that p27 represses the proliferation of LCs, which is specifically required for maintaining the quiescent and drug-resistant states of a small subset of MA9-LSCs in collaboration with the differentiation blockage function of c-Myc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Department of Biology, College of Life and Environment Science, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Road, Shanghai 200234, PR China; Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center and Department of Pathology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, United States
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37
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Rossi L, Lin KK, Boles NC, Yang L, King KY, Jeong M, Mayle A, Goodell MA. Less is more: unveiling the functional core of hematopoietic stem cells through knockout mice. Cell Stem Cell 2013; 11:302-17. [PMID: 22958929 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) represent one of the first recognized somatic stem cell types. As such, nearly 200 genes have been examined for roles in HSC function in knockout mice. In this review, we compile the majority of these reports to provide a broad overview of the functional modules revealed by these genetic analyses and highlight some key regulatory pathways involved, including cell cycle control, Tgf-β signaling, Pten/Akt signaling, Wnt signaling, and cytokine signaling. Finally, we propose recommendations for characterization of HSC function in knockout mice to facilitate cross-study comparisons that would generate a more cohesive picture of HSC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Rossi
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Abstract
Stem cells are a unique population that lies at the summit of any, or at least most, biological systems. They can differentiate in a variety of mature cell types, but they also have the ability to self-renew, that is, the capacity to divide and retain all the features of the mother cell. The regulation of self-renewal has been studied for many years, but several aspects of this regulation are still vague. The combined decision to divide and self-renew or differentiate suggests that the mechanisms that regulate self-renewal and cell cycle activity are intermingled. While inactivation of many cell cycle regulators impacts the physiological and pathological biology of stem cells, the exact mechanisms that link the decision to enter the cell cycle and the choice of the cellular fate are poorly understood. The multiplicity of signals and pathways regulating self-renewal add to the complexity of the phenomenon. Here, I will review the described links between the cell cycle and self-renewal and discuss the role of the niche in the regulation of both mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Viatour
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA ; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Zhang QS, Watanabe-Smith K, Schubert K, Major A, Sheehan AM, Marquez-Loza L, Newell AEH, Benedetti E, Joseph E, Olson S, Grompe M. Fancd2 and p21 function independently in maintaining the size of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell pool in mice. Stem Cell Res 2013; 11:687-92. [PMID: 23721813 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia patients suffer from progressive bone marrow failure. An overactive p53 response to DNA damage contributes to the progressive elimination of Fanconi anemia hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC), and hence presents a potential target for therapeutic intervention. To investigate whether the cell cycle regulatory protein p21 is the primary mediator of the p53-dependent stem cell loss, p21/Fancd2 double-knockout mice were generated. Surprisingly double mutant mice displayed even more severe loss of HSPCs than Fancd2(-/-) single mutants. p21 deletion did not rescue the abnormal cell cycle profile and had no impact on the long-term repopulating potential of Fancd2(-/-) bone marrow cells. Collectively, our data indicate that p21 has an indispensable role in maintaining a normal HSPC pool and suggest that other p53-targeted factors, not p21, mediate the progressive elimination of HSPC in Fanconi anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Shuo Zhang
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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Lee J, Hoi CSL, Lilja KC, White BS, Lee SE, Shalloway D, Tumbar T. Runx1 and p21 synergistically limit the extent of hair follicle stem cell quiescence in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:4634-9. [PMID: 23487742 PMCID: PMC3606971 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1213015110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of tissue stem cell (SC) quiescence control are important for normal homeostasis and for preventing cancer. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKis) are known inhibitors of cell cycle progression. We document CDKis expression in vivo during hair follicle stem cell (HFSC) homeostasis and find p21 (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1a, Cdkn1a), p57, and p15 up-regulated at quiescence onset. p21 appears important for HFSC timely onset of quiescence. Conversely, we find that Runx1 (runt related transcription factor 1), which is known for promoting HFSC proliferation, represses p21, p27, p57, and p15 transcription in HFSC in vivo. Intriguingly, in cell culture, tumors, and normal homeostasis, Runx1 and p21 interplay modulates proliferation in opposing directions under the different conditions. Unexpectedly, Runx1 and p21 synergistically limit the extent of HFSC quiescence in vivo, which antagonizes the role of p21 as a cell cycle inhibitor. Importantly, we find in cultured keratinocytes that Runx1 and p21 bind to the p15 promoter and synergistically repress p15 mRNA transcription, thereby restraining cell cycle arrest. This documents a surprising ability of a CDKi (p21) to act as a direct transcriptional repressor of another CDKi (p15). We unveil a robust in vivo mechanism that enforces quiescence of HFSCs, and a context-dependent role of a CDKi (p21) to limit quiescence of SCs, potentially by directly down-regulating mRNA levels of (an)other CDKi(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayhun Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | | | | | | | - Song Eun Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - David Shalloway
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Tudorita Tumbar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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p57 controls adult neural stem cell quiescence and modulates the pace of lifelong neurogenesis. EMBO J 2013; 32:970-81. [PMID: 23481253 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2013.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout life, neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult hippocampus persistently generate new neurons that modify the neural circuitry. Adult NSCs constitute a relatively quiescent cell population but can be activated by extrinsic neurogenic stimuli. However, the molecular mechanism that controls such reversible quiescence and its physiological significance have remained unknown. Here, we show that the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p57(kip2) (p57) is required for NSC quiescence. In addition, our results suggest that reduction of p57 protein in NSCs contributes to the abrogation of NSC quiescence triggered by extrinsic neurogenic stimuli such as running. Moreover, deletion of p57 in NSCs initially resulted in increased neurogenesis in young adult and aged mice. Long-term p57 deletion, on the contrary, led to NSC exhaustion and impaired neurogenesis in aged mice. The regulation of NSC quiescence by p57 might thus have important implications for the short-term (extrinsic stimuli-dependent) and long-term (age-related) modulation of neurogenesis.
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Insinga A, Cicalese A, Faretta M, Gallo B, Albano L, Ronzoni S, Furia L, Viale A, Pelicci PG. DNA damage in stem cells activates p21, inhibits p53, and induces symmetric self-renewing divisions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:3931-6. [PMID: 23417300 PMCID: PMC3593901 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1213394110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage leads to a halt in proliferation owing to apoptosis or senescence, which prevents transmission of DNA alterations. This cellular response depends on the tumor suppressor p53 and functions as a powerful barrier to tumor development. Adult stem cells are resistant to DNA damage-induced apoptosis or senescence, however, and how they execute this response and suppress tumorigenesis is unknown. We show that irradiation of hematopoietic and mammary stem cells up-regulates the cell cycle inhibitor p21, a known target of p53, which prevents p53 activation and inhibits p53 basal activity, impeding apoptosis and leading to cell cycle entry and symmetric self-renewing divisions. p21 also activates DNA repair, limiting DNA damage accumulation and self-renewal exhaustion. Stem cells with moderate DNA damage and diminished self-renewal persist after irradiation, however. These findings suggest that stem cells have evolved a unique, p21-dependent response to DNA damage that leads to their immediate expansion and limits their long-term survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Insinga
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, 20141 Milan, Italy and
| | - Angelo Cicalese
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, 20141 Milan, Italy and
| | - Mario Faretta
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, 20141 Milan, Italy and
| | - Barbara Gallo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, 20141 Milan, Italy and
| | - Luisa Albano
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, 20141 Milan, Italy and
| | - Simona Ronzoni
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, 20141 Milan, Italy and
| | - Laura Furia
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, 20141 Milan, Italy and
| | - Andrea Viale
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, 20141 Milan, Italy and
| | - Pier Giuseppe Pelicci
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, 20141 Milan, Italy and
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia, e Odontoiatria, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
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43
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The function of hematopoietic stem cells is altered by both genetic and inflammatory factors in lupus mice. Blood 2013; 121:1986-94. [PMID: 23315165 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-05-433755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are protected in a metabolically dormant state within the bone marrow stem cell niche. Inflammation has been shown to disrupt HSC dormancy and cause multiple functional changes. Here, we investigated whether HSC functions were altered in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-prone mice and whether this contributed to clinical manifestations of SLE. We found that HSCs were significantly expanded in lupus mice. The increase in HSC cellularity was caused by both genetic lupus risk factors and inflammatory cytokines in lupus mice. In addition, the inflammatory conditions of lupus led to HSC mobilization and lineage-biased hematopoiesis. Strikingly, these functionally altered HSCs possessed robust self-renewal capacity and exhibited repopulating advantages over wild-type HSCs. A single-nucleotide polymorphism in the cdkn2c gene encoding p18(INK4c) within a SLE susceptibility locus was found to account for reduced p18(INK4c) expression and the increase in HSC self-renewal capacity in lupus mice. Lupus HSCs with enhanced self-renewal capacity and resistance to stress may compete out transplanted healthy HSCs, thereby leading to relapses after HSC transplantation.
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44
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Abstract
Aberrations in the p53 tumor suppressor pathway are associated with hematologic malignancies. p53-dependent cell cycle control, senescence, and apoptosis functions are actively involved in maintaining hematopoietic homeostasis under normal and stress conditions. Whereas loss of p53 function promotes leukemia and lymphoma development in humans and mice, increased p53 activity inhibits hematopoietic stem cell function and results in myelodysplasia. Thus, exquisite regulation of p53 activity is critical for homeostasis. Most of our understanding of p53 function in hematopoiesis is derived from genetically engineered mice. Here we summarize some of these models, the various mechanisms that disrupt the regulation of p53 activity, and their relevance to human disease.
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45
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Kruppel-like factor 7 overexpression suppresses hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell function. Blood 2012; 120:2981-9. [PMID: 22936656 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-02-409839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased expression of Kruppel-like factor 7 (KLF7) is an independent predictor of poor outcome in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The contribution of KLF7 to hematopoiesis has not been previously described. Herein, we characterized the effect on murine hematopoiesis of the loss of KLF7 and enforced expression of KLF7. Long-term multilineage engraftment of Klf7(-/-) cells was comparable with control cells, and self-renewal, as assessed by serial transplantation, was not affected. Enforced expression of KLF7 results in a marked suppression of myeloid progenitor cell growth and a loss of short- and long-term repopulating activity. Interestingly, enforced expression of KLF7, although resulting in multilineage growth suppression that extended to hematopoietic stem cells and common lymphoid progenitors, spared T cells and enhanced the survival of early thymocytes. RNA expression profiling of KLF7-overexpressing hematopoietic progenitors identified several potential target genes mediating these effects. Notably, the known KLF7 target Cdkn1a (p21(Cip1/Waf1)) was not induced by KLF7, and loss of CDKN1A does not rescue the repopulating defect. These results suggest that KLF7 is not required for normal hematopoietic stem and progenitor function, but increased expression, as seen in a subset of lymphoid leukemia, inhibits myeloid cell proliferation and promotes early thymocyte survival.
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46
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Sperka T, Wang J, Rudolph KL. DNA damage checkpoints in stem cells, ageing and cancer. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2012; 13:579-90. [DOI: 10.1038/nrm3420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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47
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Matsumoto A, Nakayama KI. Role of key regulators of the cell cycle in maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1830:2335-44. [PMID: 22820018 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are characterized by pluripotentiality and self-renewal ability. To maintain a supply of mature blood cells and to avoid HSC exhaustion during the life span of an organism, most HSCs remain quiescent, with only a limited number entering the cell cycle. SCOPE OF REVIEW The molecular mechanisms by which quiescence is maintained in HSCs are addressed, with recent genetic studies having provided important insight into the relation between the cell cycle activity and stemness of HSCs. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The cell cycle is tightly regulated in HSCs by complex factors. Key regulators of the cell cycle in other cell types-including cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), the retinoblastoma protein family, the transcription factor E2F, and CDK inhibitors-also contribute to such regulation in HSCs. Most, but not all, of these regulators are necessary for maintenance of HSCs, with abnormal activation or suppression of the cell cycle resulting in HSC exhaustion. The cell cycle in HSCs is also regulated by external factors such as cytokines produced by niche cells as well as by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Studies of the cell cycle in HSCs may shed light on the pathogenesis of hematopoietic disorders, serve as a basis for the development of new therapeutic strategies for such disorders, prove useful for the expansion of HSCs in vitro as a possible replacement for blood transfusion, and provide insight into stem cell biology in general. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Biochemistry of Stem Cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinobu Matsumoto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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48
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Roles of p53 in various biological aspects of hematopoietic stem cells. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:903435. [PMID: 22778557 PMCID: PMC3388322 DOI: 10.1155/2012/903435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have the capacity to self-renew as well as to differentiate into all blood cell types, and they can reconstitute hematopoiesis in recipients with bone marrow ablation. In addition, transplantation therapy using HSCs is widely performed for the treatment of various incurable diseases such as hematopoietic malignancies and congenital immunodeficiency disorders. For the safe and successful transplantation of HSCs, their genetic and epigenetic integrities need to be maintained properly. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms that respond to various cellular stresses in HSCs is important. The tumor suppressor protein, p53, has been shown to play critical roles in maintenance of “cell integrity” under stress conditions by controlling its target genes that regulate cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, senescence, DNA repair, or changes in metabolism. In this paper, we summarize recent reports that describe various biological functions of HSCs and discuss the roles of p53 associated with them.
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49
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Pietras EM, Warr MR, Passegué E. Cell cycle regulation in hematopoietic stem cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 195:709-20. [PMID: 22123859 PMCID: PMC3257565 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201102131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) give rise to all lineages of blood cells. Because HSCs must persist for a lifetime, the balance between their proliferation and quiescence is carefully regulated to ensure blood homeostasis while limiting cellular damage. Cell cycle regulation therefore plays a critical role in controlling HSC function during both fetal life and in the adult. The cell cycle activity of HSCs is carefully modulated by a complex interplay between cell-intrinsic mechanisms and cell-extrinsic factors produced by the microenvironment. This fine-tuned regulatory network may become altered with age, leading to aberrant HSC cell cycle regulation, degraded HSC function, and hematological malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Pietras
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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50
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Matsumoto A, Takeishi S, Kanie T, Susaki E, Onoyama I, Tateishi Y, Nakayama K, Nakayama KI. p57 is required for quiescence and maintenance of adult hematopoietic stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2011; 9:262-71. [PMID: 21885021 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2011.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Quiescence is required for the maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Members of the Cip/Kip family of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors (p21, p27, p57) have been implicated in HSC quiescence, but loss of p21 or p27 in mice affects HSC quiescence or functionality only under conditions of stress. Although p57 is the most abundant family member in quiescent HSCs, its role has remained uncharacterized. Here we show a severe defect in the self-renewal capacity of p57-deficient HSCs and a reduction of the proportion of the cells in G(0) phase. Additional ablation of p21 in a p57-null background resulted in a further decrease in the colony-forming activity of HSCs. Moreover, the HSC abnormalities of p57-deficient mice were corrected by knocking in the p27 gene at the p57 locus. Our results therefore suggest that, among Cip/Kip family CDK inhibitors, p57 plays a predominant role in the quiescence and maintenance of adult HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinobu Matsumoto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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