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Berzero G, Di Stefano AL, Ronchi S, Bielle F, Villa C, Guillerm E, Capelle L, Mathon B, Laurenge A, Giry M, Schmitt Y, Marie Y, Idbaih A, Hoang-Xuan K, Delattre JY, Mokhtari K, Sanson M. IDH-wildtype lower-grade diffuse gliomas: the importance of histological grade and molecular assessment for prognostic stratification. Neuro Oncol 2021; 23:955-966. [PMID: 33173941 PMCID: PMC8168809 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noaa258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) wildtype (wt) grade II gliomas are a rare and heterogeneous entity. Survival and prognostic factors are poorly defined. METHODS We searched retrospectively all patients diagnosed with diffuse World Health Organization (WHO) grades II and III gliomas at our center (1989-2020). RESULTS Out of 517 grade II gliomas, 47 were "diffuse astrocytomas, IDHwt." Tumors frequently had fronto-temporo-insular location (28/47, 60%) and infiltrative behavior. We found telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter mutations (23/45, 51%), whole chromosome 7 gains (10/37, 27%), whole chromosome 10 losses (10/41, 24%), and EGFR amplifications (4/43, 9%), but no TP53 mutations (0/22, 0%). Median overall survival (OS) was 59 months (vs 19 mo for IDHwt grade III gliomas) (P < 0.0001). Twenty-nine patients (29/43, 67%) met the definition of molecular glioblastoma according to cIMPACT-NOW update 3. Median OS in this subset was 42 months, which was shorter compared with patients with IDHwt grade II gliomas not meeting this definition (median OS: 57 mo), but substantially longer compared with IDHwt grade III gliomas meeting the definition for molecular glioblastoma (median OS: 17 mo, P < 0.0001). Most patients with IDHwt grade II gliomas met cIMPACT criteria because of isolated TERT promoter mutations (16/26, 62%), which were not predictive of poor outcome (median OS: 88 mo). Actionable targets, including 5 gene fusions involving FGFR3, were found in 7 patients (24%). CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the importance of histological grading and molecular profiling for the prognostic stratification of IDHwt gliomas and suggest some caution when assimilating IDHwt grade II gliomas to molecular glioblastomas, especially those with isolated TERT promoter mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Berzero
- Sorbonne University, Brain and Spinal Cord Institute, Paris, France
- University Hospitals of Pitié Salpêtrière, Charles Foix, Department of Neurology 2 Mazarin, Paris, France
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Luisa Di Stefano
- Sorbonne University, Brain and Spinal Cord Institute, Paris, France
- University Hospitals of Pitié Salpêtrière, Charles Foix, Department of Neurology 2 Mazarin, Paris, France
- Department of Neurology, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France
| | - Susanna Ronchi
- University Hospitals of Pitié Salpêtrière, Charles Foix, R Escourolle Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Franck Bielle
- University Hospitals of Pitié Salpêtrière, Charles Foix, R Escourolle Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Chiara Villa
- Department of Pathology, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France
| | - Erell Guillerm
- University Hospitals of La Pitié Salpêtrière, Charles Foix, Functional Unit of Oncogenetics and Molecular Angiogenetics, Department of Genetics, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Capelle
- University Hospitals of La Pitié Salpêtrière, Charles Foix, Department of Neurology 2, Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Mathon
- University Hospitals of La Pitié Salpêtrière, Charles Foix, Department of Neurology 2, Paris, France
| | - Alice Laurenge
- Sorbonne University, Brain and Spinal Cord Institute, Paris, France
- University Hospitals of Pitié Salpêtrière, Charles Foix, Department of Neurology 2 Mazarin, Paris, France
| | - Marine Giry
- Sorbonne University, Brain and Spinal Cord Institute, Paris, France
| | - Yohann Schmitt
- Sorbonne University, Brain and Spinal Cord Institute, Paris, France
| | - Yannick Marie
- Sorbonne University, Brain and Spinal Cord Institute, Paris, France
- Onconeurotek Tumor Bank, University Hospitals of Pitié Salpêtrière, Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - Ahmed Idbaih
- Sorbonne University, Brain and Spinal Cord Institute, Paris, France
- University Hospitals of Pitié Salpêtrière, Charles Foix, Department of Neurology 2 Mazarin, Paris, France
| | - Khe Hoang-Xuan
- Sorbonne University, Brain and Spinal Cord Institute, Paris, France
- University Hospitals of Pitié Salpêtrière, Charles Foix, Department of Neurology 2 Mazarin, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Yves Delattre
- Sorbonne University, Brain and Spinal Cord Institute, Paris, France
- University Hospitals of Pitié Salpêtrière, Charles Foix, Department of Neurology 2 Mazarin, Paris, France
- Onconeurotek Tumor Bank, University Hospitals of Pitié Salpêtrière, Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - Karima Mokhtari
- Sorbonne University, Brain and Spinal Cord Institute, Paris, France
- University Hospitals of Pitié Salpêtrière, Charles Foix, R Escourolle Laboratory, Paris, France
- Onconeurotek Tumor Bank, University Hospitals of Pitié Salpêtrière, Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - Marc Sanson
- Corresponding Author: Marc Sanson, MD PhD, Service de Neurologie 2, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 bd de l’Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France ()
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Picca A, Berzero G, Bielle F, Touat M, Savatovsky J, Polivka M, Trisolini E, Meunier S, Schmitt Y, Idbaih A, Hoang-Xuan K, Delattre JY, Mokhtari K, Di Stefano AL, Sanson M. FGFR1 actionable mutations, molecular specificities, and outcome of adult midline gliomas. Neurology 2018; 90:e2086-e2094. [PMID: 29728520 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000005658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the prevalence and prognostic significance of major driver molecular alterations in adult midline diffuse gliomas (MLG). METHODS Adults with histologically proven MLG diagnosed between 1996 and 2017 were identified from our tumor bank, systematically reviewed, and reclassified according to WHO 2016. Targeted sequencing was performed, including determination of H3F3A, HIST1H3B, TERTp, IDH1/2, FGFR1, p16/CDKN2A, and EGFR status. RESULTS A total of 116 adult patients (M/F 71/45, median age 46.5 years) with MLG (17 cerebellar, 8 spinal, 30 brainstem, 57 thalamic, and 4 diencephalic nonthalamic) were identified. Most patients had high-grade disease at presentation (grade II: 11%, grade III: 15%, grade IV: 75%). Median overall survival was 17.3 months (14.5-23.8 months). Main molecular alterations observed were TERT promoter, H3F3A, and hotspot FGFR1 (N546 and K656) mutations, in 37%, 34%, and 18% of patients, respectively. IDH1 mutations only affected brainstem gliomas (6/24 vs 0/78; p = 7.5 × 10-5), were mostly non-R132H (contrasting with hemispheric gliomas, p = 0.0001), and were associated with longer survival (54 vs 12 months). TERT promoter mutation (9.1 vs 24.2 months), CDKN2A deletion (9.9 vs 23.8 months), and EGFR amplification (4.3 vs 23.8 months) were associated with shorter survival. Of interest, in contrast with pediatric MLG, H3K27M mutations were not associated with worse prognosis (23 vs 15 months). CONCLUSIONS Patients with adult MLG present with unique clinical and molecular characteristics, differing from their pediatric counterparts. The identification of potentially actionable FGFR1 mutations in a subset of adult MLG highlights the importance of comprehensive genomic analysis in this rare affection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Picca
- From Sorbonne Université (A.P., G.B., F.B., M.T., E.T., S.M., Y.S., A.I., K.H.-X., J.-Y.D., K.M., A.L.D.S., M.S.), UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM; Service de Neurologie 2 (A.P., G.B., M.T., A.I., K.H.-X., J.-Y.D., M.S.) and Laboratoire R Escourolle 2 (F.B., K.M.), AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Neuroscience Consortium (A.P., G.B.), Monza Policlinico and Pavia Mondino, University of Pavia, Italy; Centre d'Imagerie (J.S.), Fondation A de Rothschild; Laboratoire d'Anatomie Pathologique (M.P.), AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France; Pathology Unit (E.T.), AOU "Maggiore della Carità" di Novara, Italy; Onconeurotek Tumour Bank (J.-Y.D., K.M., M.S.), GH Pitié-Salpêtrière; and Department of Neurology (A.L.D.S.), Foch Hospital, Suresnes, Paris, France
| | - Giulia Berzero
- From Sorbonne Université (A.P., G.B., F.B., M.T., E.T., S.M., Y.S., A.I., K.H.-X., J.-Y.D., K.M., A.L.D.S., M.S.), UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM; Service de Neurologie 2 (A.P., G.B., M.T., A.I., K.H.-X., J.-Y.D., M.S.) and Laboratoire R Escourolle 2 (F.B., K.M.), AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Neuroscience Consortium (A.P., G.B.), Monza Policlinico and Pavia Mondino, University of Pavia, Italy; Centre d'Imagerie (J.S.), Fondation A de Rothschild; Laboratoire d'Anatomie Pathologique (M.P.), AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France; Pathology Unit (E.T.), AOU "Maggiore della Carità" di Novara, Italy; Onconeurotek Tumour Bank (J.-Y.D., K.M., M.S.), GH Pitié-Salpêtrière; and Department of Neurology (A.L.D.S.), Foch Hospital, Suresnes, Paris, France
| | - Franck Bielle
- From Sorbonne Université (A.P., G.B., F.B., M.T., E.T., S.M., Y.S., A.I., K.H.-X., J.-Y.D., K.M., A.L.D.S., M.S.), UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM; Service de Neurologie 2 (A.P., G.B., M.T., A.I., K.H.-X., J.-Y.D., M.S.) and Laboratoire R Escourolle 2 (F.B., K.M.), AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Neuroscience Consortium (A.P., G.B.), Monza Policlinico and Pavia Mondino, University of Pavia, Italy; Centre d'Imagerie (J.S.), Fondation A de Rothschild; Laboratoire d'Anatomie Pathologique (M.P.), AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France; Pathology Unit (E.T.), AOU "Maggiore della Carità" di Novara, Italy; Onconeurotek Tumour Bank (J.-Y.D., K.M., M.S.), GH Pitié-Salpêtrière; and Department of Neurology (A.L.D.S.), Foch Hospital, Suresnes, Paris, France
| | - Mehdi Touat
- From Sorbonne Université (A.P., G.B., F.B., M.T., E.T., S.M., Y.S., A.I., K.H.-X., J.-Y.D., K.M., A.L.D.S., M.S.), UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM; Service de Neurologie 2 (A.P., G.B., M.T., A.I., K.H.-X., J.-Y.D., M.S.) and Laboratoire R Escourolle 2 (F.B., K.M.), AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Neuroscience Consortium (A.P., G.B.), Monza Policlinico and Pavia Mondino, University of Pavia, Italy; Centre d'Imagerie (J.S.), Fondation A de Rothschild; Laboratoire d'Anatomie Pathologique (M.P.), AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France; Pathology Unit (E.T.), AOU "Maggiore della Carità" di Novara, Italy; Onconeurotek Tumour Bank (J.-Y.D., K.M., M.S.), GH Pitié-Salpêtrière; and Department of Neurology (A.L.D.S.), Foch Hospital, Suresnes, Paris, France
| | - Julien Savatovsky
- From Sorbonne Université (A.P., G.B., F.B., M.T., E.T., S.M., Y.S., A.I., K.H.-X., J.-Y.D., K.M., A.L.D.S., M.S.), UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM; Service de Neurologie 2 (A.P., G.B., M.T., A.I., K.H.-X., J.-Y.D., M.S.) and Laboratoire R Escourolle 2 (F.B., K.M.), AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Neuroscience Consortium (A.P., G.B.), Monza Policlinico and Pavia Mondino, University of Pavia, Italy; Centre d'Imagerie (J.S.), Fondation A de Rothschild; Laboratoire d'Anatomie Pathologique (M.P.), AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France; Pathology Unit (E.T.), AOU "Maggiore della Carità" di Novara, Italy; Onconeurotek Tumour Bank (J.-Y.D., K.M., M.S.), GH Pitié-Salpêtrière; and Department of Neurology (A.L.D.S.), Foch Hospital, Suresnes, Paris, France
| | - Marc Polivka
- From Sorbonne Université (A.P., G.B., F.B., M.T., E.T., S.M., Y.S., A.I., K.H.-X., J.-Y.D., K.M., A.L.D.S., M.S.), UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM; Service de Neurologie 2 (A.P., G.B., M.T., A.I., K.H.-X., J.-Y.D., M.S.) and Laboratoire R Escourolle 2 (F.B., K.M.), AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Neuroscience Consortium (A.P., G.B.), Monza Policlinico and Pavia Mondino, University of Pavia, Italy; Centre d'Imagerie (J.S.), Fondation A de Rothschild; Laboratoire d'Anatomie Pathologique (M.P.), AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France; Pathology Unit (E.T.), AOU "Maggiore della Carità" di Novara, Italy; Onconeurotek Tumour Bank (J.-Y.D., K.M., M.S.), GH Pitié-Salpêtrière; and Department of Neurology (A.L.D.S.), Foch Hospital, Suresnes, Paris, France
| | - Elena Trisolini
- From Sorbonne Université (A.P., G.B., F.B., M.T., E.T., S.M., Y.S., A.I., K.H.-X., J.-Y.D., K.M., A.L.D.S., M.S.), UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM; Service de Neurologie 2 (A.P., G.B., M.T., A.I., K.H.-X., J.-Y.D., M.S.) and Laboratoire R Escourolle 2 (F.B., K.M.), AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Neuroscience Consortium (A.P., G.B.), Monza Policlinico and Pavia Mondino, University of Pavia, Italy; Centre d'Imagerie (J.S.), Fondation A de Rothschild; Laboratoire d'Anatomie Pathologique (M.P.), AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France; Pathology Unit (E.T.), AOU "Maggiore della Carità" di Novara, Italy; Onconeurotek Tumour Bank (J.-Y.D., K.M., M.S.), GH Pitié-Salpêtrière; and Department of Neurology (A.L.D.S.), Foch Hospital, Suresnes, Paris, France
| | - Sheida Meunier
- From Sorbonne Université (A.P., G.B., F.B., M.T., E.T., S.M., Y.S., A.I., K.H.-X., J.-Y.D., K.M., A.L.D.S., M.S.), UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM; Service de Neurologie 2 (A.P., G.B., M.T., A.I., K.H.-X., J.-Y.D., M.S.) and Laboratoire R Escourolle 2 (F.B., K.M.), AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Neuroscience Consortium (A.P., G.B.), Monza Policlinico and Pavia Mondino, University of Pavia, Italy; Centre d'Imagerie (J.S.), Fondation A de Rothschild; Laboratoire d'Anatomie Pathologique (M.P.), AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France; Pathology Unit (E.T.), AOU "Maggiore della Carità" di Novara, Italy; Onconeurotek Tumour Bank (J.-Y.D., K.M., M.S.), GH Pitié-Salpêtrière; and Department of Neurology (A.L.D.S.), Foch Hospital, Suresnes, Paris, France
| | - Yohann Schmitt
- From Sorbonne Université (A.P., G.B., F.B., M.T., E.T., S.M., Y.S., A.I., K.H.-X., J.-Y.D., K.M., A.L.D.S., M.S.), UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM; Service de Neurologie 2 (A.P., G.B., M.T., A.I., K.H.-X., J.-Y.D., M.S.) and Laboratoire R Escourolle 2 (F.B., K.M.), AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Neuroscience Consortium (A.P., G.B.), Monza Policlinico and Pavia Mondino, University of Pavia, Italy; Centre d'Imagerie (J.S.), Fondation A de Rothschild; Laboratoire d'Anatomie Pathologique (M.P.), AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France; Pathology Unit (E.T.), AOU "Maggiore della Carità" di Novara, Italy; Onconeurotek Tumour Bank (J.-Y.D., K.M., M.S.), GH Pitié-Salpêtrière; and Department of Neurology (A.L.D.S.), Foch Hospital, Suresnes, Paris, France
| | - Ahmed Idbaih
- From Sorbonne Université (A.P., G.B., F.B., M.T., E.T., S.M., Y.S., A.I., K.H.-X., J.-Y.D., K.M., A.L.D.S., M.S.), UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM; Service de Neurologie 2 (A.P., G.B., M.T., A.I., K.H.-X., J.-Y.D., M.S.) and Laboratoire R Escourolle 2 (F.B., K.M.), AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Neuroscience Consortium (A.P., G.B.), Monza Policlinico and Pavia Mondino, University of Pavia, Italy; Centre d'Imagerie (J.S.), Fondation A de Rothschild; Laboratoire d'Anatomie Pathologique (M.P.), AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France; Pathology Unit (E.T.), AOU "Maggiore della Carità" di Novara, Italy; Onconeurotek Tumour Bank (J.-Y.D., K.M., M.S.), GH Pitié-Salpêtrière; and Department of Neurology (A.L.D.S.), Foch Hospital, Suresnes, Paris, France
| | - Khe Hoang-Xuan
- From Sorbonne Université (A.P., G.B., F.B., M.T., E.T., S.M., Y.S., A.I., K.H.-X., J.-Y.D., K.M., A.L.D.S., M.S.), UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM; Service de Neurologie 2 (A.P., G.B., M.T., A.I., K.H.-X., J.-Y.D., M.S.) and Laboratoire R Escourolle 2 (F.B., K.M.), AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Neuroscience Consortium (A.P., G.B.), Monza Policlinico and Pavia Mondino, University of Pavia, Italy; Centre d'Imagerie (J.S.), Fondation A de Rothschild; Laboratoire d'Anatomie Pathologique (M.P.), AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France; Pathology Unit (E.T.), AOU "Maggiore della Carità" di Novara, Italy; Onconeurotek Tumour Bank (J.-Y.D., K.M., M.S.), GH Pitié-Salpêtrière; and Department of Neurology (A.L.D.S.), Foch Hospital, Suresnes, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Yves Delattre
- From Sorbonne Université (A.P., G.B., F.B., M.T., E.T., S.M., Y.S., A.I., K.H.-X., J.-Y.D., K.M., A.L.D.S., M.S.), UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM; Service de Neurologie 2 (A.P., G.B., M.T., A.I., K.H.-X., J.-Y.D., M.S.) and Laboratoire R Escourolle 2 (F.B., K.M.), AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Neuroscience Consortium (A.P., G.B.), Monza Policlinico and Pavia Mondino, University of Pavia, Italy; Centre d'Imagerie (J.S.), Fondation A de Rothschild; Laboratoire d'Anatomie Pathologique (M.P.), AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France; Pathology Unit (E.T.), AOU "Maggiore della Carità" di Novara, Italy; Onconeurotek Tumour Bank (J.-Y.D., K.M., M.S.), GH Pitié-Salpêtrière; and Department of Neurology (A.L.D.S.), Foch Hospital, Suresnes, Paris, France
| | - Karima Mokhtari
- From Sorbonne Université (A.P., G.B., F.B., M.T., E.T., S.M., Y.S., A.I., K.H.-X., J.-Y.D., K.M., A.L.D.S., M.S.), UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM; Service de Neurologie 2 (A.P., G.B., M.T., A.I., K.H.-X., J.-Y.D., M.S.) and Laboratoire R Escourolle 2 (F.B., K.M.), AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Neuroscience Consortium (A.P., G.B.), Monza Policlinico and Pavia Mondino, University of Pavia, Italy; Centre d'Imagerie (J.S.), Fondation A de Rothschild; Laboratoire d'Anatomie Pathologique (M.P.), AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France; Pathology Unit (E.T.), AOU "Maggiore della Carità" di Novara, Italy; Onconeurotek Tumour Bank (J.-Y.D., K.M., M.S.), GH Pitié-Salpêtrière; and Department of Neurology (A.L.D.S.), Foch Hospital, Suresnes, Paris, France
| | - Anna Luisa Di Stefano
- From Sorbonne Université (A.P., G.B., F.B., M.T., E.T., S.M., Y.S., A.I., K.H.-X., J.-Y.D., K.M., A.L.D.S., M.S.), UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM; Service de Neurologie 2 (A.P., G.B., M.T., A.I., K.H.-X., J.-Y.D., M.S.) and Laboratoire R Escourolle 2 (F.B., K.M.), AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Neuroscience Consortium (A.P., G.B.), Monza Policlinico and Pavia Mondino, University of Pavia, Italy; Centre d'Imagerie (J.S.), Fondation A de Rothschild; Laboratoire d'Anatomie Pathologique (M.P.), AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France; Pathology Unit (E.T.), AOU "Maggiore della Carità" di Novara, Italy; Onconeurotek Tumour Bank (J.-Y.D., K.M., M.S.), GH Pitié-Salpêtrière; and Department of Neurology (A.L.D.S.), Foch Hospital, Suresnes, Paris, France
| | - Marc Sanson
- From Sorbonne Université (A.P., G.B., F.B., M.T., E.T., S.M., Y.S., A.I., K.H.-X., J.-Y.D., K.M., A.L.D.S., M.S.), UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM; Service de Neurologie 2 (A.P., G.B., M.T., A.I., K.H.-X., J.-Y.D., M.S.) and Laboratoire R Escourolle 2 (F.B., K.M.), AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Neuroscience Consortium (A.P., G.B.), Monza Policlinico and Pavia Mondino, University of Pavia, Italy; Centre d'Imagerie (J.S.), Fondation A de Rothschild; Laboratoire d'Anatomie Pathologique (M.P.), AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France; Pathology Unit (E.T.), AOU "Maggiore della Carità" di Novara, Italy; Onconeurotek Tumour Bank (J.-Y.D., K.M., M.S.), GH Pitié-Salpêtrière; and Department of Neurology (A.L.D.S.), Foch Hospital, Suresnes, Paris, France.
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