1
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Naveh CA, Roberts K, Zakrzewski P, Rice CM, Ponce-Garcia FM, Fleming K, Thompson M, Panyapiean N, Jiang H, Diezmann S, Moura PL, Toye AM, Amulic B. Neutrophils cultured ex vivo from CD34 + stem cells are immature and genetically tractable. J Transl Med 2024; 22:526. [PMID: 38822352 PMCID: PMC11143668 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05337-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutrophils are granulocytes with essential antimicrobial effector functions and short lifespans. During infection or sterile inflammation, emergency granulopoiesis leads to release of immature neutrophils from the bone marrow, serving to boost circulating neutrophil counts. Steady state and emergency granulopoiesis are incompletely understood, partly due to a lack of genetically amenable models of neutrophil development. METHODS We optimised a method for ex vivo production of human neutrophils from CD34+ haematopoietic progenitors. Using flow cytometry, we phenotypically compared cultured neutrophils with native neutrophils from donors experiencing emergency granulopoiesis, and steady state neutrophils from non-challenged donors. We carry out functional and proteomic characterisation of cultured neutrophils and establish genome editing of progenitors. RESULTS We obtain high yields of ex vivo cultured neutrophils, which phenotypically resemble immature neutrophils released into the circulation during emergency granulopoiesis. Cultured neutrophils have similar rates of ROS production and bacterial killing but altered degranulation, cytokine release and antifungal activity compared to mature neutrophils isolated from peripheral blood. These differences are likely due to incomplete synthesis of granule proteins, as demonstrated by proteomic analysis. CONCLUSION Ex vivo cultured neutrophils are genetically tractable via genome editing of precursors and provide a powerful model system for investigating the properties and behaviour of immature neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire A Naveh
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Kiran Roberts
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Przemysław Zakrzewski
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Christopher M Rice
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Fernando M Ponce-Garcia
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Kathryn Fleming
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Megan Thompson
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Nawamin Panyapiean
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Huan Jiang
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Stephanie Diezmann
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Pedro L Moura
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge (MedH), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Ashley M Toye
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
| | - Borko Amulic
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
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2
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In Vitro Human Haematopoietic Stem Cell Expansion and Differentiation. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060896. [PMID: 36980237 PMCID: PMC10046976 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The haematopoietic system plays an essential role in our health and survival. It is comprised of a range of mature blood and immune cell types, including oxygen-carrying erythrocytes, platelet-producing megakaryocytes and infection-fighting myeloid and lymphoid cells. Self-renewing multipotent haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and a range of intermediate haematopoietic progenitor cell types differentiate into these mature cell types to continuously support haematopoietic system homeostasis throughout life. This process of haematopoiesis is tightly regulated in vivo and primarily takes place in the bone marrow. Over the years, a range of in vitro culture systems have been developed, either to expand haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells or to differentiate them into the various haematopoietic lineages, based on the use of recombinant cytokines, co-culture systems and/or small molecules. These approaches provide important tractable models to study human haematopoiesis in vitro. Additionally, haematopoietic cell culture systems are being developed and clinical tested as a source of cell products for transplantation and transfusion medicine. This review discusses the in vitro culture protocols for human HSC expansion and differentiation, and summarises the key factors involved in these biological processes.
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3
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Jones M, Cunningham A, Frank N, Sethi D. The monoculture of cord-blood-derived CD34 + cells by an automated, membrane-based dynamic perfusion system with a novel cytokine cocktail. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:2585-2594. [PMID: 36332632 PMCID: PMC9768577 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched cord blood (CB) transplantation is a procedure for the treatment of certain hematological malignancies, hemoglobinopathies, and autoimmune disorders. However, one of the challenges is to provide a sufficient number of T cell-depleted hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Currently, only 4%-5% of the CB units stored in CB banks contain enough CD34+ cells for engrafting 70-kg patients. To support this clinical need, we have developed an automated expansion protocol for CB-derived CD34+ cells in the Quantum system's dynamic perfusion bioreactor using a novel cytokine cocktail comprised of stem cell factor (SCF), thrombopoietin (TPO), fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt-3L), interleukin-3 (IL-3), IL-6, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), StemRegenin 1 (SR-1), and a fibronectin-stromal-cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1)-coated membrane. In an 8-day expansion of a 2 × 106 positively selected CD34+ cell inoculum from 3 donor lineages, the mean cell harvest and cell viability were 1.02 × 108 cells and 95.5%, respectively, and the mean frequency of the CD45+CD34+ immunophenotype was 54.3%. The mean differentiated cell frequencies were 0.5% for lymphocytes, 15.8% for neutrophils, and 15.4% for platelets. These results demonstrate that the automated monoculture protocol can support the expansion of CD34+ cells with minimal lymphocyte residual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Jones
- Research and Development, Terumo Blood and Cell Technologies, Lakewood, CO 80215, USA,Corresponding author
| | - Annie Cunningham
- Research and Development, Terumo Blood and Cell Technologies, Lakewood, CO 80215, USA
| | - Nathan Frank
- Research and Development, Terumo Blood and Cell Technologies, Lakewood, CO 80215, USA
| | - Dalip Sethi
- Research and Development, Terumo Blood and Cell Technologies, Lakewood, CO 80215, USA
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4
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Abdel-Azim H, Sun W, Wu L. Strategies to generate functionally normal neutrophils to reduce infection and infection-related mortality in cancer chemotherapy. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 204:107403. [PMID: 31470030 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils form an essential part of innate immunity against infection. Cancer chemotherapy-induced neutropenia (CCIN) is a condition in which the number of neutrophils in a patient's bloodstream is decreased, leading to increased susceptibility to infection. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) has been the only approved treatment for CCIN over two decades. To date, CCIN-related infection and mortality remain a significant concern, as neutrophils generated in response to administered GCSF are functionally immature and cannot effectively fight infection. This review summarizes the molecular regulatory mechanisms of neutrophil granulocytic differentiation and innate immunity development, dissects the biology of GCSF in myeloid expansion, highlights the shortcomings of GCSF in CCIN treatment, updates the recent advance of a selective retinoid agonist that promotes neutrophil granulocytic differentiation, and evaluates the benefits of developing GCSF biosimilars to increase access to GCSF biologics versus seeking a new mode to fundamentally advance GCSF therapy for treatment of CCIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham Abdel-Azim
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children's Hospital Los Angeles Saban Research Institute, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Weili Sun
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Lingtao Wu
- Research and Development, Therapeutic Approaches, 2712 San Gabriel Boulevard, Rosemead, CA 91770, USA.
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5
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Yang D, Ho YX, Cowell LM, Jilani I, Foster SJ, Prince LR. A Genome-Wide Screen Identifies Factors Involved in S. aureus-Induced Human Neutrophil Cell Death and Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:45. [PMID: 30766531 PMCID: PMC6365652 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a commensal organism in approximately 30% of the human population and colonization is a significant risk factor for invasive infection. As a result of this, there is a great need to better understand how S. aureus overcomes human immunity. Neutrophils are essential during the innate immune response to S. aureus, yet this microorganism uses multiple evasion strategies to avoid killing by these immune cells, perhaps the most catastrophic of which is the rapid induction of neutrophil cell death. The aim of this study was to better understand the mechanisms underpinning S. aureus-induced neutrophil lysis, and how this contributes to pathogenesis in a whole organism model of infection. To do this we screened the genome-wide Nebraska Transposon Mutant Library (NTML) in the community acquired methicillin resistant S. aureus strain, USA300, for decreased ability to induce neutrophil cell lysis. Out of 1,920 S. aureus mutants, a number of known regulators of cell lysis (including the master regulators accessory gene regulator A, agrA and Staphylococcus exoprotein expression protein S, saeS) were identified in this blinded screen, providing validity to the experimental system. Three gene mutations not previously associated with cell death: purB, lspA, and clpP were found to be significantly attenuated in their ability to induce neutrophil lysis. These phenotypes were verified by genetic transductants and complemented strains. purB and clpP were subsequently found to be necessary for bacterial replication and pathogenesis in a zebrafish embryo infection model. The virulence of the clpP mutant was restored in a neutrophil-depleted zebrafish model, suggesting the importance of ClpP in mechanisms underpinning neutrophil immunity to S. aureus. In conclusion, our work identifies genetic components underpinning S. aureus pathogenesis, and may provide insight into how this commensal organism breaches innate immune barriers during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingyi Yang
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Yin Xin Ho
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Laura M Cowell
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Iqra Jilani
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Foster
- Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Lynne R Prince
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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6
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Large-scale ex vivo generation of human neutrophils from cord blood CD34+ cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180832. [PMID: 28700636 PMCID: PMC5507460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional high-dose chemotherapy frequently leads to severe neutropenia, during which patients experience a high risk of infection. Although support care with donor’s neutrophils is possible this choice is largely hampered by the limited availability of matched donors. To overcome this problem, we explored a large-scale ex vivo production of neutrophils from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) using a four-stage culture approach in a roller-bottle production platform. We expanded CD34+ HSCs isolated from umbilical cord blood (UCB) using our in-house special medium supplemented with cytokine cocktails and achieved about 49000-fold expansion of cells, among which about 61% were differentiated mature neutrophils. Ex vivo differentiated neutrophils exhibited a chemotactic activity similar to those from healthy donors and were capable of killing E. coli in vitro. The expansion yield as reported herein was at least 5 times higher than any other methods reported in the literature. Moreover, the cost of our modified medium was only a small fraction (<1/60) of the StemSpan™ SFEM. Therefore, our ex vivo expansion platform, coupled with a low cost of stem cell culture due to the use of a modified medium, makes large-scale manufacturing neutrophils possible, which should be able to greatly ameliorate neutrophil shortage for transfusion in the clinic.
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7
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Domínguez-Hüttinger E, Boon NJ, Clarke TB, Tanaka RJ. Mathematical Modeling of Streptococcus pneumoniae Colonization, Invasive Infection and Treatment. Front Physiol 2017; 8:115. [PMID: 28303104 PMCID: PMC5332394 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp) is a commensal bacterium that normally resides on the upper airway epithelium without causing infection. However, factors such as co-infection with influenza virus can impair the complex Sp-host interactions and the subsequent development of many life-threatening infectious and inflammatory diseases, including pneumonia, meningitis or even sepsis. With the increased threat of Sp infection due to the emergence of new antibiotic resistant Sp strains, there is an urgent need for better treatment strategies that effectively prevent progression of disease triggered by Sp infection, minimizing the use of antibiotics. The complexity of the host-pathogen interactions has left the full understanding of underlying mechanisms of Sp-triggered pathogenesis as a challenge, despite its critical importance in the identification of effective treatments. To achieve a systems-level and quantitative understanding of the complex and dynamically-changing host-Sp interactions, here we developed a mechanistic mathematical model describing dynamic interplays between Sp, immune cells, and epithelial tissues, where the host-pathogen interactions initiate. The model serves as a mathematical framework that coherently explains various in vitro and in vitro studies, to which the model parameters were fitted. Our model simulations reproduced the robust homeostatic Sp-host interaction, as well as three qualitatively different pathogenic behaviors: immunological scarring, invasive infection and their combination. Parameter sensitivity and bifurcation analyses of the model identified the processes that are responsible for qualitative transitions from healthy to such pathological behaviors. Our model also predicted that the onset of invasive infection occurs within less than 2 days from transient Sp challenges. This prediction provides arguments in favor of the use of vaccinations, since adaptive immune responses cannot be developed de novo in such a short time. We further designed optimal treatment strategies, with minimal strengths and minimal durations of antibiotics, for each of the three pathogenic behaviors distinguished by our model. The proposed mathematical framework will help to design better disease management strategies and new diagnostic markers that can be used to inform the most appropriate patient-specific treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Domínguez-Hüttinger
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK; Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico City, Mexico
| | - Neville J Boon
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London London, UK
| | | | - Reiko J Tanaka
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London London, UK
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8
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Li L, Qi X, Sun W, Abdel-Azim H, Lou S, Zhu H, Prasadarao NV, Zhou A, Shimada H, Shudo K, Kim YM, Khazal S, He Q, Warburton D, Wu L. Am80-GCSF synergizes myeloid expansion and differentiation to generate functional neutrophils that reduce neutropenia-associated infection and mortality. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 8:1340-1359. [PMID: 27737899 PMCID: PMC5090663 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201606434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils generated by granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (GCSF) are functionally immature and, consequently, cannot effectively reduce infection and infection‐related mortality in cancer chemotherapy‐induced neutropenia (CCIN). Am80, a retinoic acid (RA) agonist that enhances granulocytic differentiation by selectively activating transcription factor RA receptor alpha (RARα), alternatively promotes RA‐target gene expression. We found that in normal and malignant primary human hematopoietic specimens, Am80‐GCSF combination coordinated proliferation with differentiation to develop complement receptor‐3 (CR3)‐dependent neutrophil innate immunity, through altering transcription of RA‐target genes RARβ2,C/EBPε, CD66,CD11b, and CD18. This led to generation of functional neutrophils capable of fighting infection, whereas neutralizing neutrophil innate immunity with anti‐CD18 antibody abolished neutrophil bactericidal activities induced by Am80‐GCSF. Further, Am80‐GCSF synergy was evaluated using six different dose‐schedule‐infection mouse CCIN models. The data demonstrated that during “emergency” granulopoiesis in CCIN mice undergoing transient systemic intravenous bacterial infection, Am80 effect on differentiating granulocytic precursors synergized with GCSF‐dependent myeloid expansion, resulting in large amounts of functional neutrophils that reduced infection. Importantly, extensive survival tests covering a full cycle of mouse CCIN with perpetual systemic intravenous bacterial infection proved that without causing myeloid overexpansion, Am80‐GCSF generated sufficient numbers of functional neutrophils that significantly reduced infection‐related mortality in CCIN mice. These findings reveal a differential mechanism for generating functional neutrophils to reduce CCIN‐associated infection and mortality, providing a rationale for future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaotian Qi
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Children's Hospital Los Angeles Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Weili Sun
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children's Hospital Los Angeles Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hisham Abdel-Azim
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children's Hospital Los Angeles Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Siyue Lou
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nemani V Prasadarao
- University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alice Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Shimada
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Koichi Shudo
- Japan Pharmaceutical Information Center, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yong-Mi Kim
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children's Hospital Los Angeles Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sajad Khazal
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children's Hospital Los Angeles Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Qiaojun He
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - David Warburton
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Children's Hospital Los Angeles Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lingtao Wu
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA .,University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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9
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Kent MW, Kelher MR, Silliman CC, Quinones R. Neutrophil function in children following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Pediatr Transplant 2016; 20:658-66. [PMID: 27114335 PMCID: PMC5787356 DOI: 10.1111/petr.12714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
HSCT is a lifesaving procedure for children with malignant and non-malignant conditions. The conditioning regimen renders the patient severely immunocompromised and recovery starts with neutrophil (PMN) engraftment. We hypothesize that children demonstrate minimal PMN dysfunction at engraftment and beyond, which is influenced by the stem cell source and the conditioning regimen. Peripheral blood was serially collected from children at 1 to 12 months following allogeneic HSCT. PMN superoxide (O2-) production, degranulation (elastase), CD11b surface expression, and phagocytosis were assessed. Twenty-five patients, mean age of 10.5 yr with 65% males, comprised the study and transplant types included: 14 unrelated cord blood stem cells (cords), seven matched related bone marrow donors, three matched unrelated bone marrow donors, and one peripheral blood progenitor cells. Engraftment occurred at 24 days. There were no significant differences between controls and patients in PMN O2- production, phagocytosis, CD11b surface expression, and total PMN elastase. Elastase release was significantly decreased <6 months vs. controls (p < 0.05) and showed normalization by six months for cords only. The conditioning regimen did not affect PMN function. PMN function returns with engraftment, save elastase release, which occurs later related to the graft source utilized, and its clinical significance is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Kent
- Research Laboratory, Bonfils Blood Center, Denver, CO, USA,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Marguerite R. Kelher
- Research Laboratory, Bonfils Blood Center, Denver, CO, USA,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Christopher C. Silliman
- Research Laboratory, Bonfils Blood Center, Denver, CO, USA,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, CO, USA,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ralph Quinones
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
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10
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Dreyer AK, Hoffmann D, Lachmann N, Ackermann M, Steinemann D, Timm B, Siler U, Reichenbach J, Grez M, Moritz T, Schambach A, Cathomen T. TALEN-mediated functional correction of X-linked chronic granulomatous disease in patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. Biomaterials 2015; 69:191-200. [PMID: 26295532 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (X-CGD) is an inherited disorder of the immune system. It is characterized by a defect in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in phagocytic cells due to mutations in the NOX2 locus, which encodes gp91phox. Because the success of retroviral gene therapy for X-CGD has been hampered by insertional activation of proto-oncogenes, targeting the insertion of a gp91phox transgene into potential safe harbor sites, such as AAVS1, may represent a valid alternative. To conceptually evaluate this strategy, we generated X-CGD patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which recapitulate the cellular disease phenotype upon granulocytic differentiation. We examined AAVS1-specific zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) for their efficacy to target the insertion of a myelo-specific gp91phox cassette to AAVS1. Probably due to their lower cytotoxicity, TALENs were more efficient than ZFNs in generating correctly targeted iPSC colonies, but all corrected iPSC clones showed no signs of mutations at the top-ten predicted off-target sites of both nucleases. Upon differentiation of the corrected X-CGD iPSCs, gp91phox mRNA levels were highly up-regulated and the derived granulocytes exhibited restored ROS production that induced neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. In conclusion, we demonstrate that TALEN-mediated integration of a myelo-specific gp91phox transgene into AAVS1 of patient-derived iPSCs represents a safe and efficient way to generate autologous, functionally corrected granulocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Kathrin Dreyer
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Dirk Hoffmann
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nico Lachmann
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; RG Reprogramming and Gene Therapy, REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; JRG Translational Hematology of Congenital Diseases, REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Mania Ackermann
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; RG Reprogramming and Gene Therapy, REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Doris Steinemann
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Pathology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Barbara Timm
- Institute for Cell and Gene Therapy, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Siler
- Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Janine Reichenbach
- Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Swiss Center for Regenerative Medicine, Zurich Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Grez
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thomas Moritz
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; RG Reprogramming and Gene Therapy, REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Axel Schambach
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Toni Cathomen
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Institute for Cell and Gene Therapy, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, Germany.
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11
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Kumar S, Kim CW, Simmons RD, Jo H. Role of flow-sensitive microRNAs in endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis: mechanosensitive athero-miRs. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:2206-16. [PMID: 25012134 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis preferentially occurs in arterial regions exposed to disturbed flow, in part, due to alterations in gene expression. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding genes that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression by targeting messenger RNA transcripts. Emerging evidence indicates that alteration of flow conditions regulate expression of miRNAs in endothelial cells both in vitro and in vivo. These flow-sensitive miRNAs, known as mechano-miRs, regulate endothelial gene expression and can regulate endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. MiRNAs such as, miR-10a, miR-19a, miR-23b, miR-17-92, miR-21, miR-663, miR-92a, miR-143/145, miR-101, miR-126, miR-712, miR-205, and miR-155, have been identified as mechano-miRs. Many of these miRNAs were initially identified as flow sensitive in vitro and were later found to play a critical role in endothelial function and atherosclerosis in vivo through either gain-of-function or loss-of-function approaches. The key signaling pathways that are targeted by these mechano-miRs include the endothelial cell cycle, inflammation, apoptosis, and nitric oxide signaling. Furthermore, we have recently shown that the miR-712/205 family, which is upregulated by disturbed flow, contributes to endothelial inflammation and vascular hyperpermeability by targeting tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3, which regulates metalloproteinases and a disintegrin and metalloproteinases. The mechano-miRs that are implicated in atherosclerosis are termed as mechanosensitive athero-miRs and are potential therapeutic targets to prevent or treat atherosclerosis. This review summarizes the current knowledge of mechanosensitive athero-miRs and their role in vascular biology and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- From the Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.K., C.W.K., R.D.S., H.J.) and Division of Cardiology (H.J.), Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Chan Woo Kim
- From the Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.K., C.W.K., R.D.S., H.J.) and Division of Cardiology (H.J.), Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Rachel D Simmons
- From the Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.K., C.W.K., R.D.S., H.J.) and Division of Cardiology (H.J.), Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Hanjoong Jo
- From the Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.K., C.W.K., R.D.S., H.J.) and Division of Cardiology (H.J.), Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA.
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Singh VK, Saini A, Tsuji K, Sharma PB, Chandra R. Manufacturing blood ex vivo: a futuristic approach to deal with the supply and safety concerns. Front Cell Dev Biol 2014; 2:26. [PMID: 25364733 PMCID: PMC4206981 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2014.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood transfusions are routinely done in every medical regimen and a worldwide established collection, processing/storage centers provide their services for the same. There have been extreme global demands for both raising the current collections and supply of safe/adequate blood due to increasingly demanding population. With, various risks remain associated with the donor derived blood, and a number of post collection blood screening and processing methods put extreme constraints on supply system especially in the underdeveloped countries. A logistic approach to manufacture erythrocytes ex-vivo by using modern tissue culture techniques have surfaced in the past few years. There are several reports showing the possibilities of RBCs (and even platelets/neutrophils) expansion under tightly regulated conditions. In fact, ex vivo synthesis of the few units of clinical grade RBCs from a single dose of starting material such as umbilical cord blood (CB) has been well established. Similarly, many different sources are also being explored for the same purpose, such as embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells. However, the major concerns remain elusive before the manufacture and clinical use of different blood components may be used to successfully replace the present system of donor derived blood transfusion. The most important factor shall include the large scale of RBCs production from each donated unit within a limited time period and cost of their production, both of these issues need to be handled carefully since many of the recipients among developing countries are unable to pay even for the freely available donor derived blood. Anyways, keeping these issues in mind, present article shall be focused on the possibilities of blood production and their use in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimal K Singh
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University Delhi, India
| | - Abhishek Saini
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University Delhi, India
| | - Kohichiro Tsuji
- Departments of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Research Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo Hospital Tokyo, Japan
| | - P B Sharma
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University Delhi, India
| | - Ramesh Chandra
- Dr B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi Delhi, India
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Mehta HM, Futami M, Glaubach T, Lee DW, Andolina JR, Yang Q, Whichard Z, Quinn M, Lu HF, Kao WM, Przychodzen B, Sarkar CA, Minella A, Maciejewski JP, Corey SJ. Alternatively spliced, truncated GCSF receptor promotes leukemogenic properties and sensitivity to JAK inhibition. Leukemia 2013; 28:1041-51. [PMID: 24170028 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2013.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) drives the production of myeloid progenitor and precursor cells toward neutrophils via the GCSF receptor (GCSFR, gene name CSF3R). Children with severe congenital neutropenia chronically receive pharmacologic doses of GCSF, and ∼30% will develop myelodysplasia/acute myeloid leukemia (AML) associated with GCSFR truncation mutations. In addition to mutations, multiple isoforms of CSF3R have also been reported. We found elevated expression of the alternatively spliced isoform, class IV CSF3R in adult myelodysplastic syndrome/AML patients. Aside from its association with monosomy 7 and higher rates of relapse in pediatric AML patients, little is known about the biology of the class IV isoform. We found developmental regulation of CSF3R isoforms with the class IV expression more representative of a progenitor cell stage. Striking differences were found in phosphoprotein signaling involving Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) and cell cycle gene expression. Enhanced proliferation by class IV GCSFR was associated with diminished STAT3 and STAT5 activation, yet showed sensitivity to JAK2 inhibitors. Alterations in the C-terminal domain of the GCSFR result in leukemic properties of enhanced growth, impaired differentiation and resistance to apoptosis, suggesting that they can behave as oncogenic drivers, sensitive to JAK2 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Mehta
- Department of Pediatrics (Hematology-Oncology) and Cell and Molecular Biology, Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - M Futami
- 1] Department of Pediatrics (Hematology-Oncology) and Cell and Molecular Biology, Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA [2] Division of Molecular Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Glaubach
- Department of Pediatrics (Hematology-Oncology) and Cell and Molecular Biology, Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - D W Lee
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J R Andolina
- 1] Department of Pediatrics (Hematology-Oncology) and Cell and Molecular Biology, Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA [2] Department of Pediatrics (Hematology-Oncology), University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Q Yang
- Department of Pediatrics (Hematology-Oncology) and Cell and Molecular Biology, Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Z Whichard
- Department of Pediatrics (Hematology-Oncology) and Cell and Molecular Biology, Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - M Quinn
- Department of Pediatrics (Hematology-Oncology) and Cell and Molecular Biology, Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - H F Lu
- Department of Pediatrics (Hematology-Oncology) and Cell and Molecular Biology, Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - W M Kao
- Cleveland Clinic, Taussig Cancer Institute, Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - B Przychodzen
- Cleveland Clinic, Taussig Cancer Institute, Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - C A Sarkar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
| | - A Minella
- Department of Medicine, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J P Maciejewski
- Cleveland Clinic, Taussig Cancer Institute, Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - S J Corey
- Department of Pediatrics (Hematology-Oncology) and Cell and Molecular Biology, Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Abstract
Bacterial and fungal infections continue to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in severely neutropenic patients undergoing aggressive chemotherapy regimens or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Traditional granulocyte transfusion therapy, a logical approach in treating these infections, has been available for many years, and several controlled studies have shown this therapy to be useful. However, granulocyte transfusion therapy fell out of favor because the results were not clinically impressive, and adverse results were reported. These disappointing results were felt to be, in part, because of the low doses of granulocytes provided. More recent studies have attempted to increase the numbers of transfused cells by stimulating normal granulocyte donors with G-CSF (+/-corticosteroids). With these techniques, the number of granulocytes transfused can be increased 3-4 fold. The cells have been shown to circulate in recipients, and daily transfusions are capable of maintaining normal or near-normal blood neutrophil counts in previously severely neutropenic patients. The cells appear to function normally by a variety of in vitro and in vivo tests. Clinical benefit, as defined by survival or clearance of infection, has not been definitively determined. Results of an ongoing randomized controlled clinical trial should be available in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony A. Marfin
- Puget Sound Blood Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Current Address: HIV Prevention Branch, Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Thomas H. Price
- Puget Sound Blood Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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15
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Horwitz MS, Corey SJ, Grimes HL, Tidwell T. ELANE mutations in cyclic and severe congenital neutropenia: genetics and pathophysiology. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2013; 27:19-41, vii. [PMID: 23351986 PMCID: PMC3559001 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The 2 main forms of hereditary neutropenia are cyclic (CN) and severe congenital (SCN) neutropenia. CN is an autosomal dominant disorder in which neutrophil counts fluctuate with 21-day periodicity. SCN consists of static neutropenia, with promyelocytic maturation arrest in the bone marrow. Unlike CN, SCN displays frequent acquisition of somatic mutations in the gene CSF3R. CN is caused by heterozygous mutations in the gene ELANE, encoding neutrophil elastase. SCN is genetically heterogeneous but is most frequently associated with ELANE mutations. We discuss how the mutations provide clues into the pathogenesis of neutropenia and describe current hypotheses for its molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall S Horwitz
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 850 Republican Street, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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Retinoid agonist Am80-enhanced neutrophil bactericidal activity arising from granulopoiesis in vitro and in a neutropenic mouse model. Blood 2012; 121:996-1007. [PMID: 23243275 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-06-436022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in the therapeutic use of recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) to promote granulopoiesis of human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), neutropenia remains one of the most serious complications of cancer chemotherapy. We discovered that retinoid agonist Am80 (tamibarotene) is more potent than G-CSF in coordinating neutrophil differentiation and immunity development. Am80-induced neutrophils (AINs) either in vitro or in neutropenic mouse model displayed strong bactericidal activities, similar to those of human peripheral blood neutrophils (PBNs) or mouse peripheral blood neutrophils (MPBNs) but markedly greater than did G-CSF–induced neutrophils (GINs). In contrast to GINs but similar to PBNs, the enhanced bacterial killing by AINs accompanied both better granule maturation and greater coexpression of CD66 antigen with the integrin β2 subunit CD18. Consistently, anti-CD18 antibody neutralized Am80-induced bactericidal activities of AINs. These studies demonstrate that Am80 is more effective than G-CSF in promoting neutrophil differentiation and bactericidal activities, probably through coordinating the functional interaction of CD66 with CD18 to enhance the development of neutrophil immunity during granulopoiesis. Our findings herein suggest a molecular rationale for developing new therapy against neutropenia using Am80 as a cost-effective treatment option.
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Madoiwa S, Tanaka H, Nagahama Y, Dokai M, Kashiwakura Y, Ishiwata A, Sakata A, Yasumoto A, Ohmori T, Mimuro J, Sakata Y. Degradation of cross-linked fibrin by leukocyte elastase as alternative pathway for plasmin-mediated fibrinolysis in sepsis-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation. Thromb Res 2011; 127:349-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2010.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Duffin R, Leitch AE, Fox S, Haslett C, Rossi AG. Targeting granulocyte apoptosis: mechanisms, models, and therapies. Immunol Rev 2010; 236:28-40. [PMID: 20636806 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2010.00922.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The inflammatory process is a complex series of tightly controlled cellular and biochemical events initiated by the immune system, which has evolved to eliminate or contain infectious agents and to repair damaged tissue. Apoptosis is essential for the clearance of potentially injurious inflammatory cells, such as neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, and the subsequent efficient resolution of inflammation. In this review, we aim to cover key features of the granulocyte life-cycle ranging from their differentiation within the bone marrow to their maturation and ultimate clearance, with a focus on granulocyte apoptosis and macrophage efferocytosis. We further aim to discuss current and emerging models of inflammation and suggest novel ways of terminating or resolving deleterious inflammatory responses with a specific view to the translation of these strategies into fully realized, pro-resolution therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodger Duffin
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Timmins NE, Nielsen LK. Blood cell manufacture: current methods and future challenges. Trends Biotechnol 2009; 27:415-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Revised: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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20
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Timmins NE, Palfreyman E, Marturana F, Dietmair S, Luikenga S, Lopez G, Fung YL, Minchinton R, Nielsen LK. Clinical scale ex vivo manufacture of neutrophils from hematopoietic progenitor cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 104:832-40. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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