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Woods SJ, Hughes-Medlicott NJ, McDowell A. Pharmacokinetics in Penguins Compared to Other Avian Species: A Review of Enrofloxacin and Voriconazole. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:4430-4442. [PMID: 37579225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Australasia is home to unique and endangered avian species. Drug administration to this group of animal patients for prophylaxis and treatment is challenging from a number of different perspectives. A key limitation for optimal drug dosing in birds is the lack of published pharmacokinetic studies to guide dose requirements. The aim of this review was to systematically investigate published literature on pharmacokinetics in penguin species and compare that with the pharmacokinetics of other avian species with a focus on two drugs: enrofloxacin and voriconazole. The review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. A systematic literature search was performed in Pubmed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. A key finding is that penguin pharmacokinetics differs from other avian species, with weight-adjusted AUC and Cmax values higher than most other avian species (e.g., for enrofloxacin, the AUC in the African penguin is 85.7 μg h/mL, which is more than double the other bird species). Doses for some avian species may be successfully extrapolated from other avian species; however, it appears important to consider factors other than just body weight (e.g., clearance mechanism and drug physicochemical characteristics). Consequently, there is an important need for robust pharmacokinetic data in wildlife species to ensure optimal therapy for this special group of patients. As part of this review, we identify key aspects that should be considered when estimating dose in species for which there is limited pharmacokinetic information available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey J Woods
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | | | - Arlene McDowell
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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Visvanathan N, Lim JYA, Chng HT, Xie S. A Critical Review on the Dosing and Safety of Antifungals Used in Exotic Avian and Reptile Species. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:810. [PMID: 37623581 PMCID: PMC10455840 DOI: 10.3390/jof9080810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Antifungals are used in exotic avian and reptile species for the treatment of fungal diseases. Dose extrapolations across species are common due to lack of species-specific pharmacological data. This may not be ideal because interspecies physiological differences may result in subtherapeutic dosing or toxicity. This critical review aims to collate existing pharmacological data to identify antifungals with the most evidence to support their safe and effective use. In the process, significant trends and gaps are also identified and discussed. An extensive search was conducted on PubMed and JSTOR, and relevant data were critically appraised. Itraconazole or voriconazole showed promising results in Japanese quails, racing pigeons and inland bearded dragons for the treatment of aspergillosis and CANV-related infections. Voriconazole neurotoxicity manifested as seizures in multiple penguins, but as lethargy or torticollis in cottonmouths. Itraconazole toxicity was predominantly hepatotoxicity, observed as liver abnormalities in inland bearded dragons and a Parson's chameleon. Differences in formulations of itraconazole affected various absorption parameters. Non-linearities in voriconazole due to saturable metabolism and autoinduction showed opposing effects on clearance, especially in multiple-dosing regimens. These differences in pharmacokinetic parameters across species resulted in varying elimination half-lives. Terbinafine has been used in dermatomycoses, especially in reptiles, due to its keratinophilic nature, and no significant adverse events were observed. The use of fluconazole has declined due to resistance or its narrow spectrum of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Visvanathan
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117559, Singapore
| | - Jolise Yi An Lim
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117559, Singapore
| | - Hui Ting Chng
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117559, Singapore
| | - Shangzhe Xie
- Mandai Wildlife Group, 80 Mandai Lake Road, Singapore 729826, Singapore
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Cerreta AJ, Reinhart JM, Forsythe LR, O'Connor MR, Tang KN, Cox S, Keller KA. Bioencapsulation is a feasible method of terbinafine administration in Emydomyces testavorans-infected western pond turtles (Actinemys marmorata). Am J Vet Res 2022; 84:ajvr.22.08.0138. [PMID: 36469441 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.22.08.0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of terbinafine administered to western pond turtles (Actinemys marmorata) via oral gavage and bioencapsulated in earthworms. ANIMALS 7 western pond turtles. PROCEDURES A randomized complete crossover single-dose pharmacokinetic study was performed. Compounded terbinafine (25 mg/mL; 30 mg/kg) was administered through oral gavage (OG) directly into the stomach or bioencapsulated (BEC) into an earthworm vehicle. Blood (0.2 mL) was drawn from the jugular vein at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 120 hours after administration. Plasma terbinafine levels were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Peak plasma terbinafine concentrations of 786.9 ± 911 ng/mL and 1,022.2 ± 911 were measured at 1.8 ± 2.8 and 14.1 ± 12.3 hours after OG and BEC administration, respectively. There was a significant (P = .031) increase in area under the curve with BEC compared to OG. Using steady-state predictions, with once-daily terbinafine administration, 3/7 and 7/7 turtles had plasma concentrations persistently greater than the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for Emydomyces testavorans for the OG and BEC administration routes of administration, respectively. With administration every 48 hours, 3/7 turtles for the OG phase and 6/7 turtles for the BEC phase had concentrations greater than the E. testavorans MIC throughout the entire dosing interval. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Administration of terbinafine (30 mg/kg) every 24 or 48 hours via earthworm bioencapsulation in western pond turtles may be appropriate for the treatment of shell lesions caused by E. testavorans. Clinical studies are needed to assess the efficacy of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Cerreta
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, Urbana, IL
| | - Jennifer M Reinhart
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, Urbana, IL
| | - Lauren R Forsythe
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, Urbana, IL
| | - Matthew R O'Connor
- A. Watson Armour III Center for Animal Health and Welfare, John G. Shedd Aquarium, Chicago, IL
| | - Karisa N Tang
- A. Watson Armour III Center for Animal Health and Welfare, John G. Shedd Aquarium, Chicago, IL
| | - Sherry Cox
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Krista A Keller
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, Urbana, IL
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Pharmaceutics for free-ranging wildlife: Case studies to illustrate considerations and future prospects. Int J Pharm 2022; 628:122284. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Thorel M, Mateos-Hernandez L, Mulot B, Azzouni MN, Hodžić A, Gaillot H, Ruel Y, Desoubeaux G, Delaye JB, Obregon D, Wu-Chuang A, de la Fuente J, Bermúdez-Humarán LG, Risco-Castillo V, Leclerc A, Cabezas-Cruz A. Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of an Oral Probiotic-Based Vaccine Against Aspergillus Infection in Captive-Bred Humboldt Penguins ( Spheniscus humboldti). Front Immunol 2022; 13:897223. [PMID: 35634323 PMCID: PMC9137413 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.897223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillosis is a fungal infection caused mainly by Aspergillus fumigatus that often results in respiratory disease in birds. Aspergillosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in captive-bred penguin species. Currently, there is no registered vaccine to prevent aspergillosis. Recent research demonstrated that oral administration of gram-negative bacteria expressing high levels of galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-Gal) modulates anti-α-Gal immunity and protects turkeys from clinical aspergillosis caused by experimental A. fumigatus infection. The role of anti-α-Gal immunity in penguins has not been studied. Here, we tested the distribution of α-1,3-galactosyltransferase (α1,3GT) genes in the fecal microbiome of Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti). The occurrence of natural anti-α-Gal antibodies (Abs) in sera and eggs of healthy Humboldt penguins was also assessed. A trial was then conducted to test whether oral administration of Escherichia coli Nissle, expressing high α-Gal levels, modulates anti-α-Gal immunity in a colony of Humboldt penguins. Animals in the vaccination and placebo groups were evaluated before the trial and followed for one year for aspergillosis detection using a diagnostic panel including computed tomography scans, capillary zone electrophoresis, 3-hydroxybutyrate levels, and anti-A. fumigatus Abs. Anti-α-Gal Abs were detected in sera (IgM and IgY) and eggs (IgY) of healthy penguins. Microbiota analysis and functional predictions revealed the presence of α1,3GT genes in the microbiota of Humboldt penguins and other penguin species. A strong decrease in anti-α-Gal IgM levels was observed in all animals in the placebo group three months after vaccination protocol. This decrease was not observed in E. coli Nissle-treated penguins. After the vaccination protocol, we found a positive correlation between anti-E. coli IgY and anti-α-Gal IgY in the E. coli Nissle group, suggesting a correlation between the presence of the bacteria and these Abs. During the study period, three penguins exhibited respiratory signs consistent with aspergillosis. Two were from the placebo group whose symptoms resolved with specific treatments, while a single vaccinated individual developed fatal respiratory aspergillosis eight months after the trial. We conclude that E. coli Nissle represents a safe potential probiotic with a protective effect against aspergillosis in Humboldt penguins that deserves to be further explored for therapeutic uses in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Thorel
- ZooParc de Beauval and Beauval Nature, Saint-Aignan-sur-Cher, France
| | - Lourdes Mateos-Hernandez
- Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Baptiste Mulot
- ZooParc de Beauval and Beauval Nature, Saint-Aignan-sur-Cher, France
| | - Mouna Naila Azzouni
- Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Adnan Hodžić
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hugues Gaillot
- ADVETIA Veterinary Hospital Center, Vélizy-Villacoublay, France
| | - Yannick Ruel
- ADVETIA Veterinary Hospital Center, Vélizy-Villacoublay, France
| | - Guillaume Desoubeaux
- CHU de Tours, Service de Parasitologie, Mycologie, Médecine Tropicale, Tours, France
- Université de Tours, Inserm U1100 – Centre d’Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Delaye
- CHU de Tours, Pôle de Biologie médicale, Laboratoire de Médecine Nucléaire In Vitro – Centre Régional de Dépistage Néonatal, Tours, France
| | - Dasiel Obregon
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Alejandra Wu-Chuang
- Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | | | - Veronica Risco-Castillo
- EA 7380 Dynamyc, UPEC, USC, ANSES, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d’Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Antoine Leclerc
- ZooParc de Beauval and Beauval Nature, Saint-Aignan-sur-Cher, France
| | - Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz
- Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
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RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY OF AFRICAN PENGUINS ( SPHENISCUS DEMERSUS) UNDER MANAGED CARE IN NORTH AMERICA: 2007-2018. J Zoo Wildl Med 2022; 52:1135-1142. [PMID: 34998282 DOI: 10.1638/2020-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, more than 20% (51/240) of zoos and aquariums accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums house African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) in their collections. The African penguin Species Survival Plan (SSP) veterinary advisors regularly collect information from those facilities to characterize morbidity and mortality for this species and to collate preventative medicine and treatment regimens. These efforts resulted in more than 10 yr of collection of management data across the SSP, representing the care and management of more than a thousand birds. The most common morbidities reported included those of dermatologic (27%, 125/452 institutions) and musculoskeletal or neurologic (18%, 82/452 institutions) disease, while the most common causes of mortality were respiratory diseases (20%, 65/323 deaths) and systemic or multifactorial conditions (19%, 62/323 deaths). Aspergillosis cases accounted for 69% (45/65 deaths) of respiratory-related mortality and avian malaria cases comprised 31% (19/62 deaths) of mortality related to systemic diseases. Mortality was most commonly reported in geriatric birds, or those older than 15 yr of age (34%, 111/323 deaths). Reproductive related mortality was only defined in female birds, while other causes of death were more evenly distributed between sexes. Utilizing the SSP data to determine morbidity and mortality trends within this population provides important information to veterinary and animal care teams, allowing them to provide enhanced levels of care to the penguins housed at their institutions. By recognizing the most important diseases and causes of death in this species, management and healthcare resources can target conditions with the highest impact on the population.
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McEntire MS, Reinhart JM, Cox SK, Keller KA. Single-dose pharmacokinetics of orally administered terbinafine in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) and the antifungal susceptibility patterns of Nannizziopsis guarroi. Am J Vet Res 2021; 83:256-263. [PMID: 34941564 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.21.02.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the antifungal susceptibility of Nanniziopsis guarroi isolates and to evaluate the single-dose pharmacokinetics of orally administered terbinafine in bearded dragons. ANIMALS 8 healthy adult bearded dragons. PROCEDURES 4 isolates of N guarroi were tested for antifungal susceptibility. A compounded oral solution of terbinafine (25 mg/mL [20 mg/kg]) was given before blood (0.2 mL) was drawn from the ventral tail vein at 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after administration. Plasma terbinafine concentrations were measured with high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS The antifungal minimum inhibitory concentrations against N guarroi isolates ranged from 4,000 to > 64,000 ng/mL for fluconazole, 125 to 2,000 ng/mL for itraconazole, 125 to 2,000 ng/mL for ketoconazole, 125 to 1,000 ng/mL for posaconazole, 60 to 250 ng/mL for voriconazole, and 15 to 30 ng/mL for terbinafine. The mean ± SD peak plasma terbinafine concentration in bearded dragons was 435 ± 338 ng/mL at 13 ± 4.66 hours after administration. Plasma concentrations remained > 30 ng/mL for > 24 hours in all bearded dragons and for > 48 hours in 6 of 8 bearded dragons. Mean ± SD terminal half-life following oral administration was 21.2 ± 12.40 hours. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Antifungal susceptibility data are available for use in clinical decision making. Results indicated that administration of terbinafine (20 mg/kg, PO, q 24 to 48 h) in bearded dragons may be appropriate for the treatment of dermatomycoses caused by N guarroi. Clinical studies are needed to determine the efficacy of such treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S McEntire
- 1Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, Urbana, IL
| | - Jennifer M Reinhart
- 1Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, Urbana, IL
| | - Sherry K Cox
- 2Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Krista A Keller
- 1Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, Urbana, IL
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TERBINAFINE PHARMACOKINETICS FOLLOWING SINGLE-DOSE ORAL ADMINISTRATION IN RED-EARED SLIDER TURTLES ( TRACHEMYS SCRIPTA ELEGANS): A PILOT STUDY. J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 52:520-528. [PMID: 34130394 DOI: 10.1638/2020-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this pilot study, the pharmacokinetics of terbinafine were determined in six apparently healthy red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans) after a single PO administration. Terbinafine suspension (15 mg/kg, once) was administered via gavage tube to all turtles. Blood samples were collected immediately before (time 0) and at 1, 2, 4, 8, 24, and 48 h after drug administration. Plasma terbinafine concentrations were quantified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was performed. None of the animals showed any adverse responses following terbinafine administration. Mean area under the curve from time 0 to 24 h was 1,213 h × ng/ml (range 319-7,309), mean peak plasma concentration was 201.5 ng/ml (range 45.8-585.3), mean time to maximum plasma concentration was 1.26 h (range 1-4), mean residence time was 7.71 h (range 3.85-14.8), and mean terminal half-life was 5.35 h (range 2.67-9.83). The administration of terbinafine (15 mg/kg, PO) may be appropriate for treatment of select fungal organisms with low minimum inhibitory concentrations in red-eared slider turtles but may require q12h administration even for organisms with low minimum inhibitory concentrations. Multiple-dose studies as well as clinical studies are needed to determine ideal dosages and efficacy.
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THE ISOLATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL SENSITIVITY OF ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS FROM FROZEN RESPIRATORY TISSUES OF PENGUINS FROM ZOOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM, 2007-2018. J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 51:591-597. [PMID: 33480534 DOI: 10.1638/2019-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifty-eight frozen postmortem lung and air sac samples were collected from penguins housed at 21 zoological collections throughout the United Kingdom, from 2007 to 2018. Aspergillus fumigatus, a significant respiratory pathogen of penguins in captivity, was isolated from 15 of the 22 penguins with gross lesions. Of the penguins with gross lesions of aspergillosis at postmortem examination, the pathogen was cultured from 63.6% (15 of 22) of frozen samples. Aspergillus fumigatus was cultured from 2.7% (1 of 36) of tissues collected from penguins without gross lesions at postmortem. Additionally, of 18 fresh samples that cultured A. fumigatus at the time of postmortem, 15 samples (83%) yielded isolates that were successfully cultured from frozen tissue. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) data demonstrated that all isolates were susceptible to terbinafine and voriconazole, and all were resistant to itraconazole, using published MIC cutoff values. Comparison isolates from fresh tissues had identical antimicrobial susceptibility to isolates from the same tissues after being frozen. This study demonstrates that A. fumigatus can be isolated from frozen respiratory tissues of penguins, even after freezing for more than 10 yr.
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Arné P, Risco-Castillo V, Jouvion G, Le Barzic C, Guillot J. Aspergillosis in Wild Birds. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:241. [PMID: 33807065 PMCID: PMC8004873 DOI: 10.3390/jof7030241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous fungi belonging to the genus Aspergillus are able to proliferate in a large number of environments on organic substrates. The spores of these opportunistic pathogens, when inhaled, can cause serious and often fatal infections in a wide variety of captive and free-roaming wild birds. The relative importance of innate immunity and the level of exposure in the development of the disease can vary considerably between avian species and epidemiological situations. Given the low efficacy of therapeutic treatments, it is essential that breeders or avian practitioners know the conditions that favor the emergence of Aspergillosis in order to put adequate preventive measures in place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Arné
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire de la Faune Sauvage (Chuv-FS), 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (V.R.-C.); (C.L.B.)
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Dynamic Research Group UPEC, EnvA, USC Anses, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (G.J.); (J.G.)
| | - Veronica Risco-Castillo
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire de la Faune Sauvage (Chuv-FS), 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (V.R.-C.); (C.L.B.)
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Dynamic Research Group UPEC, EnvA, USC Anses, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (G.J.); (J.G.)
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Biopôle Alfort, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Grégory Jouvion
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Dynamic Research Group UPEC, EnvA, USC Anses, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (G.J.); (J.G.)
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Biopôle Alfort, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Cécile Le Barzic
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire de la Faune Sauvage (Chuv-FS), 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (V.R.-C.); (C.L.B.)
| | - Jacques Guillot
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Dynamic Research Group UPEC, EnvA, USC Anses, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (G.J.); (J.G.)
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Biopôle Alfort, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
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Rojo-Solís C, García-Párraga D, Montesinos A, Ardiaca-García M, Álvaro T, Valls M, Barros-García C, Encinas T. Pharmacokinetics of single dose oral Terbinafine in common shelducks (Tadorna tadorna). J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 44:510-515. [PMID: 33377208 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fungal disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in avian species; thus, antifungals are the treatment of choice. Despite widely used in clinical practice, terbinafine pharmacokinetic studies are scarce in literature and only cover some avian families, with marked differences between them. This study evaluates the pharmacokinetic behaviour of terbinafine after a single oral administration of 60 mg/kg in 7 healthy adult common shelducks (Tadorna tadorna) by measuring plasma concentrations through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) at times 0, 30 min, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hr postadministration. Noncompartmental analyses of the data showed a Cmax (geometric mean) of 5.43 µg/ml, tmax (median) 1.0 hr and AUC0-∞ 29.70 mg h/L. Elimination half-life was 6.33 hr and MRT 6.61 hr. Plasma concentrations remained above previously described MIC for terbinafine in some fungal species for at least 6 to 8 hr. A single oral administration of 60 mg/kg terbinafine did not produce adverse effects and could be a good treatment choice for fungal diseases in anatids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Rojo-Solís
- Veterinary Services, Oceanogràfic, Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias, València, Spain.,Pharmacology & Toxicology Department, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel García-Párraga
- Veterinary Services, Oceanogràfic, Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias, València, Spain
| | - Andrés Montesinos
- Pharmacology & Toxicology Department, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro Veterinario los Sauces, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Teresa Álvaro
- Veterinary Services, Oceanogràfic, Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias, València, Spain
| | - Mónica Valls
- Veterinary Services, Oceanogràfic, Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias, València, Spain
| | - Carlos Barros-García
- Veterinary Services, Oceanogràfic, Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias, València, Spain
| | - Teresa Encinas
- Pharmacology & Toxicology Department, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Treatment of avian renal disease relies on supportive care, such as fluid therapy and nutritional support. Analgesia and adaptations of the environment are indicated in cases of renal disease associated with painful joints. Other treatments vary with the underlying etiology and may include systemic antibiotics, antifungal therapy, vitamin A supplementation, or chelation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophélie Cojean
- Zoological Medicine Service, Clinique vétérinaire Benjamin Franklin, 38 rue du Danemark, ZA Porte Océane II, Brech 56400, France
| | - Sylvain Larrat
- Zoological Medicine Service, Clinique vétérinaire Benjamin Franklin, 38 rue du Danemark, ZA Porte Océane II, Brech 56400, France
| | - Claire Vergneau-Grosset
- Service de médecine zoologique, Département de sciences cliniques, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S 2M2, Canada.
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13
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Morais J, Volpato J, Costa A, Kolesnikovas C, Souza M, Saito M. Clinical biochemistry of rescued Magellanic Penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus): serum or heparinized plasma? ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-9984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT In the last few years, an increasing number of debilitated Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) has been rescued and taken to rehabilitation centers on Brazil’s southern coast to be clinically treated and evaluated for re-introduction. This work aims to compare the viability of heparinized plasma with the viability of serum for biochemistry analyses under rehabilitation conditions. Blood sampled from 31 physically healthy rescued penguins was processed into serum/plasma-paired samples and analyzed for 12 biochemical parameters: alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), cholesterol (CHOL), creatine kinase (CK), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), glucose, (GLU) lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), total proteins (TP), triglycerides (TG), urea (UR), and uric acid (UA).The results showed that six paired samples presented visual signs of hemolysis (visual hemolytic score≥1), four of which occurred exclusively in the serum counterpart. Significant differences (P≤ 0.5) between sample types were found for CHOL (3%), GLU (6%) and TG (52%). Only TG was considered clinically relevant (>10%). All mean/median results fell within the available reference intervals by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (Penguin, 2014). In conclusion, we verified that heparinized plasma is a viable sample for the clinical biochemistry of rescued Magellanic penguins as it yields compatible results with serum, while providing practical benefits. The adoption of this practice favors a faster bird recovery, by minimizing blood sampling volume, and optimizes material resources, allowing use of the same collector tube as for hematology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Morais
- Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - J. Volpato
- Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - A. Costa
- Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | | | - M. Saito
- Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Morrison J, Greenacre CB, George R, Cox S, Martín-Jiménez T. Pharmacokinetics of a Single Dose of Oral and Intramuscular Meloxicam in African Penguins (Spheniscus demersus). J Avian Med Surg 2018; 32:102-108. [DOI: 10.1647/2017-281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Chen SY, Tsai YL, Lin SC, Wu YH, Liao MH, Chang CD, Li TH, Ho HK. Influence of biological factors on hematological and serum biochemistry values in captive Adélie, Chinstrap, Gentoo, and Macaroni penguins in Pingtung, Taiwan. Zoo Biol 2018; 37:183-195. [PMID: 29722905 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hematology and serum biochemistry reference values are essential for health evaluation and disease diagnosis in penguins. However, there are currently no published physiological values for captive Adélie (Pygoscelis adeliae) and Chinstrap penguins (P. antarcticus), nor for wild or captive Macaroni penguins (Eudyptes chrysolophus). The present study is the first investigation regarding hematology and serum biochemistry reference values for captive Adélie, Gentoo (P. papua), Chinstrap, and Macaroni penguins in Asia. Fixed effect models for repeated measure were applied to determine the influence of penguin species, age, gender, and age-gender interaction on each blood parameter. Hematology and serum biochemical data from 122 apparently healthy penguins (24 Adélie, 38 Chinstrap, 46 Gentoo, and 14 Macaroni) were collected between 2009 and 2014. The effects of penguin species were observed for most blood parameters, except total bilirubin, creatine kinase (CK), creatinine, and potassium ion (K+ ). Values of mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), heterophil, ratio of heterophils to lymphocytes (H/L), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and chloride ion (Cl- ) had significant positive correlation with age, while significant negative correlation with age was observed in total red blood cells (RBCs), lymphocytes, thrombocytes, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), CK, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and plasma iron. Compared to male penguins, females had lower mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) but higher calcium ion (Ca2+ ) values. As for age-gender interaction, significant positive correlation was shown in MCHC and K+ , and the reverse was true in H/L ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Yu Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lun Tsai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.,Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Suen-Chuain Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Yeong-Huey Wu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Huei Liao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Dong Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.,Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsien Li
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan
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Abstract
The use of antifungals in birds is characterized by interspecies and interindividual variability in the pharmacokinetics, affecting drug safety and efficacy. Oral antifungal drug absorption is a complex process affected by drug formulation characteristics, gastrointestinal anatomy, and physiology. New antifungal drug delivery systems can enhance drug stability, reduce off-target side effects, prolong residence time in the blood, and improve efficacy. Topical administration of antifungals through nebulization shows promising results. However, therapeutic output is highly influenced by drug formulation and type of nebulizer, indicating these factors should be taken into account when selecting this medication route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunther Antonissen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium; Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium.
| | - An Martel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
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Abstract
This article presents relevant advances in avian medicine and surgery over the past 5 years. New information has been published to improve clinical diagnosis in avian diseases. This article also describes new pharmacokinetic studies. Advances in the understanding and treatment of common avian disorders are presented in this article, as well. Although important progress has been made over the past years, there is still much research that needs to be done regarding the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of avian diseases and evidence-based information is still sparse in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie M Summa
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200, rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7M2, Canada
| | - David Sanchez-Migallon Guzman
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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PHARMACOKINETICS OF ORALLY ADMINISTERED VORICONAZOLE IN AFRICAN PENGUINS (SPHENISCUS DEMERSUS) AFTER SINGLE AND MULTIPLE DOSES. J Zoo Wildl Med 2017; 48:352-362. [PMID: 28749255 DOI: 10.1638/2016-0160r2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillosis is a common respiratory fungal disease in African penguins ( Spheniscus demersus ) under managed care, and treatment failures with itraconazole due to drug resistance are increasingly common, leading to recent use of voriconazole. Empirical dosing with voriconazole based on other avian studies has resulted in adverse clinical drug effects in penguins. The objective of this study was to determine oral voriconazole pharmacokinetics (PK) in African penguins (n = 18). Single and once daily multiple oral doses of 5 mg/kg voriconazole were evaluated with a 4-mo washout period between trials. Plasma voriconazole concentrations were determined via high-performance liquid chromatography. Data was modeled using 3-compartamental population methodologies that supported first-order elimination. Observed mean peak concentration (1.89 μg/ml) after single dosing PK analysis was determined within the first hour following voriconazole administration. In the multiple-dose trial average plasma voriconazole concentrations were significantly higher on days 4 and 7 as compared with day 2. The mean estimates for volume of distribution (V/F) and clearance (Cl/F) for the multiple-dose study were 3.34 L and 0.18 L/hr, respectively. Monte Carlo simulations determined the median area under the curve (AUC0-24) at 84 hr was 37.7 μg·h/ml. As this assessment was comparable with the average AUC in humans receiving the recommended human oral dosage 200 mg b.i.d., it suggests that 5 mg/kg p.o. s.i.d. could be a safe and effective regimen in African penguins for treatment of aspergillosis. However, due to potential drug accumulation and subsequent toxicity, therapeutic drug monitoring with dosage adjustments is recommended to individualize dosing.
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Kane LP, Allender MC, Archer G, Leister K, Rzadkowska M, Boers K, Souza M, Cox S. Pharmacokinetics of nebulized and subcutaneously implanted terbinafine in cottonmouths (Agkistrodon piscivorus
). J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2017; 40:575-579. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. P. Kane
- Wildlife Epidemiology Lab; Department of Comparative Biosciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Illinois; Urbana IL USA
| | - M. C. Allender
- Wildlife Epidemiology Lab; Department of Comparative Biosciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Illinois; Urbana IL USA
| | - G. Archer
- Wildlife Epidemiology Lab; Department of Comparative Biosciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Illinois; Urbana IL USA
| | - K. Leister
- Wildlife Epidemiology Lab; Department of Comparative Biosciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Illinois; Urbana IL USA
| | - M. Rzadkowska
- Wildlife Epidemiology Lab; Department of Comparative Biosciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Illinois; Urbana IL USA
| | - K. Boers
- Wildlife Epidemiology Lab; Department of Comparative Biosciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Illinois; Urbana IL USA
| | - M. Souza
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee USA
| | - S. Cox
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee USA
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Court MH, Robbins AH, Whitford AM, Beck EV, Tseng FS, Reeder DM. Pharmacokinetics of terbinafine in little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus) infected with Pseudogymnoascus destructans. Am J Vet Res 2017; 78:90-99. [PMID: 28029293 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.1.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the pharmacokinetics of terbinafine in little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus) infected with Pseudogymnoascus destructans. ANIMALS 123 bats from a P destructans-infected hibernation site in Virginia. PROCEDURES 3 bats were euthanized and necropsied to confirm the presence of P destructans within the population. The remaining 120 bats were systematically assigned to 6 groups (20 bats/group). Bats in each of 3 groups received 6, 20, or 60 mg of terbinafine/kg, SC, once daily for 10 days. Bats in another group received 200 mg of terbinafine/kg, SC, once daily for 5 days. Bats in 1 group received the terbinafine vehicle solution (0.1 mL/kg, SC, once daily for 10 days). Bats in the remaining group did not receive any treatment. Following the treatment period (days 1 through 10), bats were housed in a hibernation chamber and monitored daily until euthanasia on day 42, 75, or 109. Tissue specimens were collected from all bats as soon as possible after death or euthanasia to determine terbinafine concentration. Within each group and tissue type, terbinafine concentration data were pooled, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by noncompartmental methods. RESULTS Adverse neurologic effects and a high mortality rate before day 10 were observed in bats that received the highest terbinafine dose (200 mg/kg) but not those that received lower doses. Presumed therapeutic terbinafine concentrations (≥ 2 μg/g) were maintained in skin and wing for at least 30 and 6 days in bats that received the 60 and 20 mg/kg doses, respectively, but were not achieved in most bats that received the 6 mg/kg dose. Tissue terminal half-life ranged from 14 to 22 days. Terbinafine concentration in hair was positively correlated with that in skin and wing. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated terbinafine doses > 6 but < 200 mg/kg should be further evaluated for the treatment of P destructans-infected bats. Collection of serial hair specimens may represent a noninvasive method for monitoring terbinafine concentration in treated bats.
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INCIDENCE DENSITY, PROPORTIONATE MORTALITY, AND RISK FACTORS OF ASPERGILLOSIS IN MAGELLANIC PENGUINS IN A REHABILITATION CENTER FROM BRAZIL. J Zoo Wildl Med 2015; 46:667-74. [DOI: 10.1638/2013-0092.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Krautwald-Junghanns ME, Vorbrüggen S, Böhme J. Aspergillosis in Birds: An Overview of Treatment Options and Regimens. J Exot Pet Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Mans C, Sladky KK. Clinical management of an ectopic egg in a Timneh African grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus timneh). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 242:963-8. [PMID: 23517209 DOI: 10.2460/javma.242.7.963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION A 13-year-old female Timneh African grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus timneh) was evaluated because of the presence of a bald patch of skin caudal to the sternum and increased territorial and nesting behavior of 2 weeks' duration. CLINICAL FINDINGS Whole-body radiography revealed a mineralized egg of normal size and shape. However, no oviposition occurred, and the bird had no signs consistent with dystocia. After 7 days, repeated radiography revealed that the egg had rotated by approximately 180° along its short axis, leading to a diagnosis of ectopic egg retention, which was supported by the results of ultrasonography. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME Surgical removal of the ectopic egg was performed by means of a ventral midline approach 14 days after administration of leuprolide acetate (800 μg/kg [364 μg/lb], IM). No intracoelomic abnormalities, such as coelomitis or oviductal disease, were diagnosed, and the bird recovered without complications. Physical examination and whole-body radiography at 8 months and a follow-up phone call with the owner at 16 months after surgical treatment revealed no evidence of ectopic egg recurrence or reproductive behavior. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Clinical management of ectopic egg retention differs considerably from treatment of intraoviductal egg binding. Therefore, careful evaluation of avian patients with radiographic evidence of egg binding should be performed to avoid possible iatrogenic deterioration of the patient's condition, secondary to inappropriate treatment attempts such as hormonal induction of oviposition or attempts to remove the retained egg via the cloaca. Repeated radiography and ultrasonography and close monitoring of the patient's general condition as well as the lack of clinical signs consistent with dystocia will facilitate the diagnosis of ectopic egg retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Mans
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Emery LC, Cox SK, Souza MJ. Pharmacokinetics of nebulized terbinafine in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis). J Avian Med Surg 2012; 26:161-6. [PMID: 23156978 DOI: 10.1647/2012-003r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillosis is one of the most difficult diseases to treat successfully in avian species. Terbinafine hydrochloride offers numerous potential benefits over traditionally used antifungals for treatment of this disease. Adding nebulized antifungals to treatment strategies is thought to improve clinical outcomes in lung diseases. To determine plasma concentrations of terbinafine after nebulization, 6 adult Hispaniolan Amazon parrots were randomly divided into 2 groups of 3. Each bird was nebulized for 15 minutes with 1 of 2 terbinafine solutions, one made with a crushed tablet and the second with raw drug powder. Blood samples were collected at baseline and at multiple time points up to 720 minutes after completing nebulization. Plasma and nebulization solutions were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The terbinafine concentration of the solution made with a crushed tablet (0.87 +/- 0.05 mg/mL) was significantly lower than was that made with raw powder (1.02 +/- 0.09 mg/mL). Plasma concentrations of terbinafine did not differ significantly between birds in the 2 groups. Plasma terbinafine concentrations in birds were maintained above in vitro minimum inhibitory concentrations for approximately 1 hour in birds nebulized with the crushed tablet solution and 4 hours in birds nebulized with the raw powder solution. Higher concentrations of solution, longer nebulization periods, or more frequent administration are likely needed to reach therapeutic plasma concentrations of terbinafine for clinically relevant periods in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee C Emery
- Class of 2013, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, 2407 River Dr, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of terbinafine was studied in six healthy fasted cats following a single intravenous and oral administration at a dose of 10 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg, respectively, according to a two-period crossover design. Plasma terbinafine concentrations were determined using a reverse phase liquid chromatographic method. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by non-compartmental analysis with WinNonlin 5.2.1 software. After intravenous administration, the terminal half-life and area under the curve from time 0 to infinity were 10.40 ± 4.56 h, 15.20 ± 3.61 h·µg/ml, respectively. After oral dosing, the mean maximum concentration was 3.22 ± 0.60 µg/ml, reached at 1.33 ± 0.41 h. The terminal half-life, area under the curve from time 0 to infinity and apparent volume of distribution were 8.01 ± 3.46 h, 13.77 ± 4.99 h·µg/ml, 25.63 ± 6.29 l/kg, respectively. The absolute bioavailability of terbinafine hydrochloride tablets after oral administration was 31.00 ± 10.85%. Although bioavailability was low, excellent penetration at the site of infection and low minimum inhibitory concentrations values provided terbinafine with good efficacy against dermatophyte infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Wang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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In vitro investigation of a terbinafine impregnated subcutaneous implant for veterinary use. JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY 2012; 2012:436710. [PMID: 22888440 PMCID: PMC3408648 DOI: 10.1155/2012/436710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A terbinafine impregnated subcutaneous implant was evaluated to determine if drug was released into isotonic saline over the course of 6 months at two different temperatures, 37°C and 4°C. These temperatures were chosen to simulate the nonhibernating (37°C) and hibernating body (4°C) temperatures of little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus). Insectivorous bats of North America, including little brown bats, have been devastated by white nose syndrome, a fungal infection caused by Geomyces destructans. No treatments exist for bats infected with G. destructans. Implants were placed into isotonic saline; samples were collected once per week and analyzed with HPLC to determine terbinafine concentrations. The mean amount of terbinafine released weekly across the 28 weeks was approximately 1.7 μg at 4°C and 4.3 μg at 37°C. Although significant differences in the amount released did occur at some time points, these differences were not consistently greater or less at either of the temperatures. This study showed that terbinafine was released from an impregnated implant over the course of 6 months at concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 0.06 μg/mL depending on temperature, which may be appropriate for little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) infected with Geomyces destructans, the etiologic agent of white nose syndrome.
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PHARMACOKINETICS OF ENROFLOXACIN AFTER SINGLE DOSE ORAL AND INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION IN THE AFRICAN PENGUIN (SPHENISCUS DEMERSUS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2012; 43:309-16. [DOI: 10.1638/2011-0169.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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