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Moreira R, Nóbrega C, de Almeida LP, Mendonça L. Brain-targeted drug delivery - nanovesicles directed to specific brain cells by brain-targeting ligands. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:260. [PMID: 38760847 PMCID: PMC11100082 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02511-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by extensive loss of function or death of brain cells, hampering the life quality of patients. Brain-targeted drug delivery is challenging, with a low success rate this far. Therefore, the application of targeting ligands in drug vehicles, such as lipid-based and polymeric nanoparticles, holds the promise to overcome the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and direct therapies to the brain, in addition to protect their cargo from degradation and metabolization. In this review, we discuss the barriers to brain delivery and the different types of brain-targeting ligands currently in use in brain-targeted nanoparticles, such as peptides, proteins, aptamers, small molecules, and antibodies. Moreover, we present a detailed review of the different targeting ligands used to direct nanoparticles to specific brain cells, like neurons (C4-3 aptamer, neurotensin, Tet-1, RVG, and IKRG peptides), astrocytes (Aquaporin-4, D4, and Bradykinin B2 antibodies), oligodendrocytes (NG-2 antibody and the biotinylated DNA aptamer conjugated to a streptavidin core Myaptavin-3064), microglia (CD11b antibody), neural stem cells (QTRFLLH, VPTQSSG, and NFL-TBS.40-63 peptides), and to endothelial cells of the BBB (transferrin and insulin proteins, and choline). Reports demonstrated enhanced brain-targeted delivery with improved transport to the specific cell type targeted with the conjugation of these ligands to nanoparticles. Hence, this strategy allows the implementation of high-precision medicine, with reduced side effects or unwanted therapy clearance from the body. Nevertheless, the accumulation of some of these nanoparticles in peripheral organs has been reported indicating that there are still factors to be improved to achieve higher levels of brain targeting. This review is a collection of studies exploring targeting ligands for the delivery of nanoparticles to the brain and we highlight the advantages and limitations of this type of approach in precision therapies.
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Grants
- under BrainHealth2020 projects (CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000008), through the COMPETE 2020 - Operational Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalization and Portuguese national funds via FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, under projects - UIDB/04539/2020 and UIDP/04539/2020, POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030737 (NeuroStemForMJD, PTDC/BTM-ORG/30737/2017), CEECIND/04242/2017, and PhD Scholarship European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the Centro 2020 Regional Operational Programme
- under BrainHealth2020 projects (CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000008), through the COMPETE 2020 - Operational Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalization and Portuguese national funds via FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, under projects - UIDB/04539/2020 and UIDP/04539/2020, POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030737 (NeuroStemForMJD, PTDC/BTM-ORG/30737/2017), CEECIND/04242/2017, and PhD Scholarship European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the Centro 2020 Regional Operational Programme
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Moreira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, polo 1, Coimbra, FMUC, 3004-504, Portugal
- CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004-504, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal
| | - Clévio Nóbrega
- Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute (ABC-RI), University of Algarve, Faro, 8005-139, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, 8005-139, Portugal
| | - Luís Pereira de Almeida
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, polo 1, Coimbra, FMUC, 3004-504, Portugal
- CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004-504, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3030-789, Portugal
| | - Liliana Mendonça
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, polo 1, Coimbra, FMUC, 3004-504, Portugal.
- CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004-504, Portugal.
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3030-789, Portugal.
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Lin X, Li N, Tang H. Recent Advances in Nanomaterials for Diagnosis, Treatments, and Neurorestoration in Ischemic Stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:885190. [PMID: 35836741 PMCID: PMC9274459 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.885190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a major public health issue, corresponding to the second cause of mortality and the first cause of severe disability. Ischemic stroke is the most common type of stroke, accounting for 87% of all strokes, where early detection and clinical intervention are well known to decrease its morbidity and mortality. However, the diagnosis of ischemic stroke has been limited to the late stages, and its therapeutic window is too narrow to provide rational and effective treatment. In addition, clinical thrombolytics suffer from a short half-life, inactivation, allergic reactions, and non-specific tissue targeting. Another problem is the limited ability of current neuroprotective agents to promote recovery of the ischemic brain tissue after stroke, which contributes to the progressive and irreversible nature of ischemic stroke and also the severity of the outcome. Fortunately, because of biomaterials’ inherent biochemical and biophysical properties, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, renewability, nontoxicity, long blood circulation time, and targeting ability. Utilization of them has been pursued as an innovative and promising strategy to tackle these challenges. In this review, special emphasis will be placed on the recent advances in the study of nanomaterials for the diagnosis and therapy of ischemic stroke. Meanwhile, nanomaterials provide much promise for neural tissue salvage and regeneration in brain ischemia, which is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinru Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Na Li
- Oujiang Laboratory, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Na Li Hongli Tang
| | - Hongli Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Na Li Hongli Tang
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Oncolytic Adenoviruses: Strategies for Improved Targeting and Specificity. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061504. [PMID: 32526919 PMCID: PMC7352392 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a major health problem. Most of the treatments exhibit systemic toxicity, as they are not targeted or specific to cancerous cells and tumors. Adenoviruses are very promising gene delivery vectors and have immense potential to deliver targeted therapy. Here, we review a wide range of strategies that have been tried, tested, and demonstrated to enhance the specificity of oncolytic viruses towards specific cancer cells. A combination of these strategies and other conventional therapies may be more effective than any of those strategies alone.
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Raja IS, Kim C, Song SJ, Shin YC, Kang MS, Hyon SH, Oh JW, Han DW. Virus-Incorporated Biomimetic Nanocomposites for Tissue Regeneration. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E1014. [PMID: 31311134 PMCID: PMC6669830 DOI: 10.3390/nano9071014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the astonishing properties of non-harmful viruses, tissue regeneration using virus-based biomimetic materials has been an emerging trend recently. The selective peptide expression and enrichment of the desired peptide on the surface, monodispersion, self-assembly, and ease of genetic and chemical modification properties have allowed viruses to take a long stride in biomedical applications. Researchers have published many reviews so far describing unusual properties of virus-based nanoparticles, phage display, modification, and possible biomedical applications, including biosensors, bioimaging, tissue regeneration, and drug delivery, however the integration of the virus into different biomaterials for the application of tissue regeneration is not yet discussed in detail. This review will focus on various morphologies of virus-incorporated biomimetic nanocomposites in tissue regeneration and highlight the progress, challenges, and future directions in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chuntae Kim
- Department of Nanofusion Technology, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Su-Jin Song
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Yong Cheol Shin
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Moon Sung Kang
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Suong-Hyu Hyon
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan
| | - Jin-Woo Oh
- Department of Nanofusion Technology, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Dong-Wook Han
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
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Cao B, Li Y, Yang T, Bao Q, Yang M, Mao C. Bacteriophage-based biomaterials for tissue regeneration. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 145:73-95. [PMID: 30452949 PMCID: PMC6522342 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriophage, also called phage, is a human-safe bacteria-specific virus. It is a monodisperse biological nanostructure made of proteins (forming the outside surface) and nucleic acids (encased in the protein capsid). Among different types of phages, filamentous phages have received great attention in tissue regeneration research due to their unique nanofiber-like morphology. They can be produced in an error-free format, self-assemble into ordered scaffolds, display multiple signaling peptides site-specifically, and serve as a platform for identifying novel signaling or homing peptides. They can direct stem cell differentiation into specific cell types when they are organized into proper patterns or display suitable peptides. These unusual features have allowed scientists to employ them to regenerate a variety of tissues, including bone, nerves, cartilage, skin, and heart. This review will summarize the progress in the field of phage-based tissue regeneration and the future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binrui Cao
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Science Research Center, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, United States
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Science Research Center, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, United States
| | - Tao Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Qing Bao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Mingying Yang
- Institute of Applied Bioresource Research, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Chuanbin Mao
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Science Research Center, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, United States; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China.
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Yan R, Zhang L, Li M, Liu X, Yang X, Chen L. Hes1 negatively regulates neurogenesis in the adult mouse dentate gyrus following traumatic brain injury. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:2267-2274. [PMID: 30186467 PMCID: PMC6122321 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in the activation of neurogenesis, but it also triggers multiple cell signaling pathways that may lead to either cell damage or cell survival. In general, the repair processes following TBI are characterized by a failure to replenish the neuronal population entirely. To date, the factors that determine whether neurogenesis will be sufficient for the replacement of lost neurons following brain injury are not fully understood. Decreased activation of Hes1, a transcriptional repressor, is observed as neural differentiation proceeds, and this gene continues to play a role in the quiescence of stem cells into adulthood. Since Hes1 is negatively correlated with neurogenesis in adult rodents, the present study investigated whether this gene inhibits TBI-induced neurogenesis by use of adenovirus-mediated gene transfer to upregulate Hes1 expression in the dentate gyrus (DG) in a mouse model of TBI. Western blot analysis and immunofluorescent staining revealed increased Hes1 protein expression in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the DG following adenovirus-Hes1 (Ad-Hes1) transfection and a decreased number of bromodeoxyuridine-positive and doublecortin-positive cells in the SGZ in the transfection group following TBI. These data indicated a negative association between the expression of Hes1 and adult neurogenesis following the induction of TBI. Furthermore, the present findings demonstrate the value of downregulating Hes1 expression following TBI to promote the initiation of endogenous neurogenesis, which may be of therapeutic value for patients with brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fifth Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin 300450, P.R. China
- Central Laboratory, The Fifth Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin 300450, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fifth Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin 300450, P.R. China
- Central Laboratory, The Fifth Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin 300450, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Mengqi Li
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Xiaozhi Liu
- Central Laboratory, The Fifth Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin 300450, P.R. China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fifth Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin 300450, P.R. China
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Pinho S, Macedo MH, Rebelo C, Sarmento B, Ferreira L. Stem cells as vehicles and targets of nanoparticles. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:1071-1078. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Tu M, Zhu P, Hu S, Wang W, Su Z, Guan J, Sun C, Zheng W. Notch1 Signaling Activation Contributes to Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis Following Traumatic Brain Injury. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:5480-5487. [PMID: 29150595 PMCID: PMC5703017 DOI: 10.12659/msm.907160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neural stem cells are reported to exist in the hippocampus of adult mammals and are important sources of neurons for repair. The Notch1 signaling pathway is considered as one of the important regulators of neural stem cells, but its role in adult brains is unclear. We aimed to describe the role of Notch1 signaling in the adult rat hippocampus after traumatic brain injury. Material/Methods The model rats were randomly divided into 4 groups as follows: sham, sham-TBI, sham-Ad-TBI, and NICD-Ad-TBI. We used adenovirus-mediated gene transfection to upregulate endogenous NICD in vivo. Firstly, a TBI rat model was constructed with lateral fluid percussion. Then, the hippocampus was collected to detect the expression of Notch1 markers and stem cell markers (DCX) by Western blot analysis, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. The prognosis after TBI treatment was evaluated by the Morris Water Maze test. Results First, we found the expression of NICD in vivo was significantly increased by adenovirus-mediated gene transfection as assessed by Notch1 immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis. Second, enhancing NICD stimulated the regeneration of neural stem cells in the DG of the adult rat brain following traumatic brain injury, as evaluated by DCX and NeuN double-staining. Furthermore, Notch1 signaling activation can promote behavioral improvement after traumatic brain injury, including spatial learning and memory capacity. Conclusions Our findings suggest that targeted regulation of Notch1 signaling may have a useful effect on stem cell transformation. Notch1 signaling may have a potential brain-protection effect, which may result from neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Tu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Penglei Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wenzhou People 's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Shaobo Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Zhipeng Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Jiaqing Guan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Chongran Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Weiming Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
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Kurihara C, Nakade K, Pan J, Huang J, Wasylyk B, Obata Y. An easy method for preparation of Cre-loxP regulated fluorescent adenoviral expression vectors and its application for direct reprogramming into hepatocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 12:26-32. [PMID: 28352551 PMCID: PMC5361070 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The recombinant adenoviral gene expression system is a powerful tool for gene delivery. However, it is difficult to obtain high titers of infectious virus, principally due to the toxicity of the expressed gene which affects on virus replication in the host HEK293 cells. To avoid these problems, we generated a Cre-loxP-regulated fluorescent universal vector (termed pAxCALRL). This vector produces recombinant adenoviruses that express the red fluorescent protein (RFP) instead of the inserted gene during proliferation, which limits toxicity and can be used to monitor viral replication. Expression of the gene of interest is induced by co-infection with an adenovirus that expresses Cre-recombinase (AxCANCre). Recombinant adenovirus produced by this system that express Hnf4α and Foxa2 were used to reprogram mouse embryo fibroblast (MEF) into induced-hepatocyte-like cells (iHep) following several rounds of infection, demonstrating the efficacy of this new system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitose Kurihara
- Gene Engineering Division, RIKEN BioResource Center, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Koji Nakade
- Gene Engineering Division, RIKEN BioResource Center, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Jianzhi Pan
- Gene Engineering Division, RIKEN BioResource Center, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan; Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 198, Shiqiao Rd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Jing Huang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 198, Shiqiao Rd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Bohdan Wasylyk
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 1, Rue Laurent Fries, Illkirch Cedex 67404, France
| | - Yuichi Obata
- Gene Engineering Division, RIKEN BioResource Center, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
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Martins IM, Reis RL, Azevedo HS. Phage Display Technology in Biomaterials Engineering: Progress and Opportunities for Applications in Regenerative Medicine. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:2962-2980. [PMID: 27661443 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The field of regenerative medicine has been gaining momentum steadily over the past few years. The emphasis in regenerative medicine is to use various in vitro and in vivo approaches that leverage the intrinsic healing mechanisms of the body to treat patients with disabling injuries and chronic diseases such as diabetes, osteoarthritis, and degenerative disorders of the cardiovascular and central nervous system. Phage display has been successfully employed to identify peptide ligands for a wide variety of targets, ranging from relatively small molecules (enzymes, cell receptors) to inorganic, organic, and biological (tissues) materials. Over the past two decades, phage display technology has advanced tremendously and has become a powerful tool in the most varied fields of research, including biotechnology, materials science, cell biology, pharmacology, and diagnostics. The growing interest in and success of phage display libraries is largely due to its incredible versatility and practical use. This review discusses the potential of phage display technology in biomaterials engineering for applications in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivone M. Martins
- 3B’s Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of
the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative
Medicine, AvePark, 4805-717 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- CEB − Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B’s Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of
the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative
Medicine, AvePark, 4805-717 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Helena S. Azevedo
- 3B’s Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of
the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative
Medicine, AvePark, 4805-717 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- School of Engineering & Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
- Institute
of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
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Santos T, Boto C, Saraiva CM, Bernardino L, Ferreira L. Nanomedicine Approaches to Modulate Neural Stem Cells in Brain Repair. Trends Biotechnol 2016; 34:437-439. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Novel subventricular zone early progenitor cell-specific adenovirus for in vivo therapy of central nervous system disorders reinforces brain stem cell heterogeneity. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:2049-59. [PMID: 25761931 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-1025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) have the potential to self-renew and to generate all neural lineages as well as to repopulate damaged areas in the brain. Our previous targeting strategies have indicated precursor cell heterogeneity between different brain regions that warrants the development of NSPC-specific delivery vehicles. Here, we demonstrate a target-specific adenoviral vector system for the in vivo manipulation of progenitor cells in the subventricular zone of the adult mouse brain. For this purpose, we identified a series of peptide ligands via phage display. The peptide with the highest affinity, SNQLPQQ, was expressed in conjunction with a bispecific adaptor molecule. To verify the targeting potential of the specific peptide, green fluorescent protein-expressing Ad vectors were coupled with the adaptor molecule and injected into the subventricular region of adult mice by stereotaxic surgery. An efficient and selective transduction of NSPCs in the SVZ was achieved, whereas hippocampal NSPCs were negative. Our results offer an expeditious and simple tool to produce retargeted viral vectors for a specific and direct in vivo manipulation of these progenitor cells. This powerful technique provides an opportunity to develop innovative strategies and express therapeutic genes in specific types of neural progenitor cells to allow success in treatment of brain disorders.
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Bakhshinejad B, Sadeghizadeh M. Bacteriophages and development of nanomaterials for neural regeneration. Neural Regen Res 2015; 9:1955-8. [PMID: 25598776 PMCID: PMC4283276 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.145371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Babak Bakhshinejad
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Sadeghizadeh
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Zhang Z, Yan R, Zhang Q, Li J, Kang X, Wang H, Huan L, Zhang L, Li F, Yang S, Zhang J, Ren X, Yang X. Hes1, a Notch signaling downstream target, regulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis following traumatic brain injury. Brain Res 2014; 1583:65-78. [PMID: 25084035 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Hairy and enhancer of split 1 (Hes1), a downstream target of Notch signaling, has long been recognized as crucial in inhibiting neuronal differentiation. However, the role of Hes1 following traumatic brain injury (TBI) in adult neurogenesis in the mouse dentate gyrus (DG) remains partially understood. Here, we investigate the role of Hes1 in regulating neurogenesis in the DG of the adult hippocampus after TBI by up- or downregulating Hes1 expression. First, adenovirus-mediated gene transfection was employed to upregulate Hes1 in vivo. The mice were then subjected to TBI, and the hippocampal tissue was collected for Western blot analysis at designated times, pre- and post-injury. Moreover, the brain slices were stained for BrdU and doublecortin (DCX). We show that enhancing Hes1 inhibits the proliferation and differentiation of neural precursor cells (NPCs) in the DG of the hippocampus soon after TBI. Second, downregulation of Hes1 via RNA interference (RNAi) results in a significant increase in neuronal production and promotes the differentiation of NPCs into mature neurons in the DG, as assessed by BrdU and NeuN double staining. Furthermore, a Morris water maze (MWM) test clearly confirmed that the knockdown of Hes1 improves the spatial learning and memory capacity of adult mice following injury. Taken together, these observations suggest that Hes1 represents a negative regulator of adult neurogenesis post-TBI and that the precise space-time regulation of Hes1 expression in the DG may promote the recovery of neural function following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, PR China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, PR China.
| | - Rong Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin 5th Central Hospital, Tianjin 300052, PR China.
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou 256603, PR China.
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, PR China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, PR China.
| | - Xiaokui Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, PR China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, PR China.
| | - Haining Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, PR China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, PR China.
| | - Linchun Huan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Linyi People׳s Hospital, Linyi 276000, PR China.
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin 5th Central Hospital, Tianjin 300052, PR China.
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heji Hospital affiliated Changzhi Medical College, 271 Taihang East Road, Changzhi 046000, PR China.
| | - Shuyuan Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, PR China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, PR China.
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, PR China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, PR China.
| | - Xinliang Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heji Hospital affiliated Changzhi Medical College, 271 Taihang East Road, Changzhi 046000, PR China.
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, PR China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, PR China.
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15
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Peptide-based technologies to alter adenoviral vector tropism: ways and means for systemic treatment of cancer. Viruses 2014; 6:1540-63. [PMID: 24699364 PMCID: PMC4014709 DOI: 10.3390/v6041540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the fundamental progress in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of human diseases and the arrival of the post-genomic era, increasing numbers of therapeutic genes and cellular targets are available for gene therapy. Meanwhile, the most important challenge is to develop gene delivery vectors with high efficiency through target cell selectivity, in particular under in situ conditions. The most widely used vector system to transduce cells is based on adenovirus (Ad). Recent endeavors in the development of selective Ad vectors that target cells or tissues of interest and spare the alteration of all others have focused on the modification of the virus broad natural tropism. A popular way of Ad targeting is achieved by directing the vector towards distinct cellular receptors. Redirecting can be accomplished by linking custom-made peptides with specific affinity to cellular surface proteins via genetic integration, chemical coupling or bridging with dual-specific adapter molecules. Ideally, targeted vectors are incapable of entering cells via their native receptors. Such altered vectors offer new opportunities to delineate functional genomics in a natural environment and may enable efficient systemic therapeutic approaches. This review provides a summary of current state-of-the-art techniques to specifically target adenovirus-based gene delivery vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Powell Gray
- Department of Internal Medicine and The Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-8807, United States
| | - Kathlynn C. Brown
- Department of Internal Medicine and The Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-8807, United States
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17
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Reetz J, Genz B, Meier C, Kowtharapu BS, Timm F, Vollmar B, Herchenröder O, Abshagen K, Pützer BM. Development of Adenoviral Delivery Systems to Target Hepatic Stellate Cells In Vivo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67091. [PMID: 23825626 PMCID: PMC3688967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are known as initiator cells that induce liver fibrosis upon intoxication or other noxes. Deactivation of this ongoing remodeling process of liver parenchyma into fibrotic tissue induced by HSCs is an interesting goal to be achieved by targeted genetic modification of HSCs. The most widely applied approach in gene therapy is the utilization of specifically targeted vectors based on Adenovirus (Ad) serotype 5. To narrow down the otherwise ubiquitous tropism of parental Ad, two modifications are required: a) ablating the native tropism and b) redirecting the vector particles towards a specific entity solely present on the cells of interest. Therefore, we designed a peptide of the nerve growth factor (NGFp) with specific affinity for the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) present on HSCs. Coupling of this NGFp to vector particles was done either via chemical conjugation using bifunctional polyethylene glycol (PEG) or, alternatively, by molecular bridging with a fusion protein specific for viral fiber knob and p75NTR. Both Ad vectors transmit the gene for the green fluorescent protein (GFP). GFP expression was monitored in vitro on primary murine HSCs as well as after systemic administration in mice with healthy and fibrotic livers using intravital fluorescence microscopy. Coupling of NGFp to Ad via S11 and/or PEGylation resulted in markedly reduced liver tropism and an enhanced adenoviral-mediated gene transfer to HSCs. Transduction efficiency of both specific Ads was uniformly higher in fibrotic livers, whereas Ad.GFP-S11-NGFp transduce activated HSCs better than Ad.GFP-PEG-NGFp. These experiments contribute to the development of a targeted gene transfer system to specifically deliver antifibrotic compounds into activated HSCs by systemically applied adenoviral vector modified with NGFp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Reetz
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical School, Rostock, Germany
| | - Berit Genz
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical School, Rostock, Germany
| | - Claudia Meier
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical School, Rostock, Germany
| | - Bhavani S. Kowtharapu
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical School, Rostock, Germany
| | - Franziska Timm
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical School, Rostock, Germany
| | - Brigitte Vollmar
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical School, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ottmar Herchenröder
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical School, Rostock, Germany
| | - Kerstin Abshagen
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical School, Rostock, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Brigitte M. Pützer
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical School, Rostock, Germany
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18
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Reetz J, Herchenröder O, Schmidt A, Pützer BM. Vector Technology and Cell Targeting: Peptide-Tagged Adenoviral Vectors as a Powerful Tool for Cell Specific Targeting. Regen Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5690-8_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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19
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A new finding concerning adenoviral-mediated gene transfer: A high-level, cell-specific transgene expression in the neural stem cells of adult mice. J Virol Methods 2012; 186:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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20
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Pützer BM, Schmidt A. Vector Technology and Cell Targeting: Peptide-Tagged Adenoviral Vectors as a Powerful Tool for Cell Specific Targeting. Regen Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-9075-1_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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21
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Hildebrandt S, Schmidt A, Stoll A, Schmitt O, Köhling R, Wree A, Haas SJP, Pützer BM. Targeting of neural stem cells in the hippocampus of adult rats by custom-made Ad vectors. Brain Struct Funct 2010; 215:105-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-010-0275-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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22
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Marr RA, Thomas RM, Peterson DA. Insights into neurogenesis and aging: potential therapy for degenerative disease? FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2010; 5:527-541. [PMID: 20806052 PMCID: PMC2929019 DOI: 10.2217/fnl.10.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurogenesis is the process by which new neural cells are generated from a small population of multipotent stem cells in the adult CNS. This natural generation of new cells is limited in its regenerative capabilities and also declines with age. The use of stem cells in the treatment of neurodegenerative disease may hold great potential; however, the age-related incidence of many CNS diseases coincides with reduced neurogenesis. This review concisely summarizes current knowledge related to adult neurogenesis and its alteration with aging and examines the feasibility of using stem cell and gene therapies to combat diseases of the CNS with advancing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Marr
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine & Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Rosanne M Thomas
- Department of Physical Therapy, Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine
| | - Daniel A Peterson
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine & Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
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23
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Wolf SA, Bick-Sander A, Fabel K, Leal-Galicia P, Tauber S, Ramirez-Rodriguez G, Müller A, Melnik A, Waltinger TP, Ullrich O, Kempermann G. Cannabinoid receptor CB1 mediates baseline and activity-induced survival of new neurons in adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Cell Commun Signal 2010; 8:12. [PMID: 20565726 PMCID: PMC2898685 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-8-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adult neurogenesis is a particular example of brain plasticity that is partially modulated by the endocannabinoid system. Whereas the impact of synthetic cannabinoids on the neuronal progenitor cells has been described, there has been lack of information about the action of plant-derived extracts on neurogenesis. Therefore we here focused on the effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD) fed to female C57Bl/6 and Nestin-GFP-reporter mice on proliferation and maturation of neuronal progenitor cells and spatial learning performance. In addition we used cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) deficient mice and treatment with CB1 antagonist AM251 in Nestin-GFP-reporter mice to investigate the role of the CB1 receptor in adult neurogenesis in detail. Results THC and CBD differed in their effects on spatial learning and adult neurogenesis. CBD did not impair learning but increased adult neurogenesis, whereas THC reduced learning without affecting adult neurogenesis. We found the neurogenic effect of CBD to be dependent on the CB1 receptor, which is expressed over the whole dentate gyrus. Similarly, the neurogenic effect of environmental enrichment and voluntary wheel running depends on the presence of the CB1 receptor. We found that in the absence of CB1 receptors, cell proliferation was increased and neuronal differentiation reduced, which could be related to CB1 receptor mediated signaling in Doublecortin (DCX)-expressing intermediate progenitor cells. Conclusion CB1 affected the stages of adult neurogenesis that involve intermediate highly proliferative progenitor cells and the survival and maturation of new neurons. The pro-neurogenic effects of CBD might explain some of the positive therapeutic features of CBD-based compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne A Wolf
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) Berlin-Buch, and Volkswagenstiftung Research Group, Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
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24
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Koh SH, Noh MY, Cho GW, Kim KS, Kim SH. Erythropoietin increases the motility of human bone marrow-multipotent stromal cells (hBM-MSCs) and enhances the production of neurotrophic factors from hBM-MSCs. Stem Cells Dev 2009; 18:411-21. [PMID: 18590375 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2008.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy has been extensively studied as an approach to repair damage in nervous system diseases. Multipotent stromal cells [MSCs] are well known to have neuroprotective effects and neural differentiation potential. The ability to induce migration of MSCs near nervous system damage via direct transplantation or via intravenous injections and increase the secretion of neurotrophic factors from MSCs might improve our ability to repair damage to the nervous system through cell therapy. In the present study, we investigated whether recombinant human erythropoietin [rhEPO], known to have a hematopoietic effect, could increase the motility of human bone marrow [hBM]-MSCs and enhance production of neurotrophic factors from hBM-MSCs. Based on the results of our MTT assay, trypan blue staining, and bromodeoxyuridine ELISA, rhEPO treatment increases the viability of MSCs but not their proliferation. With a migration assay kit, we demonstrated that the motility of hBM-MSCs was enhanced in rhEPO-treated cells. Immunoblotting assays revealed increased expression of phospho-Akt, phospho-GSK-3beta, phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), beta PAK-interacting exchange factor (PIX), CXCR4, phospho tyrosine kinase B (TrkB), and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 [VEGFR-2] in rhEPO-treated cells. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and gelatin zymography demonstrated that rhEPO treatment induces MMP-2 mRNA level and activity. In the studies using ELISAs, we found that rhEPO could increase levels of stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha, VEGF, and brain-derived neurotrophic factors. These findings suggest that rhEPO can increase the viability and motility of hBM-MSCs by affecting various intracellular signals including Akt, ERK, beta-PIX, CXCR4, TrkB, VEGFR-2, and MMP-2 and can enhance the production of neurotrophic factors from hBM-MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Ho Koh
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
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25
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Trepel M, Pasqualini R, Arap W. Chapter 4 Screening Phage‐Display Peptide Libraries for Vascular Targeted Peptides. Methods Enzymol 2008; 445:83-106. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(08)03004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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