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Oesterle PT, Root JJ, Mora DSO, Schneider H, Franklin AB, Huyvaert KP. LIMITED ACCUMULATION AND PERSISTENCE OF AN INFLUENZA A VIRUS IN TADPOLE SNAILS (PHYSA SPP.). J Wildl Dis 2023; 59:694-701. [PMID: 37768784 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-22-00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Waterfowl infected with avian influenza A viruses (IAVs) shed infectious virus into aquatic environments, providing a mechanism for transmission among waterfowl, while also exposing the entire aquatic ecosystem to the virus. Aquatic invertebrates such as freshwater snails are likely exposed to IAVs in the water column and sediment. Freshwater snails comprise a significant portion of some waterfowl species' diets, so this trophic interaction may serve as a novel route of IAV transmission. In these experiments, tadpole snails (Physa spp.) were exposed to a low-pathogenicity IAV (H3N8) to determine whether snails can accumulate the virus and, if so, how long virus persists in snail tissues. Snail tissues were destructively sampled and tested by reverse-transcription quantitative real-time PCR. Our experiments demonstrated that tadpole snails do accumulate IAV RNA in their tissues, although at low titers, for at least 96 h. These results indicate that it may be possible for IAV transmission to occur between waterfowl via ingestion of a natural invertebrate prey item; however, the time frame for transmission may be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Oesterle
- US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, 1474 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
- Current address: Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, 589 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - J Jeffrey Root
- US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA
| | - Darcy S O Mora
- US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA
| | - Heather Schneider
- US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA
| | - Alan B Franklin
- US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA
| | - Kathryn P Huyvaert
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, 1474 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
- Current address: Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, PO Box 647040, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
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Saco A, Rey-Campos M, Novoa B, Figueras A. Mussel antiviral transcriptome response and elimination of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 136:108735. [PMID: 37044187 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
As filter-feeding bivalves, mussels have been traditionally studied as possible vectors of different bacterial or viral pathogens. The absence of a known viral pathogen in these bivalves makes it particularly interesting to study the interaction of the mussel innate immune system with a virus of interest. In the present work, mussels were challenged with viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV), which is a pathogen in several fish species. The viral load was eliminated after 24 h and mussels evidenced antiviral activity towards VHSV, demonstrating that the virus was recognized and eliminated by the immune system of the host and confirming that mussels are not VHSV vectors in the marine environment. The transcriptome activating the antiviral response was studied, revealing the involvement of cytoplasmic viral sensors with the subsequent activation of the JAK-STAT pathway and several downstream antiviral effectors. The inflammatory response was inhibited with the profound downregulation of MyD88, shifting the immune balance towards antiviral functions. High modulation of retrotransposon activity was observed, revealing a mechanism that facilitates the antiviral response and that had not been previously observed in these species. The expression of several inhibitors of apoptosis and apoptosis-promoting genes was modulated, although clear inhibition of apoptosis in bivalves after severe viral infection and subsequent disease was not observed in this study. Finally, the modulated expression of several long noncoding RNAs that were correlated with genes involved in the immune response was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaro Saco
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM-CSIC), Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | | | - Beatriz Novoa
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM-CSIC), Vigo, Galicia, Spain
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Ahrens AK, Selinka HC, Wylezich C, Wonnemann H, Sindt O, Hellmer HH, Pfaff F, Höper D, Mettenleiter TC, Beer M, Harder TC. Investigating Environmental Matrices for Use in Avian Influenza Virus Surveillance-Surface Water, Sediments, and Avian Fecal Samples. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0266422. [PMID: 36700688 PMCID: PMC10100768 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02664-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Surveillance of avian influenza viruses (AIV) in wild water bird populations is important for early warning to protect poultry from incursions of high-pathogenicity (HP) AIV. Access to individual water birds is difficult and restricted and limits sampling depth. Here, we focused on environmental samples such as surface water, sediments, and environmentally deposited fresh avian feces as matrices for AIV detection. Enrichment of viral particles by ultrafiltration of 10-L surface water samples using Rexeed-25-A devices was validated using a bacteriophage ϕ6 internal control system, and AIV detection was attempted using real-time RT-PCR and virus isolation. While validation runs suggested an average enrichment of about 60-fold, lower values of 10 to 15 were observed for field water samples. In total 25/36 (60%) of water samples and 18/36 (50%) of corresponding sediment samples tested AIV positive. Samples were obtained from shallow water bodies in habitats with large numbers of waterfowl during an HPAIV epizootic. Although AIV RNA was detected in a substantial percentage of samples virus isolation failed. Virus loads in samples often were too low to allow further sub- and pathotyping. Similar results were obtained with environmentally deposited avian feces. Moreover, the spectrum of viruses detected by these active surveillance methods did not fully mirror an ongoing HPAIV epizootic among waterfowl as detected by passive surveillance, which, in terms of sensitivity, remains unsurpassed. IMPORTANCE Avian influenza viruses (AIV) have a wide host range in the avian metapopulation and, occasionally, transmission to humans also occurs. Surface water plays a particularly important role in the epidemiology of AIV, as the natural virus reservoir is found in aquatic wild birds. Environmental matrices comprising surface water, sediments, and avian fecal matter deposited in the environment were examined for their usefulness in AIV surveillance. Despite virus enrichment efforts, environmental samples regularly revealed very low virus loads, which hampered further sub- and pathotyping. Passive surveillance based on oral and cloacal swabs of diseased and dead wild birds remained unsurpassed with respect to sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Kathrin Ahrens
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Isle of Riems, Germany
| | | | - Claudia Wylezich
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Isle of Riems, Germany
| | | | - Ole Sindt
- State Laboratory of Schleswig-Holstein, Neumuenster, Germany
| | - Hartmut H. Hellmer
- Climate Sciences, Physical Oceanography of the Polar Seas, Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Florian Pfaff
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Dirk Höper
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Isle of Riems, Germany
| | | | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Timm C. Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Isle of Riems, Germany
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Ahrens AK, Selinka HC, Mettenleiter TC, Beer M, Harder TC. Exploring surface water as a transmission medium of avian influenza viruses - systematic infection studies in mallards. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:1250-1261. [PMID: 35473641 PMCID: PMC9090351 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2065937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) are an abundant anseriform migratory wild bird species worldwide and an important reservoir for the maintenance of low pathogenicity (LP) avian influenza viruses (AIV). They have also been implicated in the spread of high pathogenicity (HP) AIV after spill-over events from HPAIV-infected poultry. The spread of HPAIV within wild water bird populations may lead to viral contamination of natural habitats. The role of small shallow water bodies as a transmission medium of AIV among mallards is investigated here in three experimental settings. (i) Delayed onset but rapid progression of infection seeded by two mallards inoculated with either LP or HP AIV to each eight sentinel mallards was observed in groups with access to a small 100 L water pool. In contrast, groups with a bell drinker as the sole source of drinking water showed a rapid onset but lengthened course of infection. (ii) HPAIV infection also set off when virus was dispersed in the water pool; titres as low as 102 TCID50 L-1 (translating to 0.1 TCID50 mL-1) proved to be sufficient. (iii) Substantial loads of viral RNA (and infectivity) were also found on the surface of the birds' breast plumage. "Unloading" of virus infectivity from contaminated plumage into water bodies may be an efficient mechanism of virus spread by infected mallards. However, transposure of HPAIV via the plumage of an uninfected mallard failed. We conclude, surface water in small shallow water bodies may play an important role as a mediator of AIV infection of aquatic wild birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Kathrin Ahrens
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Isle of Riems, Germany
| | | | | | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Timm C Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Isle of Riems, Germany
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Karatayev AY, Burlakova LE. What we know and don't know about the invasive zebra ( Dreissena polymorpha) and quagga ( Dreissena rostriformis bugensis) mussels. HYDROBIOLOGIA 2022:1-74. [PMID: 36258710 PMCID: PMC9559155 DOI: 10.1007/s10750-022-04950-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We summarized existing knowledge on Dreissena polymorpha (the zebra mussel) and D. r. bugensis (the quagga mussel), including data on their taxonomy, systematics, evolution, life cycle, reproduction, feeding, growth and longevity, population dynamics, interspecific competition, habitat requirements, and distribution within and among waterbodies. We analyzed the history of spread of both species and the major pathways and vectors of their spread in Europe and North America. Special consideration was given to their ecological and economic impacts and their natural enemies, like waterfowl, fishes, and parasites, as well as the prevention of their introduction, early detection, control, and containment. We also outlined the most salient ecosystem services provided by zebra and quagga mussels, including water purification, nutrient recycling, culling the effects of eutrophication, biomonitoring, and their role as a food resource for fish and waterfowl. Finally, we identified major knowledge gaps and key studies needed to better understand the biology, ecology, and impacts of these aggressive freshwater invaders. Our review indicates that much crucial information on the quagga mussel is still missing, including key life history parameters, like spawning cues, fecundity, and longevity, particularly for the profundal zone of deep lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lyubov E. Burlakova
- Great Lakes Center, SUNY Buffalo State, 1300 Elmwood Avenue, Buffalo, NY 14222 USA
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Burlakova LE, Karatayev AY, Boltovskoy D, Correa NM. Ecosystem services provided by the exotic bivalves Dreissena polymorpha, D. rostriformis bugensis, and Limnoperna fortunei. HYDROBIOLOGIA 2022; 850:2811-2854. [PMID: 35990416 PMCID: PMC9376586 DOI: 10.1007/s10750-022-04935-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The ecosystem services approach to conservation is becoming central to environmental policy decision making. While many negative biological invasion-driven impacts on ecosystem structure and functioning have been identified, much less was done to evaluate their ecosystem services. In this paper, we focus on the often-overlooked ecosystem services provided by three notable exotic ecosystem engineering bivalves, the zebra mussel, the quagga mussel, and the golden mussel. One of the most significant benefits of invasive bivalves is water filtration, which results in water purification and changes rates of nutrient cycling, thus mitigating the effects of eutrophication. Mussels are widely used as sentinel organisms for the assessment and biomonitoring of contaminants and pathogens and are consumed by many fishes and birds. Benefits of invasive bivalves are particularly relevant in human-modified ecosystems. We summarize the multiple ecosystem services provided by invasive bivalves and recommend including the economically quantifiable services in the assessments of their economic impacts. We also highlight important ecosystem disservices by exotic bivalves, identify data limitations, and future research directions. This assessment should not be interpreted as a rejection of the fact that invasive mussels have negative impacts, but as an attempt to provide additional information for scientists, managers, and policymakers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Demetrio Boltovskoy
- IEGEBA, Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nancy M. Correa
- Servicio de Hidrografía Naval and Escuela de Ciencias del Mar, Facultad de la Armada, Sede Educativa Universitaria, UNDEF, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Le Guernic A, Palos Ladeiro M, Boudaud N, Do Nascimento J, Gantzer C, Inglard JC, Mouchel JM, Pochet C, Moulin L, Rocher V, Waldman P, Wurtzer S, Geffard A. First evidence of SARS-CoV-2 genome detection in zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 301:113866. [PMID: 34624574 PMCID: PMC9467573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The uses of bivalve molluscs in environmental biomonitoring have recently gained momentum due to their ability to indicate and concentrate human pathogenic microorganisms. In the context of the health crisis caused by the COVID-19 epidemic, the objective of this study was to determine if the SARS-CoV-2 ribonucleic acid genome can be detected in zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) exposed to raw and treated urban wastewaters from two separate plants to support its interest as bioindicator of the SARS-CoV-2 genome contamination in water. The zebra mussels were exposed to treated wastewater through caging at the outlet of two plants located in France, as well as to raw wastewater in controlled conditions. Within their digestive tissues, our results showed that SARS-CoV-2 genome was detected in zebra mussels, whether in raw and treated wastewaters. Moreover, the detection of the SARS-CoV-2 genome in such bivalve molluscans appeared even with low concentrations in raw wastewaters. This is the first detection of the SARS-CoV-2 genome in the tissues of a sentinel species exposed to raw and treated urban wastewaters. Despite the need for development for quantitative approaches, these results support the importance of such invertebrate organisms, especially zebra mussel, for the active surveillance of pathogenic microorganisms and their indicators in environmental waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Le Guernic
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR-I02 SEBIO, Moulin de la Housse, BP1039, 51687, Reims, France.
| | - Mélissa Palos Ladeiro
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR-I02 SEBIO, Moulin de la Housse, BP1039, 51687, Reims, France
| | | | - Julie Do Nascimento
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR-I02 SEBIO, Moulin de la Housse, BP1039, 51687, Reims, France
| | - Christophe Gantzer
- Université de Lorraine, LCPME, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, UMR 7564, Institut Jean Barriol, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Inglard
- Grand Reims Communauté Urbaine, Direction de l'eau et de l'assainissement, CS 80036, 51722, Reims, Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Marie Mouchel
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, EPHE, UMR 7619 Metis, E-LTER Zone Atelier Seine, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Cécile Pochet
- Grand Reims Communauté Urbaine, Direction de l'eau et de l'assainissement, CS 80036, 51722, Reims, Cedex, France
| | - Laurent Moulin
- Eau de Paris. Direction de la Recherche, du Développement et de la Qualité de l'Eau, 94200, Ivry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Vincent Rocher
- Syndicat Interdépartemental pour l'Assainissement de l'Agglomération Parisienne (SIAAP), Direction de l'Innovation, 82 avenue Kléber, Colombes, 92700, France
| | - Prunelle Waldman
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, EPHE, UMR 7619 Metis, E-LTER Zone Atelier Seine, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Sébastien Wurtzer
- Eau de Paris. Direction de la Recherche, du Développement et de la Qualité de l'Eau, 94200, Ivry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Alain Geffard
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR-I02 SEBIO, Moulin de la Housse, BP1039, 51687, Reims, France
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Ma W, Ren C, Hu Q, Li X, Feng Y, Zhang Y. Freshwater crabs could act as vehicles of spreading avian influenza virus. Virol J 2021; 18:246. [PMID: 34895271 PMCID: PMC8665573 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01708-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) possessed significant risk to various animals and human health. Wild birds, especially waterfowls are considered to be the natural reservoir of AIVs. The ecology of AIV is still far from being fully understood. Freshwater crabs are nonnegligible biotic factor in AIV ecosystem. We analyzed the ability of freshwater crabs accumulate and spread AIV. We found that AIV remain infectious in water only for 36 h but persist in crabs for 48 h. Crabs could accumulate AIV in their gills and gastrointestinal tracts. The AIV titers in crabs were higher than the surrounding contaminated water. Crabs could accumulate AIV from contaminated water, carry the virus and spread to naïve crabs via surrounding water. Our study identified freshwater crab as a novel transmission vehicle in AIV ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Liaoning Panjin Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Rd, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenyang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Liaoning Panjin Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Rd, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingbiao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Liaoning Panjin Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Rd, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Liaoning Panjin Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Rd, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Yali Feng
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Liaoning Panjin Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Rd, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Liaoning Panjin Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Rd, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China.
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Humphreys JM, Douglas DC, Ramey AM, Mullinax JM, Soos C, Link P, Walther P, Prosser DJ. The spatial–temporal relationship of blue‐winged teal to domestic poultry: Movement state modelling of a highly mobile avian influenza host. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John M. Humphreys
- Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture Sidney MT USA
- Eastern Ecological Science Center at the Patuxent Research RefugeU.S. Geological Survey Laurel MD USA
| | | | - Andrew M. Ramey
- Alaska Science Center U.S. Geological Survey Anchorage AK USA
| | | | - Catherine Soos
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division Environment and Climate Change Canada, Saskatoon Saskatchewan CA USA
| | - Paul Link
- Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Baton Rouge LA USA
| | - Patrick Walther
- Texas Chenier Plain Refuge Complex U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Anahuac TX USA
| | - Diann J. Prosser
- Eastern Ecological Science Center at the Patuxent Research RefugeU.S. Geological Survey Laurel MD USA
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A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND NARRATIVE SYNTHESIS OF THE USE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES FOR THE SURVEILLANCE OF AVIAN INFLUENZA VIRUSES IN WILD WATERBIRDS. J Wildl Dis 2021; 57:1-18. [PMID: 33635994 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-20-00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Wild waterbirds are reservoir hosts for avian influenza viruses (AIV), which can cause devastating outbreaks in multiple species, making them a focus for surveillance efforts. Traditional AIV surveillance involves direct sampling of live or dead birds, but environmental substrates present an alternative sample for surveillance. Environmental sampling analyzes AIV excreted by waterbirds into the environment and complements direct bird sampling by minimizing financial, logistic, permitting, and spatial-temporal constraints associated with traditional surveillance. Our objectives were to synthesize the literature on environmental AIV surveillance, to compare and contrast the different sample types, and to identify key themes and recommendations to aid in the implementation of AIV surveillance using environmental samples. The four main environmental substrates for AIV surveillance are feces, feathers, water, and sediment or soil. Feces were the most common environmental substrate collected. The laboratory analysis of water and sediment provided challenges, such as low AIV concentration, heterogenous AIV distribution, or presence of PCR inhibitors. There are a number of abiotic and biotic environmental factors, including temperature, pH, salinity, or presence of filter feeders, that can influence the presence and persistence of AIV in environmental substrates; however, the nature of this influence is poorly understood in field settings, and field data from southern, coastal, and tropical ecosystems are underrepresented. Similarly, there are few studies comparing the performance of environmental samples to each other and to samples collected in wild waterbirds, and environmental surveillance workflows have yet to be validated or optimized. Environmental samples, particularly when used in combination with new technology such as environmental DNA and next generation sequencing, provided information on trends in AIV detection rates and circulating subtypes that complemented traditional, direct waterbird sampling. The use of environmental samples for AIV surveillance also shows significant promise for programs whose goal is early warning of high-risk subtypes.
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Avian Influenza in Wild Birds and Poultry: Dissemination Pathways, Monitoring Methods, and Virus Ecology. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050630. [PMID: 34065291 PMCID: PMC8161317 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza is one of the largest known threats to domestic poultry. Influenza outbreaks on poultry farms typically lead to the complete slaughter of the entire domestic bird population, causing severe economic losses worldwide. Moreover, there are highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) strains that are able to infect the swine or human population in addition to their primary avian host and, as such, have the potential of being a global zoonotic and pandemic threat. Migratory birds, especially waterfowl, are a natural reservoir of the avian influenza virus; they carry and exchange different virus strains along their migration routes, leading to antigenic drift and antigenic shift, which results in the emergence of novel HPAI viruses. This requires monitoring over time and in different locations to allow for the upkeep of relevant knowledge on avian influenza virus evolution and the prevention of novel epizootic and epidemic outbreaks. In this review, we assess the role of migratory birds in the spread and introduction of influenza strains on a global level, based on recent data. Our analysis sheds light on the details of viral dissemination linked to avian migration, the viral exchange between migratory waterfowl and domestic poultry, virus ecology in general, and viral evolution as a process tightly linked to bird migration. We also provide insight into methods used to detect and quantify avian influenza in the wild. This review may be beneficial for the influenza research community and may pave the way to novel strategies of avian influenza and HPAI zoonosis outbreak monitoring and prevention.
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Root JJ, Ellis JW, Shriner SA. Effects of freshwater crayfish on influenza A virus persistence in water. Zoonoses Public Health 2020; 67:300-307. [PMID: 31957221 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Several investigations have recently assessed the ability of some aquatic invertebrates to act as tools for avian influenza A virus (IAV) surveillance as well as their potential role(s) in IAV ecology. Because of this, as well as the high IAV seroprevalence rates noted in select mesocarnivores that commonly inhabit aquatic and semi-aquatic habitats, we evaluated the effects that freshwater crayfish have on IAV in water at three dose levels and monitored for the presence of IAV in crayfish tissues (gill and green gland) and haemolymph at multiple time points. At relatively high, medium and low (approximately 104 , 103 and 102 EID50 /ml, respectively) doses, mesocosms containing crayfish (Orconectes sp.) had less detectable IAV RNA present when final water samples were assayed (9 days post-contact [DPC]). In general, containers without crayfish present had nearly three-fold greater quantities of viral RNA at 9 DPC. A varying number of RNA positive samples were detected for the three crayfish sample types collected. Gill tissue produced the largest number of positive non-water samples (n = 26), with the highest quantities detected from crayfish sampled on 1 and 4 DPC (103.5 EID50 equivalent/ml). On a few occasions, gill (n = 8) and haemolymph samples (n = 1) produced higher quantities of viral RNA than their respective water samples or water samples collected 1-2 DPC earlier, but these differences were typically minor. Based upon water samples, statistical models indicated that the interaction of dose and crayfish exposure days explained most of the variation in these data. Future efforts should address if crayfish exposed to IAV-laden water have the capacity to successfully transmit IAVs to mammals and birds which frequently prey upon them.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jeffrey Root
- United States Department of Agriculture, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jeremy W Ellis
- United States Department of Agriculture, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Susan A Shriner
- United States Department of Agriculture, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Influenza A Virus Detected in Native Bivalves in Waterfowl Habitat of the Delmarva Peninsula, USA. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7090334. [PMID: 31505778 PMCID: PMC6780145 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the prevalence of influenza A virus (IAV) in different species of bivalves inhabiting natural water bodies in waterfowl habitat along the Delmarva Peninsula and Chesapeake Bay in eastern Maryland. Bivalve tissue from clam and mussel specimens (Macoma balthica, Macoma phenax, Mulinia sp., Rangiacuneata, Myaarenaria, Guekensia demissa, and an undetermined mussel species) from five collection sites was analyzed for the presence of type A influenza virus by qPCR targeting the matrix gene. Of the 300 tissue samples analyzed, 13 samples (4.3%) tested positive for presence of influenza virus A matrix gene. To our knowledge, this is the first report of detection of IAV in the tissue of any bivalve mollusk from a natural water body.
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14
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Densmore CL, Iwanowicz DD, Ottinger CA, Hindman LJ, Bessler AM, Iwanowicz LR, Prosser DJ, Whitbeck M, Driscoll CP. Molecular Detection of Avian Influenza Virus from Sediment Samples in Waterfowl Habitats on the Delmarva Peninsula, United States. Avian Dis 2019; 61:520-525. [PMID: 29337613 DOI: 10.1637/11687-060917-resnote.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIV) affect many species of birds including waterfowl and may persist in sediment in aquatic habitats. Sediment samples were collected from two areas representative of prime migration and overwintering waterfowl habitat in Dorchester County, Maryland in the fall and winter of 2013-2014. Samples were screened for the presence of AIV via reverse transcriptase-quantitative PCR targeting the matrix gene. Although 13.6% of sediment samples were positive for the AIV matrix gene across all collection dates and locations, differences in detection were noted with location and collection season. Percentage of AIV-positive sediment samples recovered corresponded to trends in waterfowl abundance at collection sites both temporally and spatially. These findings provide further support for the assertion that the presence of AIV in the aquatic environment is likely affected by the total number, site-specific density, and array of waterfowl species.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Densmore
- A United States Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, 11649 Leetown Road, Kearneysville, WV 25430
| | - D D Iwanowicz
- A United States Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, 11649 Leetown Road, Kearneysville, WV 25430
| | - C A Ottinger
- A United States Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, 11649 Leetown Road, Kearneysville, WV 25430
| | - L J Hindman
- B Maryland Department of Natural Resources, 828B Airpax Road, Cambridge, MD 21613
| | - A M Bessler
- C Chesapeake Marshlands NWR Complex, 2145 Key Wallace Drive, Cambridge, MD 21613
| | - L R Iwanowicz
- A United States Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, 11649 Leetown Road, Kearneysville, WV 25430
| | - D J Prosser
- D United States Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Beltsville Lab, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - M Whitbeck
- C Chesapeake Marshlands NWR Complex, 2145 Key Wallace Drive, Cambridge, MD 21613
| | - C P Driscoll
- E Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Cooperative Oxford Laboratory, 904 South Morris Street, Oxford, MD 21654
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15
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Gomes J, Matos A, Quinta-Ferreira RM, Martins RC. Environmentally applications of invasive bivalves for water and wastewater decontamination. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 630:1016-1027. [PMID: 29554723 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The environmental and economic impact of invasive bivalve species implies the development of suitable pest management strategies. Chemical control is the most usual approach. However, the production of toxic intermediates as well as the unavoidable impact over non target biota is of special concern. Another approach consists on the physical removal of the animals from the invaded sites. The high biofiltration and bioaccumulation capacity of such animals make them interesting for the removal of contaminants from water and wastewater. In this context, environmental applications can be given for these pests encompassing nutrients removal for the recovery of eutrophic sites, water disinfection, organic and metal contaminants abatement. These approaches may be integrated with pest management where the physical removed animals from the invaded spots could be used for assembling biofilter for water and wastewater decontamination. However, some drawbacks must be addressed before proposing such alternative. In fact, the further spreading of the bivalves into non-invaded sites must be avoided. Moreover, some operational questions must be addressed such as the fate of contaminated animals after biofiltration. Bearing in mind the interesting results already available in this subject, this paper aims to critically overview literature regarding the environmental applications of invasive bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Gomes
- CIEPQPF - Chemical Engineering Processes and Forest Products Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Ana Matos
- CIEPQPF - Chemical Engineering Processes and Forest Products Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rosa M Quinta-Ferreira
- CIEPQPF - Chemical Engineering Processes and Forest Products Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui C Martins
- CIEPQPF - Chemical Engineering Processes and Forest Products Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
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16
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Erol N, Delibaş SB, Özkoç S, Ergüden C, Aksoy ÜC. Investigation of parasitic and viral pathogens in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) in the Gulf of Izmir, Turkey. Saudi Med J 2017; 37:703-6. [PMID: 27279520 PMCID: PMC4931655 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2016.6.15034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To investigate Microsporidia spp. parasite, hepatitis A virus (HAV), and norovirus (NoV) contamination in mussels collected from 8 stations in the inner, middle, and outer regions of the Gulf of Izmir. Methods: In this cross-sectional study carried out between August 2009 and September 2010 in the Gulf of Izmir, Turkey, 15 mussels collected from each of the stations each season were pooled and homogenized to create a single representative sample. Thirty representative samples were available for analysis. Direct polymerase chain reaction (PCR), RT-nested PCR, and RT-booster PCR were used to investigate the pathogens. Results: The mussels were negative for Microsporidia spp., but 8 (26.7%) samples analyzed were positive for HAV and 9 (30%) were positive for NoV. Excluding Foca and Gediz, viral contamination was detected in all of the stations sampled. Conclusion: Our results suggest that viral contamination is present in mussels in the Gulf of Izmir and may pose a potential threat to human health in the region. Necessary measures should be taken to prevent future illness due to these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nural Erol
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey. E-mail.
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17
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Freshwater mussels (Anodonta anatina) reduce transmission of a common fish trematode (eye fluke, Diplostomum pseudospathaceum). Parasitology 2017; 144:1971-1979. [PMID: 28766473 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017001421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Recent results suggest that bivalves can play an important role in restraining the spread of various aquatic infections. However, the ability of mussels to remove free-living stages of macroparasites and reduce their transmission is still understudied, especially for freshwater ecosystems. We investigated the influence of the common freshwater mussel (Anodonta anatina) on the transmission of a trematode (eye fluke, Diplostomum pseudospathaceum), which frequently infects fish in farms and natural habitats. In our experiments, mussels caused a significant decrease (P < 0·001) in the abundance of trematode free-living stages, from 6520 to 1770 cercariae L-1 on average (about 4-fold in 2 h). Individual clearance rates of mussels were 0·6‒3·7 L per hour (mean 1·9). These tests were followed by experimental infections of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with different doses of D. pseudospathaceum cercariae in the presence or absence of mussels. Exposure of fish to cercariae in the presence of mussels significantly (P < 0·05) reduced the infection intensities in fish (by 30-40%) at all exposure doses. Our results indicate that freshwater bivalves can markedly reduce local cercariae densities and could be useful in mitigation of trematodoses harmful to fish farming.
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18
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Prosser DJ, Densmore CL, Hindman LJ, Iwanowicz DD, Ottinger CA, Iwanowicz LR, Driscoll CP, Nagel JL. Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in Wild Migratory Waterfowl in a Region of High Poultry Production, Delmarva, Maryland. Avian Dis 2017; 61:128-134. [PMID: 28301229 DOI: 10.1637/11476-072616-resnote] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Migratory waterfowl are natural reservoirs for low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (AIVs) and may contribute to the long-distance dispersal of these pathogens as well as spillover into domestic bird populations. Surveillance for AIVs is critical to assessing risks for potential spread of these viruses among wild and domestic bird populations. The Delmarva Peninsula on the east coast of the United States is both a key convergence point for migratory Atlantic waterfowl populations and a region with high poultry production (>4,700 poultry meat facilities). Sampling of key migratory waterfowl species occurred at 20 locations throughout the Delmarva Peninsula in fall and winter of 2013-14. Samples were collected from 400 hunter-harvested or live-caught birds via cloacal and oropharyngeal swabs. Fourteen of the 400 (3.5%) birds sampled tested positive for the AIV matrix gene using real-time reverse transcriptase PCR, all from five dabbling duck species. Further characterization of the 14 viral isolates identified two hemagglutinin (H3 and H4) and four neuraminidase (N2, N6, N8, and N9) subtypes, which were consistent with isolates reported in the Influenza Research Database for this region. Three of 14 isolates contained multiple HA or NA subtypes. This study adds to the limited baseline information available for AIVs in migratory waterfowl populations on the Delmarva Peninsula, particularly prior to the highly pathogenic AIV A(H5N8) and A(H5N2) introductions to the United States in late 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diann J Prosser
- A United States Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Beltsville Lab, c/o BARC East Building 308, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705
| | - Christine L Densmore
- B United States Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, Kearneysville, West Virginia 25430
| | - Larry J Hindman
- C Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Cambridge, Maryland 21613
| | - Deborah D Iwanowicz
- B United States Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, Kearneysville, West Virginia 25430
| | - Chris A Ottinger
- B United States Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, Kearneysville, West Virginia 25430
| | - Luke R Iwanowicz
- B United States Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, Kearneysville, West Virginia 25430
| | - Cindy P Driscoll
- D Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Cooperative Oxford Laboratory, Oxford, Maryland 21654
| | - Jessica L Nagel
- A United States Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Beltsville Lab, c/o BARC East Building 308, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705
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19
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Dalziel AE, Delean S, Heinrich S, Cassey P. Persistence of Low Pathogenic Influenza A Virus in Water: A Systematic Review and Quantitative Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161929. [PMID: 27736884 PMCID: PMC5063340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses are able to persist in the environment, in-between the transmission of the virus among its natural hosts. Quantifying the environmental factors that affect the persistence of avian influenza virus is important for influencing our ability to predict future outbreaks and target surveillance and control methods. We conducted a systematic review and quantitative meta-analysis of the environmental factors that affect the decay of low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) in water. Abiotic factors affecting the persistence of LPAIV have been investigated for nearly 40 years, yet published data was produced by only 26 quantitative studies. These studies have been conducted by a small number of principal authors (n = 17) and have investigated a narrow range of environmental conditions, all of which were based in laboratories with limited reflection of natural conditions. The use of quantitative meta-analytic techniques provided the opportunity to assess persistence across a greater range of conditions than each individual study can achieve, through the estimation of mean effect-sizes and relationships among multiple variables. Temperature was the most influential variable, for both the strength and magnitude of the effect-size. Moderator variables explained a large proportion of the heterogeneity among effect-sizes. Salinity and pH were important factors, although future work is required to broaden the range of abiotic factors examined, as well as including further diurnal variation and greater environmental realism generally. We were unable to extract a quantitative effect-size estimate for approximately half (50.4%) of the reported experimental outcomes and we strongly recommend a minimum set of quantitative reporting to be included in all studies, which will allow robust assimilation and analysis of future findings. In addition we suggest possible means of increasing the applicability of future studies to the natural environment, and evaluating the biological content of natural waterbodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia E. Dalziel
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Steven Delean
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Sarah Heinrich
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Phillip Cassey
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia
- Centre for Conservation Science & Technology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia
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20
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Mezzanotte V, Marazzi F, Bissa M, Pacchioni S, Binelli A, Parolini M, Magni S, Ruggeri FM, De Giuli Morghen C, Zanotto C, Radaelli A. Removal of enteric viruses and Escherichia coli from municipal treated effluent by zebra mussels. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 539:395-400. [PMID: 26372942 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Dreissena polymorpha is a widespread filter-feeder species, resistant to a broad range of environmental conditions and different types of pollutants,which has recently colonized Italian freshwaters. Although widely used to monitor pollution in freshwater environments, this species is also an important food source for some fish and water birds. It can also be used to concentrate or remove particulate organic matter to interrupt avian-to-human transmission of pollutants and control health risks for animals and humans. In this study, the accumulation/inactivation in D. polymorpha of human health-related spiked enteric viruses was described. The removal of endogenous Escherichia coli, the classical indicator of fecal contamination,was tested as well.Our preliminary lab-scale results demonstrate that zebra mussels can reduce significantly poliovirus titer after 24 h and rotavirus titer after 8 h. E. coli counts were also reduced in the presence of zebra mussels by about 1.5 log after 4 h and nearly completely after 24 h. The fate of the two enteric viruses after concentration by zebra mussels was also investigated after mechanical disruption of the tissues. To our knowledge, the accumulation from water and inactivation of human health-related enteric viruses by zebra mussels has never been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Mezzanotte
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 1, 20126 Milan, Italy.
| | - Francesca Marazzi
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 1, 20126 Milan, Italy.
| | - Massimiliano Bissa
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti, 9, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Sole Pacchioni
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli, 32, 20129 Milan, Italy.
| | - Andrea Binelli
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Marco Parolini
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Stefano Magni
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Franco M Ruggeri
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Food Safety, I.S.S., Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Carlo De Giuli Morghen
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli, 32, 20129 Milan, Italy; CNR Institute of Neurosciences, Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology Section, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli, 32, 20129 Milan, Italy.
| | - Carlo Zanotto
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli, 32, 20129 Milan, Italy.
| | - Antonia Radaelli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti, 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; CNR Institute of Neurosciences, Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology Section, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli, 32, 20129 Milan, Italy.
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Abstract
The environmental drivers of influenza outbreaks are largely unknown. Despite more than 50 years of research, there are conflicting lines of evidence on the role of the environment in influenza A virus (IAV) survival, stability, and transmissibility. With the increasing and looming threat of pandemic influenza, it is important to understand these factors for early intervention and long-term control strategies. The factors that dictate the severity and spread of influenza would include the virus, natural and acquired hosts, virus-host interactions, environmental persistence, virus stability and transmissibility, and anthropogenic interventions. Virus persistence in different environments is subject to minor variations in temperature, humidity, pH, salinity, air pollution, and solar radiations. Seasonality of influenza is largely dictated by temperature and humidity, with cool-dry conditions enhancing IAV survival and transmissibility in temperate climates in high latitudes, whereas humid-rainy conditions favor outbreaks in low latitudes, as seen in tropical and subtropical zones. In mid-latitudes, semiannual outbreaks result from alternating cool-dry and humid-rainy conditions. The mechanism of virus survival in the cool-dry or humid-rainy conditions is largely determined by the presence of salts and proteins in the respiratory droplets. Social determinants of heath, including health equity, vaccine acceptance, and age-related illness, may play a role in influenza occurrence and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harini Sooryanarain
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061;
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22
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Failure of transmission of low-pathogenic avian influenza virus between Mallards and freshwater snails: an experimental evaluation. J Wildl Dis 2014; 49:911-9. [PMID: 24502718 DOI: 10.7589/2012-04-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In aquatic bird populations, the ability of avian influenza (AI) viruses to remain infectious in water for extended periods provides a mechanism that allows viral transmission to occur long after shedding birds have left the area. However, this also exposes other aquatic organisms, including freshwater invertebrates, to AI viruses. Previous researchers found that AI viral RNA can be sequestered in snail tissues. Using an experimental approach, we determined whether freshwater snails (Physa acuta and Physa gyrina) can infect waterfowl with AI viruses by serving as a means of transmission between infected and naïve waterfowl via ingestion. In our first experiment, we exposed 20 Physa spp. snails to an AI virus (H3N8) and inoculated embryonated specific pathogen-free (SPF) chicken eggs with the homogenized snail tissues. Sequestered AI viruses remain infectious in snail tissues; 10% of the exposed snail tissues infected SPF eggs. In a second experiment, we exposed snails to water contaminated with feces of AI virus-inoculated Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) to evaluate whether ingestion of exposed freshwater snails was an alternate route of AI virus transmission to waterfowl. None of the immunologically naïve Mallards developed an infection, indicating that transmission via ingestion likely did not occur. Our results suggest that this particular trophic interaction may not play an important role in the transmission of AI viruses in aquatic habitats.
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23
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Nagy A, Černíková L, Jiřincová H, Havlíčková M, Horníčková J. Local-scale diversity and between-year "frozen evolution" of avian influenza A viruses in nature. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103053. [PMID: 25075739 PMCID: PMC4116140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) in wild bird reservoir hosts is characterized by the perpetuation in a plethora of subtype and genotype constellations. Multiyear monitoring studies carried out during the last two decades worldwide have provided a large body of knowledge regarding the ecology of IAV in wild birds. Nevertheless, other issues of avian IAV evolution have not been fully elucidated, such as the complexity and dynamics of genetic interactions between the co-circulating IAV genomes taking place at a local-scale level or the phenomenon of frozen evolution. We investigated the IAV diversity in a mallard population residing in a single pond in the Czech Republic. Despite the relative small number of samples collected, remarkable heterogeneity was revealed with four different IAV subtype combinations, H6N2, H6N9, H11N2, and H11N9, and six genomic constellations in co-circulation. Moreover, the H6, H11, and N2 segments belonged to two distinguishable sub-lineages. A reconstruction of the pattern of genetic reassortment revealed direct parent-progeny relationships between the H6N2, H11N9 and H6N9 viruses. Interestingly the IAV, with the H6N9 subtype, was re-detected a year later in a genetically unchanged form in the close proximity of the original sampling locality. The almost absolute nucleotide sequence identity of all the respective genomic segments between the two H6N9 viruses indicates frozen evolution as a result of prolonged conservation in the environment. The persistence of the H6N9 IAV in various abiotic and biotic environmental components was also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Nagy
- State Veterinary Institute Prague, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Laboratory of Molecular Methods, Prague, Czech Republic
- National Institute of Public Health, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Reference Laboratory for Influenza, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Lenka Černíková
- State Veterinary Institute Prague, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Laboratory of Molecular Methods, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Jiřincová
- National Institute of Public Health, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Reference Laboratory for Influenza, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Havlíčková
- National Institute of Public Health, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Reference Laboratory for Influenza, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Horníčková
- State Veterinary Institute Prague, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Laboratory of Molecular Methods, Prague, Czech Republic
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24
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Accumulation and inactivation of avian influenza virus by the filter-feeding invertebrate Daphnia magna. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:7249-55. [PMID: 24038705 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02439-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The principal mode of avian influenza A virus (AIV) transmission among wild birds is thought to occur via an indirect fecal-oral route, whereby individuals are exposed to virus from the environment through contact with virus-contaminated water. AIV can remain viable for an extended time in water; however, little is known regarding the influence of the biotic community (i.e., aquatic invertebrates) on virus persistence and infectivity in aquatic environments. We conducted laboratory experiments to investigate the ability of an aquatic filter-feeding invertebrate, Daphnia magna, to accumulate virus from AIV-dosed water under the hypothesis that they represent a potential vector of AIV to waterfowl hosts. We placed live daphnids in test tubes dosed with low-pathogenicity AIV (H3N8 subtype isolated from a wild duck) and sampled Daphnia tissue and the surrounding water using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) at 3- to 120-min intervals for up to 960 min following dosing. Concentrations of viral RNA averaged 3 times higher in Daphnia tissue than the surrounding water shortly after viral exposure, but concentrations decreased exponentially through time for both. Extracts from Daphnia tissue were negative for AIV by cell culture, whereas AIV remained viable in water without Daphnia present. Our results suggest daphnids can accumulate AIV RNA and effectively remove virus particles from water. Although concentrations of viral RNA were consistently higher in Daphnia tissue than the water, additional research is needed on the time scale of AIV inactivation after Daphnia ingestion to fully elucidate Daphnia's role as a potential vector of AIV infection to aquatic birds.
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25
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Keeler SP, Lebarbenchon C, Stallknecht DE. Strain-related variation in the persistence of influenza A virus in three types of water: distilled water, filtered surface water, and intact surface water. Virol J 2013; 10:13. [PMID: 23289857 PMCID: PMC3584729 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The persistence of influenza A (IA) virus in aquatic habitats has been demonstrated to be a determinant for virus transmission dynamics in wild duck populations. In this study, we investigated virus strain-related variation in persistence in water for nine wild duck isolated IA viruses of three subtypes (H3N8, H4N6, and H8N4). RESULTS We experimentally estimated the loss of infectivity over time in three different types of water: distilled, filtered surface water, and intact surface water. All viruses persisted longest in distilled water followed by filtered surface water with markedly reduced durations of persistence observed in the intact surface water. Strain-related variations were observed in distilled and filtered surface water but limited variation was observed in the intact surface water. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the role of surface water for long-term (between years) maintenance of AI viruses in the environment may be limited, and suggest that the physico-chemical characteristics of water, as well as microorganisms, may be of strong importance. Results also indicate that the extent of strain-related variation observed in distilled water may overestimate persistence abilities for IA viruses in the wild and supports the need to develop experiments that account for these effects to assess subtype, genotype, as well as spatial and temporal variation in the persistence of IA viruses in aquatic habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamus P Keeler
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Huyvaert KP, Carlson JS, Bentler KT, Cobble KR, Nolte DL, Franklin AB. Freshwater Clams As Bioconcentrators of Avian Influenza Virus in Water. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2012; 12:904-6. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2012.0993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn P. Huyvaert
- United States Department of Agriculture/Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA/APHIS) Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Jenny S. Carlson
- United States Department of Agriculture/Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA/APHIS) Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Kevin T. Bentler
- United States Department of Agriculture/Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA/APHIS) Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Kacy R. Cobble
- United States Department of Agriculture/Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA/APHIS) Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Dale L. Nolte
- United States Department of Agriculture/Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA/APHIS) Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Disease Program, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Alan B. Franklin
- United States Department of Agriculture/Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA/APHIS) Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Horm VS, Gutiérrez RA, Nicholls JM, Buchy P. Highly pathogenic influenza A(H5N1) virus survival in complex artificial aquatic biotopes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34160. [PMID: 22514622 PMCID: PMC3325971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Very little is known regarding the persistence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses in aquatic environments in tropical countries, although environmental materials have been suggested to play a role as reservoirs and sources of transmission for H5N1 viruses. Methodology/Principal Findings The survival of HPAI H5N1 viruses in experimental aquatic biotopes (water, mud, aquatic flora and fauna) relevant to field conditions in Cambodia was investigated. Artificial aquatic biotopes, including simple ones containing only mud and water, and complex biotopes involving the presence of aquatic flora and fauna, were set up. They were experimentally contaminated with H5N1 virus. The persistence of HPAI H5N1 virus (local avian and human isolates) was determined by virus isolation in embryonated chicken eggs and by real-time reverse-polymerase chain reaction. Persistence of infectious virus did not exceed 4 days, and was only identified in rain water. No infectious virus particles were detected in pond and lake water or mud even when high inoculum doses were used. However, viral RNA persisted up to 20 days in rain water and 7 days in pond or lake water. Viral RNA was also detected in mud samples, up to 14 days post-contamination in several cases. Infectious virus and viral RNA was detected in few cases in the aquatic fauna and flora, especially in bivalves and labyrinth fish, although these organisms seemed to be mostly passive carriers of the virus rather than host allowing virus replication. Conclusions/Significance Although several factors for the survival and persistence of HPAI viruses in the environment are still to be elucidated, and are particularly hard to control in laboratory conditions, our results, along with previous data, support the idea that environmental surveillance is of major relevance for avian influenza control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viseth Srey Horm
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Ramona A. Gutiérrez
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - John M. Nicholls
- Department of Pathology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Philippe Buchy
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- * E-mail:
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Abbas MD, Nazir J, Stumpf P, Marschang RE. Role of Water Fleas (Daphniamagna)in the Accumulation of Avian Influenza Viruses from the Surrounding Water. Intervirology 2012; 55:365-71. [DOI: 10.1159/000334691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Lebarbenchon C, Yang M, Keeler SP, Ramakrishnan MA, Brown JD, Stallknecht DE, Sreevatsan S. Viral replication, persistence in water and genetic characterization of two influenza A viruses isolated from surface lake water. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26566. [PMID: 22028909 PMCID: PMC3197669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Water-borne transmission has been suggested as an important transmission mechanism for Influenza A (IA) viruses in wild duck populations; however, relatively few studies have attempted to detect IA viruses from aquatic habitats. Water-isolated viruses have rarely been genetically characterized and evaluation for persistence in water and infectivity in natural hosts has never been documented. In this study, we focused on two IA viruses (H3N8 and H4N6 subtypes) isolated from surface lake water in Minnesota, USA. We investigated the relative prevalence of the two virus subtypes in wild duck populations at the sampling site and their genetic relatedness to IA viruses isolated in wild waterbirds in North America. Viral persistence under different laboratory conditions (temperature and pH) and replication in experimentally infected Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) were also characterized. Both viruses were the most prevalent subtype one year following their isolation in lake water. The viruses persisted in water for an extended time period at constant temperature (several weeks) but infectivity rapidly reduced under multiple freeze-thaw cycles. Furthermore, the two isolates efficiently replicated in Mallards. The complete genome characterization supported that these isolates originated from genetic reassortments with other IA viruses circulating in wild duck populations during the year of sampling. Based on phylogenetic analyses, we couldn't identify genetically similar viruses in duck populations in the years following their isolation from lake water. Our study supports the role for water-borne transmission for IA viruses but also highlights that additional field and experimental studies are required to support inter-annual persistence in aquatic habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Lebarbenchon
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America.
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