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Manoharan D, Wang LC, Chen YC, Li WP, Yeh CS. Catalytic Nanoparticles in Biomedical Applications: Exploiting Advanced Nanozymes for Therapeutics and Diagnostics. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2400746. [PMID: 38683107 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202400746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Catalytic nanoparticles (CNPs) as heterogeneous catalyst reveals superior activity due to their physio-chemical features, such as high surface-to-volume ratio and unique optical, electric, and magnetic properties. The CNPs, based on their physio-chemical nature, can either increase the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level for tumor and antibacterial therapy or eliminate the ROS for cytoprotection, anti-inflammation, and anti-aging. In addition, the catalytic activity of nanozymes can specifically trigger a specific reaction accompanied by the optical feature change, presenting the feasibility of biosensor and bioimaging applications. Undoubtedly, CNPs play a pivotal role in pushing the evolution of technologies in medical and clinical fields, and advanced strategies and nanomaterials rely on the input of chemical experts to develop. Herein, a systematic and comprehensive review of the challenges and recent development of CNPs for biomedical applications is presented from the viewpoint of advanced nanomaterial with unique catalytic activity and additional functions. Furthermore, the biosafety issue of applying biodegradable and non-biodegradable nanozymes and future perspectives are critically discussed to guide a promising direction in developing span-new nanozymes and more intelligent strategies for overcoming the current clinical limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divinah Manoharan
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Material and Medicinal Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Liu-Chun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
- Center of Applied Nanomedicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Peng Li
- Center of Applied Nanomedicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Sheng Yeh
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Material and Medicinal Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
- Center of Applied Nanomedicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
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2
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Tahmasebi Dehkordi H, Khaledi F, Ghasemi S. Immunological processes of enhancers and suppressors of long non-coding RNAs associated with brain tumors and inflammation. Int Rev Immunol 2024; 43:178-196. [PMID: 37974420 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2023.2280581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Immunological processes, such as inflammation, can both cause tumor suppression and cancer progression. Moreover, deregulated levels of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) expression in the brain may cause inflammation and lead to the growth of tumors. Like other biological processes, the immune system's role in cancer is complicated, varies, and can help or hurt the cancer's maintenance. According to research, inflammation and brain cancer are correlated via several signaling pathways. A variety of lncRNAs have recently been revealed to influence cancer by modulating inflammatory pathways. As a result, lncRNAs have the potential to influence carcinogenesis, tumor formation, or tumor suppression via an increase or decrease in inflammation functions. Although the study and targeting of lncRNAs have made great progress in the treatment of cancer, there are definitely limitations and challenges. Using new technologies like nanocarriers and cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) to target treatments without hurting healthy body tissues has shown to be very effective. In this review article, we have collected significantly related lncRNAs and their inhibitory or stimulating roles in inflammation and brain cancer for the first time. However, there are limitations, such as side effects and damage to normal tissues. With the advancement of new targeting technologies, these lncRNAs may be candidates for the specific targeting therapy of brain cancers by limiting inflammation or stimulating the immune system against them in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Tahmasebi Dehkordi
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Khaledi
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Sorayya Ghasemi
- Cancer Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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BHUSARE NILAM, KUMAR MAUSHMI. A review on potential heterocycles for the treatment of glioblastoma targeting receptor tyrosine kinases. Oncol Res 2024; 32:849-875. [PMID: 38686058 PMCID: PMC11055995 DOI: 10.32604/or.2024.047042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma, the most aggressive form of brain tumor, poses significant challenges in terms of treatment success and patient survival. Current treatment modalities for glioblastoma include radiation therapy, surgical intervention, and chemotherapy. Unfortunately, the median survival rate remains dishearteningly low at 12-15 months. One of the major obstacles in treating glioblastoma is the recurrence of tumors, making chemotherapy the primary approach for secondary glioma patients. However, the efficacy of drugs is hampered by the presence of the blood-brain barrier and multidrug resistance mechanisms. Consequently, considerable research efforts have been directed toward understanding the underlying signaling pathways involved in glioma and developing targeted drugs. To tackle glioma, numerous studies have examined kinase-downstream signaling pathways such as RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK-MPAK. By targeting specific signaling pathways, heterocyclic compounds have demonstrated efficacy in glioma therapeutics. Additionally, key kinases including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), serine/threonine kinase, cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase (CTK), receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and lipid kinase (LK) have been considered for investigation. These pathways play crucial roles in drug effectiveness in glioma treatment. Heterocyclic compounds, encompassing pyrimidine, thiazole, quinazoline, imidazole, indole, acridone, triazine, and other derivatives, have shown promising results in targeting these pathways. As part of this review, we propose exploring novel structures with low toxicity and high potency for glioma treatment. The development of these compounds should strive to overcome multidrug resistance mechanisms and efficiently penetrate the blood-brain barrier. By optimizing the chemical properties and designing compounds with enhanced drug-like characteristics, we can maximize their therapeutic value and minimize adverse effects. Considering the complex nature of glioblastoma, these novel structures should be rigorously tested and evaluated for their efficacy and safety profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- NILAM BHUSARE
- Somaiya Institute for Research & Consultancy, Somaiya Vidyavihar University, Vidyavihar (East), Mumbai, 400077, India
| | - MAUSHMI KUMAR
- Somaiya Institute for Research & Consultancy, Somaiya Vidyavihar University, Vidyavihar (East), Mumbai, 400077, India
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4
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Tobe RH, Tu L, Roberts M, Kiar G, Breland MM, Tian Y, Kang M, Ross R, Ryan MM, Valenza E, Alexander L, MacKay-Brandt A, Colcombe SJ, Franco AR, Milham MP. Age, Motion, Medical, and Psychiatric Associations With Incidental Findings in Brain MRI. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e2355901. [PMID: 38349653 PMCID: PMC10865144 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.55901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance Few investigations have evaluated rates of brain-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) incidental findings (IFs) in large lifespan samples, their stability over time, or their associations with health outcomes. Objectives To examine rates of brain-based IFs across the lifespan, their persistence, and their associations with phenotypic indicators of behavior, cognition, and health; to compare quantified motion with radiologist-reported motion and evaluate its associations with IF rates; and to explore IF consistency across multiple visits. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study included participants from the Nathan Kline Institute-Rockland Sample (NKI-RS), a lifespan community-ascertained sample, and the Healthy Brain Network (HBN), a cross-sectional community self-referred pediatric sample focused on mental health and learning disorders. The NKI-RS enrolled participants (ages 6-85 years) between March 2012 and March 2020 and had longitudinal participants followed up for as long as 4 years. The HBN enrolled participants (ages 5-21 years) between August 2015 and October 2021. Clinical neuroradiology MRI reports were coded for radiologist-reported motion as well as presence, type, and clinical urgency (category 1, no abnormal findings; 2, no referral recommended; 3, consider referral; and 4, immediate referral) of IFs. MRI reports were coded from June to October 2021. Data were analyzed from November 2021 to February 2023. Main Outcomes and Measures Rates and type of IFs by demographic characteristics, health phenotyping, and motion artifacts; longitudinal stability of IFs; and Euler number in projecting radiologist-reported motion. Results A total of 1300 NKI-RS participants (781 [60.1%] female; mean [SD] age, 38.9 [21.8] years) and 2772 HBN participants (976 [35.2%] female; mean [SD] age, 10.0 [3.5] years) had health phenotyping and neuroradiology-reviewed MRI scans. IFs were common, with 284 of 2956 children (9.6%) and 608 of 1107 adults (54.9%) having IFs, but rarely of clinical concern (category 1: NKI-RS, 619 [47.6%]; HBN, 2561 [92.4%]; category 2: NKI-RS, 647 [49.8%]; HBN, 178 [6.4%]; category 3: NKI-RS, 79 [6.1%]; HBN, 30 [1.1%]; category 4: NKI-RS: 12 [0.9%]; HBN, 6 [0.2%]). Overall, 46 children (1.6%) and 79 adults (7.1%) required referral for their IFs. IF frequency increased with age. Elevated blood pressure and BMI were associated with increased T2 hyperintensities and age-related cortical atrophy. Radiologist-reported motion aligned with Euler-quantified motion, but neither were associated with IF rates. Conclusions and Relevance In this cross-sectional study, IFs were common, particularly with increasing age, although rarely clinically significant. While T2 hyperintensity and age-related cortical atrophy were associated with BMI and blood pressure, IFs were not associated with other behavioral, cognitive, and health phenotyping. Motion may not limit clinical IF detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell H. Tobe
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, New York
| | - Lucia Tu
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York
| | - Maya Roberts
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, New York
| | - Gregory Kiar
- Center for Data Analytics, Innovation, and Rigor, Child Mind Institute, New York, New York
| | - Melissa M. Breland
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York
| | | | - Minji Kang
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, New York
| | - Rachel Ross
- St John’s University, Staten Island, New York
| | - Margaret M. Ryan
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York
| | | | - Lindsay Alexander
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, New York
| | - Anna MacKay-Brandt
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York
| | - Stanley J. Colcombe
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York
| | - Alexandre R. Franco
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, New York
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York
| | - Michael P. Milham
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, New York
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Kimberly WT, Sorby-Adams AJ, Webb AG, Wu EX, Beekman R, Bowry R, Schiff SJ, de Havenon A, Shen FX, Sze G, Schaefer P, Iglesias JE, Rosen MS, Sheth KN. Brain imaging with portable low-field MRI. NATURE REVIEWS BIOENGINEERING 2023; 1:617-630. [PMID: 37705717 PMCID: PMC10497072 DOI: 10.1038/s44222-023-00086-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The advent of portable, low-field MRI (LF-MRI) heralds new opportunities in neuroimaging. Low power requirements and transportability have enabled scanning outside the controlled environment of a conventional MRI suite, enhancing access to neuroimaging for indications that are not well suited to existing technologies. Maximizing the information extracted from the reduced signal-to-noise ratio of LF-MRI is crucial to developing clinically useful diagnostic images. Progress in electromagnetic noise cancellation and machine learning reconstruction algorithms from sparse k-space data as well as new approaches to image enhancement have now enabled these advancements. Coupling technological innovation with bedside imaging creates new prospects in visualizing the healthy brain and detecting acute and chronic pathological changes. Ongoing development of hardware, improvements in pulse sequences and image reconstruction, and validation of clinical utility will continue to accelerate this field. As further innovation occurs, portable LF-MRI will facilitate the democratization of MRI and create new applications not previously feasible with conventional systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Taylor Kimberly
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Annabel J Sorby-Adams
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew G Webb
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ed X Wu
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Rachel Beekman
- Division of Neurocritical Care and Emergency Neurology, Department of Neurology, Yale New Haven Hospital and Yale School of Medicine, Yale Center for Brain & Mind Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ritvij Bowry
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Neurosciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Steven J Schiff
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Adam de Havenon
- Division of Vascular Neurology, Department of Neurology, Yale New Haven Hospital and Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Francis X Shen
- Harvard Medical School Center for Bioethics, Harvard law School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gordon Sze
- Department of Radiology, Yale New Haven Hospital and Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Pamela Schaefer
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Juan Eugenio Iglesias
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, UK
- Computer Science and AI Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew S Rosen
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin N Sheth
- Division of Neurocritical Care and Emergency Neurology, Department of Neurology, Yale New Haven Hospital and Yale School of Medicine, Yale Center for Brain & Mind Health, New Haven, CT, USA
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Chen T, Hu L, Lu Q, Xiao F, Xu H, Li H, Lu L. A computer-aided diagnosis system for brain tumors based on artificial intelligence algorithms. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1120781. [PMID: 37483342 PMCID: PMC10360168 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1120781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The choice of treatment and prognosis evaluation depend on the accurate early diagnosis of brain tumors. Many brain tumors go undiagnosed or are overlooked by clinicians as a result of the challenges associated with manually evaluating magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images in clinical practice. In this study, we built a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system for glioma detection, grading, segmentation, and knowledge discovery based on artificial intelligence algorithms. Neuroimages are specifically represented using a type of visual feature known as the histogram of gradients (HOG). Then, through a two-level classification framework, the HOG features are employed to distinguish between healthy controls and patients, or between different glioma grades. This CAD system also offers tumor visualization using a semi-automatic segmentation tool for better patient management and treatment monitoring. Finally, a knowledge base is created to offer additional advice for the diagnosis of brain tumors. Based on our proposed two-level classification framework, we train models for glioma detection and grading, achieving area under curve (AUC) of 0.921 and 0.806, respectively. Different from other systems, we integrate these diagnostic tools with a web-based interface, which provides the flexibility for system deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- School of Information Technology, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
| | - Lianting Hu
- Medical Big Data Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Quan Lu
- School of Information Management, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Xiao
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haibo Xu
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongjun Li
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Long Lu
- School of Information Management, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Big Data Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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7
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AlTahhan FE, Khouqeer GA, Saadi S, Elgarayhi A, Sallah M. Refined Automatic Brain Tumor Classification Using Hybrid Convolutional Neural Networks for MRI Scans. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:864. [PMID: 36900008 PMCID: PMC10001035 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13050864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Refined hybrid convolutional neural networks are proposed in this work for classifying brain tumor classes based on MRI scans. A dataset of 2880 T1-weighted contrast-enhanced MRI brain scans are used. The dataset contains three main classes of brain tumors: gliomas, meningiomas, and pituitary tumors, as well as a class of no tumors. Firstly, two pre-trained, fine-tuned convolutional neural networks, GoogleNet and AlexNet, were used for classification process, with validation and classification accuracy being 91.5% and 90.21%, respectively. Then, to improving the performance of the fine-tuning AlexNet, two hybrid networks (AlexNet-SVM and AlexNet-KNN) were applied. These hybrid networks achieved 96.9% and 98.6% validation and accuracy, respectively. Thus, the hybrid network AlexNet-KNN was shown to be able to apply the classification process of the present data with high accuracy. After exporting these networks, a selected dataset was employed for testing process, yielding accuracies of 88%, 85%, 95%, and 97% for the fine-tuned GoogleNet, the fine-tuned AlexNet, AlexNet-SVM, and AlexNet-KNN, respectively. The proposed system would help for automatic detection and classification of the brain tumor from the MRI scans and safe the time for the clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma E. AlTahhan
- Mathematics Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ghada A. Khouqeer
- Physics Department, Faculty of science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarmad Saadi
- Applied Mathematical Physics Research Group, Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Elgarayhi
- Applied Mathematical Physics Research Group, Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Sallah
- Applied Mathematical Physics Research Group, Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology, New Damietta 34517, Egypt
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8
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Yee PP, Wang J, Chih SY, Aregawi DG, Glantz MJ, Zacharia BE, Thamburaj K, Li W. Temporal radiographic and histological study of necrosis development in a mouse glioblastoma model. Front Oncol 2022; 12:993649. [PMID: 36313633 PMCID: PMC9614031 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.993649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis is a poor prognostic marker in glioblastoma (GBM) and a variety of other solid cancers. Accumulating evidence supports that necrosis could facilitate tumor progression and resistance to therapeutics. GBM necrosis is typically first detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), after prominent necrosis has already formed. Therefore, radiological appearances of early necrosis formation and the temporal-spatial development of necrosis alongside tumor progression remain poorly understood. This knowledge gap leads to a lack of reliable radiographic diagnostic/prognostic markers in early GBM progression to detect necrosis. Recently, we reported an orthotopic xenograft GBM murine model driven by hyperactivation of the Hippo pathway transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) which recapitulates the extent of GBM necrosis seen among patients. In this study, we utilized this model to perform a temporal radiographic and histological study of necrosis development. We observed tumor tissue actively undergoing necrosis first appears more brightly enhancing in the early stages of progression in comparison to the rest of the tumor tissue. Later stages of tumor progression lead to loss of enhancement and unenhancing signals in the necrotic central portion of tumors on T1-weighted post-contrast MRI. This central unenhancing portion coincides with the radiographic and clinical definition of necrosis among GBM patients. Moreover, as necrosis evolves, two relatively more contrast-enhancing rims are observed in relationship to the solid enhancing tumor surrounding the central necrosis in the later stages. The outer more prominently enhancing rim at the tumor border probably represents the infiltrating tumor edge, and the inner enhancing rim at the peri-necrotic region may represent locally infiltrating immune cells. The associated inflammation at the peri-necrotic region was further confirmed by immunohistochemical study of the temporal development of tumor necrosis. Neutrophils appear to be the predominant immune cell population in this region as necrosis evolves. This study shows central, brightly enhancing areas associated with inflammation in the tumor microenvironment may represent an early indication of necrosis development in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia P. Yee
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Jianli Wang
- Department of Radiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Stephen Y. Chih
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Dawit G. Aregawi
- Neuro-Oncology Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Michael J. Glantz
- Neuro-Oncology Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Brad E. Zacharia
- Neuro-Oncology Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | | | - Wei Li
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Wei Li,
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9
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Luo M, Lee LKC, Peng B, Choi CHJ, Tong WY, Voelcker NH. Delivering the Promise of Gene Therapy with Nanomedicines in Treating Central Nervous System Diseases. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201740. [PMID: 35851766 PMCID: PMC9475540 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Central Nervous System (CNS) diseases, such as Alzheimer's diseases (AD), Parkinson's Diseases (PD), brain tumors, Huntington's disease (HD), and stroke, still remain difficult to treat by the conventional molecular drugs. In recent years, various gene therapies have come into the spotlight as versatile therapeutics providing the potential to prevent and treat these diseases. Despite the significant progress that has undoubtedly been achieved in terms of the design and modification of genetic modulators with desired potency and minimized unwanted immune responses, the efficient and safe in vivo delivery of gene therapies still poses major translational challenges. Various non-viral nanomedicines have been recently explored to circumvent this limitation. In this review, an overview of gene therapies for CNS diseases is provided and describes recent advances in the development of nanomedicines, including their unique characteristics, chemical modifications, bioconjugations, and the specific applications that those nanomedicines are harnessed to deliver gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihua Luo
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutics ScienceMonash UniversityParkville Campus, 381 Royal ParadeParkvilleVIC3052Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnologythe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQLD4072Australia
| | - Leo Kit Cheung Lee
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatinNew TerritoriesHong Kong
| | - Bo Peng
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutics ScienceMonash UniversityParkville Campus, 381 Royal ParadeParkvilleVIC3052Australia
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible ElectronicsXi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical materials & EngineeringNorthwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an710072China
| | - Chung Hang Jonathan Choi
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatinNew TerritoriesHong Kong
| | - Wing Yin Tong
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutics ScienceMonash UniversityParkville Campus, 381 Royal ParadeParkvilleVIC3052Australia
| | - Nicolas H. Voelcker
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutics ScienceMonash UniversityParkville Campus, 381 Royal ParadeParkvilleVIC3052Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO)ClaytonVIC3168Australia
- Melbourne Centre for NanofabricationVictorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility151 Wellington RoadClaytonVIC3168Australia
- Materials Science and EngineeringMonash University14 Alliance LaneClaytonVIC3800Australia
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10
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Peritumor Edema Serves as an Independent Predictive Factor of Recurrence Patterns and Recurrence-Free Survival for High-Grade Glioma. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:9547166. [PMID: 35936378 PMCID: PMC9348930 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9547166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective. This study is aimed at analyzing the factors affecting the recurrence patterns and recurrence-free survival (RFS) of high-grade gliomas (HGG). Methods. Eligible patients admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University were selected. Subsequently, the effects of some clinical data including age, gender, WHO pathological grades, tumor site, tumor size, clinical treatments, and peritumoral edema (PTE) area and molecular markers (Ki-67, MGMT, IDH-1, and p53) on HGG patients’ recurrence patterns and RFS were analyzed. Results. A total number of 77 patients were enrolled into this study. After analyzing all the cases, it was determined that tumor size and tumor site had a significant influence on the recurrent patterns of HGG, and PTE was an independent predict factor of recurrence patterns. Specifically, when the PTE was mild (<1 cm), the recurrence pattern tended to be local; in contrast, HGG was more likely to progress to marginal recurrence and distant recurrence. Furthermore, age and PTE were significantly associated with RFS; the median RFS of the population with
(23.60 months) was obviously longer than the population with
(5.00 months). Conclusions. PTE is an independent predictor of recurrence patterns and RFS for HGG. Therefore, preoperative identification of PTE in HGG patients is crucially important, which is helpful to accurately estimate the recurrence pattern and RFS.
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Stoyanov GS, Lyutfi E, Georgiev R, Dzhenkov DL, Kaprelyan A. The Rapid Development of Glioblastoma: A Report of Two Cases. Cureus 2022; 14:e26319. [PMID: 35911333 PMCID: PMC9314278 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.26319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse astrocytic gliomas and their most common and aggressive representation, glioblastoma (GBM), which as per the 2021 World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines is an isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) wildtype without alteration in histone 3 and has glomeruloid vascular proliferation, tumor necrosis, telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter mutation, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene amplification, or +7/−10 chromosome copy-number changes, are fast-growing tumors with a dismal patient prognosis. Herein, we present cases of a 63-year-old male who, despite no evidence of tumor growth, developed a 6-cm tumor, histologically verified as GBM, WHO CNS grade 4, within eight months, and a 74-year-old female in whom a 1.5-cm tumor grew to 43 mm within 28 days, once again histologically confirmed as GBM, WHO CNS grade 4. Other studies using previous WHO guidelines and including up to 106 cases have shown that these tumors have a daily growth rate of 1.4% and can double their size in a period varying from two weeks to 49.6 days. These growth rates further underline the need for extensive surgical resection as disease progression is rapid, with studies reporting that resection of more than 85% of the tumor volume determined on neuroradiology improves survival compared to biopsy or limited resection and resection of more than 98% of the tumor volume statistically improves patient survival.
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Stoyanov GS, Lyutfi E, Georgieva R, Georgiev R, Dzhenkov DL, Petkova L, Ivanov BD, Kaprelyan A, Ghenev P. Reclassification of Glioblastoma Multiforme According to the 2021 World Health Organization Classification of Central Nervous System Tumors: A Single Institution Report and Practical Significance. Cureus 2022; 14:e21822. [PMID: 35291535 PMCID: PMC8896839 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.21822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The 2021 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) has introduced significant changes to tumor taxonomy. One of the most significant changes in the isolation of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutant forms of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) into separate entities, as well as no longer allowing for entries to be classified as not otherwise specified (NOS). As a result, this entity now includes only the most aggressive adult-type tumors. As such, established prognostic factors no longer apply, as they now form the criteria of different disease entries or have been established based on a mixed cohort. Herein, we aimed to reclassify glioblastoma cases diagnosed per the 2016 WHO tumors of the CNS classification into the 2021 WHO tumors of the CNS classification and establish a patient survival pattern based on age, gender, tumor location, and size as well as tumor O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) mutation. Materials and methods A retrospective, non-clinical approach was utilized. Biopsy specimens of adults diagnosed with GBM, WHO grade 4, NOS in the period February 2018-February 2021 were reevaluated. The data regarding the patient's gender and age were withdrawn from the medical documentation. Immunohistochemistry was performed with mouse monoclonal anti-IDH R132H and rabbit polyclonal anti-MGMT. Radiology data on tumor location and size were pulled from the radiology repository. Data were statistically analyzed for significance, using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, with a 95% confidence interval and p<0.05 defined as significant. Results A total of 58 cases fit the set criteria, with eight of them (13.7%) harboring an IDH R132H mutation and were hence reclassified as diffuse astrocytoma IDH-mutant, WHO CNS grade 4. The cases that retained their GBM classification included n=28 males and n=22 females, a male to female ratio of 1.27:1, and a mean age of 65.3 years (range 43-86 years). The MGMT mutational status revealed a total of n=17 positive cases (35%), while the remaining cases were negative. No hemispheric predilection could be established. Lobar predilection was as follows: temporal (37.78%), parietal (28.89%), frontal (24.44%), and occipital (8.89%). The mean tumor size measured on neuroradiology across the cohort was 50.51 mm (range 20-76 mm). The median survival across cases was 255.96 days (8.41 months), with a range of 18-1150 days (0.59-37.78 months). No statistical correlation could be established between patient survival and gender, hemispheric location, lobar location, and tumor size. A significant difference in survival was established only when comparing the 41-50 age groups to the 71-80 and 81-90 age groups and MGMT positive versus negative tumors (p=0.0001). Conclusion From a practical standpoint, the changes implemented in the new classification of CNS tumors define GBM as the most aggressive adult type of tumor. Based on their significantly more favorable prognosis, the reclassification of IDH mutant forms of astrocytomas has had little epidemiological impact on this relatively common malignancy but has significantly underlined the dismal prognosis. The changes have also led to MGMT promoter methylation status being the only significant prognostic factor for patient survival in clinical use, based on its prediction for response to temozolomide therapy in this nosological unit clinically presenting when it has already reached immense size.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S Stoyanov
- General and Clinical Pathology/Forensic Medicine and Deontology, Medical University of Varna, Varna, BGR
| | - Emran Lyutfi
- Neurology and Neuroscience, Medical University of Varna, Varna, BGR
| | | | - Radoslav Georgiev
- Imaging Diagnostics, Interventional Radiology and Radiotherapy, Medical University of Varna, Varna, BGR
| | - Deyan L Dzhenkov
- General and Clinical Pathology/Forensic Medicine and Deontology, Medical University of Varna, Varna, BGR
| | - Lilyana Petkova
- General and Clinical Pathology/Forensic Medicine and Deontology, Medical University of Varna, Varna, BGR
| | | | - Ara Kaprelyan
- Neurology and Neuroscience, Medical University of Varna, Varna, BGR
| | - Peter Ghenev
- General and Clinical Pathology/Forensic Medicine and Deontology, Medical University of Varna, Varna, BGR
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The clinical characteristics and outcomes of incidentally discovered glioblastoma. J Neurooncol 2022; 156:551-557. [PMID: 34985720 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-021-03931-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE With an increase in the number of imaging examinations and the development of imaging technology, a small number of glioblastomas (GBMs) are identified by incidental radiological images. These incidentally discovered glioblastomas (iGBMs) are rare, and their clinical features are not well understood. Here, we investigated the clinical characteristics and outcomes of iGBM. METHODS Data of newly diagnosed iGBM patients who were treated at our institution between August 2005 and October 2019 were reviewed. An iGBM was defined as a GBM without a focal sign, discovered on radiological images obtained for reasons unrelated to the tumor. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed to calculate progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS Of 315 patients with newly diagnosed GBM, four (1.3%) were classified as having iGBM. Health screening was the most common reason for tumor discovery (75.0%). The preoperative Karnofsky performance status score was 100 in three patients. Tumors were found on the right side in three cases. The mean volume of preoperative enhanced tumor lesion was 16.8 cm3. The median duration from confirmation of an enhanced lesion to surgery was 13.5 days. In all cases, either total (100%) or subtotal (95-99%) resections were achieved. The median PFS and OS were 10.5 and 20.0 months, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The iGBMs were often small and in the right non-eloquent area, and the patients had good performance status. We found that timely therapeutic intervention provided iGBM patients with favorable outcomes. This report suggests that early detection of GBM may lead to a better prognosis.
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Abstract
Imaging of brain metastases (BMs) has advanced greatly over the past decade. In this review, we discuss the main challenges that BMs pose in clinical practice and describe the role of imaging.Firstly, we describe the increased incidence of BMs of different primary tumours and the rationale for screening. A challenge lies in selecting the right patients for screening: not all cancer patients develop BMs in their disease course.Secondly, we discuss the imaging techniques to detect BMs. A three-dimensional (3D) T1W MRI sequence is the golden standard for BM detection, but additional anatomical (susceptibility weighted imaging, diffusion weighted imaging), functional (perfusion MRI) and metabolic (MR spectroscopy, positron emission tomography) information can help to differentiate BMs from other intracranial aetiologies.Thirdly, we describe the role of imaging before, during and after treatment of BMs. For surgical resection, imaging is used to select surgical patients, but also to assist intraoperatively (neuronavigation, fluorescence-guided surgery, ultrasound). For treatment planning of stereotactic radiosurgery, MRI is combined with CT. For surveillance after both local and systemic therapies, conventional MRI is used. However, advanced imaging is increasingly performed to distinguish true tumour progression from pseudoprogression.FInally, future perspectives are discussed, including radiomics, new biomarkers, new endogenous contrast agents and theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie H A E Derks
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid A M van der Veldt
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marion Smits
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Prevalence of incidental meningiomas and gliomas on MRI: a meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2021; 163:3401-3415. [PMID: 34227013 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-021-04919-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chance of incidentally detecting brain tumors is increasing as the utilization of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) becomes more prevalent. In this background, knowledge is accumulating in relation to the prediction of their clinical sequence. However, their prevalence-especially the prevalence of glioma-has not been adequately investigated according to age, sex, and region. METHOD We systematically reviewed the articles according to the PRISMA statement and calculated the prevalence of meningiomas and diffuse gliomas in adults using a generalized linear mixed model. Specifically, the differences related to age, sex, and region were investigated. RESULTS The pooled prevalence of incidental meningiomas in MRI studies was 0.52% (95% confidence interval (CI) [0.34-0.78]) in 37,697 individuals from 36 studies. A meta-regression analysis showed that the prevalence was significantly higher in elderly individuals, women, and individuals outside Asia; this remained statistically significant in the multivariate meta-regression analysis. The prevalence reached to 3% at 90 years of age. In contrast, the prevalence of gliomas in 30,918 individuals from 18 studies was 0.064% (95%CI [0.040 - 0.104]). The meta-regression analysis did not show a significant relationship between the prevalence and age, male sex, or region. The prevalence of histologically confirmed glioma was 0.026% (95%CI [0.013-0.052]). CONCLUSIONS Most of meningiomas, especially those in elderlies, remained asymptomatic, and their prevalence increased with age. However, the prevalence of incidental gliomas was much lower and did not increase with age. The number of gliomas that developed and the number that reached a symptomatic stage appeared to be balanced.
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Saeidi Borojeni HR, Najafi F, Khosravi Shadmani F, Darabi Z, Darbandi M, Farhadi K, Saeidi Borojeni S, Maleki S, Naderi M. Disability-Adjusted Life Years and Mortality Rate Attributed to Brain and Central Nervous System Cancer in the Middle East and North Africa Countries. Neuroepidemiology 2021; 55:447-459. [PMID: 34649245 DOI: 10.1159/000519281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary brain tumors are among the main causes of death. This study aimed to determine the epidemiological features of the brain and central nervous system cancer in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. METHODS In this study, data of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study were used to estimate the incidence, prevalence, deaths, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and mortality in 21 countries in the MENA region from 1990 to 2019 based on age and sex. The percentage of the changes of epidemiologic indicators was calculated between 1990 and 2019. RESULTS Palestine and Turkey had the highest rate of brain and central nervous system cancer in 2019. Saudi Arabia, Oman, Iraq, and Lebanon had the highest percentage of incidence rate changes from 1990 to 2019. The prevalence of brain and central nervous system cancer in the MENA region was increased from 7.51 (95% CI: 4.95-11.01) in 1990 to 16.45 (95% CI: 10.83-19.54) in 2019 (percentage of changes = 54.35%). The standardized age mortality rate in the MENA region was increased by 2.7% in 2019 compared to that in 1990. The rate of standardized age of DALY per 100,000 individuals in the MENA region decreased from 135.09 (95% CI: 92.57-199.92) in 1990 to 128.34 (95% CI: 87.81-151.3) in 2019. CONCLUSION The incidence rate, prevalence, and standardized age mortality (per 100,000) had increased significantly in the MENA region in 2019 compared to those in 1990. Focusing on the diversity of the estimates of such indices in different countries of MENA can lead to the identification of important risk factors for brain cancer in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Saeidi Borojeni
- Clinical Research Development Centre, Taleghani and Imam Ali Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Farid Najafi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Khosravi Shadmani
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Zahra Darabi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mitra Darbandi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Khosro Farhadi
- Clinical Research Development Centre, Taleghani and Imam Ali Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Sepehr Saeidi Borojeni
- Clinical Research Development Centre, Taleghani and Imam Ali Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Shokofeh Maleki
- Clinical Research Development Centre, Taleghani and Imam Ali Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mehdi Naderi
- Clinical Research Development Centre, Taleghani and Imam Ali Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Deep Learning-Based Segmentation of Various Brain Lesions for Radiosurgery. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11199180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Semantic segmentation of medical images with deep learning models is rapidly being developed. In this study, we benchmarked state-of-the-art deep learning segmentation algorithms on our clinical stereotactic radiosurgery dataset. The dataset consists of 1688 patients with various brain lesions (pituitary tumors, meningioma, schwannoma, brain metastases, arteriovenous malformation, and trigeminal neuralgia), and we divided the dataset into a training set (1557 patients) and test set (131 patients). This study demonstrates the strengths and weaknesses of deep-learning algorithms in a fairly practical scenario. We compared the model performances concerning their sampling method, model architecture, and the choice of loss functions, identifying suitable settings for their applications and shedding light on the possible improvements. Evidence from this study led us to conclude that deep learning could be promising in assisting the segmentation of brain lesions even if the training dataset was of high heterogeneity in lesion types and sizes.
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Dandıl E, Karaca S. Detection of pseudo brain tumors via stacked LSTM neural networks using MR spectroscopy signals. Biocybern Biomed Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbe.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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