1
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Cohen KE, Fitzpatrick AR, Huie JM. Dental Dynamics: A Fast New Tool for Quantifying Tooth and Jaw Biomechanics in 3D Slicer. Integr Org Biol 2024; 6:obae015. [PMID: 39045422 PMCID: PMC11263487 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obae015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Teeth reveal how organisms interact with their environment. Biologists have long looked at the diverse form and function of teeth to study the evolution of feeding, fighting, and development. The exponential rise in the quantity and accessibility of computed tomography (CT) data has enabled morphologists to study teeth at finer resolutions and larger macroevolutionary scales. Measuring tooth function is no easy task, in fact, much of our mechanical understanding is derived from dental shape. Categorical descriptors of tooth shape such as morphological homodonty and heterodonty, overlook nuances in function by reducing tooth diversity for comparative analysis. The functional homodonty method quantitatively assesses the functional diversity of whole dentitions from tooth shape. This method uses tooth surface area and position to calculate the transmission of stress and estimates a threshold for functionally homodont teeth through bootstrapping and clustering techniques. However, some vertebrates have hundreds or thousands of teeth and measuring the shape and function of every individual tooth can be a painstaking task. Here, we present Dental Dynamics, a module for 3D Slicer that allows for the fast and precise quantification of dentitions and jaws. The tool automates the calculation of several tooth traits classically used to describe form and function (i.e., aspect ratio, mechanical advantage, force, etc.). To demonstrate the usefulness of our module we used Dental Dynamics to quantify 780 teeth across 20 salamanders that exhibit diverse ecologies. We coupled these data with the functional homodonty method to investigate the hypothesis that arboreal Aneides salamanders have novel tooth functions. Dental Dynamics provides a new and fast way to measure teeth and increases the accessibility of the functional homodonty method. We hope Dental Dynamics will encourage further theoretical and methodological development for quantifying and studying teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Cohen
- California State University Fullerton, Biological Science, Fullerton, CA 98231, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- University of Florida, Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - A R Fitzpatrick
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - J M Huie
- Department of Biology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
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2
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Fujiwara K, Motomura H. Review of the Lepadichthys lineatus complex (Gobiesocidae: Diademichthyinae) with descriptions of three new species. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2022; 100:62-81. [PMID: 34622456 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Lepadichthys lineatus complex (Gobiesocidae: Diademichthyinae) is defined by three unique characters within Lepadichthys: (a) upper-jaw lip fused with snout skin, usually lacking a distinct groove between the dorsal lip margin and snout (if present, very weak, restricted to posterior portion of jaw); (b) snout tip well extended, distinctly beyond lower-jaw tip; and (c) inner surface of both lips with oral papillae. A taxonomic review of the complex recognized four valid species: Lepadichthys geminus sp. nov. (southern Japan and Indonesia), Lepadichthys heemstraorum sp. nov. (southwestern Indian Ocean), Lepadichthys polyastrous sp. nov. (southwestern Indian Ocean) and L. lineatus Briggs, 1966 (Red Sea, Arabian Sea, Seychelles and Sri Lanka). L. geminus and L. lineatus are distinct from L. heemstraorum and L. polyastrous in having a circular (vs. elliptical) disc and more posteriorly located anus [L. geminus and L. lineatus with disc length and width 15.0-18.7 (mean 16.9) and 12.9-16.5 (14.6) % LS , respectively, and length to width ratio 1.03-1.25 cf. L. heemstraorum and L. polyastrous, 17.0-21.5 (18.9) and 11.6-15.2 (13.0) % LS , respectively, and 1.26-1.61; pre-anus length and disc to anus length 65.1-73.6 (68.7) and 25.7-31.6 (28.6) % LS , respectively vs. 60.2-68.3 (65.3) and 21.6-28.9 (25.5) % LS , respectively]. Body depth (as % of LS ) is also useful to distinguish L. geminus and L. polyastrous from L. heemstraorum and L. lineatus [viz., 12.7-16.1 (14.4) in L. geminus and 10.8-14.9 (13.1) in L. polyastrous vs. 15.0-17.1 (15.9) in L. heemstraorum and 14.6-18.9 (16.8) in L. lineatus]. L. geminus differs distinctly from other species in the complex as follows: snout tip directed upward, usually on same horizontal level with lower margin of eye lens (lateral view) (vs. directed somewhat downward, horizontal level usually between lower margins of eye and eye lens in L. heemstraorum and L. lineatus, lower margin of eye in L. polyastrous); and lower abdomen with two yellow stripes (vs. a single stripe along ventral midline in L. polyastrous and L. lineatus, unknown in L. heemstraorum). L. polyastrous has unique patterns of yellow dots on the dorsal and ventral body surfaces, forming c. six to eight and three to five longitudinal rows, respectively [vs. usually forming c. three to five longitudinal rows and a single broken line, respectively, in L. geminus and L. lineatus; yellow dots usually absent in L. heemstraorum]. A poorly known species, Lepadichthys caritus Briggs, 1969, is regarded as a junior synonym of L. lineatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoji Fujiwara
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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3
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Williams KL, Evans KM, Simons AM. Tooth replacement and attachment morphology in the Pacific Leaping Blenny, Alticus arnoldorum (Blenniiformes: Blenniidae: Salariini) with a discussion on tooth function. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 305:1787-1803. [PMID: 34708582 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Modes of teleost tooth replacement and attachment have historically been described using discrete classification systems that categorize major patterns across taxa. While useful, these discrete classification schemes understate teleost tooth diversity. The "unattached" dentition of salariin combtooth blennies (Blenniiformes: Blenniidae: Salariini) is frequently overlooked due to its perceived complexity, so we examined the Pacific Leaping Blenny, Alticus arnoldorum, to describe this complex morphology. Using a range of methods including histology, SEM, microCT scanning, and clearing and staining, we establish a descriptive model of tooth replacement for A. arnoldorum. We then use our descriptive model of tooth replacement to propose a hypothesis of tooth function in salariin blennies. Our results show that A. arnoldorum exhibits grouped, extraosseous replacement of feeding teeth upon a discontinuous, permanent dental lamina. We also find that tooth replacement occurs within lip tissue that is laterally displaced from the distal margins of the jaw bones, a process previously undocumented in teleost fish. Feeding teeth attach to the dentigerous bone via a primary attachment mode consisting of a continuous collagen band at the posterior base of the teeth, and a secondary attachment mode consisting of epithelial cells. Alticus arnoldorum presents novel modes of tooth replacement and attachment that challenge historical classification modes of teleost dentition. Our descriptive tooth replacement model also provides a reliable framework to propose hypotheses of tooth function that can be applied in future comparative studies on salariin blennies and other long-toothed teleosts to further elucidate the functional role of long-toothed fishes in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiffer L Williams
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Kory M Evans
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew M Simons
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA.,Bell Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
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4
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Carr EM, Summers AP, Cohen KE. The moment of tooth: rate, fate and pattern of Pacific lingcod dentition revealed by pulse-chase. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211436. [PMID: 34641728 PMCID: PMC8511758 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tooth replacement rates of polyphyodont cartilaginous and bony fishes are hard to determine because of a lack of obvious patterning and maintaining specimens long enough to observe replacement. Pulse-chase is a fluorescent technique that differentially colours developing mineralized tissue. We present in situ tooth replacement rate and position data for the oral and pharyngeal detentions of Ophiodon elongatus (Pacific lingcod). We assessed over 10 000 teeth, in 20 fish, and found a daily replacement rate of about two teeth (3.6% of the dentition). The average tooth is in the dental battery for 27 days. The replacement was higher in the lower pharyngeal jaw (LPJ). We found no difference between replacement rates of feeding and non-feeding fish, suggesting feeding was not a driver of tooth replacement. Lingcod teeth have both a size and location fate; smaller teeth at one spot will not grow into larger teeth, even if a large tooth nearby is lost. We also found increased rates of replacement at the posterior of the LPJ relative to the anterior. We propose that lingcod teeth do not migrate in the jaw as they develop; their teeth are fated in size and location, erupting in their functional position.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. M. Carr
- Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - A. P. Summers
- Friday Harbor Labs, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, WA, USA
| | - K. E. Cohen
- Biology Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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5
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Conway KW, King CD, Summers AP, Kim D, Hastings PA, Moore GI, Iglésias SP, Erdmann MV, Baldwin CC, Short G, Fujiwara K, Trnski T, Voelker G, Rüber L. Molecular Phylogenetics of the Clingfishes (Teleostei: Gobiesocidae)—Implications for Classification. COPEIA 2020. [DOI: 10.1643/ci2020054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W. Conway
- Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology and Biodiversity Research and Teaching Collections, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843; (KWC) ; (CDK) ; and (GV) . Send repr
| | - Cragen D. King
- Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology and Biodiversity Research and Teaching Collections, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843; (KWC) ; (CDK) ; and (GV) . Send repr
| | - Adam P. Summers
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, Washington 98250, and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105;
| | - Daemin Kim
- Graduate Degree Program, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, P.O. Box 208106, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8106;
| | - Philip A. Hastings
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California 92093-0244;
| | - Glenn I. Moore
- Fish Section, Department of Aquatic Zoology, Western Australian Museum, 49 Kew St., Welshpool, Western Australia, 6106, and School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Nedlands WA 6009, Australia; glenn
| | - Samuel P. Iglésias
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles; Station Marine de Concarneau, Place de la Croix, 29900 Concarneau, France; samuel.iglesi
| | - Mark V. Erdmann
- Conservation International Asia-Pacific Marine Program, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand 1020;
| | - Carole C. Baldwin
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560;
| | - Graham Short
- Research Associate, Ichthyology, Australian Museum Research Institute, 1 William Street, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Kyoji Fujiwara
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan;
| | - Thomas Trnski
- Auckland War Memorial Museum, Tāmaki Paenga Hira, Auckland, New Zealand;
| | - Gary Voelker
- Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology and Biodiversity Research and Teaching Collections, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843; (KWC) ; (CDK) ; and (GV) . Send repr
| | - Lukas Rüber
- Naturhistorisches Museum Bern, Bernastrasse 15, 3005 Bern, Switzerland;
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6
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Cohen KE, Weller HI, Westneat MW, Summers AP. The Evolutionary Continuum of Functional Homodonty to Heterodonty in the Dentition of Halichoeres Wrasses. Integr Comp Biol 2020; 63:icaa137. [PMID: 32970795 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaa137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate dentitions are often collapsed into a few discrete categories, obscuring both potentially important functional differences between them and insight into their evolution. The terms homodonty and heterodonty typically conflate tooth morphology with tooth function, and require context-dependent subcategories to take on any specific meaning. Qualifiers like incipient, transient, or phylogenetic homodonty attempt to provide a more rigorous definition but instead highlight the difficulties in categorizing dentitions. To address these issues, we recently proposed a method for quantifying the function of dental batteries based on the estimated stress of each tooth (inferred using surface area) standardized for jaw out-lever (inferred using tooth position). This method reveals a homodonty-heterodonty functional continuum where small and large teeth work together to transmit forces to a prey item. Morphological homodonty or heterodonty refers to morphology, whereas functional homodonty or heterodonty refers to transmission of stress. In this study, we use Halichoeres wrasses to explore how functional continuum can be used in phylogenetic analyses by generating two continuous metrics from the functional homodonty-heterodonty continuum. Here we show that functionally heterodont teeth have evolved at least three times in Halichoeres wrasses. There are more functionally heterodont teeth on upper jaws than on lower jaws, but functionally heterodont teeth on the lower jaws bear significantly more stress. These nuances, which have functional consequences, would be missed by binning entire dentitions into discrete categories. This analysis points out areas worth taking a closer look at from a mechanical and developmental point of view with respect to the distribution and type of heterodonty seen in different jaws and different areas of jaws. These data, on a small group of wrasses, suggest continuous dental variables can be a rich source of insight into the evolution of fish feeding mechanisms across a wider variety of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karly E Cohen
- University of Washington, Biology Department Seattle, WA
- University of Washington Friday Harbor, Labs Friday Harbor, WA
| | - Hannah I Weller
- Brown University, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Providence, RI
| | - Mark W Westneat
- University of Chicago, Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, Chicago, IL
| | - Adam P Summers
- University of Washington Friday Harbor, Labs Friday Harbor, WA
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7
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Cohen KE, Weller HI, Summers AP. Not your father's homodonty-stress, tooth shape, and the functional homodont. J Anat 2020; 237:837-848. [PMID: 32683739 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Teeth tell the tale of interactions between predator and prey. If a dental battery is made up of teeth that look similar, they are morphologically homodont, but if there is an unspecified amount of regional specialization in size or shape, they are morphologically heterodont. These are vague terms with no useful functional implication because morphological homodonty does not necessarily equal functional homodonty. Teeth that look the same may not function the same. Conical teeth are prevalent in fishes, superficially tasked with the simple job of puncture. There is a great deal of variation in the shape and placement of conical teeth. Anterior teeth may be larger than posterior ones, larger teeth may be surrounded by small ones, and patches of teeth may all have the same size and shape. Such variations suggest that conical dentitions might represent a single morphological solution for different functional problems. We are interested in the concept of homodonty and using the conical tooth as a model to differentiate between tooth shape and performance. We consider the stress that a tooth can exert on prey as stress is what causes damage. To create a statistical measure of functional homodonty, stress was calculated from measurements of surface area, position, and applied force. Functional homodonty is then defined as the degree to which teeth along the jaw all bear/exert similar stresses despite changes in shape. We find that morphologically heterodont teeth are often functionally homodont and that position is a better predictor of performance than shape. Furthermore, the arrangement of teeth affects their function, such that there is a functional advantage to having several smaller teeth surrounding a singular large tooth. We demonstrate that this arrangement of teeth is useful to grab, rather than tear, prey upon puncture, with the smaller teeth dissipating large stress forces around the larger tooth. We show that measurements of how shape affects stress distribution in response to loading give us a clearer picture of the evolution of conically shaped teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karly E Cohen
- Biology Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Friday Harbor Labs, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, WA, USA
| | - Hannah I Weller
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Adam P Summers
- Biology Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Friday Harbor Labs, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, WA, USA
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8
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Bemis KE, Burke SM, St John CA, Hilton EJ, Bemis WE. Tooth development and replacement in the Atlantic Cutlassfish, Trichiurus lepturus, with comparisons to other Scombroidei. J Morphol 2020; 280:78-94. [PMID: 30556947 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Atlantic Cutlassfish, Trichiurus lepturus, have large, barbed, premaxillary and dentary fangs, and sharp dagger-shaped teeth in their oral jaws. Functional teeth firmly ankylose to the dentigerous bones. We used dry skeletons, histology, SEM, and micro-CT scanning to study 92 specimens of T. lepturus from the western North Atlantic to describe its dentition and tooth replacement. We identified three modes of intraosseous tooth replacement in T. lepturus depending on the location of the tooth in the jaw. Mode 1 relates to replacement of premaxillary fangs, in which new tooth germs enter the lingual surface of the premaxilla, develop horizontally, and rotate into position. We suggest that growth of large fangs in the premaxilla is accommodated by this horizontal development. Mode 2 occurs for dentary fangs: new tooth germs enter the labial surface of the dentary, develop vertically, and erupt into position. Mode 3 describes replacement of lateral teeth, in which new tooth germs enter a trench along the crest of the dentigerous bone, develop vertically, and erupt into position. Such distinct modes of tooth replacement in a teleostean species are unknown. We compared modes of replacement in T. lepturus to 20 species of scombroids to explore the phylogenetic distribution of these three replacement modes. Alternate tooth replacement (in which new teeth erupt between two functional teeth), ankylosis, and intraosseous tooth development are plesiomorphic to Bluefish + other Scombroidei. Our study highlights the complexity and variability of intraosseous tooth replacement. Within tooth replacement systems, key variables include sites of formation of tooth germs, points of entry of tooth germs into dentigerous bones, coupling of tooth germ migration and bone erosion, whether teeth develop horizontally or immediately beneath the tooth to be replaced, and how tooth eruption and ankylosis occur. Developmentally different tooth replacement processes can yield remarkably similar dentitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Bemis
- Department of Fisheries Science, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia
| | - Samantha M Burke
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Carl A St John
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Eric J Hilton
- Department of Fisheries Science, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia
| | - William E Bemis
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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9
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Martin RP, Davis MP. The evolution of specialized dentition in the deep-sea lanternfishes (Myctophiformes). J Morphol 2020; 281:536-555. [PMID: 32239773 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of heterodonty, the possession of varied tooth morphologies on the jaws of animals, has been relatively unexplored in ray-finned fishes compared to terrestrial vertebrates, and to an even lesser degree in deep-sea fish lineages. Lanternfishes (Myctophiformes) are an abundant and species-rich group endemic to deep-sea pelagic habitats. In this study, we document the presence of heterodonty on the oral jaws of lanternfishes, identifying differing anatomical and positional variations of dentition. We survey the anatomical variation in tooth morphology on the oral jaws of 114 lanternfish species across 37 genera and integrate our findings with a hypothesis of evolutionary relationships of lanternfishes to infer the number of times heterodonty evolved in this lineage. Our results indicate that heterodonty evolved at least six separate times on the oral jaws of lanternfishes, occurring as variable tooth morphologies in combination with villiform teeth. These combinations of tooth types include villiform plus hooked teeth, villiform plus hooked and recurved teeth, villiform plus spade, tricuspid, and hooked teeth, and villiform plus caniniform teeth. The reoccurring evolution of hooked teeth on the premaxilla and dentary in lanternfishes suggests heterodonty may serve an important functional role in their pelagic deep-sea environment. Hooked teeth could aid in securing and retaining prey in the oral cavity and allow for species to specialize on differing food resources, vital attributes for organisms living in open-ocean habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene P Martin
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Matthew P Davis
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, Minnesota, USA
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10
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Mihalitsis M, Bellwood D. Functional implications of dentition-based morphotypes in piscivorous fishes. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190040. [PMID: 31598277 PMCID: PMC6774978 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Teeth are crucial in elucidating the life history of vertebrates. However, most studies of teeth have focused on mammals. In heterodont mammals, tooth function is based on tooth shape and position along the jaw. However, the vast majority of vertebrates are homodont, and tooth function might not be based on the same principles (in homodonts, tooth shape is broadly similar along the jaw). We provide a quantitative framework and establish dentition-based morphotypes for piscivorous fishes. We then assess how these morphotypes relate to key functional feeding traits. We identified three broad morphotypes: edentulate, villiform and macrodont, with edentulate and villiform species displaying considerable functional overlap; macrodont species are more distinct. When analysing macrodonts exclusively, we found a major axis of variation between 'front-fanged' and 'back-fanged' species. The functional interpretations of this axis suggest that tooth-based functional decoupling could exist, even in homodont vertebrates, where teeth have similar shapes. This diversity is based not only on tooth shape but also solely on the position along the jaw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalis Mihalitsis
- College of Science and Engineering, Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
- Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
- Author for correspondence: Michalis Mihalitsis e-mail:
| | - David Bellwood
- College of Science and Engineering, Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
- Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
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11
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Conway KW, Stewart AL, Summers AP. A new genus and species of clingfish from the Rangitāhua Kermadec Islands of New Zealand (Teleostei, Gobiesocidae). Zookeys 2018:75-104. [PMID: 30283237 PMCID: PMC6168618 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.786.28539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Flexorincus, new genus and species, is described from 15 specimens (14.0–27.2 mm SL) collected from shallow (0–9 meters) intertidal and sub-tidal waters of the Rangitāhua Kermadec Islands, New Zealand. The new taxon is distinguished from all other members of the Gobiesocidae by a combination of characters, including a heterodont dentition comprising both conical and distinct incisiviform teeth that are laterally compressed with a strongly recurved cusp, an oval-shaped opening between premaxillae, a double adhesive disc with a well-developed articulation between basipterygia and ventral postcleithra, and many reductions in the cephalic lateral line canal system. The new taxon is tentatively placed within the subfamily Diplocrepinae but shares a number of characteristics of the oral jaws and the adhesive disc skeleton with certain members of the Aspasminae and Diademichthyinae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W Conway
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences and Biodiversity Research and Teaching Collections, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Research Associate, Ichthyology, Australian Museum Research Institute, 1 William Street, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Andrew L Stewart
- Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 169 Tory Street, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Adam P Summers
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, WA 98250, USA.,Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
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12
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Conway KW, Stewart AL, Summers AP. A new species of sea urchin associating clingfish of the genus Dellichthys from New Zealand (Teleostei, Gobiesocidae). Zookeys 2018:77-95. [PMID: 29674890 PMCID: PMC5904551 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.740.22712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A new species of clingfish, Dellichthys trnskiisp. n. is described on the basis of 27 specimens, 11.9-46.0 mm SL, collected from intertidal and shallow coastal waters of New Zealand. It is distinguished from its only congener, D. morelandi Briggs, 1955 by characters of the cephalic sensory system and oral jaws, snout shape, and colouration in life. A rediagnosis is provided for D. morelandi, which is shown to exhibit sexual dimorphism in snout shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W Conway
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences and Biodiversity Research and Teaching Collections, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Andrew L Stewart
- Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 169 Tory Street, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Adam P Summers
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, Washington 98250, USA.,Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA
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Bernal-Durán V, Jahnsen-Guzmán N, Landaeta MF. Sharing morphospaces: early ontogenetic shape changes in two clingfish larvae (Pisces: Gobiesocidae) from the south-east Pacific Ocean. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2017; 91:1510-1516. [PMID: 28924997 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Larval body shape changes and developmental timing were examined in two clingfish species from the south-east Pacific Ocean, Gobiesox marmoratus and Sicyases sanguineus. Ontogenetic allometry showed no interspecific variation and <7 mm standard length (LS ) larvae of both species occupied similar morphospace, but larger G. marmoratus showed increased body depth while larvae of S. sanguineus developed a flattened head and maintained a hydrodynamic body. Estimated developmental timing suggests that larval body shape changes were faster in G. marmoratus than in S. sanguineus prior to settlement.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Bernal-Durán
- Laboratorio de Ictioplancton (LABITI), Escuela de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Valparaíso, Avenida Borgoño 16344, Reñaca, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - N Jahnsen-Guzmán
- Laboratorio de Ictioplancton (LABITI), Escuela de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Valparaíso, Avenida Borgoño 16344, Reñaca, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Programa Magíster en Biología Marina, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - M F Landaeta
- Laboratorio de Ictioplancton (LABITI), Escuela de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Valparaíso, Avenida Borgoño 16344, Reñaca, Viña del Mar, Chile
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Conway KW, Kim D, Rüber L, Espinosa Pérez HS, Hastings PA. Molecular systematics of the New World clingfish genus Gobiesox (Teleostei: Gobiesocidae) and the origin of a freshwater clade. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2017; 112:138-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Conway KW, Moore GI, Summers AP. A New Genus and Species of Clingfish (Teleostei: Gobiesocidae) from Western Australia. COPEIA 2017. [DOI: 10.1643/ci-16-560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Fricke R, Chen JN, Chen WJ. New case of lateral asymmetry in fishes: A new subfamily, genus and species of deep water clingfishes from Papua New Guinea, western Pacific Ocean. C R Biol 2016; 340:47-62. [PMID: 27979388 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The unusual clingfish Protogobiesox asymmetricus n. gen, n. sp. is described on the basis of four specimens collected in deep water off the north coast of Papua New Guinea in 2012. The species is characterized by its 9-10 dorsal rays, 8 anal rays, 17-24 pectoral-fin rays, 15 principal caudal-fin rays, 3 gills, third arch with 3 gill rakers, 34-35 total vertebrae, with asymmetrical lateral bending starting behind the skull, bent at an angle of 85°-92°; skull asymmetrical in frontal view; skin naked, surface of head and body without striae; disc without adhesive papillae. A new subfamily Protogobiesocinae is described for this species and Lepadicyathus mendeleevi Prokofiev, 2005, which is redescribed. The new subfamily is compared within the family; keys to the subfamilies of Gobiesocidae and the species within the new subfamily are presented; its phylogenetic relationship to other gobiesocids is inferred based on a multi-locus DNA dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jhen-Nien Chen
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, No. 1 Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jen Chen
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, No. 1 Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
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