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Soares Júnior JC, Itoyama BF, Beretta BMS, Hossotani CMDS, Silva MSC, Silva GSD, Nakamura AA, Lopes FL, Meireles MV. Identification of Eimeria spp. in domestic chickens raised in alternative poultry production systems in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2023; 32:e011123. [PMID: 38055436 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612023075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify Eimeria spp. in alternative poultry production systems (APPS) in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Fecal samples (168) and DNA extracted from fecal samples obtained in APPS located in different Municipalities in the State of São Paulo (93) were examined by microscopy or genera-specific PCR (ITS-1 locus). Samples positive for Eimeria spp. were examined using Eimeria lata, Eimeria nagambie, and Eimeria zaria species-specific PCR protocols (ITS-2 locus) and another E. lata-specific PCR (candidate IMP1 genomic locus) followed by molecular cloning (E. lata and E. zaria ITS-2 amplicons) and genetic sequencing. All positive DNA samples were also submitted to genera-specific nested PCR (18S rRNA gene) followed by next-generation sequencing to identify Eimeria spp. Eimeria nagambie, E. zaria, and Eimeria sp. were identified by ITS2-targeted species-specific PCRs and genetic sequencing. Next-generation sequencing identified, in order of prevalence: E. nagambie; Eimeria acervulina; Eimeria mivati; Eimeria praecox; Eimeria brunetti; Eimeria mitis; Eimeria sp.; Eimeria maxima; E. zaria, and Eimeria necatrix/tenella. Our results confirmed, for the first time in Brazil, the identification of E. nagambie, E. zaria, and Eimeria spp. ITS-2 and 18S rRNA gene sequences not yet described in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno Ferraz Itoyama
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Giane Serafim da Silva
- Instituto Biológico, Agência Paulista de Tecnologia Agropecuária, Votuporanga, SP, Brasil
| | - Alex Akira Nakamura
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | - Flávia Lombardi Lopes
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
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Tucker MS, O’Brien CN, Jenkins MC, Rosenthal BM. Dynamically expressed genes provide candidate viability biomarkers in a model coccidian. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258157. [PMID: 34597342 PMCID: PMC8486141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Eimeria parasites cause enteric disease in livestock and the closely related Cyclosporacayetanensis causes human disease. Oocysts of these coccidian parasites undergo maturation (sporulation) before becoming infectious. Here, we assessed transcription in maturing oocysts of Eimeria acervulina, a widespread chicken parasite, predicted gene functions, and determined which of these genes also occur in C. cayetanensis. RNA-Sequencing yielded ~2 billion paired-end reads, 92% of which mapped to the E. acervulina genome. The ~6,900 annotated genes underwent temporally-coordinated patterns of gene expression. Fifty-three genes each contributed >1,000 transcripts per million (TPM) throughout the study interval, including cation-transporting ATPases, an oocyst wall protein, a palmitoyltransferase, membrane proteins, and hypothetical proteins. These genes were enriched for 285 gene ontology (GO) terms and 13 genes were ascribed to 17 KEGG pathways, defining housekeeping processes and functions important throughout sporulation. Expression differed in mature and immature oocysts for 40% (2,928) of all genes; of these, nearly two-thirds (1,843) increased their expression over time. Eight genes expressed most in immature oocysts, encoding proteins promoting oocyst maturation and development, were assigned to 37 GO terms and 5 KEGG pathways. Fifty-six genes underwent significant upregulation in mature oocysts, each contributing at least 1,000 TPM. Of these, 40 were annotated by 215 GO assignments and 9 were associated with 18 KEGG pathways, encoding products involved in respiration, carbon fixation, energy utilization, invasion, motility, and stress and detoxification responses. Sporulation orchestrates coordinated changes in the expression of many genes, most especially those governing metabolic activity. Establishing the long-term fate of these transcripts in sporulated oocysts and in senescent and deceased oocysts will further elucidate the biology of coccidian development, and may provide tools to assay infectiousness of parasite cohorts. Moreover, because many of these genes have homologues in C. cayetanensis, they may prove useful as biomarkers for risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Tucker
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, United States of America
| | - Celia N. O’Brien
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, United States of America
| | - Mark C. Jenkins
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, United States of America
| | - Benjamin M. Rosenthal
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Moreno-Torres KI, Sinnott DM, Wolfe BA, Marsh AE, Saville WJA, Moritz M, Garabed RB. Risk of environmental exposure to small coccidia from wild canid feces in rural Ohio. Am J Vet Res 2018; 79:1179-1187. [PMID: 30372156 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.79.11.1179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the extent of environmental exposure to heteroxenous coccidia from wild canid feces in southeastern Ohio. SAMPLE 285 presumed wild canid fecal samples collected across an ecological system in southeastern Ohio. PROCEDURES Morphological classification and molecular analysis were used to determine the canid genus for collected fecal samples. Microscopic and molecular analysis were used to detect coccidian oocysts and DNA. Several variables were analyzed for associations with coccidian DNA detection or prevalence. RESULTS Coccidian DNA was detected in 51 of 285 (17.9%) fecal samples. Of those positive samples, 1% (95% confidence interval, 0.4% to 3%) had positive results for Hammondia heydorni and none had positive results for Neospora caninum, for an estimated environmental N caninum prevalence of 0% (95% confidence interval, 0% to 7%)/1-km2 hexagonal area evaluated. Morphological classification revealed that 78.9% (225/285) of fecal samples were from coyotes and 17.2% (49/285) were from foxes. No difference in proportions of coccidian DNA-positive fecal samples was identified among canid species. Environmental temperature and fecal freshness were associated with coccidian DNA detection. Land use type, relative canid density, and cattle density were not associated with the prevalence of coccidian DNA-positive samples. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The low prevalence of coccidia shed in wild canid feces in this study, including the estimated 0% environmental prevalence of N caninum, suggested that the role of the oocyst environmental phase in coccidia transmission to ruminants is likely minor in rural southeastern Ohio.
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Beer LC, Bielke LR, Barta JR, Faulkner OB, Latorre JD, Briggs WN, Wilson KM, Baxter MFA, Tellez G, Hargis BM. Evaluation of autofluorescent Eimeria maxima oocysts as a potential indicator of non-viability when enumerating oocysts. Poult Sci 2018; 97:2684-2689. [PMID: 29669018 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging, poor oxygenation, or improper storage temperature can lead to variable Eimeria oocyst viability, which is not readily assessed microscopically. Under fluorescent microscopy, some aged Eimeria maxima (EM) oocysts were strongly autofluorescent (AF) within the oocystoplasm and sporocysts, whereas others were distinctly non-fluorescent, leading to the hypothesis that non-viable oocysts may be detectible using this simple approach. Using accelerated aging conditions at 45°C, two experiments were conducted to evaluate variable percentages of autofluorescent EM oocysts on body weight gain (BWG), lesion scores (LS), and total oocyst shedding (OS) per bird. Through oral gavage, EM oocysts were administered on d10, whereas LS and BWG were determined d5 post-inoculation. Experiment 1 groups consisted of non-challenged controls (n = 15), or 25,000 EM exhibiting 12.8% (n = 14), 61.1% (n = 10), or 93.3% (n = 10) autofluorescence. BWG in 12.8% AF group was lower (P = 0.054) than non-challenged control. LS were higher (P < 0.05) in 61.1% and 12.8% AF groups as compared to non-challenged control and 93.3% AF groups. Experiment 2 groups consisted of non-challenged controls (LS n = 20/BWG n = 40), or 22,500 EM exhibiting 7% AF (LS n = 20/BWG n = 40), 80.6% AF (LS n = 19/BWG n = 39), or 99% AF (LS n = 19/BWG n = 39). BWG in 7% AF group was lower (P < 0.05) than non-challenged control and 99% AF groups. LS were higher (P < 0.05) in 80.6% and 7% AF groups as compared to non-challenged control and 99% AF groups. OS from d5-8 post-inoculation was determined for each of five replicates per group (n = 20/group; n = 4/replicate), with higher (P < 0.05) OS in 80.6% and 7% AF groups than in non-challenged control or 99% AF groups. Taken together, data indicate lower LS, higher BWG, and reduced OS with higher %AF oocysts, consistent with the hypothesis of lowered viable challenge with this EM isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Beer
- Division of Agriculture, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States
| | - L R Bielke
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, United States
| | - J R Barta
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, ON, Canada
| | - O B Faulkner
- Division of Agriculture, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States
| | - J D Latorre
- Division of Agriculture, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States
| | - W N Briggs
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, United States
| | - K M Wilson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, United States
| | - M F A Baxter
- Division of Agriculture, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States
| | - G Tellez
- Division of Agriculture, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States
| | - B M Hargis
- Division of Agriculture, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States
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