1
|
Ncube P, Bagheri B, Goosen WJ, Miller MA, Sampson SL. Evidence, Challenges, and Knowledge Gaps Regarding Latent Tuberculosis in Animals. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091845. [PMID: 36144447 PMCID: PMC9503773 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis and other Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) pathogens that cause domestic animal and wildlife tuberculosis have received considerably less attention than M. tuberculosis, the primary cause of human tuberculosis (TB). Human TB studies have shown that different stages of infection can exist, driven by host–pathogen interactions. This results in the emergence of heterogeneous subpopulations of mycobacteria in different phenotypic states, which range from actively replicating (AR) cells to viable but slowly or non-replicating (VBNR), viable but non-culturable (VBNC), and dormant mycobacteria. The VBNR, VBNC, and dormant subpopulations are believed to underlie latent tuberculosis (LTB) in humans; however, it is unclear if a similar phenomenon could be happening in animals. This review discusses the evidence, challenges, and knowledge gaps regarding LTB in animals, and possible host–pathogen differences in the MTBC strains M. tuberculosis and M. bovis during infection. We further consider models that might be adapted from human TB research to investigate how the different phenotypic states of bacteria could influence TB stages in animals. In addition, we explore potential host biomarkers and mycobacterial changes in the DosR regulon, transcriptional sigma factors, and resuscitation-promoting factors that may influence the development of LTB.
Collapse
|
2
|
Analysis of Mycobacterium africanum in the last 17 years in Aragon identifies a specific location of IS6110 in Lineage 6. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10359. [PMID: 33990628 PMCID: PMC8121931 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89511-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to increase our knowledge about Mycobacterium africanum and report the incidence and characteristics of tuberculosis (TB) due to their lineages in Aragon, Spain, over the period 2003–2019. The study includes all the cases in our region, where all the M. tuberculosis complex isolates are systematically characterised. We detected 31 cases of M. africanum among 2598 cases of TB in the period studied. TB caused by M. africanum is rare (1.19%) in our population, and it affects mainly men of economically productive age coming from West African countries. Among the isolates, Lineage (L) 6 was more frequent than L5. The genotyping of these strains identified five clusters and 13 strains with a unique pattern. The isolates’ characterisation identified a copy of IS6110 within the moaX gene, which turned out to be specific for L6. It will allow the differentiation of this lineage from the rest of MTBC with a simple PCR reaction. It remains to be established whether this polymorphism may limit M. africanum transmission. Furthermore, a mutation in the mutT2 promoter was found as specific for L6 strains, which could be related to the high variability found for L6 compared to L5.
Collapse
|
3
|
Cá B, Fonseca KL, Sousa J, Maceiras AR, Machado D, Sanca L, Rabna P, Rodrigues PNS, Viveiros M, Saraiva M. Experimental Evidence for Limited in vivo Virulence of Mycobacterium africanum. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2102. [PMID: 31552007 PMCID: PMC6746983 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains a public health problem and a main cause of death to humans. Both Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium africanum cause tuberculosis. In contrast to M. tuberculosis, which is geographically spread, M. africanum is restricted to West Africa. Differences have also been found in the growth rate and type of disease caused by M. africanum, globally suggesting an attenuation of this bacteria. In this study, we used the mouse model of infection to follow the dynamics of M. africanum infection in terms of bacterial burdens and tissue pathology, as well as the immune response triggered. Our findings support a lower virulence of M. africanum as compared to M. tuberculosis, including in mice lacking IFN-γ, a major protective cytokine in tuberculosis. Furthermore, the lung immune response triggered by M. africanum infection in wild-type animals was characterized by a discrete influx of leukocytes and a modest transcriptional upregulation of inflammatory mediators. Our findings contribute to elucidate the pathogenesis of M. africanum, supporting the hypothesis that this is an attenuated member of the tuberculosis-causing bacteria. Understanding the biology of M. africanum and how it interacts with the host to establish infection will have implications for our knowledge of TB and for the development of novel and better tools to control this devastating disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baltazar Cá
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Programa de Pós-Graduação Ciência para o Desenvolvimento, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto Nacional de Saúde Pública/Projeto de Saúde de Bandim, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
| | - Kaori L Fonseca
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Programa de Pós-Graduação Ciência para o Desenvolvimento, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jeremy Sousa
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Raquel Maceiras
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diana Machado
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Lilica Sanca
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Pública/Projeto de Saúde de Bandim, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
| | - Paulo Rabna
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Pública/Projeto de Saúde de Bandim, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
| | - Pedro N S Rodrigues
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel Viveiros
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Margarida Saraiva
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
DETECTION OF MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM SUBSPECIES PARATUBERCULOSIS IN ROCK HYRAXES ( PROCAVIA CAPENSIS) IMPORTED FROM SOUTH AFRICA. J Zoo Wildl Med 2019; 48:1086-1094. [PMID: 29297824 DOI: 10.1638/1042-7260-48.4.1086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) causes chronic, progressive, and consecutively fatal enteritis, especially in ruminants. MAP distribution among wildlife is not yet clear. In this study, three wild-born rock hyraxes ( Procavia capensis) had been imported from South Africa to a German zoological garden. During the quarantine period, four young animals were born. The wild-born animals showed symptoms of mild diarrhea shortly after their arrival in the zoological garden, but all routine parasitological and bacteriologic tests performed were negative. Therefore, the animals were additionally tested for MAP infection. MAP DNA was detected by seminested PCR (snPCR) in a pooled fecal sample of the seven animals. Subsequent PCR analysis of the individual feces samples confirmed the excretion of MAP in two rock hyraxes (one wild-born and one born in captivity). Sequence analysis of the corresponding 278-bp amplicons revealed 100% homology to the reference MAP-K10 IS900 sequence. No antibody response against MAP was detected in the individual serum samples. MAP-specific postmortem lesions were not observed by gross pathology and histology, neither after death nor after euthanization of the animals. Nevertheless, MAP was detected by snPCR and culture in the gastrointestinal tract, urogenital tract, cardiovascular system, and/or respiratory system of three other animals of the group (one wild-born and two born in captivity). This study is the first report confirming MAP occurrence in rock hyraxes. Therefore, it is recommended that veterinarians and zoo employees consider rock hyraxes as a possible source of MAP infection for domestic livestock in South Africa and the valuable animal stock of zoological facilities.
Collapse
|
5
|
Tan RM, Ploog CL. Pathology in Practice. Trichofolliculoma (ruptured) and secondary pyogranulomatous furunculosis in a rock hyrax. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2017; 251:299-301. [PMID: 28703675 DOI: 10.2460/javma.251.3.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
6
|
Yeboah-Manu D, de Jong BC, Gehre F. The Biology and Epidemiology of Mycobacterium africanum. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1019:117-133. [PMID: 29116632 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-64371-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
West Africa is the only region in the world where six out of seven mycobacterial lineages of human importance are endemic. In particular, two evolutionary ancient lineages, Mycobacterium africanum West Africa 1 (MTBC Lineage 5) and M. africanum West Africa 2 (MTBC Lineage 6) are of interest as they cause up to 40% of all pulmonary TB cases in some West African countries. Although these M. africanum lineages are closely related to M. tuberculosis sensu stricto lineages, they differ significantly in respect to biology, epidemiology and in their potential to cause disease in humans. Most importantly the M. africanum lineages are exclusive to West Africa. Although the exact mechanisms underlying this geographical restriction are still not understood, it is increasingly suspected that this is due to an adaptation of the bacteria to West African host populations. In this chapter, we summarize the geographical distribution of the M. africanum lineages within the region, describe biological and clinical differences and the consequent implications for TB control in West Africa. We also try to shed light on the geographical restriction, based on recently published analyses on whole genomes of M. africanum isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy Yeboah-Manu
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
| | | | - Florian Gehre
- Institute for Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit, The Gambia Serrekunda, Gambia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Clarke C, Van Helden P, Miller M, Parsons S. Animal-adapted members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex endemic to the southern African subregion. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2016; 87:1322. [PMID: 27246904 PMCID: PMC6138107 DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v87i1.1322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) cause tuberculosis (TB) in both animals and humans. In this article, three animal-adapted MTC strains that are endemic to the southern African subregion – that is, Mycobacterium suricattae, Mycobacterium mungi, and the dassie bacillus – are reviewed with a focus on clinical and pathological presentations, geographic distribution, genotyping methods, diagnostic tools and evolution. Moreover, factors influencing the transmission and establishment of TB pathogens in novel host populations, including ecological, immunological and genetic factors of both the host and pathogen, are discussed. The risks associated with these infections are currently unknown and further studies will be required for greater understanding of this disease in the context of the southern African ecosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sven Parsons
- SAMRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Winglee K, Manson McGuire A, Maiga M, Abeel T, Shea T, Desjardins CA, Diarra B, Baya B, Sanogo M, Diallo S, Earl AM, Bishai WR. Whole Genome Sequencing of Mycobacterium africanum Strains from Mali Provides Insights into the Mechanisms of Geographic Restriction. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004332. [PMID: 26751217 PMCID: PMC4713829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mycobacterium africanum, made up of lineages 5 and 6 within the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC), causes up to half of all tuberculosis cases in West Africa, but is rarely found outside of this region. The reasons for this geographical restriction remain unknown. Possible reasons include a geographically restricted animal reservoir, a unique preference for hosts of West African ethnicity, and an inability to compete with other lineages outside of West Africa. These latter two hypotheses could be caused by loss of fitness or altered interactions with the host immune system. Methodology/Principal Findings We sequenced 92 MTC clinical isolates from Mali, including two lineage 5 and 24 lineage 6 strains. Our genome sequencing assembly, alignment, phylogeny and average nucleotide identity analyses enabled us to identify features that typify lineages 5 and 6 and made clear that these lineages do not constitute a distinct species within the MTC. We found that in Mali, lineage 6 and lineage 4 strains have similar levels of diversity and evolve drug resistance through similar mechanisms. In the process, we identified a putative novel streptomycin resistance mutation. In addition, we found evidence of person-to-person transmission of lineage 6 isolates and showed that lineage 6 is not enriched for mutations in virulence-associated genes. Conclusions This is the largest collection of lineage 5 and 6 whole genome sequences to date, and our assembly and alignment data provide valuable insights into what distinguishes these lineages from other MTC lineages. Lineages 5 and 6 do not appear to be geographically restricted due to an inability to transmit between West African hosts or to an elevated number of mutations in virulence-associated genes. However, lineage-specific mutations, such as mutations in cell wall structure, secretion systems and cofactor biosynthesis, provide alternative mechanisms that may lead to host specificity. Mycobacterium africanum consists of two lineages, lineages 5 and 6, within the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) that cause human tuberculosis in West Africa, but are found rarely outside of this region. Our analysis of the whole genome sequences of 26 lineage 5 and 6 isolates, and 66 isolates from other lineages within the MTC, reveal that M. africanum does not meet modern criteria to be considered an independent species. We analyzed drug resistance-associated genes and found that drug resistance evolves within these lineages through similar mechanisms as observed for the rest of the MTC in Mali. Though we did not see an elevated number of mutations in virulence-associated genes in these two lineages, we identified a number of lineage-specific mutations, pseudogenes and changes in gene content that may impact virulence and host specificity, and improve, overall, our understanding of what make these lineages unique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Winglee
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Abigail Manson McGuire
- Genome Sequencing and Analysis Program, The Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mamoudou Maiga
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Project SEREFO (Centre de Recherche et de Formation sur le VIH/Sida et la Tuberculose)/University of Sciences, Technics and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Thomas Abeel
- Genome Sequencing and Analysis Program, The Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Terrance Shea
- Genome Sequencing and Analysis Program, The Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christopher A. Desjardins
- Genome Sequencing and Analysis Program, The Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bassirou Diarra
- Project SEREFO (Centre de Recherche et de Formation sur le VIH/Sida et la Tuberculose)/University of Sciences, Technics and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Bocar Baya
- Project SEREFO (Centre de Recherche et de Formation sur le VIH/Sida et la Tuberculose)/University of Sciences, Technics and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Moumine Sanogo
- Project SEREFO (Centre de Recherche et de Formation sur le VIH/Sida et la Tuberculose)/University of Sciences, Technics and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Souleymane Diallo
- Project SEREFO (Centre de Recherche et de Formation sur le VIH/Sida et la Tuberculose)/University of Sciences, Technics and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Ashlee M. Earl
- Genome Sequencing and Analysis Program, The Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AME); (WRB)
| | - William R. Bishai
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AME); (WRB)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Molecular epidemiology of mycobacteriosis in wildlife and pet animals. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2011; 15:1-23, v. [PMID: 22244110 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The ecology of mycobacteria is shifting in accordance with environmental change and new patterns of interaction between wildlife, humans, and nondomestic animals. Infection of vertebrate hosts throughout the world is greater now than ever and includes a growing prevalence in free ranging and captive wild animals. Molecular epidemiologic studies using standardized methods with high discriminatory power are useful for tracking individual cases and outbreaks, identifying reservoirs, and describing patterns of transmission and are used with increasing frequency to characterize disease wildlife. This review describes current features of mycobacteriosis in wildlife species based on traditional descriptive studies and recent molecular applications.
Collapse
|