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Araspin L, Measey J, Herrel A. Does aquatic performance predict terrestrial performance: a case study with an aquatic frog, Xenopus laevis. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb246545. [PMID: 37990942 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
The physical properties of the environment impose strong selection on organisms and their form-function relationships. In water and on land, selective pressures differ, with water being more viscous and denser than air, and gravity being the most important external force on land for relatively large animals such as vertebrates. These different properties of the environment could drive variation in the design and mechanics of the locomotor system of organisms. Animals that use multiple environments can consequently exhibit locomotion conflicts between the demands imposed by the media, leading to potential trade-offs. Here, we tested for the presence of such locomotor trade-offs depending on the environment (water or land) in a largely aquatic frog, Xenopus laevis. We focused on terrestrial and aquatic exertion capacity (time and distance swum or jumped until exhaustion) and aquatic and terrestrial burst capacity (maximal instantaneous swimming velocity and maximal force jump) given the ecological relevance of these traits. We tested these performance traits for trade-offs, depending on environments (water versus air) and locomotor modes (i.e. exertion and burst performance). Finally, we assessed the contribution of morphological traits to each performance trait. Our data show no trade-offs between the performance traits and between the environments, suggesting that X. laevis is equally good at swimming and jumping thanks to the same underlying morphological specialisations. We did observe, however, that morphological predictors differed depending on the environment, with variation in head shape and forelimb length being good predictors for aquatic locomotion and variation in hindlimb and forelimb segments predicting variation in jumping performance on land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Araspin
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, Département Adaptations du Vivant, Bâtiment d'Anatomie Comparée, 55 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - John Measey
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Institute for Biodiversity, Yunnan University, Kunming 650106, China
| | - Anthony Herrel
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, Département Adaptations du Vivant, Bâtiment d'Anatomie Comparée, 55 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
- Department of Biology, Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen 2610, Belgium
- Naturhistorisches Museum Bern, 3005 Bern, Switzerland
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Juarez BH, Moen DS, Adams DC. Ecology, sexual dimorphism, and jumping evolution in anurans. J Evol Biol 2023; 36:829-841. [PMID: 37129372 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism (SD) is a common feature of animals, and selection for sexually dimorphic traits may affect both functional morphological traits and organismal performance. Trait evolution through natural selection can also vary across environments. However, whether the evolution of organismal performance is distinct between the sexes is rarely tested in a phylogenetic comparative context. Anurans commonly exhibit sexual size dimorphism, which may affect jumping performance given the effects of body size on locomotion. They also live in a wide variety of microhabitats. Yet the relationships among dimorphism, performance, and ecology remain underexamined in anurans. Here, we explore relationships between microhabitat use, body size, and jumping performance in males and females to determine the drivers of dimorphic patterns in jumping performance. Using methods for predicting jumping performance through anatomical measurements, we describe how fecundity selection and natural selection associated with body size and microhabitat have likely shaped female jumping performance. We found that the magnitude of sexual size dimorphism (where females are about 14% larger than males) was much lower than dimorphism in muscle volume, where females had 42% more muscle than males (after accounting for body size). Despite these sometimes-large averages, phylogenetic t-tests failed to show the statistical significance of SD for any variable, indicating sexually dimorphic species tend to be closely related. While SD of jumping performance did not vary among microhabitats, we found female jumping velocity and energy differed across microhabitats. Overall, our findings indicate that differences in sex-specific reproductive roles, size, jumping-related morphology, and performance are all important determinants in how selection has led to the incredible ecophenotypic diversity of anurans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan H Juarez
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- Departments of Biology and Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Daniel S Moen
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Dean C Adams
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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Tang Y, Chen ZQ, Lin YF, Chen JY, Ding GH, Ji X. The combined effects of temperature and aromatase inhibitor on metamorphosis, growth, locomotion, and sex ratio of tiger frog ( Hoplobatrachus rugulosus) tadpoles. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8834. [PMID: 32219039 PMCID: PMC7087491 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The tiger frog (Hoplobatrachus rugulosus) is widely raised by many farms in southern region of China as an economically edible frog. The growth, development, and sexual differentiation of amphibians are influenced by temperature and steroid hormone level. However, the problem of hormone residues is caused by the addition of exogenous hormones in frog breeding, it is worth considering whether non-sterol aromatase inhibitors can be used instead of hormones. Methods In our study, H. rugulosus tadpoles were subjected to two water temperatures (29 °C and 34 °C) and three letrozole concentrations in the feed (0, 0.1 and 1 mg/g) to examine the effects of temperature, aromatase inhibitor and their interaction on metamorphosis, locomotion, and sex ratios. A G-test and contingency table were used to analyze the metamorphosis rate of tadpoles and the survival rate of froglets after feeding for 90 days. A G-test was also used to analyze sex ratios in different treatment groups. Results Metamorphosis time and body size (snout-vent length, body mass and condition factor) were significantly different between the two temperature treatments. Metamorphosis time was longer and body size was increased at 29 °C compared to those at 34 °C. Letrozole concentration and the temperature × letrozole interaction did not affect these variables. The jumping distance of froglets following metamorphosis was positively associated with the condition factor; when controlling for condition factor, jumping distance was not affected by temperature, letrozole concentration and their interaction. Temperature and letrozole concentration also did not affect metamorphosis and survival rate. Sex ratio of the control group (0 mg/g letrozole) was 1:1 at 29 °C, but there were more males at 34 °C. The sex ratios of H. rugulosus treated with letrozole at 29 °C and 34 °C were significantly biased toward males, and male ratio increased as letrozole concentration increased. Furthermore, more males were produced at 34 °C than at 29 °C at each letrozole concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Tang
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, P.R. China.,College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Chen
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, P.R. China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - You-Fu Lin
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, P.R. China.,College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Yi Chen
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Hua Ding
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Ji
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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Citadini JM, Brandt R, Williams CR, Gomes FR. Evolution of morphology and locomotor performance in anurans: relationships with microhabitat diversification. J Evol Biol 2018; 31:371-381. [PMID: 29297953 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The relationships between morphology, performance, behavior and ecology provide evidence for multiple and complex phenotypic adaptations. The anuran body plan, for example, is evolutionarily conserved and shows clear specializations to jumping performance back at least to the early Jurassic. However, there are instances of more recent adaptation to habit diversity in the post-cranial skeleton, including relative limb length. The present study tested adaptive models of morphological evolution in anurans associated with the diversity of microhabitat use (semi-aquatic arboreal, fossorial, torrent, and terrestrial) in species of anuran amphibians from Brazil and Australia. We use phylogenetic comparative methods to determine which evolutionary models, including Brownian motion (BM) and Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (OU) are consistent with morphological variation observed across anuran species. Furthermore, this study investigated the relationship of maximum distance jumped as a function of components of morphological variables and microhabitat use. We found there are multiple optima of limb lengths associated to different microhabitats with a trend of increasing hindlimbs in torrent, arboreal, semi-aquatic whereas fossorial and terrestrial species evolve toward optima with shorter hindlimbs. Moreover, arboreal, semi-aquatic and torrent anurans have higher jumping performance and longer hindlimbs, when compared to terrestrial and fossorial species. We corroborate the hypothesis that evolutionary modifications of overall limb morphology have been important in the diversification of locomotor performance along the anuran phylogeny. Such evolutionary changes converged in different phylogenetic groups adapted to similar microhabitat use in two different zoogeographical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Citadini
- Department of Physiology, Bioscience Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - R Brandt
- Department of Biology, FFCLRP/USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - C R Williams
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - F R Gomes
- Department of Physiology, Bioscience Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Bulbert MW, Page RA, Bernal XE. Danger comes from all fronts: predator-dependent escape tactics of túngara frogs. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120546. [PMID: 25874798 PMCID: PMC4398479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The escape response of an organism is generally its last line of defense against a predator. Because the effectiveness of an escape varies with the approach behaviour of the predator, it should be advantageous for prey to alter their escape trajectories depending on the mode of predator attack. To test this hypothesis we examined the escape responses of a single prey species, the ground-dwelling túngara frog (Engystomops pustulosus), to disparate predators approaching from different spatial planes: a terrestrial predator (snake) and an aerial predator (bat). Túngara frogs showed consistently distinct escape responses when attacked by terrestrial versus aerial predators. The frogs fled away from the snake models (Median: 131°). In stark contrast, the frogs moved toward the bat models (Median: 27°); effectively undercutting the bat’s flight path. Our results reveal that prey escape trajectories reflect the specificity of their predators’ attacks. This study emphasizes the flexibility of strategies performed by prey to outcompete predators with diverse modes of attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W. Bulbert
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Biology, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843–03092, Balboa, Ancón, Panamá, República de Panamáa
- * E-mail:
| | - Rachel A. Page
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843–03092, Balboa, Ancón, Panamá, República de Panamáa
| | - Ximena E. Bernal
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843–03092, Balboa, Ancón, Panamá, República de Panamáa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907–2054, United States of America
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Durso AM, Mullin SJ. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors Influence Expression of Defensive Behavior in Plains Hog-Nosed Snakes (Heterodon nasicus). Ethology 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Durso
- Department of Biology; Utah State University; Logan UT USA
- Department of Biological Sciences; Eastern Illinois University; Charleston IL USA
| | - Stephen J. Mullin
- Department of Biological Sciences; Eastern Illinois University; Charleston IL USA
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Citadini JM, Navas CA. Inter-individual variation and temperature-dependent antipredator behavior in the snake Tomodon dorsatus (Dipsadidae). Behav Processes 2013; 97:11-7. [PMID: 23548560 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although many studies assessed the influence of temperature on the behavior of ectotermic vertebrates, little attention has been given to interindividual variation in the defensive responses of reptiles. In the present study we investigated the defensive behavior of the snake Tomodon dorsatus, in order to test the hypotheses that (1) individuals differ in their antipredator behavior consistently with the concept of behavioral syndromes, (2) temperature influences the defensive behavior, and (3) these two factors interact with each other. There was significant interindividual variation in defensive behavior, as well as consistently aggressive, passive or evasive behaviors. Temperature influenced aggressiveness, which was slightly higher when body temperature was lower, but this trend was only evident in animals with aggressive disposition. Our results corroborate the hypothesis of interaction between individuality of behavior and temperature-dependent defensive behavior in T. dorsatus. These results, together with results from previous studies, suggest that the evolution of temperature-dependent defensive behavior differs among lineages of ectothermic tetrapods. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: insert SI title.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessyca Michele Citadini
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Trav. 14, n° 321, Cidade Universitária, CEP: 05508-090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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A review of the thermal sensitivity of the mechanics of vertebrate skeletal muscle. J Comp Physiol B 2013; 183:723-33. [PMID: 23483325 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-013-0748-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Environmental temperature varies spatially and temporally, affecting many aspects of an organism's biology. In ectotherms, variation in environmental temperature can cause parallel changes in skeletal muscle temperature, potentially leading to significant alterations in muscle performance. Endotherms can also undergo meaningful changes in skeletal muscle temperature that can affect muscle performance. Alterations in skeletal muscle temperature can affect contractile performance in both endotherms and ectotherms, changing the rates of force generation and relaxation, shortening velocity, and consequently mechanical power. Such alterations in the mechanical performance of skeletal muscle can in turn affect locomotory performance and behaviour. For instance, as temperature increases, a consequent improvement in limb muscle performance causes some lizard species to be more likely to flee from a potential predator. However, at lower temperatures, they are much more likely to stand their ground, show threatening displays and even bite. There is no consistent pattern in reported effects of temperature on skeletal muscle fatigue resistance. This review focuses on the effects of temperature variation on skeletal muscle performance in vertebrates, and investigates the thermal sensitivity of different mechanical measures of skeletal muscle performance. The plasticity of thermal sensitivity in skeletal muscle performance has been reviewed to investigate the extent to which individuals can acclimate to chronic changes in their thermal environment. The effects of thermal sensitivity of muscle performance are placed in a wider context by relating thermal sensitivity of skeletal muscle performance to aspects of vertebrate species distribution.
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Interpopulation Variability in Evasive Behavior in the Oregon Spotted Frog ( Rana pretiosa). J HERPETOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1670/11-163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Nakayama S, Sasaki K, Matsumura K, Lewis Z, Miyatake T. Dopaminergic system as the mechanism underlying personality in a beetle. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 58:750-755. [PMID: 22414537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Individuals in many animal species exhibit 'personality,' consistent differences in behaviour across time, situations and/or contexts. Previous work has revealed a negative genetic correlation between intensity of tonic immobility and walking activity levels in the confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum, thus suggesting these beetles exhibit personality in activity-related traits. The present study investigated the mechanism underlying this correlation. We used individuals derived from two strains established via artificial divergent selection for duration of tonic immobility. "Long" (L) strains exhibited higher frequencies and longer durations of tonic immobility, and lower activity levels, while "Short" (S) strains exhibited lower frequencies and shorter durations of tonic immobility and higher activity levels. We found that the duration of tonic immobility, and activity level, could be altered by caffeine administration; L strains fed with caffeine exhibited decreased durations of tonic immobility and increased activity levels. We also found that brain dopamine levels were lower in L strains than in S strains. Consequently, this study demonstrates that the dopaminergic system plays an important part in controlling the genetic correlation between tonic immobility and activity levels in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nakayama
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecology, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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Royan A, Muir AP, Downie JR. Variability in escape trajectory in the Trinidadian stream frog and two treefrogs at different life-history stages. CAN J ZOOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1139/z10-059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Most studies investigating anuran jumping behaviour have examined the relationship between body size and parameters such as jump distance, velocity, and force; however, few have investigated jump trajectory. We constructed an arena to determine escape trajectories in relation to the direction of an artificial stimulus in the aromobatid Mannophryne trinitatis (Garman, 1888) and two treefrogs, Trachycephalus venulosus (Laurenti, 1768) and Hypsiboas geographicus (Spix, 1824). Three categories of M. trinitatis (i.e., tadpole-transporting males, nontransporting males, and females) and three ontogenetic stages of the treefrogs were compared. Mannophryne trinitatis escaped in a broadly predictable trajectory away from the stimulus, although jump trajectories were highly variable, suggesting a degree of unpredictability. No systematic differences were found between categories of M. trinitatis, adding to the findings of previous studies that larval transport incurs no measurable locomotor costs on antipredatory jumping behaviour with regards to jump angle and distance. The treefrogs showed similar patterns of escape trajectory and unpredictability. There were no consistent differences between life-history stages and no relationship between distance jumped and angular deviation. In M. trinitatis and H. geographicus, there was some evidence of bimodality in escape trajectory. The results are discussed in the context of other work on escape trajectories and the concept of “protean” defence strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Royan
- Division of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - A. P. Muir
- Division of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - J. R. Downie
- Division of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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Titon B, Navas CA, Jim J, Gomes FR. Water balance and locomotor performance in three species of neotropical toads that differ in geographical distribution. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2010; 156:129-35. [PMID: 20096361 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Water availability in the environment is a fundamental factor in determining the limits of geographical distribution and the evolution of the physiological characters associated to water balance in anurans. In this paper, we compare some aspects of water balance and the sensitivity of locomotor performance to dehydration at different temperatures for three species of toads from the genus Rhinella, with different levels of dependence on forested environments. Results show patterns associated to interspecific differences in both geographical distribution and time of seasonal reproduction. Sensitivity of locomotor performance to dehydration was lower at low temperatures for R. icterica, the species that are reproductively active during winter and lower at intermediate temperatures for R. schneideri, the species that reproduces mostly during spring, suggesting a pattern of thermal adaptation of locomotor performance for these species. Otherwise, R. ornata, a species with broader reproductive season, shows high sensitivity of locomotor performance to dehydration at all temperatures tested, suggesting a stronger relation of breeding activity with patterns of rainfall than temperature variation. Furthermore, the low rates of water uptake of R. ornata may pose restrictions on the occupation of open areas by this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braz Titon
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Botucatu, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Saidapur SK, Veeranagoudar DK, Hiragond NC, Shanbhag BA. Mechanism of predator–prey detection and behavioral responses in some anuran tadpoles. CHEMOECOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-009-0004-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Navas CA, Gomes FR, Carvalho JE. Thermal relationships and exercise physiology in anuran amphibians: Integration and evolutionary implications. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2008; 151:344-362. [PMID: 17703978 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Revised: 07/02/2007] [Accepted: 07/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thermal and water balance are coupled in anurans, and species with particularly permeable skin avoid overheating more effectively than minimizing variance of body temperature. In turn, temperature affects muscle performance in several ways, so documenting the mean and variance of body temperature of active frogs can help explain variation in behavioral performance. The two types of activities studied in most detail, jumping and calling, differ markedly in duration and intensity, and there are distinct differences in the metabolic profile and fiber type of the supporting muscles. Characteristics of jumping and calling also vary significantly among species, and these differences have a number of implications that we discuss in some detail throughout this paper. One question that emerges from this topic is whether anuran species exhibit activity temperatures that match the temperature range over which they perform best. Although this seems the case, thermal preferences are variable and may not necessarily reflect typical activity temperatures. The performance versus temperature curves and the thermal limits for anuran activity reflect the thermal ecology of species more than their systematic position. Anuran thermal physiology, therefore, seems to be phenotypically plastic and susceptible to adaptive evolution. Although generalizations regarding the mechanistic basis of such adjustments are not yet possible, recent attempts have been made to reveal the mechanistic basis of acclimation and acclimatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Navas
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Travessa 14 No 321, Cidade Universitária, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, SP Brazil.
| | - Fernando R Gomes
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rubião Jr. S/N, CEP, 18628-000, Botucatu, SP Brazil
| | - José Eduardo Carvalho
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Av. 24-A, No 1515, Bela Vista, CEP 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP Brazil
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Positive genetic correlations between life-history traits and death-feigning behavior in adzuki bean beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis). Evol Ecol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-008-9266-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Gerald GW. Feign versus flight: influences of temperature, body size and locomotor abilities on death feigning in neonate snakes. Anim Behav 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Externally Attached Radio-Transmitters Have Limited Effects on the Antipredator Behavior and Vagility of Rana Pipiens and Rana Sylvatica. J HERPETOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1670/0022-1511(2007)41[430:earhle]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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James RS, Navas CA, Herrel A. How important are skeletal muscle mechanics in setting limits on jumping performance? J Exp Biol 2007; 210:923-33. [PMID: 17337705 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.02731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYJumping is an important locomotor behaviour used by many animals. The power required to perform a jump is supplied by skeletal muscle. The mechanical properties of skeletal muscle, including the power it can produce, are determined by its composition, which in turn reflects trade-offs between the differing tasks performed by the muscle. Recent studies suggest that muscles used for jumping are relatively fast compared with other limb muscles. As animals get bigger absolute jump performance tends to increase, but recent evidence suggests that adult jump performance may be relatively independent of body size. As body size increases the relative shortening velocity of muscle decreases, whereas normalised power output remains relatively constant. However, the relative shortening velocity of the fastest muscle fibre types appears to remain relatively constant over a large body size range of species. It appears likely that in many species during jumping, other factors are compensating for, or allowing for, uncoupling of jumping performance from size-related changes in the mechanical properties of muscle. In some species smaller absolute body size is compensated for by rapid development of locomotor morphology to attain high locomotor performance early in life. Smaller animal species also appear to rely more heavily on elastic storage mechanisms to amplify the power output available from skeletal muscle. Adaptations involving increased relative hindlimb length and relative mass of jumping muscles, and beneficial alteration of the origin and/or insertion of jumping muscles, have all been found to improve animal jump performance. However, further integrative studies are needed to provide conclusive evidence of which morphological and physiological adaptations are the most important in enhancing jump performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob S James
- Department of Biomolecular and Sport Sciences, Coventry University, James Starley Building, Priory Street, Coventry, CV1 5FB, UK.
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Martín J, Luque-Larena JJ, López P. Collective detection in escape responses of temporary groups of Iberian green frogs. Behav Ecol 2005. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arj024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Martín J, Luque-Larena JJ, López P. Factors affecting escape behavior of Iberian green frogs (Rana perezi). CAN J ZOOL 2005. [DOI: 10.1139/z05-114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Theoretical models and empirical evidence suggest that prey should not flee immediately upon detecting an approaching predator, but instead should adjust their escape response to minimize the costs of flight. Similarly, after deciding to escape, animals should tend to adjust the magnitude and characteristics of their escape response according to the perceived level of predation risk. Although these hypotheses have been tested in some prey types, it remains for their applicability to a wider range of taxa to be ascertained and for a larger variety of microhabitat and environmental conditions to be considered. We simulated predator approaches to Iberian green frogs (Rana perezi Seoane, 1885) in the field. Frogs were approached while they were foraging alone at the edge of water, and they escaped by jumping into the water. Results showed that escape decisions of frogs are influenced by microhabitat variables and body size. Both the approach distance allowed to the predator and the distance jumped by the frogs in response to the approach were positively correlated with the initial distance of the frog from the water's edge; they were also dependent on vegetation cover at the edge of and in the water. Small frogs appeared to rely on crypsis more than large frogs and allowed shorter predator approach distances. They also remained still on the water surface after jumping more often than large frogs. We conclude that such flexibility in the escape response may allow frogs to reduce predation risk without incurring excessive costs.
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Roth ED, Johnson JA. Size-based variation in antipredator behavior within a snake (Agkistrodon piscivorus) population. Behav Ecol 2004. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arh024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Gomes FR, Chauí-Berlinck JG, Bicudo JEPW, Navas CA. Intraspecific Relationships between Resting and Activity Metabolism in Anuran Amphibians: Influence of Ecology and Behavior. Physiol Biochem Zool 2004; 77:197-208. [PMID: 15095240 DOI: 10.1086/381471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2003] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The aerobic capacity model, as well as other models for the evolution of aerobic metabolism and the origin of endothermy, requires a mechanistic link between rates of resting and activity oxygen consumption (VO2rest and VO2act). The existence of such link is still controversial, but studies with anuran amphibians support a correlation between VO2rest and VO2act at both the intraspecific and interspecific levels. Because results at the intraspecific level are based only on a few species, we test for the generality of a link between these two metabolic variables in anurans by studying the intraspecific correlational patterns between mass-independent VO2rest and VO2act in anurans. We focus on 21 Neotropical species from different geographical areas that include remarkable diversity in behavior and thermal ecology. Although uncorrelated, VO2rest and VO2act seem to be consistent among individuals. Diverse intraspecific phenotypic correlational trends were detected, indicating that the intraspecific relationships between VO2rest and VO2act might be very diverse in anurans. The three possible trends (positive, negative, and absent correlations) were observed and appeared to be predictable from ecological and behavioral variables that relate to evolutionary physiological shifts in anurans. Positive correlations between VO2rest and VO2act were more common in species with active lifestyles (e.g., intense vocal activity) and in species that call at low temperatures (e.g., winter or high-elevation specialists).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando R Gomes
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, N321 TR 14, São Paulo SP 05508-900, Brazil
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