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Shen Y, Thng DKH, Wong ALA, Toh TB. Mechanistic insights and the clinical prospects of targeted therapies for glioblastoma: a comprehensive review. Exp Hematol Oncol 2024; 13:40. [PMID: 38615034 PMCID: PMC11015656 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-024-00512-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a fatal brain tumour that is traditionally diagnosed based on histological features. Recent molecular profiling studies have reshaped the World Health Organization approach in the classification of central nervous system tumours to include more pathogenetic hallmarks. These studies have revealed that multiple oncogenic pathways are dysregulated, which contributes to the aggressiveness and resistance of GBM. Such findings have shed light on the molecular vulnerability of GBM and have shifted the disease management paradigm from chemotherapy to targeted therapies. Targeted drugs have been developed to inhibit oncogenic targets in GBM, including receptors involved in the angiogenic axis, the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway, the ubiquitination-proteasome pathway, as well as IDH1/2 pathway. While certain targeted drugs showed promising results in vivo, the translatability of such preclinical achievements in GBM remains a barrier. We also discuss the recent developments and clinical assessments of targeted drugs, as well as the prospects of cell-based therapies and combinatorial therapy as novel ways to target GBM. Targeted treatments have demonstrated preclinical efficacy over chemotherapy as an alternative or adjuvant to the current standard of care for GBM, but their clinical efficacy remains hindered by challenges such as blood-brain barrier penetrance of the drugs. The development of combinatorial targeted therapies is expected to improve therapeutic efficacy and overcome drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Shen
- The N.1 Institute for Health (N.1), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dexter Kai Hao Thng
- The N.1 Institute for Health (N.1), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andrea Li Ann Wong
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tan Boon Toh
- The N.1 Institute for Health (N.1), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- The Institute for Digital Medicine (WisDM), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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Trovarelli G, Sbaraglia M, Angelini A, Bellan E, Pala E, Belluzzi E, Pozzuoli A, Borga C, Dei Tos AP, Ruggieri P. Are IDH1 R132 Mutations Associated With Poor Prognosis in Patients With Chondrosarcoma of the Bone? Clin Orthop Relat Res 2024; 482:00003086-990000000-01457. [PMID: 38170705 PMCID: PMC11124741 DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000002960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because chondrosarcomas vary widely in their behavior, and because anticipating their behavior based on histology alone can be challenging, genetic markers represent an appealing area of inquiry that may help us refine our prognostic approaches. Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations are involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of neoplasms, and recently, IDH1/2 mutations have been found in the tissue of benign cartilage tumors as well as in conventional chondrosarcomas and highly aggressive dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas. However, their association with patient survival is still controversial. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES (1) What proportion of patients with chondrosarcomas carry IDH mutations, and which IDH mutations can be found? (2) Are any specific IDH mutations associated with poorer overall survival, metastasis-free survival, or local recurrence-free survival? METHODS Between April 2017 and December 2022, we treated 74 patients for atypical cartilaginous tumors or chondrosarcomas in a musculoskeletal tumor referral center. Patients were considered potentially eligible for the present study if the histologic diagnosis was confirmed by two expert soft tissue and bone pathologists following the current WHO classification, complete preoperative imaging and follow-up data were available, surgical excision was performed by sarcoma orthopaedic surgeons directed by a team leader, and the minimum follow-up was 2 years after surgical treatment unless the patient died. Data including sex, age, diagnosis, grade, type of operation, local recurrence, metastasis, and oncologic follow-up were recorded. Forty-one patients (55%) were eligible for the study. For each patient, DNA was extracted and quantified from paraffin-embedded sections of tumor tissue, and the mutational status of IDH1 (codons 105 and 132) and IDH2 (codons 140 and 172) genes was assessed. Of those, 56% (23 of 41) of patients had adequate DNA for analysis of IDH mutations: 10 male and 13 female patients, with a median age of 59 years (range 15 to 98 years). There were 22 conventional chondrosarcomas (8 atypical cartilaginous tumors, 11 Grade 2, and 3 Grade 3) and 1 dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma. Stage was IA in 3 patients, IB in 5, IIA in 1, IIB in 13, and III in 1, according to the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society classification. At a median follow-up of 3.5 years (range 4 months to 5.6 years), 14 patients were disease-free, 2 were alive with disease, and 7 died (3 within 2 years from surgery). Eight patients had metastases, and 7 developed local recurrence. We determined the proportion of patients who carried IDH mutations, and compared patients with and without those mutations in terms of overall survival, metastasis-free survival, and local recurrence-free survival using Kaplan-Meier curves. RESULTS Six patients showed wild-type IDH genes, and 17 had IDH mutations (12 had IDH1 R132, 3 had IDH1 G105, and 2 had IDH2 R172). Overall survival at 2 years using the Kaplan-Meier estimator was lower in patients with an IDH mutation than in those with the wild-type gene (75% [95% confidence interval 50% to 99%] versus 100% [95% CI 100% to 100%]; p = 0.002). Two-year metastasis-free survival was also lower in patients with an IDH mutation than in those with the wild-type gene (33% [95% CI 7% to 60%] versus 100% [95% CI 100% to 100%]; p = 0.001), as was 2-year local recurrence-free survival (70% [95% CI 42% to 98%] versus 100% [95% CI 100% to 100%]; p = 0.02). CONCLUSION We found that IDH1 R132 mutations were negatively associated with the prognosis of patients with bone chondrosarcomas. Nevertheless, more extensive studies (such as multicenter international studies) are needed and advisable to confirm our observations in this preliminary small series. Moreover, evaluating mutational status in fresh samples instead of in paraffin-embedded sections could help to increase the number of patients with adequate DNA for analysis. If our findings will be confirmed, the evaluation of IDH mutational status in biopsy samples or resection specimens could be considered when stratifying patients, highlighting those who may benefit from more aggressive treatment (such as adjuvant chemotherapy) or closer follow-up. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, prognostic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Trovarelli
- Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology of University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Marta Sbaraglia
- Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Angelini
- Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology of University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Elena Bellan
- Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Elisa Pala
- Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology of University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Elisa Belluzzi
- Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology of University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Assunta Pozzuoli
- Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology of University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Chiara Borga
- Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Angelo Paolo Dei Tos
- Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Pietro Ruggieri
- Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology of University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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Atypical cartilage in type II germ cell tumors of the mediastinum show significantly different patterns of IDH1/2 mutations from conventional chondrosarcoma. Mod Pathol 2022; 35:1636-1643. [PMID: 35660795 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-022-01106-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Neoplastic cartilage is a common component of teratomas in type II germ cell tumors. Although IDH1/2 mutations have been well-described in somatic cartilaginous tumors, ranging from benign enchondromas to highly aggressive dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas, the presence of IDH1/2 mutations in cartilaginous neoplasms arising from germ cell tumors has not been previously investigated. To better understand the relationship between these tumors and their bone/soft tissue counterpart, we studied the IDH1/2 mutational status of 20 cases of primary mediastinal mixed germ cell tumors with areas of readily identifiable cartilaginous differentiation. Our study found that cartilaginous lesions arising in germ cell tumors have a different frequency and distribution of IDH1/2 mutations compared to those at somatic sites. We identified IDH1/2 mutations in only 15% (3/20) of cases, compared to a frequency in the literature among differentiated chondroid tumors of bone and soft tissue of 54%, a highly significant decreased frequency (p = 0.0011; chi-square test). Furthermore, they were exclusively IDH2 R172 mutations that occurred at a non-significant, increased frequency in the germ cell tumor group compared to conventional chondrosarcoma (15% vs. 5%, respectively, p > 0.05, chi-square test). The unexpected finding, therefore, was entirely attributable to the absence of IDH1 R132 mutation in chondroid neoplasia of germ cell origin (p < 0.00001, Fisher exact test). Our results suggest that a subset of cartilaginous lesions arising within type II germ cell tumors have a similar oncogenic mechanism to their bone/soft tissue counterpart but that the majority form using different oncogenic mechanisms compared to their somatic counterparts.
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Sarker K, Ghosh A, Saha A, Mishra S, Sen S. Pharmacophore Based Design of Probable FGFR-1 Inhibitors from the 3D
Crystal Structure of Infigratinib - A Drug Used in the Treatment of
Cholangiocarcinomas. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180818666211007113720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Pemigatinib (INCB054828) and Infigratinib (BGJ398) are the few selective
drugs that are approved by the FDA to treat cholangiocarcinoma, a rare form of bile duct cancer. Infigratinib
is a pan FGFR inhibitor and has been found promising in Phase-3, first-line PROOF clinical trial. So,
screening drug-like compounds having similar pharmacophoric features like infigratinib is the inspiration
of the present work.
Objective:
The objective was to identify drug-like compounds with similar pharmacophoric features as in
infigratinib. The compounds screened through the 3D query pharmacophore of infigratinib were also
predicted for ADMET properties so that the compounds may have good bioavailability.
Method:
A pharmacophore was generated from the crystal structure of infigratinib with several pharmacophoric
features such as hydrogen bond donor, hydrophobic, positive ionizable, and ring aromatic.
MayBridge database containing 65,263 compounds was used for virtual screening (VS) using LibDock.
The initial Hit compounds were subjected to ADMET predictions. Finally, two Hit compounds were selected
and docked with the FGFR-1 receptor to predict the interaction of the ligand atoms with the amino
acid residues of the receptor's active site.
Result:
The fit score for infigratinib, N-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(5-((2-(4-methoxy-2,5-dimethylphenyl)-2-
oxoethyl)thio)-4-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)acetamide (Hit-1) and 4-(4-((2-(5,6-dimethyl-1H-benzo[d]
imidazol-2-yl)ethyl)carbamoyl)pyridin-2-yl)-1-methylpiperazin-1-ium (Hit-4) is 4.58901, 4.36649, and
3.71732, respectively. The LibDock score of infigratinib, Hit-1, and Hit-4 is 122.474, 123.289, and
123.353, respectively. The binding affinity score (-PLP1) of infigratinib, Hit-1, and Hit-4 is -143.19, -
102.72, and -91.71.
Conclusion:
The present study concluded that the two compounds designated as Hit-1 and Hit-4 have
been identified as binders of FGFR-1, and Hit-4 occupies the whole pharmacophoric space of infigratinib,
and both the compounds LibDock scores are better than the infigratinib. The two compounds Hit-1 and
Hit-4 may be synthesized and studied for their enzyme inhibition assay on FGFR-1 and biologically evaluated
on different cell lines for Cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushik Sarker
- A.P.C. Ray Memorial Cancer Chemotherapeutic Research Unit, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohuda, Berhampur,
Odisha 760002, India
| | - Avijit Ghosh
- A.P.C. Ray Memorial Cancer Chemotherapeutic Research Unit, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohuda, Berhampur,
Odisha 760002, India
| | - Abhijit Saha
- A.P.C. Ray Memorial Cancer Chemotherapeutic Research Unit, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohuda, Berhampur,
Odisha 760002, India
| | - Suvasish Mishra
- A.P.C. Ray Memorial Cancer Chemotherapeutic Research Unit, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohuda, Berhampur,
Odisha 760002, India
| | - Subrata Sen
- A.P.C. Ray Memorial Cancer Chemotherapeutic Research Unit, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohuda, Berhampur,
Odisha 760002, India
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Roessner A, Smolle M, Schoeder V, Haybaeck J. [Cartilage tumors: morphology, genetics, and current aspects of target therapy]. DER PATHOLOGE 2020; 41:143-152. [PMID: 32060685 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-020-00752-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage tumors are a heterogeneous group of mesenchymal tumors whose common characteristic is the formation of a chondroblastic differentiated groundsubstance by the tumor cells. The basic features of their histological classification were already developed in the 1940s and supplemented by further entities in the following decades. Only in the past 10-15 years have fundamental new insights been gained through molecular genetic analysis. So, osteochondromas are characterized by alterations in the EXT1 and EXT2 genes. The description of mutations of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH 1 and 2) in chondromas and chondrosarcomas is particularly important. The mesenchymal chondrosarcoma is characterized by a fusion of the HEY1-NCOA2 genes. The molecular genetic alterations characteristic for the individual tumor entities are first of all an essential supplement for the differential diagnosis of radiologically and histologically difficult cases. They also provide the basis for the establishment of molecular target therapies for malignant chondrogenic tumors. This applies in particular to conventional chondrosarcoma, for which all approaches to chemo- and radiotherapy have proven to be ineffective. However, the use of target therapies is still in its beginnings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Roessner
- Institut für Pathologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Deutschland.
| | - Maria Smolle
- Universitätsklinik für Orthopädie und Traumatologie, Medizinische Universität Graz, Graz, Österreich
| | - Victor Schoeder
- Institut für Pathologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Deutschland
| | - Johannes Haybaeck
- Institut für Pathologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Deutschland.,Institut für Pathologie, Neuropathologie und Molekularpathologie, Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Österreich.,Diagnostik und Forschungszentrum für Molekulare BioMedizin, Institut für Pathologie, Medizinische Universität Graz, Graz, Österreich
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Mutant IDH1 Depletion Downregulates Integrins and Impairs Chondrosarcoma Growth. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12010141. [PMID: 31935911 PMCID: PMC7017040 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrosarcomas are a heterogeneous group of malignant bone tumors that produce hyaline cartilaginous matrix. Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase enzymes (IDH1/2) were recently described in several cancers, including conventional and dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas. These mutations lead to the inability of IDH to convert isocitrate into α-ketoglutarate (α-KG). Instead, α-KG is reduced into D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2HG), an oncometabolite. IDH mutations and D-2HG are thought to contribute to tumorigenesis due to the role of D-2HG as a competitive inhibitor of α-KG-dependent dioxygenases. However, the function of IDH mutations in chondrosarcomas has not been clearly defined. In this study, we knocked out mutant IDH1 (IDH1mut) in two chondrosarcoma cell lines using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. We observed that D-2HG production, anchorage-independent growth, and cell migration were significantly suppressed in the IDH1mut knockout cells. Loss of IDH1mut also led to a marked attenuation of chondrosarcoma formation and D-2HG production in a xenograft model. In addition, RNA-Seq analysis of IDH1mut knockout cells revealed downregulation of several integrin genes, including those of integrin alpha 5 (ITGA5) and integrin beta 5 (ITGB5). We further demonstrated that deregulation of integrin-mediated processes contributed to the tumorigenicity of IDH1-mutant chondrosarcoma cells. Our findings showed that IDH1mut knockout abrogates chondrosarcoma genesis through modulation of integrins. This suggests that integrin molecules are appealing candidates for combinatorial regimens with IDH1mut inhibitors for chondrosarcomas that harbor this mutation.
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Su L, Zhang X, Zheng L, Wang M, Zhu Z, Li P. Mutation of Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 1 in Cholangiocarcinoma Impairs Tumor Progression by Inhibiting Isocitrate Metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:189. [PMID: 32373065 PMCID: PMC7187788 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) is key enzyme involved in cellular metabolism and DNA repair. Mutations in IDH1 occur in up to 25% of cholangiocarcinomas. The present study aimed to explore the features of cellosaurus REB cells with mutant and wide-type IDH1. Methods: To compare the features of IDH1 knockout and mutation in cholangiocarcinoma, we firstly constructed the IDH1 knockout and IDH1 mutation cell lines. We then evaluated the viability of these cell lines using the cell count assay and MTT assay. Next, we determined cell migration and invasion using the Transwell assay. Additionally, to evaluate the effects of IDH1 on cellular metabolism, the levels of α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We then applied ChIPbase dataset to explore the genes that were regulated by IDH1. Results: High frequency of mutated IDH1 was observed in the cholangiocarcinoma and IDH1 R132C was presented in more than 80% of mutations. The results showed that IDH1 knockout decreased cell proliferation, migration and invasion, whereas the overexpression of IDH1 in IDH1 knockout cell line recovered its proliferation, migration and invasion capacities. Additionally, IDH1 mutation reduced the levels of NADPH and α-KG. Furthermore, investigation into the underlying mechanisms revealed that IDH1 overexpression induced the expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 thereby promoting cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Conclusion:IDH1 plays an important role in cholangiocarcinoma and its mutation impairs tumor progression in part by inhibition of isocitrate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Su
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine in Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xinglong Zhang
- Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine in Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine in Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhifa Zhu
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine in Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine in Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Ping Li
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Li L, Eid JE, Paz AC, Trent JC. Metabolic Enzymes in Sarcomagenesis: Progress Toward Biology and Therapy. BioDrugs 2017; 31:379-392. [DOI: 10.1007/s40259-017-0237-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Semukunzi H, Roy D, Li H, Khan GJ, Lyu X, Yuan S, Lin S. IDH mutations associated impact on related cancer epidemiology and subsequent effect toward HIF-1α. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 89:805-811. [PMID: 28273642 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.02.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Particular mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase gene (IDH) were discovered in several gliomas citing astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, and glioblastoma multiform, but also in leukemia; these mutations were discovered in nearly all cases of secondary glioblastomas, they evolve from lower-grade gliomas, but are limited in primary high-grade glioblastoma multiform. These mutations distinctively produce (D)-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG) from alpha-ketoglutarate (α-KG). (D)-2-hydroxyglutarate is accumulated to very high concentrations which inhibit the function of enzymes that are dependent on alpha-ketoglutarate. This modification leads to a hyper-methylated state of DNA and histones, resulting in different gene expression that can activate oncogenes and inactivate tumor-suppressor genes. In our work we review the impact of the mutations that occur in IDH genes, we focus on their impact on distribution in cancer. As IDH mutations appear in many different conditions we expose the extent of IDH mutations and derivate their impact on cancer prognosis, diagnosis, and even their oncogenicity, we will also link their impact to HIF-1α and derivate some target and finally, we present some of the therapeutics under research and out on market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herve Semukunzi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Debmalya Roy
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hongyang Li
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ghulam Jilany Khan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaodan Lyu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shengtao Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Sensen Lin
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Proteomic analysis of a nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line and a nasopharyngeal epithelial cell line. TUMORI JOURNAL 2015; 101:676-83. [PMID: 26108243 DOI: 10.5301/tj.5000345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an epithelial malignancy exhibiting a strong geographic preference and a close association with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The aim of this study was to investigate the precise mechanism of nasopharyngeal epithelial-to-NPC tumorigenesis and to identify possible biomarkers and targets for therapy. METHODS Proteomic analysis was performed on the immortalized nasopharyngeal epithelial cell line NP69 and the NPC cell line C666. RESULTS A comparative analysis of total lysates from the cell lines using 2-D gel electrophoresis-mass spectrometry resulted in the identification of 87 different protein spots. The different proteins were grouped into 5 main categories: (i) energy production and general metabolism, (ii) adaptation/stress tolerance, (iii) cell proliferation, (iv) cell structure and (v) epithelial-mesenchymal transition. The detection of metabolism-related proteins indicated that the NPC cells relied on aerobic glycolysis, with reduced use of the citric acid cycle. Glucose uptake and lactate secretion increased in the medium of C666 compared with NP69. CONCLUSIONS The present study revealed that glycolysis was up-regulated in the NPC cell lines compared with nasopharyngeal epithelial cells. A number of molecules involved in metabolism were identified, and further investigations will be needed to validate these potential biomarkers or targets.
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Isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 is mutated in inflammatory bowel disease-associated intestinal adenocarcinoma with low-grade tubuloglandular histology but not in sporadic intestinal adenocarcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2014; 38:1147-56. [PMID: 25029120 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000000239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The underlying molecular alterations in chronic idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease-associated intestinal adenocarcinoma remain largely unknown. Somatic IDH mutations are often seen in gliomas and myeloid leukemia but have also been recently reported in a subset of other neoplasms. We analyzed a series of intestinal adenocarcinomas with (n=23) and without (n=39) associated chronic idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease treated at our institution for IDH1 and IDH2 mutations and correlated the clinicopathologic findings with mutation status. Compared with intestinal adenocarcinomas not associated with inflammatory bowel disease, adenocarcinomas associated with inflammatory bowel disease more frequently demonstrated IDH mutations (13% vs. 0%, P=0.047). All IDH mutations were identified in IDH1 and resulted in substitution of arginine by cysteine at position 132 (p.R132C, c.394C>T). IDH1 mutations were frequently (66%) associated with concurrent KRAS mutations (p.G12D, c.35G>A). IDH1-mutated intestinal adenocarcinomas were seen in the setting of both Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis and were located in both the ileum and colon. Compared with IDH1-negative inflammatory bowel disease-associated adenocarcinoma, IDH1-positive adenocarcinomas more frequently demonstrated tubuloglandular histology (100% vs. 25%, P=0.032) and were more frequently associated with precursor lesions exhibiting serrated morphology (66% vs. 6%, P=0.034). IDH1 mutations were also identified in the precursor dysplastic lesions associated with IDH1-positive adenocarcinomas. In conclusion, we demonstrate that IDH1 mutations are occasionally identified in inflammatory bowel disease-associated intestinal adenocarcinoma but not in intestinal adenocarcinoma not associated with inflammatory bowel disease. In addition, IDH1-mutated intestinal adenocarcinoma is associated with a characteristic low-grade tubuloglandular histology and often harbors concurrent KRAS mutations. Identification of patients with IDH1-mutated intestinal adenocarcinoma may become clinically important as new therapies emerge that target tumors that harbor IDH mutations.
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Grassian AR, Parker SJ, Davidson SM, Divakaruni AS, Green CR, Zhang X, Slocum KL, Pu M, Lin F, Vickers C, Joud-Caldwell C, Chung F, Yin H, Handly ED, Straub C, Growney JD, Vander Heiden MG, Murphy AN, Pagliarini R, Metallo CM. IDH1 mutations alter citric acid cycle metabolism and increase dependence on oxidative mitochondrial metabolism. Cancer Res 2014; 74:3317-31. [PMID: 24755473 PMCID: PMC4885639 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0772-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Oncogenic mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1/2) occur in several types of cancer, but the metabolic consequences of these genetic changes are not fully understood. In this study, we performed (13)C metabolic flux analysis on a panel of isogenic cell lines containing heterozygous IDH1/2 mutations. We observed that under hypoxic conditions, IDH1-mutant cells exhibited increased oxidative tricarboxylic acid metabolism along with decreased reductive glutamine metabolism, but not IDH2-mutant cells. However, selective inhibition of mutant IDH1 enzyme function could not reverse the defect in reductive carboxylation activity. Furthermore, this metabolic reprogramming increased the sensitivity of IDH1-mutant cells to hypoxia or electron transport chain inhibition in vitro. Lastly, IDH1-mutant cells also grew poorly as subcutaneous xenografts within a hypoxic in vivo microenvironment. Together, our results suggest therapeutic opportunities to exploit the metabolic vulnerabilities specific to IDH1 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra R Grassian
- Authors' Affiliations: Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research; Koch Institute for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Departments of Bioengineering and Pharmacology; and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Seth J Parker
- Authors' Affiliations: Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research; Koch Institute for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Departments of Bioengineering and Pharmacology; and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Shawn M Davidson
- Authors' Affiliations: Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research; Koch Institute for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Departments of Bioengineering and Pharmacology; and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Authors' Affiliations: Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research; Koch Institute for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Departments of Bioengineering and Pharmacology; and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Courtney R Green
- Authors' Affiliations: Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research; Koch Institute for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Departments of Bioengineering and Pharmacology; and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Xiamei Zhang
- Authors' Affiliations: Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research; Koch Institute for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Departments of Bioengineering and Pharmacology; and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Kelly L Slocum
- Authors' Affiliations: Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research; Koch Institute for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Departments of Bioengineering and Pharmacology; and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Minying Pu
- Authors' Affiliations: Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research; Koch Institute for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Departments of Bioengineering and Pharmacology; and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Fallon Lin
- Authors' Affiliations: Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research; Koch Institute for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Departments of Bioengineering and Pharmacology; and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Chad Vickers
- Authors' Affiliations: Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research; Koch Institute for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Departments of Bioengineering and Pharmacology; and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Carol Joud-Caldwell
- Authors' Affiliations: Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research; Koch Institute for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Departments of Bioengineering and Pharmacology; and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Franklin Chung
- Authors' Affiliations: Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research; Koch Institute for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Departments of Bioengineering and Pharmacology; and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Hong Yin
- Authors' Affiliations: Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research; Koch Institute for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Departments of Bioengineering and Pharmacology; and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Erika D Handly
- Authors' Affiliations: Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research; Koch Institute for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Departments of Bioengineering and Pharmacology; and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Christopher Straub
- Authors' Affiliations: Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research; Koch Institute for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Departments of Bioengineering and Pharmacology; and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Joseph D Growney
- Authors' Affiliations: Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research; Koch Institute for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Departments of Bioengineering and Pharmacology; and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- Authors' Affiliations: Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research; Koch Institute for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Departments of Bioengineering and Pharmacology; and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CaliforniaAuthors' Affiliations: Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research; Koch Institute for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Departments of Bioengineering and Pharmacology; and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Anne N Murphy
- Authors' Affiliations: Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research; Koch Institute for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Departments of Bioengineering and Pharmacology; and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Raymond Pagliarini
- Authors' Affiliations: Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research; Koch Institute for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Departments of Bioengineering and Pharmacology; and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Christian M Metallo
- Authors' Affiliations: Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research; Koch Institute for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Departments of Bioengineering and Pharmacology; and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CaliforniaAuthors' Affiliations: Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research; Koch Institute for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Departments of Bioengineering and Pharmacology; and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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13
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Abstract
Heterozygous hotspot mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDH) IDH1 or IDH2 are frequently observed in specific types of cartilaginous tumors, gliomas, and leukemias. Mutant IDH enzyme loses its normal activity to convert isocitrate into α-ketoglutarate (αKG) and instead acquires the ability to reduce αKG to D-2-hydroxyglutarate. Through direct competition with αKG, accumulation of the oncometabolite D-2-hydroxyglutarate in IDH mutated tumors results in inhibition of αKG-dependent dioxygenases involved in DNA and histone demethylation. Apart from epigenetic alterations, perturbations in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (depletion of intermediates) and activation of the intricately linked hypoxia signaling pathway are apparent in IDH mutated cells. As molecular details are being unraveled, the emerging concept is that IDH mutations result in tumor formation by epigenetic alterations that affect gene expression and result in inhibition of cellular differentiation. Activation of hypoxic stress signaling reprograms cellular energy metabolism and promotes anabolic processes and angiogenesis, thus, providing an advantage to promote neoplastic growth.
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14
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Grassian AR, Lin F, Barrett R, Liu Y, Jiang W, Korpal M, Astley H, Gitterman D, Henley T, Howes R, Levell J, Korn JM, Pagliarini R. Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations promote a reversible ZEB1/microRNA (miR)-200-dependent epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). J Biol Chem 2012; 287:42180-94. [PMID: 23038259 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.417832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the genes encoding isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1/2) occur in a variety of tumor types, resulting in production of the proposed oncometabolite, 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG). How mutant IDH and 2-HG alter signaling pathways to promote cancer, however, remains unclear. Additionally, there exist relatively few cell lines with IDH mutations. To examine the effect of endogenous IDH mutations and 2-HG, we created a panel of isogenic epithelial cell lines with either wild-type IDH1/2 or clinically relevant IDH1/2 mutations. Differences were noted in the ability of IDH mutations to cause robust 2-HG accumulation. IDH1/2 mutants that produce high levels of 2-HG cause an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like phenotype, characterized by changes in EMT-related gene expression and cellular morphology. 2-HG is sufficient to recapitulate aspects of this phenotype in the absence of an IDH mutation. In the cells types examined, mutant IDH-induced EMT is dependent on up-regulation of the transcription factor ZEB1 and down-regulation of the miR-200 family of microRNAs. Furthermore, sustained knockdown of IDH1 in IDH1 R132H mutant cells is sufficient to reverse many characteristics of EMT, demonstrating that continued expression of mutant IDH is required to maintain this phenotype. These results suggest mutant IDH proteins can reversibly deregulate discrete signaling pathways that contribute to tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra R Grassian
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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15
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Abstract
Cancer drug approval has evolved as the understanding of cancer biology, and the ability to select patients for trials of targeted agents, has matured. The longstanding reliance on Phase III trials to prove drug efficacy and positive impact on patient survival may no longer be necessary, as early trials, particularly the expansion phase of a Phase I trial, may provide convincing evidence of a high response rate to a targeted drug in a patient population who has been poorly responsive to conventional therapy. If the new drug produces no safety signals of great concern, and if a validated biomarker for patient selection has been established and is readily available, accelerated approval may be achievable prior to completion of a randomized trial. The advantages, and potential downside, of rapid approval scenarios will be discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Chabner
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA
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