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Integration of gene expression profile data to screen and verify immune-related genes of chicken erythrocytes involved in Marek's disease virus. Microb Pathog 2020; 148:104454. [PMID: 32818575 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Chicken erythrocytes participated in immunity, but the role of erythrocytes in the immunity of Marek's disease virus (MDV) has not been reported related to the immunity genes. The purpose of this study was to screen and verify the immune-related genes of chicken erythrocytes which could be proven as a biomarker in MDV. The datasets (GPL8764-Chicken Gene Expression Microarray) were downloaded from the GEO profile database for control and MDV infected chickens to obtain differentially expressed genes (DEGs) through bioinformatics methods. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) was performed to find enriched pathways, including Gene Ontology (GO). Based on enriched pathways, the top 19 immune-related genes were screened-out and process further to construct the protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks. The screened genes were validated on RT-PCR and qPCR. Results suggested that the mRNA transcription of Toll-like receptors 2, 3, 4, 6 (TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR6), major histocompatibility complex-II (MHCII), interleukin-7 (IL-7), interferon-βeta (IFN-β), chicken myelomonocytic growth factor (cMGF) and myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) were significantly up-regulated. The expression of toll-like receptor 5, 7 (TLR5, TLR7) interleukin-12 (IL-12 p40), interleukin-13 (IL-13), and interferon-αlpha (IFN-α) were significantly down-regulated in the erythrocytes of the infected group (P < 0.05). In contrast, the expression of toll-like receptor-1, 15, 21 (TLR1, TLR15, TLR21), major histocompatibility complex I (MHCI) and Tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) were not significant. In conclusion, it has been verified on qRT-PCR results that 19 immune-related genes, which included TLRs, cytokines and MHC have immune functions in MDV infected chickens.
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Nazir S, Charlesworth RPG, Walkden-Brown SW, Gerber PF. A Melanin bleaching method to prevent non-specific immunostaining of chicken feathers. MethodsX 2020; 7:100957. [PMID: 32612940 PMCID: PMC7317669 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2020.100957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin in pigmented organs like the skin is known to react with 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) to give a brown colour indistinguishable from the colour that DAB imparts to target antibodies bound to specific antigens. This can lead to false positives in chicken feathers during immunoperoxidase staining. Here, we present a simple, fast and practical method for bleaching chicken feathers which can be applied prior to immunohistochemistry staining without affecting specific antigen-antibody binding. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a melanin-bleaching technique prior to immunoperoxidase staining techniques of chicken feathers for detection of pathogens. Optimisations of the method include:Removal of melanin from tissue sections using a short incubation with potassium permanganate followed by incubation with oxalic acid prior to immunostaining for improved specificity. This technique did not affect the antigenicity of infectious laryngotracheitis virus antigen and did not cause damage or detachment of tissues from the slides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Nazir
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Australia
| | | | - Stephen W Walkden-Brown
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Australia
| | - Priscilla F Gerber
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Australia
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Blakey J, Crispo M, Bickford A, Stoute S. Liposarcoma in a Backyard Silkie and Retrospective Summary of Neoplasms Diagnosed in Backyard Chickens Submitted to the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, 2008-2017. Avian Dis 2019; 62:124-129. [PMID: 29620466 DOI: 10.1637/11782-121217-case.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Liposarcomas are a malignant neoplasm of adipocytes, and are rarely diagnosed in avian species. This case report describes the evidence supporting a diagnosis of metastatic liposarcoma in a backyard silkie chicken. On September 28, 2017, a dead 3-yr-old backyard silkie chicken, with a history of unknown skin lesions involving the entire body and severe weight loss, was submitted to California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System-Turlock branch for necropsy. At necropsy, raised necrotic lesions involving the majority of the skin and multiple nodules in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow were noticed. Microscopically, stellate, spindle, and myxoid cells containing large vacuoles, which were confirmed as lipid droplets by Oil Red O, were observed infiltrating the dermis and underlying a necrotic epidermis, with metastasis to liver, spleen, bone marrow, and ovary being the most significant findings. PAS, Oil Red O, Ziehl-Neelsen, Congo red, Gram, and Von Kossa stains, along with immunohistochemistry for pan cytokeratin, vimentin, S100, CD3, pp38, and Meq were used to classify the lesions. Intensely positive vimentin immunohistochemistry, along with large quantities of Oil Red O-positive lipid droplets within the neoplastic cells, were supportive of our diagnosis of liposarcoma. The incidence of neoplastic diseases diagnosed in backyard flock submissions to CAHFS system wide from 2008 to 2017 was also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Blakey
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Turlock Branch, 1550 North Soderquist Road, Turlock, CA 95381
| | - Manuela Crispo
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Turlock Branch, 1550 North Soderquist Road, Turlock, CA 95381
| | - Arthur Bickford
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Turlock Branch, 1550 North Soderquist Road, Turlock, CA 95381
| | - Simone Stoute
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Turlock Branch, 1550 North Soderquist Road, Turlock, CA 95381
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Boodhoo N, Gurung A, Sharif S, Behboudi S. Marek's disease in chickens: a review with focus on immunology. Vet Res 2016; 47:119. [PMID: 27894330 PMCID: PMC5127044 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0404-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease (MD), caused by Marek's disease virus (MDV), is a commercially important neoplastic disease of poultry which is only controlled by mass vaccination. Importantly, vaccines that can provide sterile immunity and inhibit virus transmission are lacking; such that vaccines are only capable of preventing neuropathy, oncogenic disease and immunosuppression, but are unable to prevent MDV transmission or infection, leading to emergence of increasingly virulent pathotypes. Hence, to address these issues, developing more efficacious vaccines that induce sterile immunity have become one of the important research goals for avian immunologists today. MDV shares very close genomic functional and structural characteristics to most mammalian herpes viruses such as herpes simplex virus (HSV). MD also provides an excellent T cell lymphoma model for gaining insights into other herpesvirus-induced oncogenesis in mammals and birds. For these reasons, we need to develop an in-depth knowledge and understanding of the host-viral interaction and host immunity against MD. Similarly, the underlying genetic variation within different chicken lines has a major impact on the outcome of infection. In this review article, we aim to investigate the pathogenesis of MDV infection, host immunity to MD and discuss areas of research that need to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitish Boodhoo
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Angila Gurung
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Shahriar Behboudi
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK.
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Couteaudier M, Denesvre C. Marek's disease virus and skin interactions. Vet Res 2014; 45:36. [PMID: 24694064 PMCID: PMC4030002 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-45-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV) is a highly contagious herpesvirus which induces T-cell lymphoma in the chicken. This virus is still spreading in flocks despite forty years of vaccination, with important economical losses worldwide. The feather follicles, which anchor feathers into the skin and allow their morphogenesis, are considered as the unique source of MDV excretion, causing environmental contamination and disease transmission. Epithelial cells from the feather follicles are the only known cells in which high levels of infectious mature virions have been observed by transmission electron microscopy and from which cell-free infectious virions have been purified. Finally, feathers harvested on animals and dust are today considered excellent materials to monitor vaccination, spread of pathogenic viruses, and environmental contamination. This article reviews the current knowledge on MDV-skin interactions and discusses new approaches that could solve important issues in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Couteaudier
- INRA, UMR1282, Infectious Diseases and Public Health, ISP, BIOVA team, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Caroline Denesvre
- INRA, UMR1282, Infectious Diseases and Public Health, ISP, BIOVA team, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
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Induction of innate host responses in the lungs of chickens following infection with a very virulent strain of Marek's disease virus. Virology 2009; 393:250-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Revised: 05/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Davidson I. Diverse uses of feathers with emphasis on diagnosis of avian viral infections and vaccine virus monitoring. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2009000300001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abdul-Careem MF, Read LR, Parvizi P, Thanthrige-Don N, Sharif S. Marek's disease virus-induced expression of cytokine genes in feathers of genetically defined chickens. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 33:618-623. [PMID: 19041890 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2008.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Revised: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Marek's disease (MD) vaccines, although effective in reducing lymphoproliferation, cannot control infectious virus production in the feather follicle epithelium (FFE) which is the site of virus shedding. Therefore, we investigated Marek's disease virus (MDV) replication as well as the expression of cytokine genes in feathers of MDV-infected chickens belonging to genetically defined lines (N2a or B(21)/B(21) haplotype-resistant and P2a or B(19)/B(19) haplotype-susceptible). Though there was not a difference in MDV genome load and transcripts between feathers of these chicken lines at 4 and 10 days post-infection (d.p.i.), feathers of resistant chickens carried significantly lower viral genome load and transcripts at 21 d.p.i. Irrespective of genetic background of the chickens examined, MDV replication showed a significant positive correlation with the expression of IFN-gamma gene. The results imply the usefulness of genetic control approach in reducing virulent MDV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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Cellular and cytokine responses in feathers of chickens vaccinated against Marek's disease. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 126:362-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Revised: 06/25/2008] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Gimeno IM. Marek's disease vaccines: A solution for today but a worry for tomorrow? Vaccine 2008; 26 Suppl 3:C31-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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