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Musa L, Rapi MC, Franciosini MP, Lupini C, Catelli E, Addis MF, Grilli G. Turkey Hemorrhagic Enteritis (THE): A Short Overview. Pathogens 2024; 13:663. [PMID: 39204263 PMCID: PMC11356975 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13080663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Turkey Hemorrhagic Enteritis (THE) is an acute disease caused by a Siadenovirus that affects 4 week-aged and older turkeys, characterized by acute depression, bloody droppings, and a high mortality rate. The immunosuppressive attributes of THE can protract disease progression and create a predisposition in birds towards subsequent bacterial infectiodoralns involving Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens (necrotic enteritis). Turkey Hemorrhagic Enteritis Virus (THEV) predominantly affects turkeys and carries substantial economic implications for this industry. Macrophages and B lymphocytes are recognized as the predominant target cells for the virus, while the spleen is the principal site of viral replication. Infected cells have also been observed in various other tissues, including the intestines, bursa of Fabricius, cecal tonsils, thymus, liver, kidney, peripheral blood leukocytes, and lungs. The economic relevance of this disease is derived both from the high mortality rate, which can reach 60% depending on the virulence of the strain, and from subclinical disease responsible for poor performance in vaccinated animals. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of THE, spanning etiology, epidemiology clinical signs and gross lesions, prevention, and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Musa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.M.); (M.C.R.); (M.F.A.)
- Laboratorio di Malattie Infettive degli Animali (MiLab), University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Rapi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.M.); (M.C.R.); (M.F.A.)
- Laboratorio di Malattie Infettive degli Animali (MiLab), University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | | | - Caterina Lupini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, Italy; (C.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Elena Catelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, Italy; (C.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Maria Filippa Addis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.M.); (M.C.R.); (M.F.A.)
- Laboratorio di Malattie Infettive degli Animali (MiLab), University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Guido Grilli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.M.); (M.C.R.); (M.F.A.)
- Laboratorio di Malattie Infettive degli Animali (MiLab), University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy
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A. Abd El-Ghany W. Avian Metapneumovirus Infection in Poultry Flocks: A Review of Current Knowledge. PERTANIKA JOURNAL OF TROPICAL AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE 2023; 46:971-1002. [DOI: 10.47836/pjtas.46.3.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) is one of the respiratory viruses that cause global economic losses in poultry production systems. Therefore, it was important to design a comprehensive review article that gives more information about aMPV infection regarding the distribution, susceptibility, transmission, pathogenesis, pathology, diagnosis, and prevention. The aMPV infection is characterized by respiratory and reproductive disorders in turkeys and chickens. The disease condition is turkey rhinotracheitis in turkeys and swollen head syndrome in chickens. Infection with aMPV is associated with worldwide economic losses, especially in complications with other infections or poor environmental conditions. The genus Metapneumovirus is a single-stranded enveloped RNA virus and contains A, B, C, and D subtypes. Meat and egg-type birds are susceptible to aMPV infection. The virus can transmit through aerosol, direct contact, mechanical, and vertical routes. The disease condition is characterized by respiratory manifestations, a decrease in egg production, growth retardation, increasing morbidity rate, and sometimes nervous signs and a high mortality rate, particularly in concurrent infections. Definitive diagnosis of aMPV is based mainly on isolation and identification methods, detection of the viral DNA, as well as seroconversion. Prevention of aMPV infection depends on adopting biosecurity measures and vaccination using inactivated, live attenuated, and recombinant or DNA vaccines.
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Kaboudi K, Lachheb J. Avian metapneumovirus infection in turkeys: a review on turkey rhinotracheitis. J APPL POULTRY RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2021.100211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Bao Y, Yu M, Liu P, Hou F, Muhammad F, Wang Z, Li X, Zhang Z, Wang S, Chen Y, Cui H, Liu A, Qi X, Pan Q, Zhang Y, Gao L, Li K, Liu C, He X, Wang X, Gao Y. Novel Inactivated Subtype B Avian Metapneumovirus Vaccine Induced Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040762. [PMID: 33327513 PMCID: PMC7768545 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV), a highly contagious agent, is widespread and causes acute upper respiratory tract disease in chickens and turkeys. However, currently, there is no vaccine licensed in China. Herein, we describe the development of an inactivated aMPV/B vaccine using the aMPV/B strain LN16. Combined with a novel adjuvant containing immune-stimulating complexes (ISCOMs), the novel vaccine could induce high virus-specific and VN antibodies. In addition, it activated B and T lymphocytes and promoted the expression of IL-4 and IFN-γ. Importantly, boosting vaccination with the inactivated aMPV/B vaccine could provide 100% protection against aMPV/B infection with reduced virus shedding and turbinate inflammation. The protection efficacy could last for at least 6 months. This study yielded a novel inactivated aMPV/B vaccine that could serve as the first vaccine candidate in China, thus contributing to the control of aMPV/B and promoting the development of the poultry industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanling Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.B.); (M.Y.); (P.L.); (F.M.); (Z.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.C.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (X.Q.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (X.W.)
| | - Mengmeng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.B.); (M.Y.); (P.L.); (F.M.); (Z.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.C.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (X.Q.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (X.W.)
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.B.); (M.Y.); (P.L.); (F.M.); (Z.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.C.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (X.Q.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (X.W.)
| | - Fujun Hou
- Aohan County Breeding and Extension Center, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia 024300, China;
| | - Farooque Muhammad
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.B.); (M.Y.); (P.L.); (F.M.); (Z.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.C.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (X.Q.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (X.W.)
| | - Zhihao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.B.); (M.Y.); (P.L.); (F.M.); (Z.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.C.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (X.Q.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (X.W.)
| | - Xinyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.B.); (M.Y.); (P.L.); (F.M.); (Z.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.C.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (X.Q.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (X.W.)
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.B.); (M.Y.); (P.L.); (F.M.); (Z.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.C.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (X.Q.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (X.W.)
| | - Suyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.B.); (M.Y.); (P.L.); (F.M.); (Z.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.C.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (X.Q.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (X.W.)
| | - Yuntong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.B.); (M.Y.); (P.L.); (F.M.); (Z.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.C.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (X.Q.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (X.W.)
| | - Hongyu Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.B.); (M.Y.); (P.L.); (F.M.); (Z.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.C.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (X.Q.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (X.W.)
| | - Aijing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.B.); (M.Y.); (P.L.); (F.M.); (Z.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.C.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (X.Q.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaole Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.B.); (M.Y.); (P.L.); (F.M.); (Z.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.C.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (X.Q.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (X.W.)
| | - Qing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.B.); (M.Y.); (P.L.); (F.M.); (Z.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.C.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (X.Q.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (X.W.)
| | - Yanping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.B.); (M.Y.); (P.L.); (F.M.); (Z.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.C.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (X.Q.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (X.W.)
| | - Li Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.B.); (M.Y.); (P.L.); (F.M.); (Z.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.C.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (X.Q.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (X.W.)
| | - Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.B.); (M.Y.); (P.L.); (F.M.); (Z.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.C.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (X.Q.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (X.W.)
| | - Changjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.B.); (M.Y.); (P.L.); (F.M.); (Z.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.C.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (X.Q.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (X.W.)
| | - Xijun He
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.B.); (M.Y.); (P.L.); (F.M.); (Z.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.C.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (X.Q.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.B.); (M.Y.); (P.L.); (F.M.); (Z.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.C.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (X.Q.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (X.W.)
| | - Yulong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.B.); (M.Y.); (P.L.); (F.M.); (Z.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.C.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (X.Q.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (X.W.)
- Correspondence:
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Kaboudi K. Virus-induced immunosuppression in turkeys ( Meleagris gallopavo): A review. Open Vet J 2019; 9:349-360. [PMID: 32042658 PMCID: PMC6971353 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v9i4.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppression is characterized by a dysfunction of humoral and/or cellular immune response leading to increase of susceptibility to secondary infections, increase of mortality and morbidity, poor productivity, and welfare and vaccination failures. Humoral immune response depression is due to perturbation of soluble factors, as complement and chemokines in innate immunity and antibodies or cytokines in adaptive immunity. At the cellular immune response, immunosuppression is the consequence of the dysfunction of T-cells, B-cells, heterophils, monocytes, macrophages, and natural Killer cells. Immunosuppression in turkeys can be caused by numerous, non-infectious, and infectious agents, having variable pathological and molecular mechanisms. Interactions between them are very complex. This paper reviews the common viruses inducing clinical and sub-clinical immunosuppression in turkeys, and enteric and neoplastic viruses in particular, as well as the interactions among them. The evaluation of immunosuppression is currently based on classical approach; however, new technique such as the microarray technology is being developed to investigate immunological mediator’s genes detection. Controlling of immunosuppression include, in general, biosecurity practices, maintaining appropriate breeding conditions and vaccination of breeders and their progeny. Nevertheless, few vaccines are available against immunosuppressive viruses in turkey’s industry. The development of new control strategies is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Kaboudi
- Department of Poultry Farming and Pathology, National Veterinary Medicine School, University of Manouba, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
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Yu M, Xing L, Chang F, Bao Y, Wang S, He X, Wang J, Wang S, Liu Y, Farooque M, Pan Q, Wang Y, Gao L, Qi X, Hussain A, Li K, Liu C, Zhang Y, Cui H, Wang X, Gao Y. Genomic sequence and pathogenicity of the first avian metapneumovirus subtype B isolated from chicken in China. Vet Microbiol 2018; 228:32-38. [PMID: 30593377 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV), which has been reported in many countries, causes an acute upper respiratory tract disease in chickens and turkeys. Although aMPV was first detected in China in 1999, there has been no further effort to isolate and characterize the aMPV subtype B (aMPV/B) from field outbreaks. In the present study, we used Vero cells to culture a viral strain, LN16, isolated from chickens with swollen head syndrome. The results of RT-PCR, indirect immunofluorescent antibody, and G gene sequence analyses confirmed that strain LN16 corresponds to aMPV/B. We amplified and sequenced the complete genome of strain LN16 and found it to be 13,513 nucleotides in length. Nine viral protein genes of the strain were between 93.2% and 98.4% identical to those of the pathogenic field isolate VCO3/60616. However, insertions and deletions were detected in the intergenic regions. Animal experiments showed that 72.7% of chickens infected with strain LN16 had excess mucus, nasal discharge, and inflammation in the lungs and turbinate. In addition, 27.2% of chickens infected with LN16 shed progeny virions. Viral tissue distribution analysis showed that aMPV could be detected in the turbinate and occasionally in immune organs. This is the first report of the isolation of aMPV/B in China and the first complete genome sequence of aMPV/B from chicken. These findings enrich the epidemiological data on aMPV and may contribute to the development of effective measures to prevent its further spread in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Yu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Lixiao Xing
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Fangfang Chang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Yuanling Bao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Suyan Wang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Xijun He
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Jingfei Wang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Shida Wang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Yongzhen Liu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Muhammad Farooque
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Qing Pan
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Li Gao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Xiaole Qi
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Altaf Hussain
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Kai Li
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Changjun Liu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Hongyu Cui
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China.
| | - Yulong Gao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China.
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Dhama K, Gowthaman V, Karthik K, Tiwari R, Sachan S, Kumar MA, Palanivelu M, Malik YS, Singh RK, Munir M. Haemorrhagic enteritis of turkeys - current knowledge. Vet Q 2017; 37:31-42. [PMID: 28024457 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2016.1277281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV), an adenovirus associated with acute haemorrhagic gastro-intestinal disease of 6-11-week old turkeys predominantly hampers both humoral and cellular immunity. Affected birds are more prone to secondary complications (e.g. colibacillosis and clostridiosis) and failure to mount an effective vaccine-induced immune response. HEV belongs to the new genus Siadenovirus. Feco-oral transmission is the main route of entry of the virus and it mainly colonizes bursa, intestine and spleen. Both naturally occurring virulent and avirulent strains of HEVs are serologically indistinguishable. Recent findings revealed that ORF1, E3 and fib genes are the key factors affecting virulence. The adoption of suitable diagnostic tools, proper vaccination and biosecurity measures have restrained the occurrence of disease epidemics. For diagnostic purposes, the best source of HEV is either intestinal contents or samples from spleen. For rapid detection highly sensitive and specific tests such as quantitative real-time PCR based on Taq man probe has been designed. Avirulent strains of HEV or MSDV can be effectively used as live vaccines. Novel vaccines include recombinant hexon protein-based subunit vaccines or recombinant virus-vectored vaccines using fowl poxvirus (FPV) expressing the native hexon of HEV. Notably, subunit vaccines and recombinant virus vectored vaccines altogether offer high protection against challenge or field viruses. Herein, we converse a comprehensive analysis of the HEV genetics, disease pathobiology, advancements in diagnosis and vaccination along with appropriate prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Dhama
- a Avian Diseases Section, Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar , India
| | - Vasudevan Gowthaman
- b Poultry Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance Laboratory , Veterinary College and Research Institute , Namakkal , Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- c Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University , Chennai , India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- d Department of Microbiology , DUVASU , Mathura , India
| | - Swati Sachan
- a Avian Diseases Section, Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar , India
| | - M Asok Kumar
- a Avian Diseases Section, Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar , India
| | - M Palanivelu
- a Avian Diseases Section, Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar , India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- e Division of Biological Standardization , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar , India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- f Director, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar , India
| | - Muhammad Munir
- g Avian Viral Diseases Programme Compton Laboratory , Berkshire , UK
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Alkie TN, Guenther R, Rautenschlein S. Molecular Characterization of Hemorrhagic Enteritis Viruses (HEV) Detected in HEV-Vaccinated Commercial Turkey Flocks in Germany. Avian Dis 2017; 61:96-101. [PMID: 28301232 DOI: 10.1637/11506-092916-reg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Despite the application of live hemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV) vaccines, HEV field outbreaks are suspected to still occur in turkey flocks in Germany. Increasing secondary bacterial infections in HEV-vaccinated flocks suggest that vaccines may be losing efficacy or, possibly, that vaccine strains are causing disease. Thus, the goal of the current study was to investigate the diversity of HEV isolates from fattening turkey flocks between 2008 and 2012 by characterizing the open reading frame (ORF)1 gene at its 5' and 3' ends. Analyses of ORF1 sequences of field isolates and comparison with sequences present in databases revealed that in many cases (13 out of 16 samples), vaccine (avirulent) strains were present. In addition, data indicated the circulation of suspected virulent field isolates and these isolates (3 out of 16) cluster with an early isolate from Germany in the 1980s, but show some mutations in the predicted amino acid (aa) sequences of ORF1 compared to the early isolate. These virulent isolates clearly differ from the spleen-derived avirulent Domermuth vaccine strain used in Germany. In this study, a unique isolate was identified and showed unusual nucleotide mutations that resulted in aa exchanges at the 5' end of ORF1 between aa positions 34 and 174. This genetic drift suggests evolution of HEV including virulent and vaccine-derived strains in the field. This may lead to evasion of vaccinal immunity by drifted viruses and/or an increase in the virulence of field strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamiru Negash Alkie
- A Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.,B Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1 Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ronald Guenther
- C Heidemark GmbH, Veterinary Laboratory, 39340 Haldensleben, Germany
| | - Silke Rautenschlein
- A Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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Ceruti R, Della Valentina M, Gavazzi L, Venni A, Ferrazzi V, Grilli G. Haemorrhagic enteritis seroconversion in turkey breeders: field observations. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2007.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Smialek M, Pestka D, Tykalowski B, Stenzel T, Koncicki A. Development of vaccine-induced immunity against TRT in turkeys depends remarkably on the level of maternal antibodies and the age of birds on the day of vaccination. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:28. [PMID: 25889279 PMCID: PMC4326515 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0345-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avian Metapneumovirus (aMPV) infections are a huge economical issue for the poultry industry worldwide. Although maternal antibodies do not protect turkey poults against turkey rhinotracheitis (TRT), almost no studies have been conducted so far regarding the impact of these antibodies on vaccine induced immunity development against aMPV infection. We conducted four experiments on commercial turkeys aimed at comparing local humoral and cell mediated immune response of maternally delivered anti-aMPV antibody positive (MDA+; Experiment I and II) and negative (MDA-; Experiment III and IV) turkeys following vaccination with an attenuated live aMPV subtype A vaccine at the day of hatch (Experiment I and III) or at two weeks of age (Experiment II and IV). RESULTS Regardless of the birds' age, vaccination of MDA- turkeys resulted in strong stimulation of CD8(+) T lymphocytes in the Harderian gland and tracheal mucosa, whereas vaccination of MDA+ birds stimulated mainly CD4(+) T cells in those structures. An increase in the level of anti-aMPV IgY antibodies was noted in the serum (but not in tracheal washings) as early as 7 days after vaccination, but only in birds possessing low levels (MDA+ birds vaccinated at 2 weeks of age) or no maternal anti-aMPV antibodies at the time of vaccination. In MDA+ turkeys vaccinated at hatch, the decrease in serum levels of maternal anti-aMPV antibodies proceeded faster (in comparison to control group), which, together with faster viral clearance, indicates that maternal antibodies can inhibit vaccine virus replication and influence the development of vaccine-induced immunity. CONCLUSION This study provides the first documented evidence that the frequency of TRT outbreaks in the field and/or failure of TRT vaccination could be correlated with differences in the immunological status and/or age of vaccinated turkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Smialek
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13/14, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Daria Pestka
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13/14, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Bartlomiej Tykalowski
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13/14, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Stenzel
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13/14, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Koncicki
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13/14, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland.
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11
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Pathogenic and immunogenic responses in turkeys following in ovo exposure to avian metapneumovirus subtype C. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 140:30-6. [PMID: 21146877 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2010] [Revised: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Commercial turkey eggs, free of antibodies to avian metapneumovirus subtype C (aMPV/C), were inoculated with aMPV/C at embryonation day (ED) 24. There was no detectable effect of virus inoculation on the hatchability of eggs. At 4 days post inoculation (DPI) (the day of hatch (ED 28)) and 9 DPI (5 days after hatch), virus replication was detected by quantitative RT-PCR in the turbinate, trachea and lung but not in the thymus or spleen. Mild histological lesions characterized by lymphoid cell infiltration were evident in the turbinate mucosa. Virus exposure inhibited the mitogenic response of splenocytes and thymocytes and upregulated gene expression of IFN-γ and IL-10 in the turbinate tissue. Turkeys hatching from virus-exposed eggs had aMPV/C-specific IgG in the serum and the lachrymal fluid. At 3 week of age, in ovo immunized turkeys were protected against a challenge with pathogenic aMPV/C.
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12
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Rautenschlein S, Aung YH, Haase C. Local and systemic immune responses following infection of broiler-type chickens with avian Metapneumovirus subtypes A and B. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 140:10-22. [PMID: 21183227 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Infections with avian Metapneumovirus (aMPV) are often associated with swollen head syndrome in meat type chickens. Previous studies in turkeys have demonstrated that local humoral and cell-mediated immunity plays a role in aMPV-infection. Previous experimental and field observations indicated that the susceptibility of broilers and their immune reactions to aMPV may differ from turkeys. In the presented study local and systemic immune reactions of broilers were investigated after experimental infections with subtypes A and B aMPV of turkey origin. Both virus subtypes induced a mild respiratory disease. The recovery from respiratory signs correlated with the induction of local and systemic aMPV virus-neutralizing antibodies, which began to rise at 6 days post infection (dpi), when the peak of clinical signs was observed. In a different manner to the virus neutralizing (VN) and IgG-ELISA serum antibody titres, which showed high levels until the end of the experiments between 24 and 28 dpi, the specific IgA-ELISA and VN-antibody levels in tracheal washes decreased by 10 and 14 dpi, respectively, which may explain the recurring aMPV-infections in the field. Ex vivo cultured spleen cells from aMPV-infected broilers released at 3 and 6 dpi higher levels of IFN-γ after stimulation with Concanavalin A as compared to virus-free birds. In agreement with studies in turkeys, aMPV-infected broilers showed a clear CD4+ T cell accumulation in the Harderian gland (HG) at 6 dpi (P<0.05). In contrast to other investigations in turkeys aMPV-infected broilers showed an increase in the number of CD8alpha+ cells at 6 dpi compared to virus-free birds (P<0.05). The numbers of local B cells in the Harderian gland were not affected by the infection. Both aMPV A and B induced up-regulation of interferon (IFN)-γ mRNA-expression in the nasal turbinates, while in the Harderian gland only aMPV-A induced enhanced IFN-γ expression at 3 dpi. The differences in systemic and local T cell and possibly natural killer cell activity in the HG between turkeys and chickens may explain the differences in aMPV-pathogenesis between these two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Rautenschlein
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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Rubbenstroth D, Dalgaard TS, Kothlow S, Juul-Madsen HR, Rautenschlein S. Effects of cyclosporin A induced T-lymphocyte depletion on the course of avian Metapneumovirus (aMPV) infection in turkeys. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 34:518-529. [PMID: 20043941 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2009.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The avian Metapneumovirus (aMPV) causes an economically important acute respiratory disease in turkeys (turkey rhinotracheitis, TRT). While antibodies were shown to be insufficient for protection against aMPV-infection, the role of T-lymphocytes in the control of aMPV-infection is not clear. In this study we investigated the role of T-lymphocytes in aMPV-pathogenesis in a T-cell-suppression model in turkeys. T-cell-intact turkeys and turkeys partly depleted of functional CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-lymphocytes by Cyclosporin A (CsA) treatment were inoculated with the virulent aMPV subtype A strain BUT 8544. CsA-treatment resulted in a significant reduction of absolute numbers of circulating CD4(+) and CD8alpha(+) T-lymphocytes by up to 82 and 65%, respectively (P<0.05). Proportions of proliferating T-cells within mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells were reduced by similar levels in CsA-treated birds compared to untreated controls (P<0.05). CsA-treated turkeys showed delayed recovery from aMPV-induced clinical signs and histopathological lesions and a prolonged detection of aMPV in choanal swabs. The results of this study show that T-lymphocytes play an important role in the control of primary aMPV-infection in turkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Rubbenstroth
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, Hannover, Germany
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Rubbenstroth D, Rautenschlein S. Investigations on the protective role of passively transferred antibodies against avian metapneumovirus infection in turkeys. Avian Pathol 2009; 38:427-36. [DOI: 10.1080/03079450903349204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Rubbenstroth D, Ryll M, Behr KP, Rautenschlein S. Pathogenesis ofRiemerella anatipestiferin turkeys after experimental mono-infection via respiratory routes or dual infection together with the avian metapneumovirus. Avian Pathol 2009; 38:497-507. [DOI: 10.1080/03079450903349220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Liman M, Peiser L, Zimmer G, Pröpsting M, Naim HY, Rautenschlein S. A genetically engineered prime-boost vaccination strategy for oculonasal delivery with poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) microparticles against infection of turkeys with avian Metapneumovirus. Vaccine 2007; 25:7914-26. [PMID: 17920166 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2006] [Revised: 07/11/2007] [Accepted: 09/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study we demonstrated the use of an oculonasally delivered poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) microparticle (PLGA-MP)-based and genetically engineered vaccination strategy in the avian system. An avian Metapneumovirus (aMPV) fusion (F) protein-encoding plasmid vaccine and the corresponding recombinant protein vaccine were produced and bound to or encapsulated by PLGA-MP, respectively. The PLGA-MP as the controlled release system was shown in vitro to not induce any cytopathic effects and to efficiently deliver the F protein-based aMPV-vaccines to avian cells for further processing. Vaccination of turkeys was carried out by priming with an MP-bound F protein-encoding plasmid vaccine and a booster-vaccination with an MP-encapsulated recombinant F protein. Besides the prime-boost F-specific vaccinated birds, negative control birds inoculated with a mock-MP prime-boost regimen as well as non-vaccinated birds and live vaccinated positive control birds were included in the study. The MP-based immunization of turkeys via the oculonasal route induced systemic humoral immune reactions as well as local and systemic cellular immune reactions, and had no adverse effects on the upper respiratory tract. The F protein-specific prime-boost strategy induced partial protection. After challenge the F protein-specific MP-vaccinated birds showed less clinical signs and histopathological lesions than control birds of mock MP-vaccinated and non-vaccinated groups did. The vaccination improved viral clearance and induced accumulation of local and systemic CD4+ T cells when compared to the mock MP-vaccination. It also induced systemic aMPV-neutralizing antibodies. The comparison of mock- and F protein-specific MP-vaccinated birds to non-vaccinated control birds suggests that aMPV-specific effects as well as adjuvant effects mediated by MP may have contributed to the overall protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Liman
- Clinic of Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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17
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Liman M, Rautenschlein S. Induction of local and systemic immune reactions following infection of turkeys with avian Metapneumovirus (aMPV) subtypes A and B. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006; 115:273-85. [PMID: 17207537 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2006] [Revised: 10/23/2006] [Accepted: 12/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Most of the studies regarding the immunopathogenesis of avian Metapneumovirus (aMPV) have been done with subtype C of aMPV. Not much is known about the immunopathogenesis of aMPV subtypes A and B in turkeys. Specifically, local immune reactions have not been investigated yet. We conducted two experiments in commercial turkeys. We investigated local and systemic humoral and cell mediated immune reactions following infection with an attenuated vaccine strain of aMPV subtype B (Experiment I) and virulent strains of aMPV subtypes A and B (Experiment II). Turkeys infected with virulent aMPV strains developed mild respiratory signs while birds inoculated with the attenuated aMPV did not show any clinical signs. Virus neutralizing antibodies were detected locally in tracheal washes and systemically in serum as soon as 5-7 days post aMPV infection (PI) independent of the strain used. Virus neutralizing antibody titres peaked at 7 days PI and then antibody levels declined. The peak of serum ELISA antibody production varied between infected groups and ranged from 14 and 28 days PI. All aMPV strains induced an increase in the percentage of CD4+ T cell populations in spleen and Harderian gland at days 7 or 14 PI. Furthermore, as shown in Experiment I, infection with the attenuated aMPV-B strain stimulated spleen leukocytes to release significantly higher levels of interferons (IFNs), interleukin-6 and nitric oxide in ex vivo culture in comparison to virus-free controls up to 7 days PI (P<0.05). As detected by quantitative real time RT-PCR in Experiment II, infection with virulent aMPV induced an increased IFNgamma expression in the Harderian gland in comparison to virus-free controls. IFNgamma expression in the spleen varied between aMPV strains and days PI. Overall, our study demonstrates that aMPV subtypes A and B infection induced humoral and cell mediated immune reactions comparable to subtype C infections. We observed only temporary stimulation of serum virus neutralizing antibodies and of most of the local immune reactions independent of the aMPV strain used. The temporary character of immune reactions may explain the short duration of protection against challenge following aMPV vaccination in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Liman
- Clinic of Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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