1
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Sultaire SM, Montgomery RA, Jackson PJ, Millspaugh JJ. Spatial patterns of reproduction suggest marginal habitat limits continued range expansion of black bears at a forest-desert ecotone. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10658. [PMID: 37915808 PMCID: PMC10616736 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigating spatial patterns of animal occupancy and reproduction in peripheral populations can provide insight into factors that form species range boundaries. Following historical extirpation, American black bears (Ursus americanus) recolonized the western Great Basin in Nevada from the Sierra Nevada during the late 1900s. This range expansion, however, has not continued further into the Great Basin despite the presence of additional habitat. We aimed to quantify whether reduced reproduction toward the range edge contributes to this range boundary. We analyzed black bear detections from 100 camera traps deployed across black bear distribution in western Nevada using a multistate occupancy model that quantified the probability of occupancy and reproduction (i.e., female bears with cubs occupancy) in relation to changes in habitat type and habitat amount toward the range boundary. We detected a strong effect of habitat amount and habitat type on the probability of black bear occupancy and reproduction. At similar levels of landscape-scale habitat amount (e.g., 50%), estimated probability of occupancy for adult bears in piñon-juniper woodlands near the range boundary was 0.39, compared to ~1.0 in Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forest (i.e., core habitat). Furthermore, estimated probability of cub occupancy, conditional on adult bear occupancy, in landscapes with 50% habitat was 0.32 in Great Basin piñon-juniper woodlands, compared to 0.92 in Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forest. Black bear range in the western Great Basin conforms to the center-periphery hypothesis, with piñon-juniper woodland at the range edge supporting ecologically marginal habitat for the species compared to habitat in the Sierra Nevada. Further geographic expansion of black bears in the Great Basin may be limited by lower occupancy of reproducing females in piñon-juniper woodland. Center-periphery range dynamics may be common in large carnivore species, as their dispersal ability allows them to colonize low-quality habitat near range edges.
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2
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Miyazaki M, Shimozuru M, Kitaoka Y, Takahashi K, Tsubota T. Regulation of protein and oxidative energy metabolism are down-regulated in the skeletal muscles of Asiatic black bears during hibernation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19723. [PMID: 36385156 PMCID: PMC9668988 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24251-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hibernating animals exhibit an unexplained physiological characteristic of skeletal muscles being atrophy resistance, in which case muscle mass and strength remain almost unchanged both before and after hibernation. In this study, we examined the alterations in the regulatory systems of protein and energy metabolism in the skeletal muscles of Asiatic black bears during hibernation. Skeletal muscle samples (vastus lateralis muscle) were collected from identical individuals (n = 8) during the active (July) and hibernating (February) periods, while histochemical and biochemical analyses were performed. We observed no significant alterations in body weight, muscle fiber size, and fiber type composition during the active and hibernating periods, indicating that the skeletal muscles of bears are very well preserved during hibernation. In hibernating bear skeletal muscles, both regulatory pathways of muscle protein synthesis (Akt/mechanistic target of rapamycin and mitogen-activated protein kinase systems) and proteolysis (ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy systems) were down-regulated. Gene expression levels of factors regulating oxidative metabolism were also decreased in hibernating bear skeletal muscles. This is likely an adaptive strategy to minimize the energy wasting of amino acids and lipids during hibernation, which is accompanied by a prolonged period of disuse and starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsunori Miyazaki
- grid.257022.00000 0000 8711 3200Department of Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553 Japan ,grid.412021.40000 0004 1769 5590Department of Physical Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Michito Shimozuru
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Laboratory of Wildlife Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yu Kitaoka
- grid.411995.10000 0001 2155 9872Department of Human Sciences, Kanagawa University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kenya Takahashi
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshio Tsubota
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Laboratory of Wildlife Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
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3
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Tøien Ø, Barnes BM, Ruf T. Do bears hibernate in the woods? Comment on 'Why bears hibernate? Redefining the scaling energetics of hibernation'. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20221396. [PMID: 36476007 PMCID: PMC9554731 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Øivind Tøien
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Brian M. Barnes
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Thomas Ruf
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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4
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Nespolo RF, Mejias C, Bozinovic F. Why bears hibernate? Redefining the scaling energetics of hibernation. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220456. [PMID: 35473385 PMCID: PMC9043729 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hibernation is a natural state of suspended animation that many mammals experience and has been interpreted as an adaptive strategy for saving energy. However, the actual amount of savings that hibernation represents, and particularly its dependence on body mass (the 'scaling') has not been calculated properly. Here, we estimated the scaling of daily energy expenditure of hibernation (DEEH), covering a range of five orders of magnitude in mass. We found that DEEH scales isometrically with mass, which means that a gram of hibernating bat has a similar metabolism to that of a gram of bear, 20 000 times larger. Given that metabolic rate of active animals scales allometrically, the point where these scaling curves intersect with DEEH represents the mass where energy savings by hibernation are zero. For BMR, these zero savings are attained for a relatively small bear (approx. 75 kg). Calculated on a per cell basis, the cellular metabolic power of hibernation was estimated to be 1.3 × 10-12 ± 2.6 × 10-13 W cell-1, which is lower than the minimum metabolism of isolated mammalian cells. This supports the idea of the existence of a minimum metabolism that permits cells to survive under a combination of cold and hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto F Nespolo
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Millenium Nucleus of Patagonian Limit of Life (LiLi) and Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago, Chile.,Center for Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Mejias
- Magister en Ecología Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Millenium Nucleus of Patagonian Limit of Life (LiLi) and Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Bozinovic
- Center for Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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5
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Mejías C, Navedo J, Sabat P, Franco LM, Bozinovic F, Nespolo RF. Body Composition and Energy Savings by Hibernation: Lessons from the South American Marsupial Dromiciops gliroides. Physiol Biochem Zool 2022; 95:239-250. [DOI: 10.1086/719932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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6
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Tamatani H, Hiorns A, Yamamoto T. An apparent case of infanticide in the Asiatic black bear in Japan. URSUS 2021. [DOI: 10.2192/ursus-d-20-00019.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Baek S, Iwasaki T, Yamazaki K, Naganuma T, Inagaki A, Tochigi K, Allen ML, Kozakai C, Koike S. Factors Affecting Pre-Denning Activity in Asian Black Bears. MAMMAL STUDY 2021. [DOI: 10.3106/ms2020-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seungyun Baek
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tadashi Iwasaki
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Koji Yamazaki
- Department of Forest Science, Faculty of Regional Environmental Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya,Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Tomoko Naganuma
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Akino Inagaki
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kahoko Tochigi
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Maximilian L. Allen
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois, 1816 S. Oak Street, Champaign, IL 61820, U.S.A
| | - Chinatsu Kozakai
- Central Region Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Koike
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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8
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A 15-year study on the relationship between beech (Fagus crenata) reproductive-organ production and the numbers of nuisance Japanese black bears (Ursus thibetanus japonicus) killed in a snowy rural region in central Japan. LANDSCAPE AND ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11355-021-00472-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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Lipid metabolism in adaptation to extreme nutritional challenges. Dev Cell 2021; 56:1417-1429. [PMID: 33730548 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Food shortages represent a common challenge for most animal species. As a consequence, many have evolved metabolic strategies encompassing extreme starvation-resistance capabilities, going without food for months or even years. One such strategy is to store substantial levels of fat when food is available and release these energy-rich lipids during periods of dearth. In this review, we provide an overview of the strategies and pathways underlying the extreme capacity for animals to store and mobilize lipids during nutritionally stressful environmental conditions and highlight accompanying resilience phenotypes that allow these animals to develop and tolerate such profound metabolic phenotypes.
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10
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Fowler NL, Spady TJ, Wang G, Leopold BD, Belant JL. Denning, metabolic suppression, and the realisation of ecological opportunities in Ursidae. Mamm Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas L. Fowler
- Global Wildlife Conservation Center State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry 1 Forestry Drive Syracuse NY13210USA
| | - Thomas J. Spady
- Department of Biological Sciences California State University San Marcos San Marcos CA92096USA
| | - Guiming Wang
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Mississippi State UniversityMississippi State Box 9690MS39762USA
| | - Bruce D. Leopold
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Mississippi State UniversityMississippi State Box 9690MS39762USA
| | - Jerrold L. Belant
- Global Wildlife Conservation Center State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry 1 Forestry Drive Syracuse NY13210USA
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11
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Wilson RC, LeMaster MP, Lutterschmidt DI. Exogenous leptin promotes reproductive behavior during aphagia in red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis). Horm Behav 2021; 128:104893. [PMID: 33333076 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite the established dichotomy between investment in either reproduction or self-maintenance, a hormonal mechanism that influences an organism's decision to prioritize these behaviors remains elusive. The protein hormone leptin is a likely candidate because it is secreted from adipocytes in proportion to the amount of stored fat in numerous species. Although the majority of studies suggest that leptin stimulates reproduction, the actions of leptin can be context-dependent. Leptin increases sexual behavior in fed individuals, but inhibits sexual behavior in food-restricted individuals. We investigated if exogenous leptin influences sexual behavior in red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) experiencing a predictable bout of aphagia during the mating season. We tested two doses of recombinant murine leptin injected for three days. Males were subjected to three mating trials, one on each day of injections, while females were subjected to one mating trial on the last day of injections. Leptin affects male and female snakes similarly by increasing both appetitive (i.e., mating behavior score) and consummatory (i.e., number of copulations, proportion of individuals copulated) sex behavior. We found no evidence to suggest that leptin influenced latency to copulate or duration of copulation. Because leptin promotes reproductive behavior in non-feeding garter snakes, these findings do not align with research on food-restricted mammals. Further investigations into how leptin affects sexual behavior in snakes exposed to food-restriction manipulations would clarify if the role of leptin is evolutionarily divergent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Wilson
- Portland State University, Department of Biology, 1719 SW 10th Ave, Portland, OR 97206, USA.
| | - Michael P LeMaster
- Western Oregon University, Department of Biology, 345 N. Monmouth Ave, Monmouth, OR 97361, USA.
| | - Deborah I Lutterschmidt
- Portland State University, Department of Biology, 1719 SW 10th Ave, Portland, OR 97206, USA.
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12
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Shiratsuru S, Friebe A, Swenson JE, Zedrosser A. Room without a view-Den excavation in relation to body size in brown bears. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:8044-8054. [PMID: 32788960 PMCID: PMC7417226 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hibernation is an adaptive strategy to survive harsh winter conditions and food shortage. The use of well-insulated winter dens helps animals minimize energy loss during hibernation. Brown bears (Ursus arctos) commonly use excavated dens for hibernation. Physical attributes of excavated dens are expected to impact the bear's heat retention and energy conservation. The objective of this study was to examine the determinants of cavity size of excavated dens and the impact of physical attributes of excavated dens on energy conservation in hibernating bears, hypothesizing that bears excavate dens in a way to minimize heat loss and optimize energy conservation during hibernation. We predicted that den cavity size would be determined by the bear's body size and that older bears would excavate better-fitting cavities to minimize heat loss, due to their previous experience. We further predicted that physical attributes of excavated dens would affect the bears' posthibernation body condition. Our results revealed that bears excavated a den cavity in relation to their body size, regardless of sex, and that older bears tended to excavate better-fitting den cavities compared to young bears, as we expected. Older bears excavated better-fitting den cavities, suggesting a potentially experience-based shift with age in den-excavation behavior and an optimum cavity size relative to a bear's body size. Our key finding is that insulation of excavated dens provided by wall/rood thickness and bedding materials had a significant positive effect on bears' posthibernation body condition. We believe that our study provides new insight into how not only the quality of denning habitat, but also the quality of dens may affect hibernating animals, by presenting a potential adaptive aspect of den preparation (age effect on efficiency in den excavation) and effect of den attributes on the posthibernation body condition of brown bears.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Friebe
- Scandinavian Brown Bear Research ProjectOrsaSweden
- Norwegian Institute for Nature ResearchTrondheimNorway
| | - Jon E. Swenson
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource ManagementNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| | - Andreas Zedrosser
- Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental HealthUniversity of South‐Eastern NorwayTelemarkNorway
- Department of Integrative BiologyInstitute of Wildlife Biology and Game ManagementUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
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13
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Johnson HE, Lewis DL, Breck SW. Individual and population fitness consequences associated with large carnivore use of residential development. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Heather E. Johnson
- Alaska Science Center U.S. Geological Survey 4210 University Drive Anchorage Alaska 99508 USA
| | - David L. Lewis
- Colorado Parks and Wildlife 415 Turner Drive Durango Colorado 81303 USA
| | - Stewart W. Breck
- USDA National Wildlife Research Center 4101 La Porte Ave Fort Collins Colorado 80521 USA
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14
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Fowler NL, Belant JL, Wang G, Leopold BD. Ecological plasticity of denning chronology by American black bears and brown bears. Glob Ecol Conserv 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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15
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Brusch GA, Lourdais O, Kaminsky B, DeNardo DF. Muscles provide an internal water reserve for reproduction. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:rspb.2018.0752. [PMID: 30051850 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.0752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of fat to support the energy needs of reproduction (i.e. capital breeding) has been studied in a diversity of taxa. However, despite reproductive output (i.e. young or eggs) being approximately 70% water, little is known about the availability of internal resources to accommodate the hydric demands of reproduction. Recent research suggests that dehydration increases the catabolism of muscle as a means of maintaining water balance. Accordingly, we investigated the interactive effects of reproductive investment and water deprivation on catabolism and reproductive output in female Children's pythons (Antaresia childreni). Both reproductive and non-reproductive females were either provided water ad libitum or were water-deprived for three weeks at the time when reproductive females were gravid. We found that water-deprived reproductive females had, in general, greater body mass loss, epaxial muscle loss, plasma osmolality and plasma uric acid concentrations relative to the other groups. Furthermore, water-deprived females had similar clutch sizes compared with females with access to water, but produced lighter eggs and lower total clutch masses. Our results provide the first evidence that selective protein catabolism can be used to support water demands during reproduction, and, as a result, these findings extend the capital breeding concept to non-energetic resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Brusch
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA
| | - Olivier Lourdais
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Brittany Kaminsky
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA
| | - Dale F DeNardo
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA
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16
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Chanon S, Chazarin B, Toubhans B, Durand C, Chery I, Robert M, Vieille-Marchiset A, Swenson JE, Zedrosser A, Evans AL, Brunberg S, Arnemo JM, Gauquelin-Koch G, Storey KB, Simon C, Blanc S, Bertile F, Lefai E. Proteolysis inhibition by hibernating bear serum leads to increased protein content in human muscle cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5525. [PMID: 29615761 PMCID: PMC5883044 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23891-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle atrophy is one of the main characteristics of human ageing and physical inactivity, with resulting adverse health outcomes. To date, there are still no efficient therapeutic strategies for its prevention and/or treatment. However, during hibernation, bears exhibit a unique ability for preserving muscle in conditions where muscle atrophy would be expected in humans. Therefore, our objective was to determine whether there are components of bear serum which can control protein balance in human muscles. In this study, we exposed cultured human differentiated muscle cells to bear serum collected during winter and summer periods, and measured the impact on cell protein content and turnover. In addition, we explored the signalling pathways that control rates of protein synthesis and degradation. We show that the protein turnover of human myotubes is reduced when incubated with winter bear serum, with a dramatic inhibition of proteolysis involving both proteasomal and lysosomal systems, and resulting in an increase in muscle cell protein content. By modulating intracellular signalling pathways and inducing a protein sparing phenotype in human muscle cells, winter bear serum therefore holds potential for developing new tools to fight human muscle atrophy and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Chanon
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, University of Lyon, Pierre-Benite, France
| | - Blandine Chazarin
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, 25 rue Becquerel, F-67087, Strasbourg, France
- Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, CNES, 75039, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Toubhans
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, University of Lyon, Pierre-Benite, France
| | - Christine Durand
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, University of Lyon, Pierre-Benite, France
| | - Isabelle Chery
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
- Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie, 23 rue Becquerel, F-67087, Strasbourg, France
| | - Maud Robert
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, University of Lyon, Pierre-Benite, France
- Department of digestive and bariatric surgery, Obesity Integrated Center, University Hospital of Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France
| | | | - Jon E Swenson
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432, Ås, Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, 7485, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Andreas Zedrosser
- Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health, University College of Southeast Norway, N3800 Bø in Telemark, Bø, Norway
- Institute of Wildlife Biology and Game Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Gregor Mendel Str. 33, A-1180, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alina L Evans
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, NO-2480, Koppang, Norway
| | - Sven Brunberg
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Jon M Arnemo
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, NO-2480, Koppang, Norway
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Kenneth B Storey
- Institute of Biochemistry and Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Chantal Simon
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, University of Lyon, Pierre-Benite, France
| | - Stéphane Blanc
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
- Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie, 23 rue Becquerel, F-67087, Strasbourg, France
| | - Fabrice Bertile
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, 25 rue Becquerel, F-67087, Strasbourg, France
| | - Etienne Lefai
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, University of Lyon, Pierre-Benite, France.
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17
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Mangipane LS, Belant JL, Lafferty DJR, Gustine DD, Hiller TL, Colvin ME, Mangipane BA, Hilderbrand GV. Dietary plasticity in a nutrient-rich system does not influence brown bear (Ursus arctos) body condition or denning. Polar Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-017-2237-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Pagano AM, Rode KD, Atkinson SN. Evaluating methods to assess the body condition of female polar bears. URSUS 2017. [DOI: 10.2192/ursu-d-16-00029.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M. Pagano
- U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Drive, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Karyn D. Rode
- U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Drive, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
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19
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Shape complexity of space used by American black bears influenced by sex and intensity of use. Basic Appl Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Welinder KG, Hansen R, Overgaard MT, Brohus M, Sønderkær M, von Bergen M, Rolle-Kampczyk U, Otto W, Lindahl TL, Arinell K, Evans AL, Swenson JE, Revsbech IG, Frøbert O. Biochemical Foundations of Health and Energy Conservation in Hibernating Free-ranging Subadult Brown Bear Ursus arctos. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:22509-22523. [PMID: 27609515 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.742916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown bears (Ursus arctos) hibernate for 5-7 months without eating, drinking, urinating, and defecating at a metabolic rate of only 25% of the summer activity rate. Nonetheless, they emerge healthy and alert in spring. We quantified the biochemical adaptations for hibernation by comparing the proteome, metabolome, and hematological features of blood from hibernating and active free-ranging subadult brown bears with a focus on conservation of health and energy. We found that total plasma protein concentration increased during hibernation, even though the concentrations of most individual plasma proteins decreased, as did the white blood cell types. Strikingly, antimicrobial defense proteins increased in concentration. Central functions in hibernation involving the coagulation response and protease inhibition, as well as lipid transport and metabolism, were upheld by increased levels of very few key or broad specificity proteins. The changes in coagulation factor levels matched the changes in activity measurements. A dramatic 45-fold increase in sex hormone-binding globulin levels during hibernation draws, for the first time, attention to its significant but unknown role in maintaining hibernation physiology. We propose that energy for the costly protein synthesis is reduced by three mechanisms as follows: (i) dehydration, which increases protein concentration without de novo synthesis; (ii) reduced protein degradation rates due to a 6 °C reduction in body temperature and decreased protease activity; and (iii) a marked redistribution of energy resources only increasing de novo synthesis of a few key proteins. The comprehensive global data identified novel biochemical strategies for bear adaptations to the extreme condition of hibernation and have implications for our understanding of physiology in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Gjesing Welinder
- From the Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biotechnology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg East, Denmark,
| | - Rasmus Hansen
- From the Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biotechnology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg East, Denmark
| | - Michael Toft Overgaard
- From the Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biotechnology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg East, Denmark
| | - Malene Brohus
- From the Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biotechnology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg East, Denmark
| | - Mads Sønderkær
- From the Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biotechnology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg East, Denmark
| | - Martin von Bergen
- From the Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biotechnology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg East, Denmark.,the Departments of Metabolomics and.,Proteomics, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Otto
- Proteomics, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tomas L Lindahl
- the Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Karin Arinell
- the Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Health, Örebro University, 701 85 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Alina L Evans
- the Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Hedmark University College, Campus Evenstrand, 2411 Elverum, Norway
| | - Jon E Swenson
- the Department for Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Postbox 5014, 1432 Ås, Norway.,the Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Tungasletta 2, N-7485 Trondheim, Norway, and
| | - Inge G Revsbech
- the Department of Bioscience, Zoophysiology, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Allé 3, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ole Frøbert
- the Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Health, Örebro University, 701 85 Örebro, Sweden
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21
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Price ER. The physiology of lipid storage and use in reptiles. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2016; 92:1406-1426. [PMID: 27348513 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Lipid metabolism is central to understanding whole-animal energetics. Reptiles store most excess energy in lipid form, mobilise those lipids when needed to meet energetic demands, and invest lipids in eggs to provide the primary source of energy to developing embryos. Here, I review the mechanisms by which non-avian reptiles store, transport, and use lipids. Many aspects of lipid absorption, transport, and storage appear to be similar to birds, including the hepatic synthesis of lipids from glucose substrates, the transport of triglycerides in lipoproteins, and the storage of lipids in adipose tissue, although adipose tissue in non-avian reptiles is usually concentrated in abdominal fat bodies or the tail. Seasonal changes in fat stores suggest that lipid storage is primarily for reproduction in most species, rather than for maintenance during aphagic periods. The effects of fasting on plasma lipid metabolites can differ from mammals and birds due to the ability of non-avian reptiles to reduce their metabolism drastically during extended fasts. The effect of fasting on levels of plasma ketones is species specific: β-hydroxybutyrate concentration may rise or fall during fasting. I also describe the process by which the bulk of lipids are deposited into oocytes during vitellogenesis. Although this process is sometimes ascribed to vitellogenin-based transport in reptiles, the majority of lipid deposition occurs via triglycerides packaged in very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs), based on physiological, histological, biochemical, comparative, and genomic evidence. I also discuss the evidence for non-avian reptiles using 'yolk-targeted' VLDLs during vitellogenesis. The major physiological states - feeding, fasting, and vitellogenesis - have different effects on plasma lipid metabolites, and I discuss the possibilities and potential problems of using plasma metabolites to diagnose feeding condition in non-avian reptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin R Price
- Department of Biological Sciences, Developmental Integrative Biology Research Group, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, U.S.A
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22
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Sciullo L, Thiemann GW, Lunn NJ. Comparative assessment of metrics for monitoring the body condition of polar bears in western Hudson Bay. J Zool (1987) 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Sciullo
- Department of Biology; York University; Toronto Ontario M3J 1P3 Canada
| | - G. W. Thiemann
- Faculty of Environmental Studies; York University; Toronto Ontario M3J 1P3 Canada
| | - N. J. Lunn
- Wildlife Research Division; Science and Technology Branch; Environment and Climate Change Canada; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta T6G 2E9 Canada
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Abstract
Extended bouts of fasting are ingrained in the ecology of many organisms, characterizing aspects of reproduction, development, hibernation, estivation, migration, and infrequent feeding habits. The challenge of long fasting episodes is the need to maintain physiological homeostasis while relying solely on endogenous resources. To meet that challenge, animals utilize an integrated repertoire of behavioral, physiological, and biochemical responses that reduce metabolic rates, maintain tissue structure and function, and thus enhance survival. We have synthesized in this review the integrative physiological, morphological, and biochemical responses, and their stages, that characterize natural fasting bouts. Underlying the capacity to survive extended fasts are behaviors and mechanisms that reduce metabolic expenditure and shift the dependency to lipid utilization. Hormonal regulation and immune capacity are altered by fasting; hormones that trigger digestion, elevate metabolism, and support immune performance become depressed, whereas hormones that enhance the utilization of endogenous substrates are elevated. The negative energy budget that accompanies fasting leads to the loss of body mass as fat stores are depleted and tissues undergo atrophy (i.e., loss of mass). Absolute rates of body mass loss scale allometrically among vertebrates. Tissues and organs vary in the degree of atrophy and downregulation of function, depending on the degree to which they are used during the fast. Fasting affects the population dynamics and activities of the gut microbiota, an interplay that impacts the host's fasting biology. Fasting-induced gene expression programs underlie the broad spectrum of integrated physiological mechanisms responsible for an animal's ability to survive long episodes of natural fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Secor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Hannah V Carey
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Borrell A, Gómez-Campos E, Aguilar A. Influence of Reproduction on Stable-Isotope Ratios: Nitrogen and Carbon Isotope Discrimination between Mothers, Fetuses, and Milk in the Fin Whale, a Capital Breeder. Physiol Biochem Zool 2015; 89:41-50. [PMID: 27082523 DOI: 10.1086/684632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, the influence of gestation and lactation on the tissue stable-isotope ratios of females, fetuses, and milk remains poorly understood. Here we investigate the incidence of these events on δ(13)C and δ(15)N values in fin whales sampled off northwestern Spain between 1983 and 1985. The effect of gestation on tissue stable-isotope ratios was examined in the muscle of pregnant females (n = 13) and their fetuses (n = 10) and that of lactation in the muscle of nursing females (n = 21) and their milk (n = 25). Results suggest that fetuses are enriched compared to their mothers in both (15)N (Δ(15)N = 1.5‰) and (13)C (Δ(13)C =1.1‰), while, compared to muscle, milk is enriched in (15)N (Δ(15)N = 0.3‰) but depleted in (13)C (Δ(13)C = -0.62‰). This pattern is consistent with that previously observed for other species that, like the fin whale, rely on endogenous energy during reproduction, and it substantiates a general difference in the physiological processing of nitrogen and carbon balances between income and capital breeders. These findings are relevant to the understanding of the energetic balance of mammals during gestation and lactation and are central when inferences on trophic ecology are drawn from isotopic values of reproductive females.
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25
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Lafferty DJR, Belant JL, Phillips DL. Testing the niche variation hypothesis with a measure of body condition. OIKOS 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.01741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana J. R. Lafferty
- Carnivore Ecology Laboratory, Forest and Wildlife Research Center, Mississippi State Univ.; Box 9690, Mississippi State MS 39762 USA
| | - Jerrold L. Belant
- Carnivore Ecology Laboratory, Forest and Wildlife Research Center, Mississippi State Univ.; Box 9690, Mississippi State MS 39762 USA
| | - Donald L. Phillips
- US Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory; 200 SW 35th St. Corvallis OR 97333 USA
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26
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Clancey E, Byers JA. The Definition and Measurement of Individual Condition in Evolutionary Studies. Ethology 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erin Clancey
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Idaho; Moscow ID USA
| | - John A. Byers
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Idaho; Moscow ID USA
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Shimozuru M, Iibuchi R, Yoshimoto T, Nagashima A, Tanaka J, Tsubota T. Pregnancy during hibernation in Japanese black bears: effects on body temperature and blood biochemical profiles. J Mammal 2013. [DOI: 10.1644/12-mamm-a-246.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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28
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Robbins CT, Lopez-Alfaro C, Rode KD, Tøien Ø, Nelson OL. Hibernation and seasonal fasting in bears: the energetic costs and consequences for polar bears. J Mammal 2012. [DOI: 10.1644/11-mamm-a-406.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Iaizzo PA, Laske TG, Harlow HJ, McClay CB, Garshelis DL. Wound healing during hibernation by black bears (Ursus americanus) in the wild: elicitation of reduced scar formation. Integr Zool 2012; 7:48-60. [PMID: 22405448 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-4877.2011.00280.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Even mildly hypothermic body or limb temperatures can retard healing processes in mammals. Despite this, we observed that hibernating American black bears (Ursus americanus Pallas, 1780) elicit profound abilities in mounting inflammatory responses to infection and/or foreign bodies. In addition, they resolve injuries during hibernation while maintaining mildly hypothermic states (30-35 °C) and without eating, drinking, urinating or defecating. We describe experimental studies on free-ranging bears that document their abilities to completely resolve cutaneous cuts and punctures incurred during or prior to hibernation. We induced small, full-thickness cutaneous wounds (biopsies or incisions) during early denning, and re-biopsied sites 2-3 months later (near the end of denning). Routine histological methods were used to characterize these skin samples. All biopsied sites with respect to secondary intention (open circular biopsies) and primary intention (sutured sites) healed, with evidence of initial eschar (scab) formation, completeness of healed epidermis and dermal layers, dyskeratosis (inclusion cysts), and abilities to produce hair follicles. These healing abilities of hibernating black bears are a clear survival advantage to animals injured before or during denning. Bears are known to have elevated levels of hibernation induction trigger (delta-opioid receptor agonist) and ursodeoxycholic acid (major bile acid within plasma, mostly conjugated with taurine) during hibernation, which may relate to these wound-healing abilities. Further research as to the underlying mechanisms of wound healing during hibernation could have applications in human medicine. Unique approaches may be found to improve healing for malnourished, hypothermic, diabetic and elderly patients or to reduce scarring associated with burns and traumatic injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Iaizzo
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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31
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Evans AL, Sahlén V, Støen OG, Fahlman Å, Brunberg S, Madslien K, Fröbert O, Swenson JE, Arnemo JM. Capture, anesthesia, and disturbance of free-ranging brown bears (Ursus arctos) during hibernation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40520. [PMID: 22815757 PMCID: PMC3398017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted thirteen immobilizations of previously collared hibernating two- to four-year-old brown bears (Ursus arctos) weighing 21–66 kg in central Sweden in winter 2010 and 2011 for comparative physiology research. Here we report, for the first time, an effective protocol for the capture and anesthesia of free-ranging brown bears during hibernation and an assessment of the disturbance the captures caused. Bears were darted in anthill, soil, or uprooted tree dens on eleven occasions, but two bears in rock dens fled and were darted outside the den. We used medetomidine at 0.02–0.06 mg/kg and zolazepam-tiletamine at 0.9–2.8 mg/kg for anesthesia. In addition, ketamine at 1.5 mg/kg was hand-injected intramuscularly in four bears and in six it was included in the dart at 1.1–3.0 mg/kg. Once anesthetized, bears were removed from the dens. In nine bears, arterial blood samples were analyzed immediately with a portable blood gas analyzer. We corrected hypoxemia in seven bears (PaO2 57–74 mmHg) with supplemental oxygen. We placed the bears back into the dens and antagonized the effect of medetomidine with atipamezole. Capturing bears in the den significantly increased the risk of den abandonment. One of twelve collared bears that were captured remained at the original den until spring, and eleven, left their dens (mean ± standard deviation) 3.2±3.6 (range 0.5–10.5) days after capture. They used 1.9±0.9 intermediate resting sites, during 6.2±7.8 days before entering a new permanent den. The eleven new permanent dens were located 730±589 m from the original dens. We documented that it was feasible and safe to capture hibernating brown bears, although they behaved differently than black bears. When doing so, researchers should use 25% of the doses used for helicopter darting during the active period and should consider increased energetic costs associated with den abandonment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina L Evans
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Hedmark University College, Campus Evenstad, Elverum, Norway.
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32
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Bartareau TM, Larter NC, Cluff HD, Leone EH. Body condition and growth dynamics of American black bears in northern Canada. URSUS 2012. [DOI: 10.2192/ursus-d-11-00003.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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34
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Huston MA, Wolverton S. Regulation of animal size by eNPP, Bergmann's rule, and related phenomena. ECOL MONOGR 2011. [DOI: 10.1890/10-1523.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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35
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Spady TJ, Harlow HJ, Butterstein G, Durrant B. Leptin as a surrogate indicator of body fat in the American black bear. URSUS 2009. [DOI: 10.2192/08gr025.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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36
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Srivastava RK, Krishna A. Seasonal adiposity, correlative changes in metabolic factors and unique reproductive activity in a vespertilionid bat,Scotophilus heathi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 309:94-110. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Lohuis TD, Harlow HJ, Beck TDI. Hibernating black bears (Ursus americanus) experience skeletal muscle protein balance during winter anorexia. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 147:20-8. [PMID: 17307375 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2006.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2005] [Revised: 10/04/2005] [Accepted: 12/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Black bears spend four to seven months every winter confined to their den and anorexic. Despite potential for skeletal muscle atrophy and protein loss, bears appear to retain muscle integrity throughout winter dormancy. Other authors have suggested that bears are capable of net protein anabolism during this time. The present study was performed to test this hypothesis by directly measuring skeletal muscle protein metabolism during the summer, as well as early and late hibernation periods. Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis of six free-ranging bears in the summer, and from six others early in hibernation and again in late winter. Protein synthesis and breakdown were measured on biopsies using (14)C-phenylalanine as a tracer. Muscle protein, nitrogen, and nucleic acid content, as well as nitrogen stable isotope enrichment, were also measured. Protein synthesis was greater than breakdown in summer bears, suggesting that they accumulate muscle protein during periods of seasonal food availability. Protein synthesis and breakdown were both lower in winter compared to summer but were equal during both early and late denning, indicating that bears are in protein balance during hibernation. Protein and nitrogen content, nucleic acid, and stable isotope enrichment measurements of the biopsies support this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Lohuis
- Deparment of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
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38
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Lohuis TD, Harlow HJ, Beck TDI, Iaizzo PA. Hibernating bears conserve muscle strength and maintain fatigue resistance. Physiol Biochem Zool 2007; 80:257-69. [PMID: 17390282 DOI: 10.1086/513190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Black bears spend several months each winter confined to a small space within their den without food or water. In nonhibernating mammals, these conditions typically result in severe muscle atrophy, causing a loss of strength and endurance. However, an initial study indicated that bears appeared to conserve strength while denning. We conducted an in vivo, nonsubjective measurement of strength, resistance to fatigue, and contractile properties on the tibialis anterior muscle of six hibernating bears during both early and late winter using a rigid leg brace and foot force plate. After 110 d of anorexia and confinement, skeletal muscle strength loss in hibernating bears was about one-half that in humans confined to bed rest. Bears lost 29% of muscle strength over 110 d of denning without food, while humans on a balanced diet but confined to bed for 90 d have been reported to lose 54% of their strength. Additionally, muscle contractile properties, including contraction time, half-relaxation time, half-maximum value time, peak rate of development and decay, time to peak force development, and time to peak force decay did not change, indicating that no small-scale alterations in whole-muscle function occurred over the winter. This study further supports our previous findings that black bears have a high resistance to atrophy despite being subjected to long-term anorexia and limited mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Lohuis
- Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Kenai Moose Research Center, 43961 Kalifornsky Beach Road, Suite B, Soldotna, Alaska 99669, USA.
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Hood WR, Oftedal OT, Kunz TH. Variation in body composition of female big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) during lactation. J Comp Physiol B 2006; 176:807-19. [PMID: 16835744 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-006-0102-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2006] [Revised: 05/29/2006] [Accepted: 06/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Most small mammals support the nutritional requirements of milk production by increasing food intake. However, when nutrient intake is low, maternal body reserves may be mobilized to maintain adequate milk output. We examined patterns of body composition, including dry matter, fat, protein, and mineral content in big brown bats, Eptesicus fuscus, during lactation. Concentrations of fat and phosphorus were markedly lower in lactating mothers during week three of lactation than during the first two weeks, but these constituents rebounded to previous levels in the fourth and fifth week. Rapid recovery from fat depletion suggests that females are able to adjust to changes in demands for energy. The decrease in phosphorus during mid-lactation suggests bone demineralization, but an interspecific comparison of adult concentrations of minerals prevalent in bone suggests that mineral concentrations may never reach critically low levels in reproductively active females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy R Hood
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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40
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Lewis RJ, Kappeler PM. Seasonality, body condition, and timing of reproduction in Propithecus verreauxi verreauxi in the Kirindy Forest. Am J Primatol 2006; 67:347-64. [PMID: 16287105 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mammals that live in seasonal environments may adjust their reproductive cycles to cope with fluctuations in food availability. Because lemurs in Madagascar experience highly seasonal variation in food availability, we examined the effects of fluctuating food availability on body condition and reproduction in one of the larger living species, Verreaux's sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi verreauxi), in the Kirindy Forest of western Madagascar. Seven years of demographic data were combined with an intensive study of 25 individuals over the course of 18 months. In contrast to other populations of Verreaux's sifaka, females were found to have greater body mass than males. Both male and female sifaka exhibited significant losses of body mass and fat during the dry season. Females were more likely to give birth and successfully wean an infant when they had higher body mass during the mating season. They mated during the periods of high and declining food availability, gave birth during the lean season, and then timed mid/late lactation with the period of increasing food availability. Thus, we conclude that sifaka follow the "classic" reproductive strategy (sensu van Schaik and van Noordwijk [Journal of Zoology (London) 206:533-549, 1985]).
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Lewis
- Department of Biological Anthropology and Anatomy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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Frank N, Elliott SB, Allin SB, Ramsay EC. Blood lipid concentrations and lipoprotein patterns in captive and wild American black bears (Ursus americanus). Am J Vet Res 2006; 67:335-41. [PMID: 16454642 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.2.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare blood lipid concentrations and lipoprotein patterns for captive and wild American black bears (Ursus americanus). ANIMALS 7 captive and 9 wild adult (> or = 4 years old) black bears. PROCEDURE Blood was collected from 2 groups of captive black bears (groups A and B) and 1 group of wild black bears (group C). Blood triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol concentrations were compared among groups. Plasma lipoproteins were isolated by use of a self-generating gradient of iodixanol, and lipoprotein patterns were compared between groups A and B. RESULTS Captive bears (mean +/- SD, 187.8 +/- 44.4 kg) weighed significantly more than wild bears (mean, 104.8 +/- 41.4 kg), but mean body weight did not differ between groups A and B. Mean blood TG concentrations for groups B (216.8 +/- 16.0 mg/dL) and C (190.7 +/- 34.0 mg/dL) were significantly higher than that of group A (103.9 +/- 25.3 mg/dL). Mean blood cholesterol concentration was also significantly higher for group B (227.8 +/- 8.2 mg/dL) than for groups A (171.7 +/- 35.5 mg/dL) or C (190.8 +/- 26.8 mg/dL). Mean very-low-density lipoprotein TG and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were 2- and 3-fold higher, respectively, for group B, compared with concentrations for group A. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Blood lipid concentrations vary significantly among populations of black bears. Plasma lipoprotein patterns of captive bears differed significantly between colonies and may have reflected differences in diet or management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Frank
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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Abstract
The capital and income breeding framework has only recently been used to explain variation in female reproductive strategies in primates. The application of this framework to primates and other mammals with long reproductive cycles has not been consistent. We evaluated data on Verreaux's sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi verreauxi) in the Kirindy Forest of western Madagascar to determine whether they are capital or income breeders. We found that Verreaux's sifaka can be classified as either capital or income breeders, depending on how these concepts are operationalized. These conflicting findings highlight why the capital/income framework is currently problematic and must be standardized if it is to be a useful framework for primatologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Lewis
- Department of Biological Anthropology and Anatomy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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Owen MA, Czekala NM, Swaisgood RR, Steinman K, Lindburg DG. Seasonal and diurnal dynamics of glucocorticoids and behavior in giant pandas. URSUS 2005. [DOI: 10.2192/1537-6176(2005)016[0208:saddog]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
Embryonic diapause, a condition of temporary suspension of development of the mammalian embryo, occurs due to suppression of cell proliferation at the blastocyst stage. It is an evolutionary strategy to ensure the survival of neonates. Obligate diapause occurs in every gestation of some species, while facultative diapause ensues in others, associated with metabolic stress, usually lactation. The onset, maintenance and escape from diapause are regulated by cascades of environmental, hypophyseal, ovarian and uterine mechanisms that vary among species and between the obligate and facultative condition. In the best-known models, the rodents, the uterine environment maintains the embryo in diapause, while estrogens, in combination with growth factors, reinitiate development. Mitotic arrest in the mammalian embryo occurs at the G0 or G1 phase of the cell cycle, and may be due to expression of a specific cell cycle inhibitor. Regulation of proliferation in non- mammalian models of diapause provide clues to orthologous genes whose expression may regulate the reprise of proliferation in the mammalian context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia L Lopes
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction Animale, Facultéde Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada J2S7C6
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Robbins CT, Schwartz CC, Felicetti LA. Nutritional ecology of ursids: a review of newer methods and management implications. URSUS 2004. [DOI: 10.2192/1537-6176(2004)015%3c0161:neouar%3e2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Robbins CT, Schwartz CC, Felicetti LA. Nutritional ecology of ursids: a review of newer methods and management implications. URSUS 2004. [DOI: 10.2192/1537-6176(2004)015<0161:neouar>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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