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Ogata D, Nishio S, Hatta N, Kaji T, Fujii K, Mikami M, Kiyohara Y, Enomoto T. Clinicopathological demographics of malignant melanomas of the vulva and vagina in Japan. Melanoma Res 2023; 33:300-308. [PMID: 37162526 PMCID: PMC10309107 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Malignant vulvar melanoma (VuM) and vaginal melanoma (VaM) represent a unique subgroup of rare malignant melanomas with critical biological properties that differ from other cancers. In Japan, adequate surveys have yet to be conducted. This study aimed to elucidate the clinicopathological demographics and outcomes of VuM and VaM in Japan. This retrospective observational study included women with invasive VuM or VaM identified from older medical records in Japan. We collected clinical data and used the Kaplan-Meier method to analyze progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Univariate and multivariate regression models were used to identify factors significantly related to survival. We identified 217 patients, 109 (50.2%) with VuM and 108 (49.8%) with VaM. The median PFS was 16.8 months in patients with VuM [95% confidence interval (CI), 23.1-87.7] and 15.6 months in those with VaM (95% CI, 8.4-12.6). The median OS was 43.9 months (95% CI, 60-138) and 31.1 months (95% CI, 24.8-45.3) in patients with VuM and VaM, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that a disease stage higher than stage III, based on the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) guidelines, was associated with poorer PFS [hazard ratio (HR), 2.063; 95% CI, 0.995-4.278] and an unknown surgical margin was the only independent factor influencing OS (HR, 2.188; 95% CI, 1.203-3.977). The overall outcomes of invasive VuM and VaM in Japan remain poor. AJCC staging and surgical margins were significant predictors of survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Ogata
- Department of Dermatologic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo
| | - Shin Nishio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka
| | - Naohito Hatta
- Department of Dermatology, Toyama Prefectural Central Hospital, Toyama
| | - Tatsuya Kaji
- Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanagawa
| | - Kazuyasu Fujii
- Department of Dermatology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima
| | - Mikio Mikami
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokai University Hospital, Kanagawa
| | | | - Takayuki Enomoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan
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PD-L1, CD4+, and CD8+ Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs) Expression Profiles in Melanoma Tumor Microenvironment Cells. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13020221. [PMID: 36836455 PMCID: PMC9965691 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13020221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Because melanoma is an aggressive tumor with an unfavorable prognosis, we aimed to characterize the PD-L1 expression in melanomas in association with T cell infiltrates because PD-1/PD-L1 blockade represents the target in treating melanoma strategy. (2) Methods: The immunohistochemical manual quantitative methods of PD-L1, CD4, and CD8 TILs were performed in melanoma tumor microenvironment cells. (3) Results: Most of the PD-L1 positive, expressing tumors, have a moderate score of CD4+ TILs and CD8+TILs (5-50% of tumor area) in tumoral melanoma environment cells. The PD-L1 expression in TILs was correlated with different degrees of lymphocytic infiltration described by the Clark system (X2 = 8.383, p = 0.020). PD-L1 expression was observed often in melanoma cases, with more than 2-4 mm of Breslow tumor thickness being the associated parameters (X2 = 9.933, p = 0.014). (4) Conclusions: PD-L1 expression represents a predictive biomarker with very good accuracy for discriminating the presence or absence of malign tumoral melanoma cells. PD-L1 expression was an independent predictor of good prognosis in patients with melanomas.
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Cutaneous Melanoma versus Vulvovaginal Melanoma—Risk Factors, Pathogenesis and Comparison of Immunotherapy Efficacy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14205123. [PMID: 36291906 PMCID: PMC9600893 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14205123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Melanoma of the vulva and vagina is a relatively rare neoplasm, unlike melanoma of the skin. Its prognosis is poor, and its pathogenesis is not fully understood. Immunotherapy is one of the rapidly developing cancer treatment methods. In this article, we focus on the pathogenesis of lower genital tract melanomas and related risk factors and compare the effectiveness of two groups of drugs—anti-PD-L1 and anti-CTLA4 antibodies—in the treatment of this condition. This type of immunotherapy is a relatively common treatment method for cutaneous melanoma but not for the rare vulvovaginal melanoma. For vulvovaginal melanoma, the effects of these treatments appear to be limited; however, this requires further research. Abstract Cutaneous melanoma is a relatively common neoplasm, with fairly well understood pathogenesis, risk factors, prognosis and therapeutic protocols. The incidence of this disease is increasing every year. The situation is different for rare malignancies such as vulvar melanomas and for the even rarer vaginal melanomas. The risk factors for vulvovaginal tumors are not fully understood. The basis of treatment in both cases is surgical resection; however, other types of treatments such as immunotherapy are available. This paper focuses on comparing the pathogenesis and risk factors associated with these neoplasms as well as the efficacy of two groups of drugs—anti-PD-L1 and anti-CTLA4 inhibitors—against both cutaneous melanoma and melanoma of the lower genital tract (vulva and vagina). In the case of cutaneous melanoma, the situation looks more optimistic than for vulvovaginal melanoma, which has a much worse prognosis and, as it turns out, shows a poorer response to immune therapy.
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Ronchi A, Montella M, Zito Marino F, Argenziano G, Moscarella E, Brancaccio G, Ferraro G, Nicoletti GF, Troiani T, Franco R, Cozzolino I. Cytologic diagnosis of metastatic melanoma by FNA: A practical review. Cancer Cytopathol 2022; 130:18-29. [PMID: 34310059 PMCID: PMC9292535 DOI: 10.1002/cncy.22488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma (MM) is a highly aggressive neoplasm with a growing worldwide incidence. It is not uncommon that the disease is already metastatic at the time of the first diagnosis. Regional lymph nodes and skin are the first and most common metastatic sites, followed by distant visceral sites (lungs, liver, and central nervous system) and bone. In this clinical setting, fine-needle aspiration (FNA) often represents the first diagnostic approach. FNA is a useful tool to obtain a rapid and accurate diagnosis, in conjunction with ancillary techniques and molecular analysis, as recommended by recent guidelines. The aim of this review was to describe the cytomorphology, immunocytochemical tools, and molecular tools used for the diagnosis of MM metastases on FNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ronchi
- Pathology UnitDepartment of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive MedicineUniversity of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”NaplesItaly
| | - Marco Montella
- Pathology UnitDepartment of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive MedicineUniversity of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”NaplesItaly
| | - Federica Zito Marino
- Pathology UnitDepartment of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive MedicineUniversity of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”NaplesItaly
| | - Giuseppe Argenziano
- Dermatology UnitDepartment of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive MedicineUniversity of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”NaplesItaly
| | - Elvira Moscarella
- Dermatology UnitDepartment of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive MedicineUniversity of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”NaplesItaly
| | - Gabriella Brancaccio
- Dermatology UnitDepartment of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive MedicineUniversity of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”NaplesItaly
| | - Giuseppe Ferraro
- Plastic Surgery UnitMultidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical, and Odontological SciencesUniversity of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”NaplesItaly
| | - Giovanni Francesco Nicoletti
- Plastic Surgery UnitMultidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical, and Odontological SciencesUniversity of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”NaplesItaly
| | - Teresa Troiani
- Oncology Unit, Department of Precision MedicineUniversity of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”NaplesItaly
| | - Renato Franco
- Pathology UnitDepartment of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive MedicineUniversity of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”NaplesItaly
| | - Immacolata Cozzolino
- Pathology UnitDepartment of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive MedicineUniversity of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”NaplesItaly
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Zhao E, Chen S, Dang Y. Development and External Validation of a Novel Immune Checkpoint-Related Gene Signature for Prediction of Overall Survival in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 7:620765. [PMID: 33553243 PMCID: PMC7859359 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.620765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a novel immune checkpoint-related gene signature for prediction of overall survival (OS) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: mRNA expression profiles and clinical follow-up information were obtained in the International Cancer Genome Consortium database. An external dataset from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma database was used to validate the results. The univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed based on the differentially expressed genes. We generated a four-mRNA signature to predict patient survival. Furthermore, the reliability and validity were validated in TCGA cohort. An integrated bioinformatics approach was performed to evaluate its diagnostic and prognostic value. Results: A four-gene (epidermal growth factor, mutated in colorectal cancer, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2, and NRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase) signature was built to classify patients into two risk groups using a risk score with different OS in two cohorts (all P < 0.0001). Multivariate regression analysis demonstrated the signature was an independent predictor of HCC. Furthermore, the signature presented an excellent diagnostic power in differentiating HCC and adjacent tissues. Immune cell infiltration analysis revealed that the signature was associated with a number of immune cell subtypes. Conclusion: We identified a four-immune checkpoint-related gene signature as a robust biomarker with great potential for clinical application in risk stratification and OS prediction in HCC patients and could be a potential indicator of immunotherapy in HCC. The diagnostic signature had been validated to accurately distinguish HCC from adjacent tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enfa Zhao
- Department of Structural Heart Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shimin Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Taihe Country, Taihe, China
| | - Ying Dang
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Pathology-based Biomarkers Useful for Clinical Decisions in Melanoma. Arch Med Res 2020; 51:827-838. [PMID: 32950263 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The dramatic recent advances in therapy of melanoma require a more personalized and precise diagnostic approach to aid in clinical decisions. Tissue-based biomarkers in pathology have diagnostic, prognostic and predictive relevance. Herein we review the most commonly used pathology-based biomarkers in melanoma. Most of these biomarkers are evaluated through immunohistochemistry (IHC) or fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) performed on formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue (FFPE), and are widely available in clinical pathology laboratories. We describe the utility of MART1/Ki67, p16, PRAME, markers of lymphovascular invasion (D2-40, CD31, D2-40/MITF, CD31/SOX-10), BRAF V600E, NRAS, KIT, BAP1, ALK, NTRK, PD-L1, TERT, PTEN, iNOS, and MMR proteins (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2) in the evaluation of melanoma specimens. Correct interpretation and awareness of the significance of these biomarkers is crucial for pathologists, dermatologists, and oncologists who take care of melanoma patients.
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Abstract
ABSTRACT Melanomas of the female gynecological tract comprise approximately 18% of mucosal melanomas, a rare subtype of melanoma. Within the female genital tract, 70% of primary melanomas of the gynecological tract are from the vulva with the remainder occurring in the vagina and rarely, in the cervix. We investigate molecular alterations by next-generation sequencing-based molecular tests targeting 99 cancer genes and translocation/fusion assays in 4 and 3 vaginal melanomas, respectively. The ages of the 4 patients range from 65 to 90 years. Postmenopausal bleeding was the most common presenting symptom. Tumor size ranged from 0.5 to 6.6 cm. KIT L576P mutation was documented in case 1, whereas TP53 mutation was seen in cases 2 and 3 (L130F and Y163C). Case 2 also harbored NF2 E204Q and ATRX D1719H mutations. A number of gene copy alterations were noted in case 4, which included GNA11 loss, MYC gain, RET loss, SMO loss, SUFU loss, and TSC2 loss. No gene fusion was detected in any of the 3 tested cases. In conclusion, in addition to KIT, TP53, and ATRX mutations, which have been previously reported, our cases harbor NF2 mutation and multiple gene copy alterations that have not previously been documented in vaginal melanomas. These findings highlight the potential role of targeted therapy in this rare melanoma subtype.
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Yeon M, Kim Y, Jung HS, Jeoung D. Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors to Overcome Resistance to Targeted and Immuno Therapy in Metastatic Melanoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:486. [PMID: 32626712 PMCID: PMC7311641 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapies that target oncogenes and immune checkpoint molecules constitute a major group of treatments for metastatic melanoma. A mutation in BRAF (BRAF V600E) affects various signaling pathways, including mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and PI3K/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in melanoma. Target-specific agents, such as MAPK inhibitors improve progression-free survival. However, BRAFV600E mutant melanomas treated with BRAF kinase inhibitors develop resistance. Immune checkpoint molecules, such as programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand-1(PD-L1), induce immune evasion of cancer cells. MAPK inhibitor resistance results from the increased expression of PD-L1. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as anti-PD-L1 or anti-PD-1, are main players in immune therapies designed to target metastatic melanoma. However, melanoma patients show low response rate and resistance to these inhibitors develops within 6–8 months of treatment. Epigenetic reprogramming, such as DNA methylaion and histone modification, regulates the expression of genes involved in cellular proliferation, immune checkpoints and the response to anti-cancer drugs. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) remove acetyl groups from histone and non-histone proteins and act as transcriptional repressors. HDACs are often dysregulated in melanomas, and regulate MAPK signaling, cancer progression, and responses to various anti-cancer drugs. HDACs have been shown to regulate the expression of PD-1/PD-L1 and genes involved in immune evasion. These reports make HDACs ideal targets for the development of anti-melanoma therapeutics. We review the mechanisms of resistance to anti-melanoma therapies, including MAPK inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors. We address the effects of HDAC inhibitors on the response to MAPK inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors in melanoma. In addition, we discuss current progress in anti-melanoma therapies involving a combination of HDAC inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and MAPK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjeong Yeon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, South Korea
| | - Youngmi Kim
- Institute of New Frontier Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chunchon, South Korea
| | - Hyun Suk Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, South Korea
| | - Dooil Jeoung
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, South Korea
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Yang J, Dong M, Shui Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Mi Y, Zuo X, Jiang L, Liu K, Liu Z, Gu X, Shi Y. A pooled analysis of the prognostic value of PD-L1 in melanoma: evidence from 1062 patients. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:96. [PMID: 32256205 PMCID: PMC7106672 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01187-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) was the first identified ligand of programmed death-1 (PD-1). PD-1/PD-L1 interactions inhibit T cell-mediated immune responses, limit cytokine production, and promote tumor immune escape. Recently, many studies have investigated the prognostic value of PD-L1 expression in patients with melanoma. However, the results of these analyses remain a subject of debate. We have therefore carried out a meta-analysis to identify the prognostic role of PD-L1 in melanoma. Methods A thorough medical literature search was performed in the databases PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase until October 2019. The pooled hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated to evaluate the correlation between PD-L1 overexpression and prognosis. Publication bias was evaluated using Begg’s test and Egger’s test. Results Thirteen articles with 1062 enrolled patients were included in this meta-analysis. High PD-L1 expression did not correlate with overall survival (OS) (HR = 0.93, 95% CI 0.57–1.52, P = 0.781) or progression-free survival (PFS) (HR = 0.82, 95% CI 0.43–1.54, P = 0.535). However, PD-L1 overexpression correlated with the absence of lymph node (LN) metastasis (OR = 0.46, 95% CI 0.22–0.95, P = 0.036). Further, there was no significant relationship between PD-L1 expression and sex (OR = 1.29, 95% CI 0.90–1.84, P = 0.159), age (OR = 0.90, 95% CI 0.51–1.57, P = 0.708), or Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status (OR = 0.55, 95% CI 0.06–4.83, P = 0.592). Conclusions This meta-analysis suggested that PD-L1 expression did not predict an inferior prognosis in patients with melanoma. However, high PD-L1 expression was associated with absence of LN metastasis in such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- 1Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan People's Republic of China
| | - Meilian Dong
- 1Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan People's Republic of China
| | - Yifang Shui
- 2Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhang
- 1Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- 1Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Mi
- 1Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zuo
- 1Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan People's Republic of China
| | - Li Jiang
- 1Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Liu
- 1Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan People's Republic of China
| | - Zheyan Liu
- 1Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobin Gu
- 1Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan People's Republic of China
| | - Yonggang Shi
- 1Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan People's Republic of China
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Akiyama M, Matsuda Y, Arai T, Saeki H. PD-L1 expression in malignant melanomas of the skin and gastrointestinal tract. Oncol Lett 2020; 19:2481-2488. [PMID: 32194748 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal melanoma (GM) is a rare but aggressive type of malignant melanoma arising in the gastrointestinal tract. An anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) antibody markedly improves prognosis in patients with melanoma. However, little is known regarding the expression of immune-oncology biomarkers in GM compared with skin melanoma (SM), especially in the Asian population. the present study examined clinicopathological characteristics, PD-L1 and HLA expression, and immune-oncology marker expression in 10 cases of GM and 31 cases of SM. Patients with GM exhibited significantly higher incidences of lymph node and distant metastases than patients with SM (P=0.0448 and P=0.0247, respectively). The infiltration of CD8+ lymphocytes was significantly higher in GM than in SM (P=0.0231). The infiltration of PD-1+ lymphocytes was higher in GM than in SM, but the difference was not significant (P=0.0975). PD-L1-positive melanoma exhibited a higher proportion of BRAFV600E-positive melanoma than PD-L1-negative melanoma (P=0.0317; 39.4 and 0%, respectively). PD-L1-positive melanoma exhibited significantly higher rates of CD8+ and FOXp3+ lymphocyte infiltration than PD-L1-negative melanoma (P=0.0221 and P=0.0463, respectively). By contrast, PD-1+ lymphocytes did not differ between PD-L1-positive and -negative cases. Furthermore, HLA-positive melanoma exhibited higher proportions of PD-1 (P=0.0101; 53.7 and 15.4%) and CD8 than HLA-negative melanoma (P=0.0818; 66.7 and 38.2%). These results provided useful information regarding tumor immunity in GM and SM and may contribute to the development of treatment strategies for GM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Akiyama
- Department of Dermatology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Yoko Matsuda
- Department of Pathology and Host-Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Tomio Arai
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Hidehisa Saeki
- Department of Dermatology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
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