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Quaglia G, Di Francesco A, Catelli E, Mescolini G, Lupini C. Turkey adenovirus 3: ORF1 gene sequence comparison between vaccine-like and field strains. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:2307-2313. [PMID: 37289400 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10148-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Haemorrhagic enteritis is an economically significant disease reported in the majority of the countries where turkeys are raised intensively; it is caused by Turkey adenovirus 3 (TAdV-3). The aim of this study was to analyse and compare the ORF1 gene 3' region from turkey haemorrhagic enteritis virus (THEV) vaccine-like and field strains in order to develop a molecular diagnostic method to differentiate the strains from each other. Eighty samples were analysed by sequencing and phylogenetic analyses using a new set of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers targeting a genomic region spanning the partial ORF1, hyd and partial IVa2 gene sequences. A commercial live vaccine was also included in the analysis. The results showed that 56 of the 80 sequences obtained in this study showed ≥99.8% nucleotide identity with the homologous vaccine strain sequence. Three non-synonymous mutations - ntA1274G (aaI425V), ntA1420C (aaQ473H) and ntG1485A (aaR495Q) - were detected in the THEV field strains but not in the vaccine strain. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the clustering of the field and vaccine-like strains in different phylogenetic branches. In conclusion, the method employed in this study could be a useful tool towards making a correct diagnosis. The data could contribute to the knowledge of field distribution of THEV strains and increase the limited existing information available on native isolates around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Quaglia
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), 40064, Italy.
| | - Antonietta Di Francesco
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), 40064, Italy
| | - Elena Catelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), 40064, Italy
| | - Giulia Mescolini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), 40064, Italy
| | - Caterina Lupini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), 40064, Italy
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Cuta L, Baums CG, Cramer K, Harzer M, Hauptmann J, Heenemann K, Krautwald-Junghanns ME, Stegmaier I, Vahlenkamp TW, Schmidt V. An Explorative Study of the Causal Pathogenesis of Green Liver Discoloration in Organically Reared Female Bronze Turkeys ( Meleagris gallopavo) Considering the Infectious Risk Factors. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050918. [PMID: 36899775 PMCID: PMC10000099 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A recent study revealed that organically raised Bronze turkeys showed a high prevalence of green liver discoloration. This alteration is commonly associated with the Turkey Osteomyelitis Complex and potentially caused by opportunistic bacteria. Therefore, 360 organically fattened Bronze turkeys were examined post-mortem throughout two fattening trials with two examinations each to determine possible infectious risk factors and reduce disease prevalence. Clinical and pathoanatomical examinations were performed on every hen. Histopathological, bacteriological, parasitological, and virological examinations were performed on at least six hens without and, if applicable, six hens with green livers on each examination date. Overall, 9.0% of all hens had a green liver without a correlation with bacterial or parasitological findings but multiple health impairments. The discoloration correlated significantly with the detection of immunosuppressive turkey hemorrhagic enteritis virus at the early stage and macro- and histological joint/bone lesions at the late fattening stage, indicating the presence of two different predisposing pathogeneses. Flocks not being vaccinated against hemorrhagic enteritis but having a virus-positive sample showed the highest prevalence of green liver discoloration and developed worse in various parameters. In conclusion, an adequate vaccination schedule and the prevention of field infections may lead to a decreased risk of performance reduction and improved animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Cuta
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 17, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)341-9738405
| | - Christoph Georg Baums
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kerstin Cramer
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 17, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maxi Harzer
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jutta Hauptmann
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kristin Heenemann
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Ines Stegmaier
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 17, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas W. Vahlenkamp
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Volker Schmidt
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 17, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Gerber PF, Spatz S, Gray P, Alfirevich S, Walkden-Brown SW. Circulation and Molecular Characterization of Hemorrhagic Enteritis Virus in Commercial Turkey and Meat Chicken Flocks in Australia. Avian Dis 2022; 66:53-59. [DOI: 10.1637/21-00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla F. Gerber
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia
| | - Stephen Spatz
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605
| | - Peter Gray
- Inghams Enterprises P/L, Morisset, New South Wales 2264, Australia
| | | | - Stephen W. Walkden-Brown
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia
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Palomino-Tapia V, Mitevski D, Inglis T, van der Meer F, Abdul-Careem MF. Molecular Characterization of Hemorrhagic Enteritis Virus (HEV) Obtained from Clinical Samples in Western Canada 2017-2018. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090941. [PMID: 32858877 PMCID: PMC7551992 DOI: 10.3390/v12090941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV) is an immunosuppressive adenovirus that causes an acute clinical disease characterized by hemorrhagic gastroenteritis in 4-week-old turkeys and older. Recurrent incidence of secondary infections (e.g., systemic bacterial infections, cellulitis, and elevated mortality), may be associated with the presence of field-type HEV in Canadian turkey farms. We speculate that field-type HEV and vaccine/vaccine-like strains can be differentiated through analysis of the viral genomes, hexon genes, and the specific virulence factors (e.g., ORF1, E3, and fib knob domain). Nine out of sixteen spleens obtained from cases suspected of immunosuppression by HEV were analyzed. The limited data obtained showed that: (1) field-type HEV circulates in many non-vaccinated western Canadian flocks; (2) field-type HEV circulates in vaccinated flocks with increased recurrent bacterial infections; and (3) the existence of novel point mutations in hexon, ORF1, E3, and specially fib knob domains. This is the first publication showing the circulation of wild-type HEV in HEV-vaccinated flocks in Western Canada, and the usefulness of a novel procedure that allows whole genome sequencing of HEV directly from spleens, without passaging in cell culture or passaging in vivo. Further studies focusing more samples are required to confirm our observations and investigate possible vaccination failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Palomino-Tapia
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (V.P.-T.); (F.v.d.M.)
| | - Darko Mitevski
- Poultry Health Services, 1-4 East Lake Ave NE, Airdrie, AB T4A 2G8, Canada;
| | - Tom Inglis
- The Institute of Applied Poultry Technologies, 201–151 East Lake Blvd, Airdrie, AB T4A 2G1, Canada;
| | - Frank van der Meer
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (V.P.-T.); (F.v.d.M.)
| | - Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (V.P.-T.); (F.v.d.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-403-220-4462; Fax: +1-403-210-9740
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