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Cui J, Zhang Y, Guo J, Wu N, Zhou Y. Conflicting selection pressures on seed size and germination caused by carnivorous seed dispersers. Integr Zool 2023; 18:799-816. [PMID: 37394984 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce nutritious, fleshy fruits that attract various animals to facilitate seed dispersal and recruitment dynamic. Species-specific differential selection of seed size by multiple frugivorous disperser assemblages may affect the subsequent germination of the ingested seeds. However, there is little empirical evidence supporting this association. In the present study, we documented conflicting selection pressures exerted on seed size and germination by five frugivorous carnivores on a mammal-dispersed pioneer tree, the date-plum persimmon (Diospyros lotus), in a subtropical forest. Fecal analyses revealed that these carnivores acted as primary seed dispersers of D. lotus. We also observed that seed sizes were selected based on body mass and were species-specific, confirming the "gape limitation" hypothesis; three small carnivores (the masked palm civet Paguma larvata, yellow-throated marten Martes flavigula, and Chinese ferret-badger Melogale moschata) significantly preferred to disperse smaller seeds in comparison with control seeds obtained directly from wild plants whereas the largest Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus) ingested larger seeds. Seeds dispersed by medium-sized hog badgers (Arctonyx albogularis) were not significantly different from control seeds. However, regarding the influence of gut passage on seed germination, three arboreal dispersal agents (martens, civets, and bears) enhanced germination success whereas terrestrial species (ferret-badgers and hog badgers) inhibited the germination process compared with undigested control seeds. These conflicting selection pressures on seed size and germination may enhance the heterogeneity of germination dynamics and thus increase species fitness through diversification of the regeneration niche. Our results advance our understanding of seed dispersal mechanisms and have important implications for forest recruitment and ecosystem dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifa Cui
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Yaqian Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Jinyu Guo
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Youbing Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
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Wisniewski AL, Nations JA, Slater GJ. Bayesian Prediction of Multivariate Ecology from Phenotypic Data Yields New Insights into the Diets of Extant and Extinct Taxa. Am Nat 2023; 202:192-215. [PMID: 37531278 DOI: 10.1086/725055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractMorphology often reflects ecology, enabling the prediction of ecological roles for taxa that lack direct observations, such as fossils. In comparative analyses, ecological traits, like diet, are often treated as categorical, which may aid prediction and simplify analyses but ignores the multivariate nature of ecological niches. Furthermore, methods for quantifying and predicting multivariate ecology remain rare. Here, we ranked the relative importance of 13 food items for a sample of 88 extant carnivoran mammals and then used Bayesian multilevel modeling to assess whether those rankings could be predicted from dental morphology and body size. Traditional diet categories fail to capture the true multivariate nature of carnivoran diets, but Bayesian regression models derived from living taxa have good predictive accuracy for importance ranks. Using our models to predict the importance of individual food items, the multivariate dietary niche, and the nearest extant analogs for a set of data-deficient extant and extinct carnivoran species confirms long-standing ideas for some taxa but yields new insights into the fundamental dietary niches of others. Our approach provides a promising alternative to traditional dietary classifications. Importantly, this approach need not be limited to diet but serves as a general framework for predicting multivariate ecology from phenotypic traits.
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Ssali F, Sheil D. Seasonality in the equatorial tropics: Flower, fruit, and leaf phenology of montane trees in the highlands of Southwest Uganda. Biotropica 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.13219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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4
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Spatial co-occurrence and temporal activity patterns of sympatric mesocarnivores guild in Qinling Mountains. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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5
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Cosby OG, Bodos V, Ragai R, Van Deelen TR, McShea WJ. Fruit tree phenology in traditionally managed versus protected forests in Malaysian Borneo. Biotropica 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.13083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia G. Cosby
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute Conservation Ecology Center Front Royal Virginia USA
- University of Wisconsin Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - Vilma Bodos
- Forest Department Sarawak Level 15 East Wing Bangunan Baitul Makmur II Medan Raya, Kuching Sarawak Malaysia
| | - Roslina Ragai
- Sarawak Forestry Corporation Lot 218 KCLD Jalan Sungai Tapang Kota Sentosa, Kuching Sarawak Malaysia
| | - Timothy R. Van Deelen
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - William J. McShea
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute Conservation Ecology Center Front Royal Virginia USA
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Tian J, Zou Q, Zhang M, Hu C, Khattak RH, Su H. Spatial and temporal differentiation are not distinct but are covariant for facilitating coexistence of small and medium-sized carnivores in Southwestern China. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Draper JP, Young JK, Schupp EW, Beckman NG, Atwood TB. Frugivory and Seed Dispersal by Carnivorans. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.864864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed dispersal is critical to the ecological performance of sexually reproducing plant species and the communities that they form. The Mammalian order Carnivora provide valuable and effective seed dispersal services but tend to be overlooked in much of the seed dispersal literature. Here we review the literature on the role of Carnivorans in seed dispersal, with a literature search in the Scopus reference database. Overall, we found that Carnivorans are prolific seed dispersers. Carnivorans’ diverse and plastic diets allow them to consume large volumes of over a hundred families of fruit and disperse large quantities of seeds across landscapes. Gut passage by these taxa generally has a neutral effect on seed viability. While the overall effect of Carnivorans on seed dispersal quality is complex, Carnivorans likely increase long-distance dispersal services that may aid the ability of some plant species to persist in the face of climate change.
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Lan T, Fang D, Li H, Sahu SK, Wang Q, Yuan H, Zhu Y, Yang Z, Zhang L, Yang S, Lu H, Han L, Zhang S, Yu J, Mahmmod YS, Xu Y, Hua Y, He F, Yuan Z, Liu H. Chromosome-Scale Genome of Masked Palm Civet (Paguma larvata) Shows Genomic Signatures of Its Biological Characteristics and Evolution. Front Genet 2022; 12:819493. [PMID: 35126472 PMCID: PMC8815822 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.819493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The masked palm civet (Paguma larvata) is a small carnivore with distinct biological characteristics, that likes an omnivorous diet and also serves as a vector of pathogens. Although this species is not an endangered animal, its population is reportedly declining. Since the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic in 2003, the public has been particularly concerned about this species. Here, we present the first genome of the P. larvata, comprising 22 chromosomes assembled using single-tube long fragment read (stLFR) and Hi-C technologies. The genome length is 2.41 Gb with a scaffold N50 of 105.6 Mb. We identified the 107.13 Mb X chromosome and one 1.34 Mb Y-linked scaffold and validated them by resequencing 45 P. larvata individuals. We predicted 18,340 protein-coding genes, among which 18,333 genes were functionally annotated. Interestingly, several biological pathways related to immune defenses were found to be significantly expanded. Also, more than 40% of the enriched pathways on the positively selected genes (PSGs) were identified to be closely related to immunity and survival. These enriched gene families were inferred to be essential for the P. larvata for defense against the pathogens. However, we did not find a direct genomic basis for its adaptation to omnivorous diet despite multiple attempts of comparative genomic analysis. In addition, we evaluated the susceptibility of the P. larvata to the SARS-CoV-2 by screening the RNA expression of the ACE2 and TMPRSS2/TMPRSS4 genes in 16 organs. Finally, we explored the genome-wide heterozygosity and compared it with other animals to evaluate the population status of this species. Taken together, this chromosome-scale genome of the P. larvata provides a necessary resource and insights for understanding the genetic basis of its biological characteristics, evolution, and disease transmission control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianming Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dongming Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haimeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sunil Kumar Sahu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yixin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zipeng Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Le Zhang
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Shangchen Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haorong Lu
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lei Han
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Shaofang Zhang
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jieyao Yu
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yasser S. Mahmmod
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Higher Colleges of Technology, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Yanchun Xu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Hua
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengping He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Huan Liu, ; Ziguo Yuan, ; Fengping He,
| | - Ziguo Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Huan Liu, ; Ziguo Yuan, ; Fengping He,
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Huan Liu, ; Ziguo Yuan, ; Fengping He,
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Toriyabe A, Enari H, Enari HS, Saito MU. Habitat selection by non-native masked palm civets in a Japanese rural landscape, incorporating individual differences. J Mammal 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyab150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Animals that succeed as non-native species may have highly plastic characteristics. We conducted a radio telemetry survey for introduced masked palm civets (Paguma larvata), which inhabit rural landscapes in almost all of Japan, to clarify their habitat selection and intraspecific variation. We compared two generalized linear mixed models, one that did not consider individual differences and another that did, which indicated the importance of incorporating individual differences for evaluating habitat selection by this species. We obtained results of habitat selectivity for all individuals (i.e., common effect on the species) and for each individual using coefficients of fixed effects or fixed effects with random effects. Masked palm civets significantly selected deciduous broad-leaved forests, artificial structures, rice fields, and orchards as a common effect for all individuals. However, these habitats were not necessarily selected as a significant effect for each individual. Deciduous broad-leaved forests and artificial structures were more important than other habitats. The wide range of possible environments and the plasticity of habitat selection shown in this study may partly explain the success of this species in expanding its distribution in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Toriyabe
- Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Yamagata University, 1-23 Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroto Enari
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23 Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan
| | - Haruka S Enari
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23 Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan
- Snow Region Wildlife Research Group, 1-23 Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan
| | - Masayuki U Saito
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23 Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan
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Hisano M, Evans MJ, Soga M, Tsunoda H. Red foxes in Japan show adaptability in prey resource according to geography and season: A meta‐analysis. Ecol Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masumi Hisano
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Maldwyn J. Evans
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
- Fenner School of Environment and Society The Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - Masashi Soga
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
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11
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Does the Presence of Shade Trees and Distance to the Forest Affect Detection Rates of Terrestrial Vertebrates in Coffee Home Gardens? SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13158540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Complex agroforestry systems can host similar biodiversity levels to adjacent continuous forests and can offer important ecosystem services for wildlife. Species inhabiting adjacent forests, as well as species that prefer agroforestry systems, can benefit from this habitat matrix. It is necessary, however, to understand the species-specific adaptability to such a complex matrix. Indonesia is a biodiversity hotspot and hosts many endemic species that are threatened with extinction. Its human population relies heavily on agriculture, meaning that finding a balance between crop productivity and biodiversity is key for the long-term sustainability of local communities and wildlife. We aim to determine the influence of the presence of shade trees and distance to the forest on the detection rates of wildlife in coffee home gardens. In West Java, Indonesia, we monitored 23 gardens between April 2018 and March 2021 via camera traps, totalling 3856 days of monitoring in shade-grown and 3338 days in sun-exposed gardens. We also collected data in the nearby montane rainforest, totalling 1183 days of monitoring. We used Generalized Additive Models to estimate the influence of shade cover and distance to the forest on the detection rates of wildlife. The Sunda leopard cat Prionailurus javanensis was found more frequently in shade-grown gardens and used both the forest and agroforest matrix. Wild boars Sus scrofa mostly occurred in gardens adjacent to the forest, while barred buttonquails Turnix suscitator were associated with gardens far (>1 km) from the forest. Several species (civets Viverricula indica and Paradoxus musangus javanicus, Horsfield’s treeshrew Tupaia javanica, Javan ferret badger Melogale orientalis, Javan mongoose Herpestes javanicus) were not influenced by shade cover and distance to the forest, suggesting they are well adapted to the agroforestry system. Still, species of high conservation importance, such as Javan leopard Panthera pardus melas, Sunda porcupine Hystrix javanica, and grizzled langur Presbytis comata, were present in the forest but not in the agroforest, suggesting that the replacement of the forest by the agroforestry matrix is still detrimental. Nevertheless, it is important to maintain the complexity of the agroforestry system and connectivity with the neighbouring continuous forest to favour the long-term sustainability of this environment and the conservation of endemic species.
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Petrov K, Spencer RJ, Malkiewicz N, Lewis J, Keitel C, Van Dyke JU. Prey-switching does not protect a generalist turtle from bioenergetic consequences when its preferred food is scarce. BMC Ecol 2020; 20:11. [PMID: 32070322 PMCID: PMC7027299 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-020-00279-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optimal foraging theory explains how animals make foraging decisions based on the availability, nutritional content, and handling times of different food types. Generalists solve this problem by consuming a variety of food types, and alter their diets with relative ease. Specialists eat few food types, and may starve if those food types are not available. We integrated stable isotope analyses with previously-published stomach contents and environmental data to investigate how the foraging ecologies of three sympatric freshwater turtle species vary across four wetlands that differ in turbidity and primary producer abundance. RESULTS We found that the generalist Emydura macquarii consumes a varied diet (but mostly filamentous green algae) when primary producers are available and water is clear, but switches to a more carnivorous diet when the water is turbid and primary producers are scarce, following the predictions of optimal foraging theory. In contrast, two more-specialized carnivorous species, Chelodina expansa and Chelodina longicollis, do not differ in diet across wetlands, and interspecific competition may increase where E. macquarii is carnivorous. When forced to be more carnivorous, E. macquarii exhibits higher rates of empty stomachs, and female turtles have reduced body condition, but neither Chelodina species are affected. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide support for optimal foraging theory, but also show that the ability to change diet does not protect the generalist from experiencing lower foraging success when its preferred food is rare, with direct consequences for their energy budgets. Our results have conservation implications because wetlands in the Murray-Darling river system are increasingly turbid and have low macrophyte abundance, and all three species are declining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Petrov
- School of Science, Hawkesbury Institute, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag, 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.
| | - Ricky-John Spencer
- School of Science, Hawkesbury Institute, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag, 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Natasha Malkiewicz
- School of Science, Hawkesbury Institute, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag, 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Jessica Lewis
- School of Science, Hawkesbury Institute, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag, 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Claudia Keitel
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, 380 Werombi Road, Brownlow Hill, NSW, 2570, Australia
| | - James U Van Dyke
- School of Science, Hawkesbury Institute, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag, 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
- School of Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Albury-Wodonga Campus, PO Box 821, Wodonga, VIC, 3689, Australia
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BLOOD LEAD AND ZINC LEVELS AND THEIR IMPACT ON HEALTH OF FREE-LIVING SMALL CARNIVORES IN TAIWAN, REPUBLIC OF CHINA. J Wildl Dis 2020. [DOI: 10.7589/2018-11-273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Petersen WJ, Savini T, Steinmetz R, Ngoprasert D. Periodic resource scarcity and potential for interspecific competition influences distribution of small carnivores in a seasonally dry tropical forest fragment. Mamm Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Iwama M, Yamazaki K, Matsuyama M, Hoshino Y, Hisano M, Newman C, Kaneko Y. Masked Palm Civet Paguma larvata Summer Diet Differs between Sexes in a Suburban Area of Central Japan. MAMMAL STUDY 2017. [DOI: 10.3106/041.042.0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Iwama
- Carnivore Ecology and Conservation Research Group, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwaicho 3-5-8, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-0054, Japan
| | - Koji Yamazaki
- Ibaraki Nature Museum, Zoological Laboratory, 700 Osaki, Bando, Ibaraki 306-0622, Japan
- Department of Forest Science, Faculty of Regional Environmental Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Miho Matsuyama
- Laboratory of Vegetation Management, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwaicho 3-5-8, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-0054, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Hoshino
- Laboratory of Vegetation Management, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwaicho 3-5-8, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-0054, Japan
| | - Masumi Hisano
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Chris Newman
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney, Oxon OX13 5QL, UK
| | - Yayoi Kaneko
- Carnivore Ecology and Conservation Research Group, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwaicho 3-5-8, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-0054, Japan
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Mathai J, Sollmann R, Meredith ME, Belant JL, Niedballa J, Buckingham L, Wong ST, Asad S, Wilting A. Fine-scale distributions of carnivores in a logging concession in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Mamm Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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Corlett RT. Frugivory and seed dispersal by vertebrates in tropical and subtropical Asia: An update. Glob Ecol Conserv 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Hisano M, Hoshino L, Kamada S, Masuda R, Newman C, Kaneko Y. A Comparison of Visual and Genetic Techniques for Identifying Japanese Marten Scats - Enabling Diet Examination in Relation to Seasonal Food Availability in a Sub-Alpine Area of Japan. Zoolog Sci 2017; 34:137-146. [PMID: 28397597 DOI: 10.2108/zs160148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We compared the reliability of visual diagnostic criteria to DNA diagnostic techniques, including newly designed primers, to discriminate Japanese marten (Martes melampus) feces from those of other sympatric carnivore species. Visual criteria proved > 95% reliable for fresh, odoriferous scats in good condition. Based upon this verification, we then examined if and how Japanese marten diet differs among seasons at high elevation study site (1500-2026 m). We also considered how intra-specific competition with the Japanese red fox (Vulpes vulpes japonica) may shape marten feeding ecology. From 120 Japanese marten fecal samples, high elevation diet comprised (frequency of occurrence) 30.6-66.0% mammals, 41.0-72.2% insects and 10.6-46.2% fruits, subject to seasonal variation, with a Shannon-Weaver index value of 2.77. These findings contrast substantially to seasonal marten diet reported in adjacent lowland regions (700-900 m), particularly in terms of fruit consumption, showing the trophic adaptability of the Japanese marten. We also noted a substantial dietary overlap with the red fox (n = 26 scats) with a Shannon-Weaver index of 2.61, inferring little trophic niche mutual exclusion (trophic niche overlap: 0.95), although some specific seasonal prey selection differences were likely related to relative differences in body size between foxes and martens. This additional information on the feeding ecology of the Japanese marten enables a better assessment of the specific risks populations face in mountainous regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masumi Hisano
- 1 Carnivore Ecology and Conservation Research Group, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwaicho 3-5-8, Fuchu City, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Lisa Hoshino
- 1 Carnivore Ecology and Conservation Research Group, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwaicho 3-5-8, Fuchu City, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Shouko Kamada
- 2 Department of Natural History Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Masuda
- 2 Department of Natural History Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.,3 Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Chris Newman
- 4 Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney, Oxon OX13 5QL, UK
| | - Yayoi Kaneko
- 1 Carnivore Ecology and Conservation Research Group, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwaicho 3-5-8, Fuchu City, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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Bu H, Wang F, McShea WJ, Lu Z, Wang D, Li S. Spatial Co-Occurrence and Activity Patterns of Mesocarnivores in the Temperate Forests of Southwest China. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164271. [PMID: 27723772 PMCID: PMC5056745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the interactions between species and their coexistence mechanisms will help explain biodiversity maintenance and enable managers to make sound conservation decisions. Mesocarnivores are abundant and diverse mid-sized carnivores and can have profound impacts on the function, structure and dynamics of ecosystem after the extirpation of apex predators in many ecosystems. The moist temperate forests of Southwest China harbor a diverse community of mesocarnivores in the absence of apex predators. Sympatric species tend to partition limited resources along time, diet and space to facilitate coexistence. We determined the spatial and temporal patterns for five species of mesocarnivores. We used detection histories from a large camera-trap dataset collected from 2004-2015 with an extensive effort of 23,313 camera-days from 495 camera locations. The five mesocarnivore species included masked palm civet Paguma larvata, leopard cat Prionailurus bengalensis, hog badger Arctonyx collaris, yellow-throated marten Martes flavigula, and Siberian weasel Mustela sibirica. Only the masked palm civet and hog badger tended to avoid each other; while for other pairs of species, they occurred independently of each other, or no clear pattern observed. With regard to seasonal activity, yellow-throated marten was most active in winter, opposite the pattern observed for masked palm civet, leopard cat and hog badger. For diel activity, masked palm civet, leopard cat and hog badger were primarily nocturnal and crepuscular; yellow-throated marten was diurnal, and Siberian weasel had no clear pattern for most of the year (March to November), but was nocturnal in the winter (December to February). The seasonal shift of the Siberian weasel may be due to the high diet overlap among species in winter. Our results provided new facts and insights into this unique community of mesocarnivores of southwest China, and will facilitate future studies on the mechanism determining coexistence of animal species within complex system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Bu
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48823, United States of America
| | - William J. McShea
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, Virginia, 22630, United States of America
| | - Zhi Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Dajun Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Sheng Li
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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Bu H, Hopkins JB, Zhang D, Li S, Wang R, Yao M, Wang D. An evaluation of hair-snaring devices for small-bodied carnivores in southwest China. J Mammal 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyv205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Human population growth is a major threat to the biodiversity of mammals in China. Rapid development of infrastructure, pollution, and poor enforcement of environmental laws in China have altered the landscape and accelerated the extinction rates of mammals. To maintain biodiversity and conserve the mammals of China, it is essential to develop monitoring protocols for species of concern that are efficient, cost-effective, and current. It is now common practice for ecologists to survey mammals of interest using noninvasive sampling methods. These sampling techniques are affordable, require no handling of the target animals, and generally yield large samples. In China, such sampling methods have rarely been used and evaluated. For this study, we recorded the behavior of masked palm civets ( Paguma larvata ) and Siberian weasels ( Mustela sibirica ) to determine their relative preference for using different hair-snaring devices and evaluated the effectiveness of each device at collecting hair. Our goal was to determine which genetic sampling method(s) should be used to study masked palm civets and Siberian weasels in the future in Southwest China. In March–June of 2014, we monitored 13 hair-snare stations throughout the Main Valley of Laohegou Nature Reserve, Sichuan Province, China. Genetic analysis revealed that we collected 373 hair samples from civets and 47 hair samples from weasels over 104 and 26 sessions, respectively. Both civets and weasels seemed to prefer lure sticks to ground cubbies; however, the latter were more effective at collecting civet hair. Although glue sheets from lure sticks collected large samples of guard hair (> 10), no device in its current design was consistently effective at collecting weasel hair. We suggest researchers in Southwest China use ground cubbies as described in this study to collect hair from masked palm civets and test other cubby designs (e.g., longer gun brushes or smaller in size) for collecting hair from Siberian weasels.
人口增长是中国哺乳动物多样性危机的主要根源之一。在中国,基础建设的快速发展、环境污染,加之环境执法力度不足造成了哺乳动物的栖息地的退化,加速了动物的灭绝速率。为了维持生物多样性水平和保护中国的哺乳动物,有必要针对受关注的物种开发有效、低成本且通用的监测方法。现在,非损伤性取样方法正被生态学家普遍应用于哺乳动物的调查中。这些调查技术在成本上易于接受,不需要接触目标动物,并且通常可以得到大量可靠的样本。在中国,非损伤性取样方法的应用和评估还较少。本研究中,我们在四川省老河沟自然保护区评估了花面狸和黄鼬对毛发陷阱的访问偏好及陷阱收集动物毛发的有效性;目标是选出有效地遗传取样方法用于将来对花面狸和黄鼬的研究。从2014年3月到6月,我们在保护区主要山谷内设置了13个毛发陷阱站,在收集野生动物的毛发同时使用红外相机记录动物访问陷阱站时的行为。我们发现,相比于设置在地面的小室陷阱,花面狸和黄鼬都更喜欢访问直立的木桩陷阱,但是,小室陷阱能够更有效地收集花面狸的毛发。尽管固定有粘性薄片的木桩 陷阱能够少量收集带有直针毛的毛发(>10根),但是我们评估的毛发陷阱都不能有效地收集黄鼬的 毛发。根据研究,我们建议研究人员在中国西南可以应用固定有枪刷的小室陷阱(如本研究中所评估的)收集花面狸的毛发,而用更长的枪刷,或者更小的小室陷阱,并固定粘性薄片收集黄鼬的毛发。
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Bu
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University , 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing 100871 , China
| | - John B. Hopkins
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University , 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Dan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University , 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Sheng Li
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University , 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Rongjiang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University , 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Meng Yao
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University , 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Dajun Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University , 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing 100871 , China
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Hisano M, Raichev E, Peeva S, Tsunoda H, Newman C, Masuda R, Georgiev D, Kaneko Y. Comparing the summer diet of stone martens (Martes foina) in urban and natural habitats in Central Bulgaria. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2015.1048829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Zhou Y, Chen W, Buesching CD, Newman C, Kaneko Y, Xiang M, Nie C, Macdonald DW, Xie Z. Hog badger (Arctonyx collaris) latrine use in relation to food abundance: evidence of the scarce factor paradox. Ecosphere 2015. [DOI: 10.1890/es14-00155.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Seasonal dietary shifts and food resource exploitation by the hog badger (Arctonyx collaris) in a Chinese subtropical forest. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-014-0881-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Zhou Y, Newman C, Palomares F, Zhang S, Xie Z, Macdonald DW. Spatial organization and activity patterns of the masked palm civet ( Paguma larvata) in central-south China. J Mammal 2014; 95:534-542. [PMID: 32287381 PMCID: PMC7107440 DOI: 10.1644/13-mamm-a-185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Movement and activity patterns are important components of life history, being central to resource acquisition and defense, mating behavior, and individual survival and fitness. Here, we present results from the 1st systematic radiotracking study of the masked palm civet (Paguma larvata), a widespread viverrid found in subtropical and tropical forests of Asia. From June 2004 to November 2007, we radiotracked 12 masked palm civets (5 males and 7 females) in central-south China. Mean individual home-range size based on 95% minimum convex polygons was 192.6 ha ± 42.6 SE (range = 64-451 ha). Although males had larger mean home-range sizes than females (276.8 and 136.5 ha, respectively), these differences were not statistically significant. Males also exhibited greater daily movement distances and extents than females, but we found no evidence of sexual dimorphism in body size. Masked palm civets were predominantly nocturnal, but were active intermittently during the day. No significant seasonal (monthly) differences in daily activity patterns were apparent. We did, however, observe reduced hours of activity-but not continuous inactivity-during winter; consequently, we concluded that our study animals did not hibernate or semihibernate. We speculate that our observations of home-range overlap among individuals may indicate group living in the masked palm civet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youbing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, China
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Tubney, Abingdon, OX13 5QL, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Newman
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Tubney, Abingdon, OX13 5QL, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco Palomares
- Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Donaña—CSIC, Américo Vespucio s/n, Isla de la Cartuja, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Shuiyi Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Institutes for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, East China Normal University, No. 3663 Zhongshan Rd., Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Zongqiang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, China
| | - David W. Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Tubney, Abingdon, OX13 5QL, United Kingdom
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Zhou Y, Newman C, Chen J, Xie Z, Macdonald DW. Anomalous, extreme weather disrupts obligate seed dispersal mutualism: snow in a subtropical forest ecosystem. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2013; 19:2867-2877. [PMID: 23640765 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing global climate change is predicted to increase the frequency and magnitude of extreme weather events, impacting population dynamics and community structure. There is, however, a critical lack of case studies considering how climatic perturbations affect biotic interactions. Here, we document how an obligate seed dispersal mutualism was disrupted by a temporally anomalous and meteorologically extreme interlude of unseasonably frigid weather, with accompanying snowstorms, in subtropical China, during January-February 2008. Based on the analysis of 5892 fecal samples (representing six mammalian seed dispersers), this event caused a substantial disruption to the relative seed dispersal function for the raisin tree Hovenia dulcis from prestorm 6.29 (2006) and 11.47 (2007), down to 0.35 during the storm (2008). Crucially, this was due to impacts on mammalian seed dispersers and not due to a paucity of fruit, where 4.63 fruit per branch were available in January 2008, vs. 3.73 in 2006 and 3.58 in 2007. An induced dietary shift occurred among omnivorous carnivores during this event, from the consumption fruit to small mammals and birds, reducing their role in seed dispersal substantially. Induced range shift extinguished the functionality of herbivorous mammals completely, however, seed dispersal function was compensated in part by three omnivorous carnivores during poststorm years, and thus while the mutualism remained intact it was enacted by a narrower assemblage of species, rendering the system more vulnerable to extrinsic perturbations. The storm's extended effects also had anthropogenic corollaries - migrating ungulates becoming exposed to heightened levels of illegal hunting - causing long-term modification to the seed dispersal community and mutualism dynamics. Furthermore, degraded forests proved especially vulnerable to the storm's effects. Considering increasing climate variability and anthropogenic disturbance, the impacts of such massive, aberrant events warrant conservation concern, while affording unique insights into the stability of mutualisms and the processes that structure biodiversity and mediate ecosystem dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youbing Zhou
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing, China.
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Zhou Y, Newman C, Xie Z, Macdonald DW. Peduncles elicit large-mammal endozoochory in a dry-fruited plant. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 112:85-93. [PMID: 23644364 PMCID: PMC3690987 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plants have evolved a variety of seed dispersal mechanisms to overcome lack of mobility. Many species embed seeds in fleshy pulp to elicit endozoochory, i.e. disseminating seed through the animal gut. In contrast to well-studied fleshy fruited plants, dry-fruited plants may exploit this dispersal mutualism by producing fleshy appendages as a nutritional reward to entice animals to swallow their diaspores, but this has been little studied. In this study, it is hypothesized that these accessory fruits represent co-adaptations facilitating the syndrome of mammalian endozoochorous dispersal. METHODS Field observations (focal tree watches, faecal surveys and fruiting phenology) with experimental manipulations (examination of seed germination and feeding trials) were conducted over 2 years in a native population of the raisin tree, Hovenia dulcis, which produces enlarged, twisted brown peduncles with external black seeds, in central China. KEY RESULTS Birds were not observed to swallow seeds or carry infructescences away during 190 h of focal tree watches. However, H. dulcis seeds were detected in 247 faecal samples, representative of two herbivore and four carnivore mammalian species. Feeding trials revealed that peduncles attracted mammals to consume the entire infructescence, thereby facilitating effective seed dispersal. The germination rate of egested seeds proved higher than that of unconsumed seeds. It was also noted that this mutualism was most vulnerable in degraded forest. CONCLUSIONS Hovenia dulcis peduncle sets are confirmed to adapt primarily to mammalian endozoochory, a mutualistic association similar in function to fleshy pulp or foliage. This demonstrates that plant organ systems can be adapted to unique mutualisms that utilize animal dispersal agents. Such an ecological role has until now been attributed only to bird epizoochory. Future studies should consider more widely the putative role of peduncle sets and mammalian endozoochory as a dispersal mechanism, particularly for those plants that possess relatively large accessory fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youbing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, China
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Tubney, Abingdon OX13 5QL, UK
| | - Chris Newman
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Tubney, Abingdon OX13 5QL, UK
| | - Zongqiang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, China
| | - David W. Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Tubney, Abingdon OX13 5QL, UK
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Kase C, Eguchi Y, Furuya M, Uetake K, Tanaka T. The Effect of Body Size on Shapes and Sizes of Gaps Entered by the Masked Palm Civet (Paguma larvata). MAMMAL STUDY 2011. [DOI: 10.3106/041.036.0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Zhou YB, Newman C, Buesching CD, Zalewski A, Kaneko Y, Macdonald DW, Xie ZQ. Diet of an opportunistically frugivorous carnivore,Martes flavigula, in subtropical forest. J Mammal 2011. [DOI: 10.1644/10-mamm-a-296.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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KLARE U, KAMLER JF, MACDONALD DW. A comparison and critique of different scat-analysis methods for determining carnivore diet. Mamm Rev 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00183.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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TEI K, KATO T, HAMAMOTO K, HAYAMA SI, KAWAKAMI E. Estimated Months of Parturition and Litter Size in Female Masked Palm Civets (Paguma larvata) in Kanagawa Prefecture and Tokyo Metropolis. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 73:231-3. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.10-0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi TEI
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Takuya KATO
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Kenzo HAMAMOTO
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Shin-ichi HAYAMA
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Eiichi KAWAKAMI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Reproduction, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
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Nakashima Y, Inoue E, Inoue-Murayama M, Abd Sukor JR. Functional uniqueness of a small carnivore as seed dispersal agents: a case study of the common palm civets in the Tabin Wildlife Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia. Oecologia 2010; 164:721-30. [PMID: 20602116 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-010-1714-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Many carnivorous mammals consume fruits and disperse the intact seeds to specific sites. Few studies have attempted to quantify this seed dispersal or evaluate its effectiveness, despite its potential importance and functional uniqueness. In the study reported here, we found that a frugivorous carnivore, the common palm civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus), generated seed shadows that are distinct from those of the sympatric frugivore, the pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina), and played a unique and important role in the regeneration of Leea aculeata (Leeaceae). We found that macaques dispersed the seeds randomly, while civets dispersed them non-randomly to sites such as the banks of small rivers, rain-flow paths, abandoned trails, and treefall gaps, which are characterized by low stem density and canopy cover. Seeds of L. aculeata that were dispersed by civets to the banks of rivers and gaps had significantly higher survival and growth rates than those dispersed to rain-flow paths or abandoned trails. Seeds dispersed by macaques or to random locations also had low survival. Although the effects of the civets on seed fate were not straightforward, compared with macaques and random dispersal, civets significantly enhanced the survival and growth of L. aculeata seeds after 1 year. These results indicate that non-random dispersal by civets is important for the persistence of L. aculeata. Civets may disperse other plant species and thus could have profound effects on forest dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Nakashima
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto City, Kyoto, Japan.
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Responses of mammal dispersers to fruit availability: Rowan (Sorbus aucuparia) and carnivores in mountain habitats of northern Spain. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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NAKASHIMA Y, SUKOR JA. Importance of common palm civets (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus) as a long-distance disperser for large-seeded plants in degraded forests. TROPICS 2010; 18:221-229. [DOI: 10.3759/tropics.18.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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